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The ASED-MO theory was used to study the electronic effects of S and the S-Mn couple upon the chemical embrittlement of Fe grain boundaries. The results obtained for S alone in a model of grain boundary (GB) are consistent with its observed behavior as a chemical embrittling agent. It was found that the total energy of the cluster decreases when the S atom is located at the GB. When S segregate at the Fe GB containing Mn, the embrittlement process was modified. The crystal orbital overlap population (COOP) curves gives a measure of Fe-Fe bond weakening due to the segregated atoms at the GB. Our calculations show that Mn behaves as a weak embrittler on the Fe GB. The Fe-Mn bonds were strengthened, while Fe-Fe bonds of the capped trigonal prism of the GB (CTP) were weakened. On the other hand, when S segregate at the Mn/Fe cluster, some metallic bonds were resistant to chemical embrittlement. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Fil: Gesari, Susana Beatriz. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física; Argentina Fil: Pronsato, Maria Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Física del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Física del Sur; Argentina Fil: Juan, Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Física del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física. Instituto de Física del Sur; Argentina

The H–Fe interaction at a grain boundary (GB) in BCC Fe was studied using qualitative electronic structure calculations in the framework of the atom superposition and electron delocalization molecular orbital (ASED-MO) theory. Calculations were performed using an Fe 196 cluster to simulate the 36.9° [1 0 0] {0 1 3} symmetrical tilt GB structure. The most stable positions for one H atom and two H atoms at the GB core were determined. The total energy of the cluster decreases when the H atoms are at that location, making it a possible site for H accumulation. An analysis of the orbital interaction reveals that H–Fe bonding involves mainly the Fe 4s and H 1s orbitals. In general, H drain charge from the first neighbor Fe atoms. The crystal orbital overlap population (COOP) curves gives a measure of Fe–Fe bond weakening due to H segregate at GB. Some Fe–Fe bonds in the GB plane shows a 60% decrease in the overlap population when H is present. H–H interaction was also analyzed. Although some H–H association is reveled no bond is formed between the impurity atoms.

The H–Fe interaction in a dislocated bcc structure was studied using qualitative electronic structure calculations in the framework of the atom superposition and electron delocalisation molecular orbital (ASED-MO) theory. The effect on the electronic structure after introducing an a /2 [1 1 1] mixed dislocation was analyzed and compared with the effect of introducing an a [0 1 0] edge dislocation. Calculations were performed using Fe 85 clusters to simulate a dislocated bcc structure. The cluster geometry and atomic parameters were optimized to make a better approximation to the repulsive energy terms. The most stable positions for two H atoms inside the cluster were determined. The total energy of the cluster decreases when the H atoms are located near the dislocation void, making it a possible region for H-accumulation. The hydrogen atoms bond to their closest neighbors weakening the bond between iron atoms. The H–H interaction was also analyzed. In general, the behavior of H and its influence on the Fe atoms first neighbors result to have similarities for both dislocations analyzed.

The bonding of HFe is analyzed using qualitative electronic calculations in the framework of the atom superposition and electron delocalization orbital cluster method (ASED-MO). The changes in the electronic structure of bcc Fe upon introduction, a screw dislocation are compared with Fe surfaces. A comparison is drawn with H adsorption at Fe ( 1 1 2) surface and H absorption in the bulk Fe with a dislocation. The results suggest that the detrimental effect of H on the FeFe bonds in a screw dislocation is almost half-severe than in other defects, such as an edge dislocation or vacancy and it is limited to its first neighbor. An analysis of the orbital interaction reveals that FeH bonding involves mainly the Fe 4s and H 1s orbitals. When H is in the bulk, the region near screw dislocation core is much more repulsive than in a normal Fe lattice. These results allow us consider that H accumulation could be less favorable near a screw dislocation than an edge dislocation.

In the present paper we propose a simple and easy method to determine the latent heat of vaporization of pure water, using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The vapor pressure of water was calculated from measurements of temperature and volume, assuming an ideal gas behavior for the vapor. The calculated heat of phase change is in a good agreement with the latent heat of vaporization, obtained from the empirical Antoine equation and from the literature.

The ASED-MO theory is used to study the effects of H and the H{single bond}C and H{single bond}B pairs in the electronic structure of a Fe grain boundary (GB). The results obtained for H in a GB model are consistent with its behavior as a chemical embrittler. The total energies calculated for FeH, FeC and FeB clusters indicate that all interstitials segregate to the GB. C has the lowest energy, followed by B, and could compete with other impurities for the site location on the GB. The results obtained for FeCH and FeBH are consistent with the observed behavior of C and B as cohesion enhancers. A strong repulsive interaction between C and H and B and H atoms is developed if they occupy the nearest interstitial site on the GB. When C or B are present, the total energies are similar to that obtained for the FeH cluster. This indicates that H is displaced from the capped trigonal prism (CTP). Also, we do not detect any C{single bond}H or B{single bond}H interaction. Density of states (DOS) and crystal orbital overlap population (COOP) curves are used to shed more light on the interstitial-Fe GB interaction. The existence of strong metal-metalloid bonds is shown, which are primarily due to Fe 3d, 4s and C (or B) 2s, 2p interactions. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Fil: Gesari, Susana Beatriz. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física; Argentina Fil: Irigoyen, Beatriz del Luján. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina Fil: Juan, Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Física; Argentina

In the present work we present geometric models of the most studied MoO3 surfaces, which were obtained using the DTMM 2.0 Molecular Modeller software. MoO3 has an orthorhombic layered structure, with each layer comprised of two interleaved planes of MoO6 octahedral. These layers are parallel to the (010) crystal plane and only oxygen ions are exposed on their surfaces. This situation results in weak van der Waals bonding between layers and in a relatively inert surface. In our approach to surface geometric structure we consider "ideal" crystal surface, in which the bulk atomic arrangement is maintained. These surfaces were generated by imaginary cleavage along appropriate planes in the bulk crystal structure.