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This study aims to investigate the predicament of young widows residing in the tea estates of Bangladesh. The study used qualitative methods to understand how young widows perceive and interpret their experiences of widowhood. Nine young widows were chosen for the in-depth semi-structured interviews using referral sampling. Data were analysed thematically, which was then critically explored and contrasted with the previous literature. The results demonstrated that young widows in the tea gardens struggled to address the psychological, economic, health care, educational, and recreational demands of their children due to declining resource bases. Additionally, young widows face sexual harassment, emotional disturbances, financial insecurity, and gender-sensitive discriminatory cultural practices. The paper advocated for expanding the social safety net in the tea gardens and ensuring land ownership among the tea gardeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (Rho) can develop a range of strategies to resist the toxicity of heavy metals. This study aimed to investigate the physiological responses and transcriptomic regulation of the fungus under different heavy metal stresses. Methods and results This study applied transmission electron microscopy and RNA-seq to investigate the fungal resistance to Pb, Cd, and Cu stresses. Under Pb stress, the activated autophagy-related genes, vesicle-fusing ATPase, and vacuolar ATP synthase improved vacuolar sequestration. This offsets the loss of lipids. However, the metal sequestration by vacuoles was not improved under Cd stress. Vacuolar fusion was also inhibited following the interference of intravacuolar Ca2+ due to their similar ionic radii. Cu2+ showed the maximum toxic effects due to its lowest cellular sorption (as low as 7%) with respect to Pb2+ and Cd2+, although the efflux pumps and divalent metal ion transporters partially contributed to the detoxification. Conclusions Divalent cation transporters and vacuolar sequestration are the critical strategies for Rho to resist Pb stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is the main strategy for Cd resistance in Rho. The intracellular Cu level was decreased by efflux pump and divalent metal ion transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided by scholarship on housing insecurity and the survival strategies of poor families, this study examines how impoverished families navigate and assess appropriate responses to housing insecurity in the private rental market. Drawing on interviews with 100 low-income families across Israel, the study finds that families construct rental housing as a chief source of subjugation, instability, and emotional distress. Poor families often draw on their relationships with their landlords to survive conditions of housing insecurity. I term this strategy leveraging "transactional ties." The concept emphasizes economic relationships between destitute families and advantaged actors in various market arenas. Families are subjugated by these well-positioned actors; nevertheless, they are sometimes able to negotiate a better deal for themselves. By emphasizing the importance of how renters construct transactional ties with powerful actors, the article contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of housing insecurity among disadvantaged populations today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of social fields, this article sought to answer two research questions: (a) what challenges do street children encounter on the streets? and (b) what survival strategies do these street children adopt to cope with street life? Thirty street children constituted the study's sample size. Data were gathered through in‐depth interviews and focus group discussions and were thematically analysed. It was found that street children encountered challenges including abuse, inadequate access to basic needs, stigmatization, and theft. This study also found that some street children resorted to their peer networks and intimate partners for protection, as well as for financial and material support. Additionally, some street children engaged in menial working jobs and in some cases, stealing and prostitution to fend for themselves. While these survival tactics were noted to be crucial in the lives of street children, this article recommends for the intensified implementation of state and non‐state interventions to help alter the unwholesome living conditions of these vulnerable children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The informal tourism sector plays a vital role in the local economies, particularly in destinations such as Bali. This aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 8, which focuses on promoting decent work and economic growth. These workers, who are often ignored, greatly enrich the experience of tourism but encounter distinct obstacles on a daily basis. Gaining insight into their methods for staying alive is crucial. Informal workers face distinct limits compared to formal sector employees, resulting in less defined sustainability and growth strategies. A thorough investigation was carried out in nine regencies in Bali, utilizing observations and interviews, in order to examine these tactics. This method facilitated a comprehensive comprehension of their day-to-day routines and difficulties. The study identified four crucial survival strategies: implementing prudent financial management to sustain businesses and meet daily needs, utilizing communication skills to maintain income and continuity, enhancing social capital through positive relationships with fellow workers, and comprehending government policies. Out of these factors, effectively managing economic capital is crucial for maintaining livelihoods in the fiercely competitive tourism business. The results of this study provide a basis for future policies or interventions aimed at supporting and enhancing the lives of informal sector workers in tourist areas such as Bali.

