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Abstract Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) can promote antimicrobial immunity in chickens by enriching immune compartments and activating immune cells. Innate memory, or trained immunity, has been demonstrated in humans and mice, featuring the absence of specificity to the initial stimulus and subsequently cross-protection against pathogens. We hypothesize that CpG-ODN can induce trained immunity in chickens. We delivered single or multiple administrations of CpG-ODN to birds and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified using Seahorse XFp. Next, chickens were administered with CpG-ODN twice at 1 and 4 day of age and challenged with Escherichia coli at 27 days of age. The CpG-ODN administered groups had significantly higher mitochondrial OXPHOS until 21 days of age while cellular glycolysis gradually declined by 14 days of age. The group administered with CpG-ODN twice at 1 and 4 days of age had significantly higher survival, lower clinical score and bacterial load following challenge with E. coli at 27 d of age. This study demonstrated the induction of trained immunity in broiler chickens following administration of CpG-ODN twice during the first 4 days of age to protect birds against E. coli septicemia at 27 days of age.

Abstract Background Specific microglia responses are thought to contribute to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the phenotypic acquisition of microglial cells and their role during the underlying neuroinflammatory processes remain largely elusive. Here, according to the multiple-hit hypothesis, which stipulates that PD etiology is determined by a combination of genetics and various environmental risk factors, we investigate microglial transcriptional programs and morphological adaptations under PARK7/DJ-1 deficiency, a genetic cause of PD, during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Methods Using a combination of single-cell RNA-sequencing, bulk RNA-sequencing, multicolor flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses, we comprehensively compared microglial cell phenotypic characteristics in PARK7/DJ-1 knock-out (KO) with wildtype littermate mice following 6- or 24-h intraperitoneal injection with LPS. For translational perspectives, we conducted corresponding analyses in human PARK7/DJ-1 mutant induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Results By excluding the contribution of other immune brain resident and peripheral cells, we show that microglia acutely isolated from PARK7/DJ-1 KO mice display a distinct phenotype, specially related to type II interferon and DNA damage response signaling, when compared with wildtype microglia, in response to LPS. We also detected discrete signatures in human PARK7/DJ-1 mutant iPSC-derived microglia and BMDMs from PARK7/DJ-1 KO mice. These specific transcriptional signatures were reflected at the morphological level, with microglia in LPS-treated PARK7/DJ-1 KO mice showing a less amoeboid cell shape compared to wildtype mice, both at 6 and 24 h after acute inflammation, as also observed in BMDMs. Conclusions Taken together, our results show that, under inflammatory conditions, PARK7/DJ-1 deficiency skews microglia towards a distinct phenotype characterized by downregulation of genes involved in type II interferon signaling and a less prominent amoeboid morphology compared to wildtype microglia. These findings suggest that the underlying oxidative stress associated with the lack of PARK7/DJ-1 affects microglia neuroinflammatory responses, which may play a causative role in PD onset and progression.

Intracranial epidermoid cysts are benign, slow-growing congenital tumors of ectodermal origin. They are rare embryonal benign cystic masses with an incidence rate of approximately 0.04%-0.6% of intracranial tumors. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are fundamental diagnostic tools providing valuable information for surgical management. We reported a 59-year-old male patient with right limb weakness twelve hours prior to admission, slurred speech, and paresis of the facial nerve. Based on history taking, physical examination, and radiology examinations, we concluded a diagnosis of non-communicated hydrocephalus due to a right cerebellar intra-axial tumor with a suspicion of low-grade glioma (Pylocitic Astrocytoma). CT and MRI in intracranial epidermoid cysts are fundamental diagnostic tools for diagnosing and obtaining helpful information for surgical planning. Intracranial epidermoid cysts appear as lobulated lesions filling and expanding CSF spaces and exerting a gradual mass effect, insinuating between structures and encasing adjacent nerves and vessels. In this case, we noted a hypodense lesion with irregular calcifications and well-defined on the right cerebellar region measuring 6.15 × 5.47 × 5.7 cm, surrounded by a hypodense image suggesting an intra-axial mass suspected of low-grade glioma with a differential diagnosis of brain abscess. The hypointense lesion on the T1WI sequence found in the MRI examination, with no significant contrast enhancement and restricted diffusion area on DWI, was one of the notable features described in the epidermoid cyst. Intracranial epidermoid cyst rarely occurs in the intracranial, resulting in many symptoms in this case, which should be diagnosed and treated promptly. Imaging aids in proper diagnosis and provides more valuable information for further treatment.

The activation of IP3 receptor (IP3R) Ca2+ channels generates agonist-mediated Ca2+ signals that are critical for the regulation of a wide range of biological processes. It is therefore surprising that CRISPR induced loss of all three IP3R isoforms (TKO) in HEK293 and HeLa cell lines yields cells that can survive, grow and divide, albeit more slowly than wild-type cells. In an effort to understand the adaptive mechanisms involved, we have examined the activity of key Ca2+ dependent transcription factors (NFAT, CREB and AP-1) and signaling pathways using luciferase-reporter assays, phosphoprotein immunoblots and whole genome transcriptomic studies. In addition, the diacylglycerol arm of the signaling pathway was investigated with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and siRNA knockdown. The data showed that agonist-mediated NFAT activation was lost but CREB activation was maintained in IP3R TKO cells. Under base-line conditions transcriptome analysis indicated the differential expression of 828 and 311 genes in IP3R TKO HEK293 or HeLa cells, respectively, with only 18 genes being in common. Three main adaptations in TKO cells were identified in this study: 1) increased basal activity of NFAT, CREB and AP-1; 2) an increased reliance on Ca2+- insensitive PKC isoforms; and 3) increased production of reactive oxygen species and upregulation of antioxidant defense enzymes. We suggest that whereas wild-type cells rely on a Ca2+ and DAG signal to respond to stimuli, the TKO cells utilize the adaptations to allow key signaling pathways (e.g., PKC, Ras/MAPK, CREB) to transition to the activated state using a DAG signal alone.

Photonics, the field of study that focuses on the production, detection, and control of light, is transforming the advancement of offshore wind energy systems. This systematic analysis examines the various aspects of photonics in improving the effectiveness, dependability, and environmental friendliness of offshore wind farms. Optical fibers with large data-carrying capacity enable reliable transfer of both data and power between offshore installations and onshore facilities, ensuring effective communication and control. In addition, photonics-based underwater communication systems and sensors enhance the upkeep and functioning of subsea components. Photonics advancements also enhance the efficiency of energy conversion and storage solutions by integrating additional solar energy sources and improving battery systems. One of the main advantage is that despite the immense potential, the harsh marine environment poses significant challenges, such as corrosion and system degradation, which must be addressed through durable materials and protective strategies. The review also emphasizes the high initial costs and the complex integration processes required for photonics systems with existing offshore infrastructure. However, the long-term benefits in terms of improved energy efficiency, reduced operational downtime, and carbon footprint reduction make these technologies promising for future offshore wind farm deployments. The paper calls for further research in developing more robust photonic components and enhancing their cost-effectiveness, especially in large-scale real-world applications.

