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INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation (LTX). Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity is the leading cause of CKD. After kidney transplantation, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN) is a well-recognized problem. This study aims to evaluate the role of polyomavirus in patients after LTX. METHODS From January 2017 to January 2020, all lung transplant recipients who performed follow-up visits in our center were included in the study and retrospectively assessed. We measured renal function (creatinine levels before and after transplantation), JCPyV, and BKPyV load by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in serum and urine samples after transplantation. RESULTS In total, 104 consecutive patients (59 males, 56.7%) with a mean age of 49.6 ± 11.1 years were identified. JCPyV was found in urine of 36 patients (34.6%) and serum of 3 patients (2.9%). BKPyV was found in urine of 40 patients (38.5%) and serum of 4 patients (3.8%), respectively. Urine evidence for JCPyV (p

IgA dominant postinfectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) is a disease of adults, frequently diabetic. While idiopathic IgA commonly presents as a hematuric disease triggered by infection (synpharyngitic IgA for example, occurring 1–2 days after pharyngitis), IgA dominant PIGN typically occurs weeks or months after infection and presents with acute kidney injury, hematuria and proteinuria. Pathologically, the renal biopsy shows variable light microscopic findings ranging from diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis to mesangial hypercellularity, dominant or co-dominant IgA deposits by immunofluorescence, and frequently but not always, subepithelial "hump"-shaped electron dense deposits. Some cases mimic vasculitis and have positive ANCA serology. The majority of cases are associated with Staphylococcal infections, often methicillin resistant (MRSA). In the last few years, infections other than Staphylococcus were identified as a cause of IgA PIGN leading some authors to use the term "infection related" IgA dominant PIGN. It is the aim of this review to discuss the salient clinical and pathologic features of IgA dominant PIGN and present the disease spectrum based on the recent literature and our own experience. Proposed pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria are discussed.

About 30% of children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) have inherited forms. Among them, mutations in Wilms tumor suppressor gene 1 (WT1) are a well characterized cause associated with steroid-resistant NS, Wilms tumor, and urogenital malformation in males. However, the role of WT1 mutations in adult-onset focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is unclear. We report the case of a 38-year-old female with FSGS. She had been diagnosed with streak ovaries during diagnostic workup for infertility. Mutational analysis identified the heterozygous mutation c.1372C>T (p.Arg458*) in WT1 and the heterozygous non-neutral polymorphism c.868G>A (p.Arg229Gln) in NPHS2. Chromosomal analysis revealed a normal 46,XX female karyotype. Our case highlights that WT1 mutations should be considered in XX females with adult-onset FSGS, especially if urogenital abnormalities are present.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used as an adjunct to colposcopy in the identification of precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acetic acid on OCT imaging. OCT images were taken from unsuspicious and suspicious areas of fresh conization specimens immediately after resection and 3 and 10 min after application of 6 % acetic acid. A corresponding histology was obtained from all sites. The images taken 3 and 10 min after application of acetic acid were compared to the initial images with respect to changes in brightness, contrast, and scanning depth employing a standard nonparametric test of differences of proportions. Further, mean intensity backscattering curves were calculated from all OCT images in the histological groups CIN3, inflammation, or normal epithelium. Mean difference profiles within each of these groups were determined, reflecting the mean differences between the condition before application of acetic acid and the exposure times 3 and 10 min, respectively. According to the null hypothesis, the difference profiles do not differ from profiles fluctuating around zero in a stationary way, which implies that the profiles do not differ significantly from each other. The null hypothesis was tested employing the KPSS test. The visual analysis of 137 OCT images from 46 sites of 10 conization specimens revealed a statistically significant increase in brightness for all three groups and a statistically significant decrease in contrast for normal epithelium after 10 min. Further, an increase in scanning depth was noted for normal epithelium after 10 min and for CIN3 after 3 min. The analysis of mean intensity profiles showed an increased backscattering intensity after application of acetic acid. Acetic acid significantly affects the quality of OCT images. Overall brightness and scanning depth increase with the opposite effect regarding the image contrast. Whether the observed changes facilitate the distinction between dysplastic lesions in a clinical setting needs to be shown in further studies.