The present study investigates the low temperature tolerance strategies of thermophilic bacterium Anoxybacillus rupiensis TPH1, which grows optimally at 55 °C , by subjecting it to a temperature down-shift of 10 °C (45 °C) for 4 and 6 h followed by studying its growth, morphophysiological, molecular and proteomic responses. Results suggested that although TPH1 experienced increased growth inhibition, ROS production, protein oxidation and membrane disruption after 4 h of incubation at 45 °C yet maintained its DNA integrity and cellular structure through the increased expression of DNA damage repair and cell envelop synthesizing proteins and also progressively alleviated growth inhibition by 20% within two hours i.e., 6 h, by inducing the expression of antioxidative enzymes, production of unsaturated fatty acids, capsular and released exopolysaccharides and forming biofilm along with chemotaxis proteins. Conclusively, the adaptation of Anoxybacillus rupiensis TPH1 to lower temperature is mainly mediated by the synthesis of large numbers of defense proteins and exopolysaccharide rich biofilm formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral history constitutes one of the pivotal source categories through which we investigate the Holocaust. The more diverse the source base, the more accurately we can reconstruct the events that transpired. Initially, the study of Holocaust history heavily relied on German documents – essentially, viewing the events through the lens of sources produced by the perpetrators. These sources presented the perspective of the Holocaust’s orchestrators and executors.

The end of World War I brought not only the end of a great slaughter but also the creation of new countries, great expectations of better living conditions, and the promise of an end of scarcity. In Maribor, a contested border town occupied by Slovenian troops and annexed to the newly established State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, expectations were even higher. A part of the population opposed the town's annexation to the newly established state and compared the living conditions at home with those in Austria. As early as November 1918, the Slovene City Food Council was established in Maribor to feed the city's population. It introduced measures similar to those introduced during the war, such as food ration cards. Despite these measures, food shortages and hunger were part of everyday life, especially in the winter of 1918–19. This article discusses civilians' survival strategies, as well as continuities and discontinuities between wartime and postwar measures to improve the food supply. It shows that despite the efforts of the new Yugoslav authorities, they often continued wartime practices and food remained of poor quality and difficult to access for most of the population throughout 1919. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic in 2020 addressed different challenges for Mexican households, especially those where some members had the disease. This article analyzes the survival strategies developed by households and communities living in the historic center of Mexico City and the municipality of Nezahualcóyotl. Three variables were established to analyze said strategies: social cohesion, neighbor intervention in collective actions, and community participation. Using data collected from the survey "Citizen Empowerment to Improve Public Security and Rule of Law in Mexico City" and econometric models, it was evident that both communities were outlined for their cohesion and neighborhood participation. In Nezahualcóyotl, family and neighborhood relations were essential, whereas in the historic center, solidarity among neighbors prevailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is a major carbon reduction technology that is rapidly developing worldwide. However, the impact of PV plant construction on subsurface microecosystems is currently understudied. We conducted a systematic investigation into the effects of small-scale light stress caused by shading of PV panels and sampling depth on the composition, diversity, survival strategy, and key driving factors of soil bacterial communities (SBCs) under two vegetation restoration modes, i.e., Euryops pectinatus (EP) and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum (LC). The study revealed that light stress had a greater impact on rare species with relative abundances below 0.01% than on high-abundance species, regardless of the vegetation restoration pattern. Additionally, PV shadowing increased SBCs' biomass by 20-30% but had varying negative effects on the numbers of Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU), Shannon diversity, abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE), and Chao1 richness index. Co-occurrence and correlation network analysis revealed that symbiotic relationships dominated the key SBCs in the LC sample plots, with Chloroflexi and Actinobacteriota being the most ecologically important. In contrast, competitive relationships were significantly increased in the EP sample plots, with Actinobacteriota having the most ecological importance. In the EP sample plot, SBCs were found to be more tightly linked and had more stable ecological networks. This suggests that EP is more conducive to the stability and health of underground ecosystems in vulnerable areas when compared with LC. These findings offer new insights into the effects of small-scale light stress on subsurface microorganisms under different vegetation restoration patterns. Moreover, they may provide a reference for optimizing ecological restoration patterns in fragile areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ice-free McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica are dominated by nutrientpoor mineral soil and rocky outcrops. The principal habitat for microorganisms is within rocks (endolithic). In this environment, microorganisms are provided with protection against sub-zero temperatures, rapid thermal fluctuations, extreme dryness, and ultraviolet and solar radiation. Endolithic communities include lichen, algae, fungi, and a diverse array of bacteria. Chloroflexota is among the most abundant bacterial phyla present in these communities. Among the Chloroflexota are four novel classes of bacteria, here named Candidatus Spiritibacteria class. nov. (=UBA5177), Candidatus Martimicrobia class. nov. (=UBA4733), Candidatus Tarhunnaeia class. nov. (=UBA6077), and Candidatus Uliximicrobia class. nov. (=UBA2235). We retrieved 17 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) that represent these four classes. Based on genome predictions, all these bacteria