ABSTRACT: In the past, we demonstrated that oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG-ODN) mimicking bacterial DNA, stimulate the innate immune system of neonatal broiler chickens and protect them against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) septicemia. The first line of innate immune defense mechanism is formed by heterophils and plays a critical protective role against bacterial septicemia in avian species. Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to explore the kinetics of CpG-ODN mediated antibacterial mechanisms of heterophils following single or twice administration of CpG-ODN in neonatal broiler chickens and 2) to investigate the kinetics of the immunoprotective efficacy of single versus twice administration of CpG-ODN against S. Typhimurium septicemia. In this study, we successfully developed and optimized flow cytometry-based assays to measure phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation activity of heterophils. Birds that received CpG-ODN had significantly increased (p < 0.05) phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation activity of heterophils as early as 24 h following CpG-ODN administration. Twice administration of CpG-ODN significantly increased the phagocytosis activity of heterophils. In addition, our newly developed CD107a based flow cytometry assay demonstrated a significantly higher degranulation activity of heterophils following twice than single administration of CpG-ODN. However, the oxidative burst activity of heterophils was not significantly different between birds that received CpG-ODN only once or twice. Furthermore, delivery of CpG-ODN twice increased immunoprotection against S. Typhimurium septicemia compared to once but the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, we demonstrated enhanced bactericidal activity of heterophils after administration of CpG-ODN to neonatal broiler chickens. Further investigations will be required to identify other activated innate immune cells and the specific molecular pathways associated with the CpG-ODN mediated activation of heterophils.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) plays a major role in maintaining retinal pigment epithelium cells. Drugs that inhibit the FGFR pathway block the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, leading to the synthesis of antiapoptotic proteins and secondary subretinal fluid accumulation. Erdafitinib, a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) is one such antitumour drug that has shown significant efficacy in patients with urothelial carcinoma with FGFR alterations. We present a case report demonstrating the bilateral subretinal fluid accumulation due to erdafitinib.

Introduction: There is a wide variation in stroke epidemiology in India due to the differences in culture and the variability in the distribution of risk factors across the states. The present meta-analysis provides a pooled estimate of age, gender, and region-based stroke epidemiology in India based on epidemiological transition level (ETL) groups described in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study (2016). Methods: We searched in PubMed and Google Scholar, and relevant studies published till February 2022 were included. Observational studies conducted in the Indian setting were included and global or Indian studies that exclusively estimated the prevalence, incidence, or mortality data among patients with stroke were excluded. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist was used for the risk-of-bias assessment and publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots and Egger’s test. The R software was used to perform this meta-analysis; I2 statistics were calculated to measure heterogeneity among studies. Results: We included 58 studies in the systematic review, and after quality assessment, 47 studies were finally included for meta-analysis. The sample sizes of the included studies ranged from 40 to 4989 and the mean age of the participants ranged from 31.7 (Standard Deviation, SD-7.4) to 70.5 (SD-10.7). The burden of stroke was estimated based on the ETL groups described in the GBD Study 2016. We found a male preponderance (64.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 62.5%-68.3%) in the gender distribution of strokes and 75.2% (95% CI: 68.7%-81.7%) of the stroke occurred above the age of 50 years. Ischemic stroke is the predominant subtype of stroke in India, with a higher proportion in the middle ETL region (74.0%; 95% CI: 65.1%-81.3%) as compared to those with low ETL (67.2%; 95% CI: 49.9%-80.8%) and high ETL regions (67.5%; 95% CI: 57.0%-76.4%). Conclusion: There was a significant heterogeneity among the included studies. Majority of strokes occurred in the age group of more than 50 years with a male preponderance. Ischemic stroke was the most common type of stroke with its proportion varying from 67% to 74% depending on ETL. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42022316774.

There are well-established rules and methods about sample size estimation in quantitative research approaches. However, qualitative research approaches justify very little about sample size estimation principles and largely depend on subjective judgements and arbitrariness. Contrarily, an adequate sample size is essential for a study to address the core elements of validity and credibility in qualitative research too such as rigor, trustworthiness, conformability and acceptance. Therefore, this review was carried out to explain the available methods to estimate sample size for qualitative studies. After conducting a thorough literature review, we discovered related articles that explore the estimation of sample size for qualitative studies. By examining these findings and integrating the information with our personal experience for estimation of sample size in the field of qualitative studies, we have produced an all-encompassing narrative review. After an in-depth literature search, four different approaches were described in this paper to answer the question of how to estimate sample size in qualitative studies. The four approaches described in this paper are (a) rules of thumb, (b) conceptual models, (c) concept of saturation and (d) statistics-based methods for sample size estimation in qualitative research. The paper presents four methods for estimating sample size in qualitative studies and simplifies the statistical approach for saturation calculation in qualitative studies. Yet, it is vital to responsibly integrate these methods, acknowledging their limitations and maintaining the importance of sample size estimation in qualitative studies.

Abstract Smart, low-cost and portable gas sensors are highly desired due to the importance of air quality monitoring for environmental and defense-related applications. Traditionally, electrochemical and nondispersive infrared (IR) gas sensors are designed to detect a single specific analyte. Although IR spectroscopy-based sensors provide superior performance, their deployment is limited due to their large size and high cost. In this study, a smart, low-cost, multigas sensing system is demonstrated consisting of a mid-infrared microspectrometer and a machine learning algorithm. The microspectrometer is a metasurface filter array integrated with a commercial IR camera that is consumable-free, compact ( ~ 1 cm3) and lightweight ( ~ 1 g). The machine learning algorithm is trained to analyze the data from the microspectrometer and predict the gases present. The system detects the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100% with 100% accuracy. It also detects hazardous gases at low concentrations with an accuracy of 98.4%. Ammonia can be detected at a concentration of 100 ppm. Additionally, methyl-ethyl-ketone can be detected at its permissible exposure limit (200 ppm); this concentration is considered low and nonhazardous. This study demonstrates the viability of using machine learning with IR spectroscopy to provide a smart and low-cost multigas sensing platform.

Abstract Background A major contributing factor to glioblastoma (GBM) development and progression is its ability to evade the immune system by creating an immune-suppressive environment, where GBM-associated myeloid cells, including resident microglia and peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages, play critical pro-tumoral roles. However, it is unclear whether recruited myeloid cells are phenotypically and functionally identical in GBM patients and whether this heterogeneity is recapitulated in patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDOXs). A thorough understanding of the GBM ecosystem and its recapitulation in preclinical models is currently missing, leading to inaccurate results and failures of clinical trials. Methods Here, we report systematic characterization of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in GBM PDOXs and patient tumors at the single-cell and spatial levels. We applied single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, multicolor flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and functional studies to examine the heterogeneous TME instructed by GBM cells. GBM PDOXs representing different tumor phenotypes were compared to glioma mouse GL261 syngeneic model and patient tumors. Results We show that GBM tumor cells reciprocally interact with host cells to create a GBM patient-specific TME in PDOXs. We detected the most prominent transcriptomic adaptations in myeloid cells, with brain-resident microglia representing the main population in the cellular tumor, while peripheral-derived myeloid cells infiltrated the brain at sites of blood–brain barrier disruption. More specifically, we show that GBM-educated microglia undergo transition to diverse phenotypic states across distinct GBM landscapes and tumor niches. GBM-educated microglia subsets display phagocytic and dendritic cell-like gene expression programs. Additionally, we found novel microglial states expressing cell cycle programs, astrocytic or endothelial markers. Lastly, we show that temozolomide treatment leads to transcriptomic plasticity and altered crosstalk between GBM tumor cells and adjacent TME components. Conclusions Our data provide novel insights into the phenotypic adaptation of the heterogeneous TME instructed by GBM tumors. We show the key role of microglial phenotypic states in supporting GBM tumor growth and response to treatment. Our data place PDOXs as relevant models to assess the functionality of the TME and changes in the GBM ecosystem upon treatment. Graphical Abstract

Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved cell death pathway that plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, orchestrating organismal development, and eliminating damaged cells. Dysregulation of apoptosis can contribute to the pathogenesis of malignant tumors and neurodegenerative diseases. Anticancer drugs typically possess the capacity to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. The Bcl-2 protein family, consisting of 27 members in humans, serves as the key regulator of mitochondrial function. This family can be divided into two functional groups: anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Mcl-1) and pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bad, Bax). Mcl-1 exerts its function by binding pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins thereby preventing apoptosis induction. Overexpression of Mcl-1 not only correlates closely with tumorigenesis but also associates significantly with resistance towards targeted therapy and conventional chemotherapy. Effective induction of apoptosis can be achieved through inhibition or interference with Mcl-1. Thus, this mini review discusses existing Mcl-1 inhibitors.

