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Using trifluoroacetyl sulfuric acid (TFAOSO

In an effort to combat air pollutants, we developed a new strategy to convert the greenhouse gas methane and toxic sulfur dioxide into value-added liquid methanesulfonic acid in high yield with the use of molecular oxygen under mild conditions.

In an attempt to explore the method of nitrohydroxylation which is fairly underdeveloped, our tridentate NHC–amidate–alkoxide containing palladium catalyst was used to nitrohydroxylate a variety of olefins in the presence of nitric acid. These reactions furnished β-nitro alcohols selectively to serve as a direct method for the synthesis of such compounds from various kinds of olefins. Dioxane served as an effective solvent, particularly in conjunction with TFA and AgNO3, which selectively generated the desired products. Vinyl arenes and other olefins produced a wide range of desired products in moderate to good yields.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate psychometric evidence for the Perceived Collegiate Religious Dissonance Scale among calibration (n = 425) and validation (n = 326) samples of self-identified Christian undergraduate students. Perceived collegiate religious dissonance is defined as emotional tension resultant from a perceived discrepancy in valued religious views among peers, faculty, family, and the campus environment. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses results supported a theoretically meaningful two-factor structure (i.e., campus-religious and familial- religious dissonance) with high reliabilities. Both factors were statistically significant predictors of school adaptation after controlling for gender, GPA, and the perceived value of religion. JCC ©

The computer mediated education in the 21st century knowledge-based society calls for an intelligent learning environment which is adaptive to learner’s various needs and changing situations in a learning process. Such an intelligent learning environment can be embodied by having intelligent features such that the user interfaces are adaptive to user’s learning style. The learner model is introduced as a main component for designing adaptive features. The learner modeling makes it possible to create a highly effective learning environment by allowing the development of tutoring media, interface design, and the design of learning strategy tuned to the perception style, input, processing, and understanding of learning information. In order to come up with a more accurate and reliable learner model, the system should be able to record interactions between the learner and the learning system so that their interrelations with the leaning situations can be analyzed and reflected to the learner model. The learner model is to be updated according to the analysis in a dynamic manner to provide the adaptive learning environment tailored to each learner. In this paper, such a learning system is demonstrated through the implementation of a heritage alive learning system.Copyright © 2005 by ASME

A model of human-machine design interaction is presented. The model is based on synchrony of actions [Mitchell95a] as it relates to designing, presenting, and discussing a design object over an electronic medium. The model descriptively accommodates existing technologies and areas of CAD research. The model prescriptively illuminates future CAD vis. the Web. The model is based on 3 factors: synchrony, presence, activity; and 2 players: human and machine. Future technologies are considered in terms of the a shifting role of the machine (the computer and the net) from server to agent to actor.

Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of retinol and carotenoids were estimated in assessing the vitamin A status of Korean adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were collected from 106 healthy subjects (33 males and 73 females) aged 20-59 years. Fasting blood samples of the subjects were obtained and plasma retinol and carotenoids were analyzed. The daily vitamin A intakes (mean ± SD) were 887.77 ± 401.35 µg retinol equivalents or 531.84 ± 226.42 µg retinol activity equivalents. There were no significant differences in vitamin A intakes among age groups. The retinol intake of subjects was 175.92 ± 129.87 µg/day. The retinol intake of the subjects in their 50's was significantly lower than those in their 20's and 30's (P < 0.05). Provitamin A carotenoid intakes were 3,828.37 ± 2,196.29 µg/day β-carotene, 472.57 ± 316.68 µg/day α-carotene, and 412.83 ± 306.46 µg/day β-cryptoxanthin. Approximately 17% of the subjects consumed vitamin A less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A. The plasma retinol concentration was 1.22 ± 0.34 µmol/L. There was no significant difference in plasma retinol concentrations among age groups. However, the concentrations of β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein of subjects in their 50's were significantly higher than those of in their 20's. Only one subject had a plasma retinol concentration < 0.70 µmol/L indicating marginal vitamin A status. Plasma retinol concentration in 30% of the subjects was 0.70- < 1.05 µmol/L, which is interpreted as the concentration possibly responsive to greater intake of vitamin A. In conclusion, dietary intakes and status of vitamin A were generally adequate in Korean adults examined in this study.