are inferred to be aerobic heterotrophs that encode enzymes for the catabolism of diverse sugars. These and other organic substrates are likely derived from lichen, algae, and fungi, as metabolites (including photosynthate), cell wall components, and extracellular matrix components. The majority of MAGs encode the capacity for trace gas oxidation using high-affinity uptake hydrogenases, which could provide energy and metabolic water required for survival and persistence. Furthermore, some MAGs encode the capacity to couple the energy generated from H2 and CO oxidation to support carbon fixation (atmospheric chemosynthesis). All encode mechanisms for the detoxification and efflux of heavy metals. Certain MAGs encode features that indicate possible interactions with other organisms, such as Tc-type toxin complexes, hemolysins, and macroglobulins. IMPORTANCE The ice-free McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica are the coldest and most hyperarid desert on Earth. It is, therefore, the closest analog to the surface of the planet Mars. Bacteria and other microorganisms survive by inhabiting airspaces within rocks (endolithic). We identify four novel classes of phylum Chloroflexota, and, based on interrogation of 17 metagenome-assembled genomes, we predict specific metabolic and physiological adaptations that facilitate the survival of these bacteria in this harsh environment—including oxidation of trace gases and the utilization of nutrients (including sugars) derived from lichen, algae, and fungi. We propose that such adaptations allow these endolithic bacteria to eke out an existence in this cold and extremely dry habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa has negatively affected the lives of many individuals and families. Undocumented migrants were not an exception to this challenge. Despite encountering a number of challenges such as unemployment and being excluded from the welfare services of the country, undocumented migrants also battled with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic which forced them to develop survival strategies. It is from this background that this, study sought to explore survival strategies of undocumented migrants post COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa. The study used a qualitative approach wherein Musina was used as a case study. Ten migrant youth were purposively and conveniently selected to participate in this study. Data was collected through face-to-face semistructured interviews and analysed thematically through Thematic Content Analysis (TCA). Resilience theory was used to guide this study. Findings, conclusions and recommendations are provided in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the German and Romanian captivity of the cadets of the Yaroslavl Military Aviation School of Fast Bombardiers. There is no special research devoted to this group of prisoners of war in Russian and foreign historiography. The author has determined the time, place, and circumstances of taking the cadets captive; counted their number; found out the location of the camps where they were held. Based on sources of personal origin, the author has established survival strategies in difficult conditions of captivity, forms of resistance, the fate of cadets after their release as well as the names and dates of death of some cadets who died in captivity. The author concludes that Yaroslavl cadets differed from the vast majority of Soviet prisoners of war in their level of education and intelligence, unconditional adherence to communist ideology, good physical fitness, and a sense of camaraderie. They were captured as a result of the defeats of the Red Army in the battles of May–July 1942 at the Crimean and Southern fronts. Like other Soviet prisoners of war, Yaroslavl cadets became victims of the Nazi genocide. Some of them died during the first months in captivity of starvation and diseases caused by it, targeted executions, and suicides. Some improvements in nutrition and accommodation of Soviet prisoners of war, made by the Nazis in order to maximize the use of their labor, increased the cadets’ chances for survival. They spent more than two years in Romanian captivity, and almost three years in German captivity. Maintaining friendly relations with former co-servicemen and other prisoners of war turned out to be a successful survival strategy for the captured Yaroslavl cadets. Along with this, they resorted to concealing their military rank and the presence of a special military education from the enemy. The main forms of anti-fascist resistance of cadets were sabotage at workplaces, escapes, and the continuation of armed struggle with the enemy in Soviet and foreign partisan detachments. Like other Soviet prisoners of war, they were subjected to checks by Soviet security agencies after their release and then tried to prove their loyalty to the Motherland on the war fronts. Nevertheless, for decades, the fact of having been held captive created obstacles to continuing education, career growth, and normal life.

Salmonella is one of the most common pathogens causing foodborne diseases. Eggs and egg products are important food vehicles for its transmission. Among the many serotypes of Salmonella, S. enterica serovar Enteritidis has a unique advantage in surviving egg white because of its resist to antibacterial molecules in egg white, which can lead to food poisoning. In recent years, the survival strategies of S. enteritidis serovar Enteritidis in egg white have been explored by using molecular biological techniques such as transposon mutations, in vivo expression, high-throughput sequencing and omics, and some key metabolic pathways and stress resistance-related genes/proteins have been discovered. However, the function of stress resistance-related genes has not been fully revealed, and there is a lack of a comprehensive summary of the existing research. Therefore, the current situation and transmission routes of Salmonella contaminated eggs are briefly introduced in this review. Furthermore, the latest progress in research on the survival mechanism of S. enteritidis serovar Enteritidis in egg white is summarized from the perspectives of nutrient availability, membrane stress response, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage repair, alkaline pH adaptation, osmotic stress response and energy metabolism. Finally, the biological control methods for Salmonella are summarized, including vaccines, bacteriophages, and probiotics. Meanwhile, future research directions are discussed. This article will provide an important reference for effective control of Salmonella in eggs and egg products.