The study was carried out during 2021, 2022 and 2023 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh with aim to improve characterization and utilization of oil palm genotypes developed from African mother palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The clustering pattern, variability, correlation, principal component analysis and path analysis of 143 genotypes were done with the support of bunch parameters to better know the variations among them. Genotypic correlations among factors impacting oil yield describe the true link by excluding any environmental impacts. It has been noted that dura genotypes exhibit a wide range of variability in terms of yield and bunch components, which can be exploited and expanded for oil palm breeding lines development. Six oil palm dura genotypes (G9, G44, G119, G77, G142, and G124) have been identified as superior for commercial production of D × P hybrid oil palm planting materials due to their high oil to bunch percentage (OB) (>20%). Genotype G77 identified as the best performer in terms of high OB (26%), weight of oil (2%) and mesocarp-to-fruit ratio (83.20%). It is concluded that mesocarp-to-fruit ratio, oil to wet mesocarp, fruit to bunch ratio, bunch weight, total number of fruits and weight of oil are the best traits for selection and utilization to improve the existing oil palm germplasm. Further, use of these selected materials for commercial production could boost oil yield compared to the presently cultivated oil palm genotypes.

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) stands out as one of the economically significant ailments affecting both small-scale farmers and the broader livestock industry. To gauge its prevalence across Asia and Africa, this study employs a rigorous methodology combining systematic review, and meta-analysis, accounting for heterogeneity. Adhering to the guidelines set forth by the cochrane collaboration’s preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, present initial search sifted through approximately 6,000 articles spanning from 1990 to 2022, using carefully crafted combinations of keywords; Boolean operators, asterisks, and quotation marks. After meticulous assessment for quality bias, employing inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 publications were included in present study for analysis. The methodology involved in current study utilizing scientometric tools to determine LSD prevalence, with a median sample size of 293 across various studies, predominantly focusing on cattle and buffaloes. Meta-analysis outcomes were dissected based on parameters such as study period, sample size, tests employed, continents, and species, with samples stratified into two to three categories based on medians for heterogeneity assessment. Meta-analysis unveiled a pooled prevalence rate of 14% in Asia and Africa. The subgroup analysis found an 11% prevalence in Asia and Africa constituted 21%. Clinical observation showed a 19% prevalence followed by other tests and PCR with 12 and 13%, respectively. The results underscore the necessity for effective strategies to control and prevent LSD spread, mitigating its economic impact on the livestock industry. This collaborative and comprehensive assessment is crucial in combating the widespread dissemination of LSD and offers valuable insights for policymakers, veterinarians, and stakeholders in the livestock sector.

The prevalence of polymer usage in everyday activities has emerged as a detriment to both human life and the environment. A large number of studies describe severe impacts of micropolymers (MP) and nanopolymers (NP) on various organ systems, including the endocrine system. Additionally, plasticizers utilized as additives have been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). MP/NP, along with associated plasticizers, affect principal signalling pathways of endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and gonads, thereby disrupting hormone function and metabolic processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis, fertility, neural development, and fetal growth. This review delves into the sources, distribution, and effects of micropolymers, nanopolymers, and associated plasticizers acting as EDCs. Furthermore, it provides a detailed review of the mechanisms underlying endocrine disruption in relation to different types of MP/NP.

Background: Our aim was to examine the frequency and prescription pattern of breakthrough (BTO) and scheduled (SCH) opioids and their ratio (BTO/SCH ratio) of use, prior to and after referral to an inpatient supportive care consult (SCC) for cancer pain management (CPM). Methods and Materials: Patients admitted at the MD Anderson Cancer Center and referred to a SCC were retrospectively reviewed. Cancer patients receiving SCH and BTO opioids for ≥24 h were eligible for inclusion. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics, including the type and route of SCH and BTO opioids, daily opioid doses (MEDDs) of SCH and BTO, and BTO/SCH ratios were reviewed in patients seen prior to a SCC (pre-SCC) and during a SCC. A normal BTO ratio was defined as 0.5–0.2. Results: A total of 665/728 (91%) patients were evaluable. Median pain scores (p < 0.001), BTO MEDDs (p < 0.001), scheduled opioid MEDDs (p < 0.0001), and total MEDDs (p < 0.0001) were higher, but the median number of BTO doses was fewer (2 vs. 4, p < 0.001), among patients seen at SCC compared to pre-SCC. A BTO/SCH ratio over the recommended ratio (>0.2) was seen in 37.5% of patients. The BTO/SCH ratios in the pre-SCC and SCC groups were 0.10 (0.04, 0.21) and 0.17 (0.10, 0.30), respectively, p < 0.001. Hydromorphone and Morphine were the most common BTO and SCH opioids prescribed, respectively. Patients in the early supportive care group had higher pain scores and MEDDs. Conclusions: BTO/SCH ratios are frequently prescribed higher than the recommended dose. Daily pain scores, BTO MEDDs, scheduled opioid MEDDs, and total MEDDs were higher among the SCC group than the pre-SCC group, but the number of BTO doses/day was lower.

Background and Aims: Primary aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of Intubating LMA (ILMA) and blockbuster LMA in terms of first pass success rate, ease and duration taken for blind tracheal intubation. Material and Methods: The present prospective randomised study was conducted on 70 patients of either sex aged 18-60 years belonging to ASA physical status I or II. Patients were randomly allocated to either, group I and group B of n = 35 each. In group I and B patients were intubated using ILMA and LMA BlockBuster respectively. Insertion time and ease of placement of supraglottic device, total time taken for successful intubation, number of attempts for endotracheal tube (ETT) placement, and ease of placement of ETT, were recorded. Results: In both groups, the supraglottic device was placed on the first attempt in 88.6% patients. The first-attempt success rate for ETT placement was 71.4% in group I versus 94.3% in group B, (P = 0.01) with an overall success rate of 88.5% in group I and 100% in group. More failure rate was observed in group I (11.4%) compared to group B (0%). The total time taken for successful intubation in group I was 11.53 ± 6.410 sec and 9.17 ± 2.749 sec in group B (P = 0.04). Conclusion: We conclude that the modifications in the design of LMA Blockbuster (>95° angle, availability of the parker flex tube 27–30°angle of the emergence of airway tube) make it a more convenient, effective, simpler, and faster intubating device than ILMA.

Background and Aim: Intubation with Macintosh requires flexing the lower cervical spine and extending the atlanto-occipital joint to create a “line of sight.” Primary aim of study was to compare the extent of cervical spine movement during laryngoscopy using conventional Macintosh laryngoscope and Airtraq. Material and Methods: A total of 25 patients of either sex between the age group of 18 and 60 years, having American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of Grade-I and Grade-II, scheduled for elective surgery under image control requiring general anesthesia and intubation were enrolled. A baseline image of the lateral cervical spine including the first four cervical vertebrae was taken by an image intensifier. After administration of general anesthesia, laryngoscopy was first performed using a Macintosh laryngoscope and a second X-ray image of the lateral cervical spine was taken. The second laryngoscopy using a Airtraq laryngoscope was done and the third image of the lateral cervical spine was taken. Angles between occiput and C1; C1 and C2; C2 and C3; C3 and C4; and occiput and C4 were calculated. Atlanto-occipital distance (AOD) was calculated as the distance between occiput and C1. Results: Macintosh showed greater cervical movement as compared with Airtraq but a significant difference in the movement was observed at C2–C3 and C0–C4. Baseline mean AOD was 2.21 ± 1.25 mm, after Macintosh and Airtraq laryngoscopy was found to be 1.13 ± 0.60 and 1.6 ± 0.78 mm, respectively, and was found to be significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that Airtraq allows intubation with less movement of the upper cervical spine makes Airtraq preferred equipment for intubation in patients with a potential cervical spine injury.

Echinacea, a herbaceous, perennial flowering plant from the Compositae (Asteraceae) family, exhibits stimulating effects on myeloid progenitors (CFU-GMs) in rat bone marrow, as demonstrated in our previous study using a 75% (v v−1) ethanol extract of aerial parts. Expanding on this work, we have investigated eleven different Echinacea samples that belong to three species for their myeloid progenitor-stimulating activity. Simultaneously, we employed 1H-NMR spectroscopy (400 MHz, 0.02–10.02 ppm) and chemometric analysis to predict constituents responsible for activity. Female Sprague–Dawley rats received oral doses of ethanol extracts (0–200 mg extract dry weight kg−1 body weight) of Echinacea for seven days. Bone marrow cells were then cultured with CFU-GM growth factors. Extracts showing a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in CFU-GM, compared to the control, were considered active. Significant CFU-GM increases were observed in rats treated with seven Echinacea samples, ranging from 39% to 91% higher than the control, while four samples were inactive. All five Echinacea purpurea samples showed myeloid progenitor-stimulating activity, while one sample each of Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida also exhibited the same activity. By applying orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to the 1H-NMR spectra, we identified specific spectral bins (0.70–1.98 ppm aliphatic and 6.38–7.76 ppm aromatic) correlating with myelopoiesis stimulation. These findings highlight the potential of chemometric analysis using 1H-NMR spectroscopy to infer the chemical classes that could be responsible for the bioactive properties of complex herbal mixtures, like Echinacea.

Abstract Background Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a severe intestinal infection that affects both humans and poultry. It is caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens (CP), but the precise mechanisms underlying the disease pathogenesis remain elusive. This study aims to develop an NE broiler chicken model, explore the impact of the microbiome on NE pathogenesis, and study the virulence of CP isolates with different toxin gene combinations. Methods This study established an animal disease model for NE in broiler chickens. The methodology encompassed inducing abrupt protein changes and immunosuppression in the first experiment, and in the second, challenging chickens with CP isolates containing various toxin genes. NE was evaluated through gross and histopathological scoring of the jejunum. Subsequently, jejunal contents were collected from these birds for microbiome analysis via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, followed by sequence analysis to investigate microbial diversity and abundance, employing different bioinformatic approaches. Results Our findings reveal that CP infection, combined with an abrupt increase in dietary protein concentration and/or infection with the immunosuppressive variant infectious bursal disease virus (vIBDV), predisposed birds to NE development. We observed a significant decrease (p

IntroductionCognitive dysfunction is commonplace in Motor Neurone Disease (MND). However, due to the prominent motor symptoms in MND, assessing patients’ cognitive function through traditional cognitive assessments, which oftentimes require motoric responses, may become increasingly challenging as the disease progresses. Oculomotor pathways are apparently resistant to pathological degeneration in MND. As such, abnormalities in oculomotor functions, largely driven by cognitive processes such as saccades and smooth pursuit eye movement, may be reflective of frontotemporal cognitive deficits in MND. Thus, saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements may prove to be ideal mechanistic markers of cognitive function in MND.MethodsTo ascertain the utility of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements as markers of cognitive function in MND, this review summarizes the literature concerning saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement task performance in people with MND.Results and discussionOf the 22 studies identified, noticeable patterns suggest that people with MND can be differentiated from controls based on antisaccade and smooth pursuit task performance, and thus the antisaccade task and smooth pursuit task may be potential candidates for markers of cognition in MND. However, further studies which ascertain the concordance between eye tracking measures and traditional measures of cognition are required before this assumption is extrapolated, and clinical recommendations are made.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=376620, identifier CRD42023376620.

Chemotherapy drugs like doxorubicin (Dox) are widely used in middle-income countries around the world to treat various types of cancers, including breast cancer. Although they are toxic, they are still widely used to treat cancer. Delivering chemotherapy drugs directly to cancer cells to reduce side effects remains a challenge. Moreover, modern research gave rise to cancer stem cell theory, which implicated cancer stem cells in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse. This makes it imperative to target cancer stem cells to achieve complete remission. Our work highlights the development of an exosome-based targeted drug delivery vehicle. These exosomes were isolated from mature dendritic cells (mDCs) and encapsulated with doxorubicin (ExoDS). Our results showed that ExoDS specifically targeted breast cancer cells and breast cancer stem cells. Further analysis revealed that ExoDS did not induce any significant apoptosis in healthy mammary cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy individuals and breast cancer patients. ExoDS was also found to target circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolated from patient blood. ExoDS also showed equal efficiency compared to free doxorubicin in vivo. We also observed that ExoDS reduced the expression of cancer stem cell markers in murine tumor tissues. Altogether, this work provides novel insights into how mDC-derived exosomes can be used to specifically target cancer cells and cancer stem cells.

Abstract We present an innovative approach to achieve all-optical modulation within an ITO-based vertically coupled ring resonator. This method leverages the material's enhanced nonlinear response in the near-infrared wavelengths, particularly within the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) state. To enhance the interaction between light and the material while minimizing scattering losses, our approach employs an ITO-based vertically connected ring resonator. The vertical arrangement eliminates the need for etching fine gaps to separate the ring and bus waveguide. The novel waveguide design addresses the necessity of high sensitivity, non-linear effects and compact size opening the possibilities for all-optical signal processing. This unique resonator structure effectively facilitates the coupling of a high-intensity pump wavelength into the ITO-based micro-ring resonator. Consequently, this optical pumping induces electron heating within the ITO material, leading to a significant increase in its nonlinear optical properties. This, in turn, results in a noteworthy alteration of ITO's refractive index, specifically in the unity order, thereby modifying the complex effective index of the optical beam propagating at 1550 nm. Our experimental findings demonstrate an impressive extinction ratio of 18 dB for a 30 µm long device, which highlights the efficiency of our approach in achieving all-optical modulation through the optical pumping of an ITO-based vertically coupled ring resonator. The proposed all-optical modulator has outperformed as compared to conventional waveguide-based modulators in terms of extinction ratio and footprint. This novel technique holds immense potential for advancing high-speed data communication systems in the future. As the demand for advanced processing capabilities, such as artificial intelligence, continues to grow, all-optical modulation emerges as a groundbreaking technology poised to revolutionize the next generation of computing and communication systems.