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Between 2000 and 2008, Zimbabwe was hit by one of the devastating economic situations which threatened the lives of businesses and also led to the closure of several businesses. The main purpose of this paper was to trace the survivors of Zimbabwe’s 2000–2008 economic distress and establish the strategies they employ to avert future economic pandemics in the country. A mixed research approach was utilized to carry out the study, with data being collected from a sample of 105 business people and their employees in rural Zimbabwe. A self-designed questionnaire and interview guide were used to solicit data from participants with descriptive and thematic data analysis methods being utilized as the main data analysis tools. The study revealed that while a significant number of businesses closed their businesses due to the economic downturn a reasonable number survived and self-rejuvenated and moved on in 2009 when the economy stabilized. The strategies most businesses in rural areas employ to avert the effects of future economic distress include among others; diversification, trading in foreign currency, avoiding selling goods on credit, and keeping savings in United States of America Dollar and traditional banks. It was recommended that businesses in rural areas need to manage their businesses in a more professional way so that they do not easily get affected by socioeconomic shocks and political upheavals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the testimonies of residents from Greek villages in the North Azov region who witnessed the Holodomor of 1932–1933. It highlights the scope of issues addressed by respondents in their recollections and identifies the specificity of these recollections compared to other historical sources on the given problem. Despite their fragmentary nature, the testimonies of residents from Greek villages in North Azov contain multifaceted and highly significant information for reconstructing prevailing attitudes, offering insight into the average person’s experience during this horrific catastrophe with its pain, despair, fear, and thirst for life. The source-critical analysis of the testimonies enables the clarification or elaboration of the famine’s causes, its scale, data on the population’s diet, survival strategies, and instances of self-sacrifice, as well as peasants’ perceptions of the dekulakization executors, disruption of burial rituals, and the composition and number of deceased or repressed individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghana's elderly population represents about 6.7% of the national populace. They comprise persons aged sixty years and above, including retirees. The main source of income for some of these individuals, particularly those who worked in the formal sector is the monthly pension they receive as compensation for contributing to Ghana's public pension scheme known as the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) while they were working. However, some beneficiaries of the scheme have raised concerns about the inadequacy of the pension income. Old age is accompanied by other social, economic, and health issues that tend to be detrimental to one's well-being. In this study, the survival strategies adopted by SSNIT pensioners to assuage the challenges they encounter, mainly due to inadequate pensions were explored. The mixed-methods research design was employed to gather data from 437 respondents. Whereas the quantitative findings were analyzed via the Stata software, the framework approach was adopted to analyze the qualitative data. The majority (78.7%) of the pensioners indicated that their pensions were insufficient to meet their needs. In their quest to address the challenges confronting them, the pensioners either adopted survival strategies they considered suitable or resorted to other non-prioritized coping mechanisms perceived to be relevant only in times of urgent necessity. Based on the findings of the study, some recommendations for policy and practice were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unaccompanied children who do not or cannot access the child protection system in Türkiye often become engaged in child labor and find themselves living in precarity. This paper highlights narratives of survival within their culturally-assumed transition to manhood based on empirical research on the life experiences of 12 unaccompanied, male Afghan youth who came to Türkiye as unaccompanied children. These narratives reflect patriarchal culture, particularly the Taliban's extreme manifestations of patriarchy, both in a context of war and violence. Unaccompanied Afghan children migrate for survival and, after dangerous journeys, live as irregular migrants. Their daily life is marked by (1) fear of police and deportation, (2) child labor, (3) long and challenging work routines, (4) lack of leisure time, schooling, adult protection or support and (5) lack of social security. As a result, they develop survival strategies to manage their precarious lives. Their narratives share commonalities focusing on the conditionalities of constructing manhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Urban poor use many initiatives to survive before they reach a real dead end in life and pose fundamental risks to themselves and the host community. There is a variety of strategies used by poor households in Iran and the world with different consequences depending on the type and extent of use. Method: This descriptive and analytical study has investigated the factors affecting the selection of survival strategies among residents of disfunctional urban tissues (marginal section). Due to the nature of the subject, the data were obtained in two ways, including qualitative (sample size of 30 households) and quantitative (survey of 300 households living in this area). The collected data were analyzed qualitatively based on the content analysis (according to Brown and Clark’S framework) and quantitatively in the form of logistic regression. Findings: The results showed that although the number of households that choose risky strategies is small, around 10%, the same number is very important and fundamental considering the border situation of the city in question and its cultural and social conditions. Quantitative investigations also show that households with little social capital are twice as likely to choose high-risk strategies as those who use social capital. Discussion: The development of social capital among the poor not only prevents them from remaining in this cycle but also helps them consider strategies that have the least social, family, and individual consequences even if they enter the cycle of poverty. To strengthen social capital, it is necessary to form cultural associations and connections among the inhabitants of disfunctional urban contexts.