An induction motor is an electric machine widely used in various industrial and commercial applications due to its efficiency and simple design. In this regard, a methodology based on the electric phasor analysis of line currents and the variations in the phase angles among these line currents is proposed. The values in degrees of the angles between every pair of line currents were introduced to a fuzzy logic algorithm based on the Mamdani model, developed using the Matlab toolbox for detection and isolation of the inter-turn short-circuit faults on the windings of an induction motor. To carry out the analysis, the induction motor was modified in its stator windings to artificially induce short-circuit faults of different magnitudes. The current signals are acquired in real time using a digital platform developed in the Delphi 7 high-level language communicating with a float point unit Digital Signal Processor (DSP) TMS320F28335 by Texas Instruments. The proposed method not only detects the short circuit faults but also isolates the faulty winding.

Bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-3 genome encodes a 26 kDa core protein designated as protein VII, which localizes to the nucleus/nucleolus. The requirement of a protein VII-complementing cell line for the replication of VII-deleted BAdV-3 suggests that protein VII is required for the production of infectious progeny virions. An analysis of the BAV.VIId+ virus (only phenotypically positive for protein VII) detected no noticeable differences in the expression and incorporation of viral proteins in the virions. Moreover, protein VII does not appear to be essential for the formation of mature BAV.VIId+. However, protein VII appeared to be required for the efficient assembly of mature BAV.VIId- virions. An analysis of the BAV.VIId- virus (genotypically and phenotypically negative for protein VII) in non-complementing cells detected the inefficient release of virions from endosomes, which affected the expression of viral proteins or DNA replication. Moreover, the absence of protein VII altered the proteolytic cleavage of protein VI of BAV.VIId-. Our results suggest that BAdV-3 protein VII appears to be required for efficient production of mature virions. Moreover, the absence of protein VII produces non-infectious BAdV-3 by altering the release of BAdV-3 from endosomes/vesicles.

Because of continual generation of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it is critical to design the next generation of vaccines to combat the threat posed by SARS-CoV-2 variants. We developed human adenovirus (HAd) vector-based vaccines (HAd-Spike/C5 and HAd-Spike) that express the whole Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 with or without autophagy-inducing peptide C5 (AIP-C5), respectively. Mice or golden Syrian hamsters immunized intranasally (i.n.) with HAd-Spike/C5 induced similar levels of S-specific humoral immune responses and significantly higher levels of S-specific cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses compared with HAd-Spike vaccinated groups. These results indicated that inclusion of AIP-C5 induced enhanced S-specific CMI responses and similar levels of virus-neutralizing titers against SARS-CoV-2 variants. To investigate the protection efficacy, golden Syrian hamsters immunized i.n. either with HAd-Spike/C5 or HAd-Spike were challenged with SARS-CoV-2. The lungs and nasal turbinates were collected 3, 5, 7, and 14 days post challenge. Significant reductions in morbidity, virus titers, and lung histopathological scores were observed in immunized groups compared with the mock- or empty vector-inoculated groups. Overall, slightly better protection was seen in the HAd-Spike/C5 group compared with the HAd-Spike group.

Abstract This paper thoroughly investigates material characterization, reliability evaluation, fabrication, and assembly processes of additively manufactured flexible packaging and reconfigurable on-package antenna arrays for next-generation 5G/mmWave wearable and conformal applications. The objective is to bridge the technology gap in current Flexible Hybrid Electronics (FHE) designs at mmWave frequencies and address the challenges of establishing future design standards for additively manufactured flexible packages and System-on-Package (SoP) integrated modules. Multiple 3D printed flexible materials have been characterized for their electrical and mechanical properties over the 5G/mmW frequency band (26–40 GHz), and the inkjet printed interconnects on 3D printed Polypropylene (PP) substrates demonstrated excellent electrical and mechanical performance during a 10,000-time cyclic bending test over typical wearable flexible radii down to 1 inch. A proof-of-concept flexible on-package phased array with an integrated microfluidic cooling channel on 3D printed substrates was fabricated and measured, demonstrating $$\pm 37^{\circ }$$ ± 37 ∘ beam steering capability with efficient cooling. The proposed reconfigurable design and low-temperature fabrication approach using additive manufacturing can be widely applied to next-generation highly-complex on-demand FHE, flexible multi-chip-module integration, and on-package phased-array modules for 5G/mmWave wearable and conformal smart skin, digital twin and massive MIMO applications.

Abstract Background TP53 mutations (TP53 MT ) occur in diverse genomic configurations. Particularly, biallelic inactivation is associated with poor overall survival in cancer. Lesions affecting only one allele might not be directly leukemogenic, questioning the presence of cryptic biallelic subclones in cases with dismal prognosis. Methods We have collected clinical and molecular data of 7400 patients with myeloid neoplasms and applied a novel model by identifying an optimal VAF cutoff using a statistically robust strategy of sampling-based regression on survival data to accurately classify the TP53 allelic configuration and assess prognosis more precisely. Results Overall, TP53 MT were found in 1010 patients. Following the traditional criteria, 36% of the cases were classified as single hits, while 64% exhibited double hits genomic configuration. Using a newly developed molecular algorithm, we found that 579 (57%) patients had unequivocally biallelic, 239 (24%) likely contained biallelic, and 192 (19%) had most likely monoallelic TP53 MT . Interestingly, our method was able to upstage 192 out of 352 (54.5%) traditionally single hit lesions into a probable biallelic category. Such classification was further substantiated by a survival-based model built after re-categorization. Among cases traditionally considered monoallelic, the overall survival of those with probable monoallelic mutations was similar to the one of wild-type patients and was better than that of patients with a biallelic configuration. As a result, patients with certain biallelic hits, regardless of the disease subtype (AML or MDS), had a similar prognosis. Similar results were observed when the model was applied to an external cohort. In addition, single-cell DNA studies unveiled the biallelic nature of previously considered monoallelic cases. Conclusion Our novel approach more accurately resolves TP53 genomic configuration and uncovers genetic mosaicism for the use in the clinical setting to improve prognostic evaluation.

Zinc oxide nanomaterials have been the cynosure of this decade because of their immense potential in different biomedical applications. It includes their usage in the prognosis and treatment of different infectious and cellular diseases, owing to their peculiar physiochemical properties such as variable shape, size, and surface charge etc. Increasing demand and usage of the ZnO nanomaterials raise concerns about their cellular and molecular toxicity and their biocompatibility with human cells. This review comprehensively details their physiochemical properties for usage in biomedical applications. Furthermore, the toxicological concerns of ZnO nanomaterials with different types of cellular systems have been reviewed. Moreover, the biomedical and biocompatible efficacy of ZnO nanomaterials for cancer specific pathways has been discussed. This review offers insights into the current scenario of ZnO nanomaterials usage and signifies their potential future extension usage on different types of biomedical and environmental applications.

Background & Aims: This study aimed to determine the significance of immunohistochemistry (IHC) and its correlation using HER-2/NEU and cytokeratins in a histopathologic study of GI neoplasms. Materials & Methods: This retrospective- prospective study was conducted on 50 gastric biopsies along with patient details and stained with H and E method for histopathology. Immunohistochemistry with HER-2/NEU, cytokeratin-7 and cytokeratin-20 were also done. Results: 60% were males among total sample size. Adenocarcinoma prevalence was 76%, followed by mucinous adenocarcinoma in 10%, signet cell ring cell carcinoma in 6%, and mixed adeno-neuroendocrine tumor in 4%. Sarcoma and papillary adenocarcinoma contributed to 2% each. Among study population, 60% were of grade II, 32% were of grade III, and 6% were of grade I. Low-grade sarcoma was present in 2%. Well differentiated tumors were 6%, moderately differentiated tumors were 60%, and poorly differentiated tumors were 32%. Among study population, 16% were positive for Her 2 neu, 20% were positive for CK7, and CK20 was positive in 28%, respectively. Among the study population, 2.63% of adenocarcinomas, all of mixed adeno-neuroendocrine, 60% of mucinous adenocarcinomas, and 66.66% of signet ring cell carcinomas were positive for Her2neu. 18.42% of adenocarcinomas, 50% of mixed adeno-neuroendocrine and 66.66% of signet ring cell carcinomas were positive for CK7. 21.05% of adenocarcinomas, all of mucinous adenocarcinomas, and 33.33% of signet ring cell carcinomas were positive for CK20. Conclusion: 16% were positive for Her 2 neu, 20% were positive for CK7, and CK20 was positive among 28%. There was no correlation between the histopathology status and receptor positivity.

Abstract Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are aggressive forms of breast cancer and tend to grow and spread more quickly than most other types of breast cancer. TNBCs can neither be targeted by hormonal therapies nor the antibody trastuzumab that targets the HER2 protein. There are urgent unmet medical needs to develop targeted drugs for TNBCs. We identified a small molecule NSC260594 from the NCI diversity set IV compound library. NSC260594 exhibited dramatic cytotoxicity in multiple TNBCs in a dose-and time-dependent manner. NSC260594 inhibited the Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) expression through downregulation of Wnt signaling proteins. Consistent with this, NSC260594 treatment increased apoptosis, which was confirmed by using an Annexin-V/PI assay. Interestingly, NSC260594 treatment reduced the cancer stem cell (CSC) population in TNBCs. To make NSC260594 more clinically relevant, we treated NSC260594 with TNBC cell derived xenograft (CDX) mouse model, and with patient-derived xenograft (PDX) organoids. NSC260594 significantly suppressed MDA-MB-231 tumor growth in vivo, and furthermore, the combination treatment of NSC260594 and everolimus acted synergistically to decrease growth of TNBC PDX organoids. Together, we found that NSC260594 might serve as a lead compound for triple-negative breast cancer therapy through targeting Mcl-1.

Abstract Background Motor neuron disease (MND) is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive weakening and wasting of limb, bulbar, thoracic and abdominal muscles. Clear evidence-based guidance on how psychological distress should be managed in people living with MND (plwMND) is lacking. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a form of psychological therapy that may be particularly suitable for this population. However, to the authors' knowledge, no study to date has evaluated ACT for plwMND. Consequently, the primary aim of this uncontrolled feasibility study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of ACT for improving the psychological health of plwMND. Methods PlwMND aged ≥ 18 years were recruited from 10 UK MND Care Centres/Clinics. Participants received up to 8 one-to-one ACT sessions, developed specifically for plwMND, plus usual care. Co-primary feasibility and acceptability outcomes were uptake (≥ 80% of the target sample [N = 28] recruited) and initial engagement with the intervention (≥ 70% completing ≥ 2 sessions). Secondary outcomes included measures of quality of life, anxiety, depression, disease-related functioning, health status and psychological flexibility in plwMND and quality of life and burden in caregivers. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results Both a priori indicators of success were met: 29 plwMND (104%) were recruited and 76% (22/29) attended ≥ 2 sessions. Attrition at 6-months was higher than anticipated (8/29, 28%), but only two dropouts were due to lack of acceptability of the intervention. Acceptability was further supported by good satisfaction with therapy and session attendance. Data were possibly suggestive of small improvements in anxiety and psychological quality of life from baseline to 6 months in plwMND, despite a small but expected deterioration in disease-related functioning and health status. Conclusions There was good evidence of acceptability and feasibility. Limitations included the lack of a control group and small sample size, which complicate interpretation of findings. A fully powered RCT to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of ACT for plwMND is underway. Trial registration The study was pre-registered with the ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN12655391).

The existing neutral clamped active inverter has common mode voltage with the high frequency which can reduce the severity with less voltage gain. The traditional active neutral point clamped (APC) DC–AC converter maintains great common mode voltage with high-frequency (CMV-HF) reduction capability so, it has limited voltage gain. The paper presents a new 5-level active neutral point clamped DC–AC converter that can change voltage step-up in a single-stage inversion. In the suggested design, a common ground not only reduces the CMV-HF but also improves DC link voltage use. Compared with the traditional two-stage 5-level APC DC–AC converter, the proposed design has lower voltage stresses and greater uniformity. While improving the overall efficiency, the suggested clamped DC–AC converter saves three power switches and a capacitor. Modelling and actual tests have proven the suggested active neutral point clamped inverter’s overall operation, efficacy and achievability. The proposed circuit is finally tested with fault clearance capability.

Abstract Differences in the number of alien plant species in different locations may reflect climatic and other controls that similarly affect native species and/or propagule pressure accompanied with delayed spread from the point of introduction. We set out to examine these alternatives for Himalayan plants, in a phylogenetic framework. We build a database of alien plant distributions for the Himalaya. Focusing on the well‐documented regions of Jammu & Kashmir (west) and Bhutan (east) we compare alien and native species for (1) richness patterns, (2) degree of phylogenetic clustering, (3) the extent to which species‐poor regions are subsets of species‐rich regions and (4) continental and climatic affinities/source. We document 1470 alien species (at least 600 naturalised), which comprise ~14% of the vascular plants known from the Himalaya. Alien plant species with tropical affinities decline in richness with elevation and species at high elevations form a subset of those at lower elevations, supporting location of introduction as an important driver of alien plant richness patterns. Separately, elevations which are especially rich in native plant species are also rich in alien plant species, suggesting an important role for climate (high productivity) in determining both native and alien richness. We find no support for the proposition that variance in human disturbance or numbers of native species correlate with alien distributions. Results imply an ongoing expansion of alien species from low elevation sources, some of which are highly invasive.

Antimony sulfide, Sb2S3 is a mixed band gap semiconductor having a great potential in photovoltaic applications. Its thin films and nanostructures are also a proven anode material in batteries and supercapacitors. This paper presents the synthesis of a unique fern-shaped fractal microstructure of Sb2S3 grown over bare glass substrate using a spin-coating assisted by Triton-X-100 surfactant. The FE-SEM images confirm the fractal formation spanning over hundreds of micrometers. The film exhibits a direct band gap of 1.62 eV. The photoluminescence spectra reveal a strong emission peak at 800 nm (1.55 eV) indicating radiative transitions from sub-band gap states. The surfactant, Triton-X-100, is found to be primarily responsible for forming the ‘Fern’ shaped fractals which have a fractal dimension of 1.84. Without the surfactant, a porous microstructure of Sb2S3 film is observed. The fractality is also associated with lower strain in the film leading to a reduced point defects which would otherwise act as potential recombination centers.