Background: The devastating COVID-19 outbreak has considerably influenced basic human healthcare needs. Due to healthcare organizational limitations, workload, and a shortage of healthcare professionals, particularly military nurses in developing countries, faced critical situations in dealing with COVID-19 patients. However, little is known about the survival strategies military nurses used while caring for coronavirus-infected patients. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the survival strategies that inspired military nurses to manage COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh. Methods: This study employed the phenomenology of practice framework developed by Max van Manen. Fourteen military nurses were purposefully selected to participate in this study. Semi-structured online interviews were conducted individually from January to February 2023 in three divisional (Dhaka, Chittagong, and Sylhet) COVID-19 dedicated military hospitals in Bangladesh. The study was reported using the COREQ checklist. Audio-video sessions of discussions were recorded, analyzed, and transcribed verbatim. Dataset analysis was performed using thematic analysis. Results: Eight themes were developed: (i) Nurses' self-strategies; (ii) colleagues' strategies; (iii) Nurse managers' strategies; (iv) Feelings about nursing ethical values; (v) Employers' strategies; (vi) Government strategies; (vii) Family members' strategies; (viii) Strategies of social people. Conclusions: The study's findings would inspire healthcare professionals to use various survival strategies when facing critical clinical situations. Additionally, this study encourages nurses to develop survival skills to avoid depression, fear, and anxiety and to learn how to deal with work-related stress situations.

High-altitude mountain plants are at risk of extinction due to global warming. Our study examined the stoichiometric characteristics of high-altitude plants in response to a progressively warming climate, as well as exploring potential relationships between hydraulic conductivity efficiency, stoichiometric characteristics, and morphological traits. As the research object, it was decided to conduct this investigation using the Faxon fir, a dominant species in the Minjiang River Basin with better water conditions. The sampling time was four months. In July 2019, October 2019, January 2020, and April 2020, the stoichiometric characteristics (N and P) in needles, branches, stems, and roots of Faxon fir were measured along an altitude gradient at 200 m intervals from 2800 m to 3600 m. We also measured morphological traits and hydraulic traits. This study showed that the Faxon fir N P stoichiometric preferentially to needles, followed by branches and roots, and finally at the trunk, and the Faxon fir was in an N-restricted state. N and P elements exhibit a significant correlation with morphological traits, while the relationship between P elements and hydraulic characteristics is mediated indirectly through morphological traits. At high altitudes, climate warming will increase the N limitation of Faxon fir, but the effect on P limitation will be relatively limited. Climate environment and water status are closely related to the distribution of N P nutrients in the organs. Undoubtedly, climate change will directly affect the survival of high-altitude plants, and appropriate survival strategies can encourage plants to adapt to climate changes by balancing energy distribution among different organs and tissues.

For handling future crises and to give their businesses the best chance of survival it is imperative that owners and managers of SMEs have a comprehensive understanding of the severity of the impact of the crisis itself. Despite the criticality of SMEs to the economy, there is lack of concerted evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 on small and medium enterprises' productivity in South Africa. Hence, the study sought to integrate the existing literature to attain a composite view of the impact of COVID-19 on small and medium enterprises’ productivity in South Africa. A systematic literature review of (35) articles published during the COVID-19 pandemic years of 2020–2022 revealed a common set of labour, capital, and total factor productivity issue concerns impacting SMEs across industry designations in South Africa. But out of these concerns have emerged a set of business resilience strategies and policy implications that offer SMEs the strategic ability to prepare ahead of time for crises situations and come out stronger.