During pregnancy, two fetomaternal interfaces, the placenta-decidua basalis and the fetal membrane-decidua parietals, allow for fetal growth and maturation and fetal-maternal crosstalk, and protect the fetus from infectious and inflammatory signaling that could lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. While the placenta has been studied extensively, the fetal membranes have been understudied, even though they play critical roles in pregnancy maintenance and the initiation of term or preterm parturition. Fetal membrane dysfunction has been associated with spontaneous preterm birth (PTB, < 37 weeks gestation) and preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes (PPROM), which is a disease of the fetal membranes. However, it is unknown how the individual layers of the fetal membrane decidual interface (the amnion epithelium [AEC], the amnion mesenchyme [AMC], the chorion [CTC], and the decidua [DEC]) contribute to these pregnancy outcomes. In this study, we used a single-cell transcriptomics approach to unravel the transcriptomics network at spatial levels to discern the contributions of each layer of the fetal membranes and the adjoining maternal decidua during the following conditions: scheduled caesarian section (term not in labor [TNIL]; n = 4), vaginal term in labor (TIL; n = 3), preterm labor with and without rupture of membranes (PPROM; n = 3; and PTB; n = 3). The data included 18,815 genes from 13 patients (including TIL, PTB, PPROM, and TNIL) expressed across the four layers. After quality control, there were 11,921 genes and 44 samples. The data were processed by two pipelines: one by hierarchical clustering the combined cases and the other to evaluate heterogeneity within the cases. Our visual analytical approach revealed spatially recognized differentially expressed genes that aligned with four gene clusters. Cluster 1 genes were present predominantly in DECs and Cluster 3 centered around CTC genes in all labor phenotypes. Cluster 2 genes were predominantly found in AECs in PPROM and PTB, while Cluster 4 contained AMC and CTC genes identified in term labor cases. We identified the top 10 differentially expressed genes and their connected pathways (kinase activation, NF-κB, inflammation, cytoskeletal remodeling, and hormone regulation) per cluster in each tissue layer. An in-depth understanding of the involvement of each system and cell layer may help provide targeted and tailored interventions to reduce the risk of PTB.

In this study, we present a generalized higher-order delta operator with the co-efficient of falling factorial and its inverse, both of which allow us to get more generalized k(ε)-Fibonacci sequences along with their sums, a few theorems, and some intriguing conclusions regarding the sum of more generalized terms of k(ε)-Fibonacci sequences with falling factorial. In addition, the n-fold Fibonacci ratio and a few applications in life sciences and crystal growth were presented in the work. In addition, suitable examples are presented using MATLAB to show our results.

Background: Using molecular biomarkers of breast cancer (BC) receives optimal treatment. Established biomarkers like estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, and Ki67 may play significant roles in the sub-categorization of BC to predict the prognosis and specific therapy for each patient. This study aims to characterize breast carcinoma using molecular markers (ER, PR, and HER2 neu), identify their sub-types, and attain its relation with Ki67. Methods: This cross-sectional (retrospective) study was conducted over four years at the Department of Pathology, SVS Medical College, Mahabubnagar, from April 2018 to March 2022. Fifty diagnosed cases of breast carcinomas were subjected to routine staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with ER, PR, HER 2 neu, and Ki67 using tissue microarray and classified into molecular subtypes. Results: In this study, 32% of participants were in the 50-59 age group. The right breast was involved in 52% of participants. The central quadrant was involved in 44%, UOQ 32%, UIQ 16%, and LOQ 8%. Moderately differentiated tumors exist in 40%, poorly differentiated in 36%, and well-differentiated in 24%. 84% of patients were ER-positive, 70% were PR-positive, and 72% were HER2/neu-positive. 28% of patients with positive Ki-67 were grade I, 22% were grade II, and 50% were grade III. Her2/neu contributed to 12% and triple-negative BC seen in 4%. The association between the ER status and Ki-67 positivity status is not statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.13. The association between the PR status and Ki-67 positivity status is statistically significant, with a P-value of 0.002. The association between the Her2/neu status and Ki-67 positivity status is also statistically significant, with a P-value of

Abstract Background Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder characterized by hamartoma formation in various organ systems leading to highly variable clinical presentation. These patients pose a challenge to anesthesiologists due to multisystem involvement. Case presentation Herein, we report the successful anesthetic management of a 25-year-old parturient with tuberous sclerosis who underwent an emergency cesarean section in view of cephalopelvic disproportion. She had a seizure disorder, bilateral renal angiomyolipomas, angiofibroma over the cheeks, periungual fibroma on the right toe, and nodular lesions near the base of the tongue and oropharynx. We opted for regional anesthesia to avoid airway instrumentation, drug interaction, and renal insult. Conclusions Anesthetic management of tuberous sclerosis depends upon the extent and severity of the involvement of various organs. Careful assessment, thorough evaluation, and preoperative planning are crucial for dealing with the difficulties and complications encountered during the management of these cases.

Se presenta el diseño mecánico y electrónico, modelado cinemático y dinámico, programación y control de un helicóptero de 2 GDL y de bajo costo. Si bien existen plataformas comerciales de helicópteros de 2 GDL, su costo es elevado y por ende son poco accesibles. Esta situación puede evitarse mediante el uso de una plataforma basada en software de código abierto y en un sistema de adquisición de datos de bajo costo. Para este fin, en este artículo se presenta un helicóptero de 2 GDL cuyos movimientos de cabeceo y guiñada son accionados por motores de corriente directa, y son medidos por encoders ópticos. Para la interpretación, procesamiento y monitoreo de los movimientos del helicóptero se emplea una computadora con Matlab Simulink. Para la adquisición de datos de los encoders y la generación de las señales de control del helicóptero se utiliza una tarjeta Arduino Mega, la cual se comunica con Matlab-Simulink por medio del Toolbox Arduino IO de código abierto. También, se propone un procedimiento para estimar los parámetros del modelo dinámico del helicóptero, y se utilizan para diseñar controladores PI-D que estabilizan el helicóptero en la posición deseada. Se presentan las condiciones en las ganancias de los controladores que garantizan la estabilidad del sistema en lazo cerrado. Además, se verifica el desempeño de la plataforma propuesta mediante resultados experimentales, los cuales se visualizan en un vídeo.

Abstract Genomic mutations drive the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. While morphological and clinical features have dominated the classical criteria for diagnosis and classification, incorporation of molecular data can illuminate functional pathobiology. Here we show that unsupervised machine learning can identify functional objective molecular clusters, irrespective of anamnestic clinico-morphological features, despite the complexity of the molecular alterations in myeloid neoplasia. Our approach reflects disease evolution, informed classification, prognostication, and molecular interactions. We apply machine learning methods on 3588 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia to identify 14 molecularly distinct clusters. Remarkably, our model shows clinical implications in terms of overall survival and response to treatment even after adjusting to the molecular international prognostic scoring system (IPSS-M). In addition, the model is validated on an external cohort of 412 patients. Our subclassification model is available via a web-based open-access resource ( https://drmz.shinyapps.io/mds_latent ).

Pancytopenia is a manifestation of other underlying conditions, commonly associated with multiple benign and malignant conditions. Any patient presenting with pancytopenia requires a thorough evaluation to identify the underlying aetiology.