AbstractThis article was based on a study of the experiences of Zimbabwean migrant teachers in South Africa. The researcher made autoethnographic reflections on an interpretivist study that generated data using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The study was carried out in two purposively selected provinces of South Africa. The reflexive autoethnographic study focused on the impact of the research findings on the experiences of migrant teachers on the researcher’s survival strategies. The participants’ experiences mirrored the researcher’s lived experiences in South Africa. Due to the shared lived experiences between the researcher and the participants, evident links emerged. Essentially, the participants’ fears also became the researcher’s fears. Zimbabwean migrant teachers had several fears within and outside school spaces. The paper fundamentally argues that the researcher morphed and adopted some of the survival strategies of Zimbabwean migrant teachers because of the prolonged engagement with the participants.

In Ethiopia as far as the livelihood and survival strategies pursued by international returnees is concerned, such scientific study is scanty or non-existent. The study was devoted to explore the livelihoods and survival strategies chased among the returnees in Addis Ababa to provide scientific evidences and insights for decision making and future intervention efforts. Data were collected from 402 randomly drawn sample returnees via a cross-sectional survey. The supplementary data were collected from purposively selected focus group discussion and semi-structured interview participants. Descriptive statistics and Ordinal Logistic Regression Model (OLRM) were employed to analyze the data. The study revealed that while unemployment was found to be the most categorized livelihood strategy by which returnees were hallmarked and rated above the scale mean on the three-point likert scale (mean = 2.18, Standard Deviation/SD = 0.91); wage-employment and self-employment were rated below the scale mean (mean = 1.41, SD = 0.61; and mean = 1.39, SD = 0.56) respectively, which reflects that majority of the study population weren’t involved in livelihood strategies common in urban settings. OLRM results confirmed that educational attainment and age of the returnees made the first and the second largest contributions in predicting wage-employment in the positive and negative directions with beta coefficients (β = 0.985; and β = |-0.611| respectively at (p ≤ 0.000) level of significance. A notable proportion of Ethiopian returnees deemed to be unemployed and not engaged in any urban livelihood activities and deprived of enjoying the potential benefits obtained from self-employment and wage-employment activities in the study area.

Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to enter the extremotolerant state of latent life known as cryptobiosis. While it is widely accepted that cryptobiosis can be induced by freezing (cryobiosis) and by desiccation (anhydrobiosis), the latter involving formation of a so-called tun, the exact mechanisms underlying the state--as well as the significance of other cryptobiosis inducing factors--remain ambiguous. Here, we focus on osmotic and chemical stress tolerance in the marine tidal tardigrade Echiniscoides sigismundi. We show that E. sigismundi enters the tun state following exposure to saturated seawater and upon exposure to locality seawater containing the mitochondrial uncoupler DNP. The latter experiments provide evidence of osmobiosis and chemobiosis, i.e., cryptobiosis induced by high levels of osmolytes and toxicants, respectively. A small decrease in survival was observed following simultaneous exposure to DNP and saturated seawater indicating that the tardigrades may not be entirely ametabolic while in the osmobiotic tun. The tardigrades easily handle exposure to ultrapure water, but hypo-osmotic shock impairs tun formation and when exposed to ultrapure water the tardigrades do not tolerate DNP, indicating that tolerance towards dilute solutions involves energy-consuming processes. We discuss our data in relation to earlier and more contemporary studies on cryptobiosis and we argue that osmobiosis should be defined as a state of cryptobiosis induced by high external osmotic pressure. Our investigation supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms underlying osmobiosis and anhydrobiosis are overlapping and that osmobiosis likely represents the evolutionary forerunner of cryptobiosis forms that involve body water deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of poverty in Western European countries due to different processes such as the dualization and polarization of the labour market has led to different mechanisms of social exclusion. In this paper, low-income Colombian and Peruvian migrants in Brussels, Belgium) are the subject of study. This article highlights the different survival strategies employed by these households in different economic settings. Their survival strategies are analyzed in two municipalities – with different concentrations of Latin Americans – both located in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. These urban settings offer different opportunities for social integration and community development, primarily related to the neighborhood resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to add to the source database eyewitness accounts of Russian war crimes in Ukraine regarding the occupation and mass abuse of the inhabitants of the village Yahidne of Chernihiv District and people who left Chernihiv in search of salvation from the war, in particular. After evacuating to Yahidne, the respondent, together with her three-year-old son, got into the school basement, where the occupiers kept 360 people at the same time for 27 days. The main research method was interviewing the respondents using a pre-developed questionnaire, which made it possible to record not only the survival strategies of people during the occupation of the village but also the crimes committed by the Russian soldiers against the civilian population. The scientific novelty lies in the introduction of oral history stories about the conditions of the occupation of the Yahidne village, people sharing a closed basement room, violation of people's rights regarding basic needs of sleep, food, fresh air, hygiene, and timely burial after death into scientific handling. Conclusions. The recorded evidence is an important part of the source base of the modern history of Ukraine, which covers the peculiarities of livelihood and everyday life of the civilian population of Chernihiv and the Chernihiv region. The collected materials can serve as an additional evidence base regarding the scale of crimes committed by the occupiers and be used during future trials of Russian war crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to discover and divulge the hidden and obvious themes of social malingering in the actions of characters in the movie A Hero, by Asghar Farhadi. Since, according to some critics and thinkers, the content and themes of Iranian cinema have a deep connection with social issues and events, this study is an attempt to highlight social interactions and analyze everyday life in contemporary Iran. The research was conducted using a qualitative method and content analysis technique. The main problems discussed here were: Why do we construct a hero? What is the relationship between the phenomena of social malingering and constructing a hero in everyday life? Findings show the phenomenon such as social malingering and a hero construct in everyday life, in the mutual relationship and dialectic of attempt and failure, the inefficiency of social and political institutions, individuality cult, ideological morality, ontological insecurity and the reduction of social capital among others. It seems the social malingering and constructing a hero may be strategies for survival, especially the survival of honor and social acceptability in interactions and everyday life, the last type of social action and initiative to protect oneself and society.

Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to enter the extremotolerant state of latent life known as cryptobiosis. While it is widely accepted that cryptobiosis can be induced by freezing (cryobiosis) and by desiccation (anhydrobiosis), the latter involving formation of a so-called tun, the exact mechanisms underlying the state—as well as the significance of other cryptobiosis inducing factors—remain ambiguous. Here, we focus on osmotic and chemical stress tolerance in the marine tidal tardigrade Echiniscoides sigismundi. We show that E. sigismundi enters the tun state following exposure to saturated seawater and upon exposure to locality seawater containing the mitochondrial uncoupler DNP. The latter experiments provide evidence of osmobiosis and chemobiosis, i.e., cryptobiosis induced by high levels of osmolytes and toxicants, respectively. A small decrease in survival was observed following simultaneous exposure to DNP and saturated seawater indicating that the tardigrades may not be entirely ametabolic while in the osmobiotic tun. The tardigrades easily handle exposure to ultrapure water, but hypo-osmotic shock impairs tun formation and when exposed to ultrapure water the tardigrades do not tolerate DNP, indicating that tolerance towards dilute solutions involves energy-consuming processes. We discuss our data in relation to earlier and more contemporary studies on cryptobiosis and we argue that osmobiosis should be defined as a state of cryptobiosis induced by high external osmotic pressure. Our investigation supports the hypothesis that the mechanisms underlying osmobiosis and anhydrobiosis are overlapping and that osmobiosis likely represents the evolutionary forerunner of cryptobiosis forms that involve body water deprivation.

This article examines the ways in which the urban poor in Argentina help one another in the arduous task of making ends meet when neither the formal labor market nor state welfare policies are able to secure their subsistence. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, the article makes one substantive, one analytic, and one theoretical claim. Substantively, the article argues by way of empirical illustration that the urban poor are hardworking bricoleurs. Analytically, the article demonstrates the advantages of studying poor people's strategies in a simultaneously historic and ethnographic fashion through joint collaborative fieldwork. Theoretically, the article pushes toward replacing the notions of 'strategy of survival or subsistence' with the more encompassing notion of 'strategy of persistence'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Welfare Quarterly is the property of Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article was based on a study of the experiences of Zimbabwean migrant teachers in South Africa. The researcher made autoethnographic reflections on an interpretivist study that generated data using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The study was carried out in two purposively selected provinces of South Africa. The reflexive autoethnographic study focused on the impact of the research findings on the experiences of migrant teachers on the researcher's survival strategies. The participants' experiences mirrored the researcher's lived experiences in South Africa. Due to the shared lived experiences between the researcher and the participants, evident links emerged. Essentially, the participants' fears also became the researcher's fears. Zimbabwean migrant teachers had several fears within and outside school spaces. The paper fundamentally argues that the researcher morphed and adopted some of the survival strategies of Zimbabwean migrant teachers because of the prolonged engagement with the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management & Innovation is the property of Wyzsza Szkola Biznesu-National Louis University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose is to supplement the source base on Russian war crimes in Ukraine, specifically regarding the occupation and massive enemy attacks in the Novyi Bilous village, Chernihiv District, Chernihiv Region. After evacuating from Chernihiv to the village, the respondent and her son fell into a 36-day occupation. During the occupation, she had to look for new survival strategies. Th e main research method was interviewing the informant using three pre-developed questionnaires that thematically covered the peculiarities of everyday life of Ukrainians in the context of active hostilities, evacuation, and occupation. The scientific novelty lies in the partial access and introduction into scientific circulation of new oral historical stories about the occupation of the Chernihiv Region in the first months of the Russo-Ukrainian war. Conclusions. Th e recorded testimonies are an important part of the source base of the modern history of Ukraine, which covers the peculiarities of life support and everyday life of the civilian population of Chernihiv and the Chernihiv Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: The main purpose of this qualitative study was to explore tech start-up failures in Sri Lanka to emerge themes that explain the critical factors that are impacting failures of Sri Lankan tech start-ups and also to identify recommendations