The recent emergence and outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic confirmed the incompetence of countries across the world to deal with a global public health emergency. Although the recent advent of vaccines is an important prophylactic measure, effective clinical therapy for SARS-Cov-2 is yet to be discovered. With the increasing mortality rate, research has been focused on understanding the pathogenic mechanism and clinical parameters to comprehend COVID-19 infection and propose new avenues for naturally occurring molecules with novel therapeutic properties to alleviate the current situation. In accordance with recent clinical studies and SARS-CoV-2 infection markers, cytokine storm and oxidative stress are entwined pathogenic processes in COVID-19 progression. Lately, Biosurfactants (BSs) have been studied as one of the most advanced biomolecules of microbial origin with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral properties, antiadhesive, and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, this review inspects available literature and proposes biosurfactants with these properties to be encouraged for their extensive study in dealing with the current pandemic as new pharmaceutics in the prevention and control of viral spread, treating the symptoms developed after the incubation period through different therapeutic approaches and playing a potential drug delivery model.

BACKGROUND: The interaction between people and advanced information and communication technologies results in behavioral addictions, one of them is nomophobia. In a health care setting, nurses constitute a significant proportion of healthcare workers. Therefore, discovering the level of nomophobia and its impact on constructs such as mindfulness and self-efficacy is very important as this might affect the psychological and physical well-being of nurses, which can impact the quality of patient care. The study aimed to assess the level of nomophobia and its relationship with mindfulness and self-efficacy of nurses. METHODS AND MATERIAL: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 420 nurses were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Self-structured questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic characteristics and mobile phone use. Standardized questionnaires were administered in pen and paper format for measuring nomophobia, mindfulness, and self-efficacy. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used. Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Chi-square test were employed to analyze the data. RESULTS: The majority of nurses (99.5%) had nomophobia. About half of them (53.3%) had a moderate level of nomophobia. Nearly half of nurses had high level of mindfulness (52.6%) and self-efficacy (53.3%) respectively. Further, nomophobia was found to be negatively correlated with mindfulness (r = -0.289) and self-efficacy (r = -0.278). CONCLUSION: Nomophobia poses a risk to the mindfulness and self-efficacy of nurses. Continuing education should focus on awareness programs emphasizing good practices in the use of current technologies.

This paper presents the results of adsorption and permeation experiments of hydrogen and methane at elevated temperatures on a carbon-based nanoporous membrane material provided by Fraunhofer IKTS. The adsorption of pure components was measured between 90 °C and 120°C and pressures up to 45 bar. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm shows the best fit for all data points. Compared to available adsorption isotherms of H2 and CH4 on carbon, the adsorption on the investigated nanoporous carbon structures is significantly lower. Single-component permeation experiments were conducted on membranes at temperatures up to 220 °C. After combining the experimental results with a Maxwell–Stefan surface diffusion model, Maxwell–Stefan surface diffusion coefficients Dis were calculated. The calculated values are in line with an empirical model and thus can be used in future multi-component modeling approaches in order to better analyze and design a membrane system. The published adsorption data fill a gap in the available adsorption data for CH4 and H2.

The alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a bottleneck in green hydrogen production owing to its slow reaction kinetics and low catalytic efficiencies of earth abundant electrocatalysts in the alkaline OER reaction. This study investigates the OER performance of hierarchically porous cobalt electrocatalysts synthesized using the dynamic hydrogen bubble templating (DHBT) method. Characterization studies revealed that electrocatalysts synthesized under optimized conditions using the DHBT method consisted of cobalt nanosheets, and hierarchical porosity with macropores distributed in a honeycomb network and mesopores distributed between cobalt nanosheets. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed the presence of Co(OH)2 as the predominant surface cobalt species while Raman studies revealed the presence of the cubic Co3O4 phase in the synthesized electrocatalysts. The best performing electrocatalyst required only 360 mV of overpotential to initiate a current density of 10 mA cm−2, exhibited a Tafel slope of 37 mV dec−1, and stable OER activity over 24 h. The DHBT method offers a facile, low cost and rapid synthesis approach for preparation for highly efficient cobalt electrocatalysts.

The L 1 region of bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-3 encodes a multifunctional protein named protein VII. Anti-protein VII sera detected a protein of 26 kDa in transfected or BAdV-3-infected cells, which localizes to nucleus and nucleolus of infected/transfected cells. Analysis of mutant protein VII identified four redundant overlapping nuclear/nucleolar localization signals as deletion of all four potential nuclear/nucleolar localization signals localizes protein VII predominantly to the cytoplasm. The nuclear import of protein VII appears to use importin α (α-1), importin-β (β-1) and transportin-3 nuclear transport receptors. In addition, different nuclear transport receptors also require part of protein VII outside nuclear localization sequences for efficient interaction. Proteomic analysis of protein complexes purified from recombinant BAdV-3 expressing protein VII containing Strep Tag II identified potential viral and cellular proteins interacting with protein VII. Here, we confirm that protein VII interacts with IVa2 and protein VIII in BAdV-3-infected cells. Moreover, amino acids 91–101 and 126–137, parts of non-conserved region of protein VII, are required for interaction with IVa2 and protein VIII, respectively.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Many providers share patients resulting in networks where clinical information is exchanged, and which can impact the quality and efficiency of care. Here we analyzed the network properties of a primary care service area (PCSA) in Harris County TX, motivating our ongoing analysis of how they are associated with disparities in cancer screening. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Data.All providers (n=731, Medicare 2018) from the PCSA with the most providers in Harris County TX, with gender, specialty, and the number of shared patients. Method. Modeled the data as a network consisting of provider nodes, connected in pairs by edges if they shared >11 patients (an empirically-determined threshold). Analyzed the network structure using (1) modularity maximization and its significance to identify densely-connected communities; (2) degree centralization to measure whether a few providers shared many patients, and betweenness centralization to measure whether a few providers connected densely-connected communities; and (3) chi-squared to measure if pairs of connected providers tended to be of the same gender compared to disconnected provider pairs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The results (Fig. 1, http://www.skbhavnani.com/DIVA/Images/Fig-1-SNA-Network.jpg [http://www.skbhavnani.com/DIVA/Images/Fig-1-SNA-Network.jpg]) revealed a fragmented network with 120 small components (connected subnetworks, not part of any larger connected subnetwork), and 1 large component. The large component (n=244) had strong and significant modularity (Q=0.73, z=53.13, P

IntroductionNonhuman adenoviral (AdV) gene delivery platforms have significant value due to their ability to elude preexisting AdV vector immunity in most individuals. Previously, we have demonstrated that intranasal (IN) immunization of mice with BAd-H5HA, a bovine AdV type 3 (BAdV3) vector expressing H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), resulted in enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The BAd-H5HA IN immunization resulted in complete protection following the challenge with an antigenically distinct H5N1 virus compared to the mouse group similarly immunized with HAd-H5HA, a human AdV type 5 (HAdV5) vector expressing HA.MethodsHere, we attempted to determine the activation of innate immune responses in the lungs of mice inoculated intranasally with BAd-H5HA compared to the HAd-H5HA-inoculated group.ResultsRNA-Seq analyses of the lung tissues revealed differential expression (DE) of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity in animals immunized with BAd-H5HA. The top ten enhanced genes were verified by RT-PCR. Consistently, there were transient increases in the levels of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-5, TNF- α, LIF, IL-17, G-CSF, MIP-1β, MCP-1, MIP-2, and GM-CSF) and toll-like receptors in the lungs of the group inoculated with BAdV vectors compared to that of the HAdV vector group.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that the BAdV vectors induce enhanced innate and adaptive immunity-related factors compared to HAdV vectors in mice. Thus, the BAdV vector platform could be an excellent gene delivery system for recombinant vaccines and cancer immunotherapy.