that could help evade those factors. The paper also presents the finding to enrich tech entrepreneurs to build their strategies with an understanding of factors that leads to failure and to make well-educated decisions. METHODOLOGY: The study is based on a qualitative research approach that helps to present findings in a theoretical way. A phenomenological analysis has been used to identify, understand, and analyze the phenomena of tech start-up failures. Twelve start-up leaders participated in this study and shared their lived experiences of tech start-up failures in Sri Lanka. Interviews were conducted with them based on twelve interview questions and twelve core themes emerged based on the participants’ lived experiences. In analyzing data, the modified Van Kaam approach was used, utilizing a seven-step framework that considers the structural and textual aspects of experiences, as well as the perceptual characteristics of the phenomenon. FINDINGS: The themes answered the key research question of the study: What are the critical factors that are impacting on failures of tech start-ups in Sri Lanka? The cause of tech start-up failures according to the current study varied including, financial uncertainty, no market research, no product–market fit, paranoid behaviors of innovators, lack of timely response to changing conditions, and location of the venture. IMPLICATIONS: The paper concisely presents twelve critical reasons for tech start-up failures. The results of the research will enable Sri Lankan tech start-ups to identify key factors of failure for the growth of their surviving strategies. Identifying secret obstacles in the industry helps entrepreneurs prepare for pitfalls and provides guidelines for policymakers to make informed choices when implementing national policies. More importantly, it has been discovered that the major areas that require more attention are leadership, funding, marketing, and innovation. Finally, four groups of recommendations have been discussed under financing, market research, leadership, and inventors. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: The comparison of the current study themes with the findings of related studies is inconclusive because the literature on tech start-up failures in other countries and in Sri Lanka is minimal. Some of the themes align with the findings of research conducted in other countries, although there were some themes that were explored uniquely.

In the existing research on Chinese migration, rural domestic Chinese migrants are often portrayed as a community of intruders with a detached culture who invade a host destination city. Usually, as a first step, they settle down in a so-called “Chengzhongcun” (literally a village encircled by the city boundaries, hereafter CZC), which is a kind of “urban village”, or an undeveloped part of a city that is overshadowed by the more developed areas. The present paper tries to give an image of the rural-to-urban migrants as a more vigorous mediator that forms their migration destination. The aims are the following: first, to achieve a detailed written analysis of an existing CZC community and its functioning as a mirror of the discriminating division between the rural and urban life in China. Secondly, by taking into account the experiences of migrant communities in their host cities, this paper seeks to highlight the migrants' emotional conflict and increasing loss of values that occurs in the migration process from the rural to the urban. Thirdly, the migrants' household survival strategies shall be explored. Finally, weaving these strands together, this paper presents a case study of a Tulou collective housing project in Guangzhou Province, China.

The purpose of the publication is to introduce into scientific circulation and the modern information space in general oral history materials collected during the interview of eyewitnesses to the events of the Russia's war against Ukraine, in particular, the occupation of populated areas of the Chernihiv region during February 24 -- April 2, 2022. To achieve the goal, the method of interviewing witnesses was used activities of the occupiers in the village of Yurivka, Chernihiv district, Chernihiv region. The result of the research was a complete recording of the memories of four respondents regarding the peculiarities of the behavior of the Russian invaders and the survival strategies of the local population in new hostile conditions. Among the mentioned strategies are the return of the practice of cooking in a traditional oven, the use of stoves for heating homes, the use of grain harvested for poultry for the purpose of making bread, etc. Evidence of physical violence against local men (mainly beatings), as well as mass looting by the occupiers, was recorded. From the words of the informants, information about the organization of life in the cellars in the first days of the offensive of enemy troops, methods of neighborly mutual aid, as well as family celebrations in the conditions of active hostilities, was recorded. The practical significance of the collected materials lies in the formation of a diverse source base on the Russo-Ukrainian war in general and the occupation of Ukrainian territory in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]