Background and Objective The identification of parathyroid glands can be a major problem in parathyroid surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in distinguishing between parathyroid tissue, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue. Methods Ex vivo OCT images as well as histological sections were generated from parathyroid glands, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes and fat in order to define significant morphologic differences between these entities. As a second step all OCT images were separately evaluated by two blinded investigators and later compared to the corresponding histology. Sensitivity and specificity of OCT in distinguishing between the different tissues were determined. To assess the interobserver agreement, κ coefficients were calculated from the ratings of each investigator for each OCT image seen. Results A total of 320 OCT images from 32 patients undergoing thyroid surgery, parathyroidectomy or lymphadenectomy were compared with the corresponding histology. The sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing parathyroid tissue from the other entities was 84% (second investigator: 82%) and 94% (93%) respectively. Unweighted κ using four diagnostic categories was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94–0.99) showing substantial agreement between both investigators. Conclusion OCT is highly sensitive in distinguishing between parathyroid tissue, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes and adipose tissue. These ex vivo results should be confirmed by using OCT imaging intraoperatively. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:654–659, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori is a factor preventing its successful eradication. Particularly in developing countries, resistance against commonly used antibiotics is widespread. Here, we present an epidemiological study from Nigeria with 111 isolates. We analyzed the associated disease outcome, and performed a detailed characterization of these isolated strains with respect to their antibiotic susceptibility and their virulence characteristics. Furthermore, statistical analysis was performed on microbiological data as well as patient information and the results of the gastroenterological examination. We found that the variability concerning the production of virulence factors between strains was minimal, with 96.4% of isolates being CagA-positive and 92.8% producing detectable VacA levels. In addition, high frequency of bacterial resistance was observed for metronidazole (99.1%), followed by amoxicillin (33.3%), clarithromycin (14.4%) and tetracycline (4.5%). In conclusion, this study indicated that the infection rate of H. pylori infection within the cohort in the present study was surprisingly low (36.6%). Furthermore, an average gastric pathology was observed by histological grading and bacterial isolates showed a uniform pathogenicity profile while indicating divergent antibiotic resistance rates.

About 30% of children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) have inherited forms. Among them, mutations in Wilms tumor suppressor gene 1 (WT1) are a well characterized cause associated with steroid-resistant NS, Wilms tumor, and urogenital malformation in males. However, the role of WT1 mutations in adult-onset focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is unclear. We report the case of a 38-year-old female with FSGS. She had been diagnosed with streak ovaries during diagnostic workup for infertility. Mutational analysis identified the heterozygous mutation c.1372CT (p.Arg458*) in WT1 and the heterozygous non-neutral polymorphism c.868GA (p.Arg229Gln) in NPHS2. Chromosomal analysis revealed a normal 46,XX female karyotype. Our case highlights that WT1 mutations should be considered in XX females with adult-onset FSGS, especially if urogenital abnormalities are present.

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) strains that carry the cag type IV secretion system (cag-T4SS) to inject the cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA) into host cells are associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma. CagA translocation by Hp is mediated by β1 integrin interaction of the cag-T4SS. However, other cellular receptors or bacterial outer membrane adhesins essential for this process are unknown. Here, we identify the HopQ protein as a genuine Hp adhesin, exploiting defined members of the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule family (CEACAMs) as host cell receptors. HopQ binds the amino-terminal IgV-like domain of human CEACAM1, CEACAM3, CEACAM5 or CEACAM6 proteins, thereby enabling translocation of the major pathogenicity factor CagA into host cells. The HopQ-CEACAM interaction is characterized by a remarkably high affinity (KD from 23 to 268 nM), which is independent of CEACAM glycosylation, identifying CEACAMs as bona fide protein receptors for Hp. Our data suggest that the HopQ-CEACAM interaction contributes to gastric colonization or Hp-induced pathologies, although the precise role and functional consequences of this interaction in vivo remain to be determined. published

Background and Objectives Optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits high-resolution imaging of tissue subsurfaces up to 2 mm in depth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of OCT in the characterization of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and to distinguish between different CIN grades. Study Design/Materials and Methods Colposcopy-guided OCT images were taken from unsuspicious and suspicious areas in women with suspected CIN. Each woman then underwent directed biopsies. All OCT images were separately evaluated by two blinded investigators and later compared to the corresponding histology based on a 6-grade classification (normal, inflammation, CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, squamous carcinoma). Sensitivity and specificity of OCT in detecting CIN were determined. To assess the interobserver agreement, kappa coefficients were calculated from the ratings of each investigator for each OCT image seen. Results A total of 210 OCT images were compared with the corresponding histology in 120 women undergoing colposcopy for suspected CIN. Sensitivity calculated for both investigators was 98% and 96% respectively with the threshold at CIN1 and 86% and 84% respectively with the threshold at CIN2. Thirty nine (38) false positive results reduced the specificity to 39% and 41% respectively with the threshold at CIN1. Defining the threshold at CIN2 the specificity increased to 64% and 60% respectively. Unweighted kappa from a dichotomous classification with the threshold at CIN1 was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54–0.84) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.51–0.73) with the threshold at CIN2. Conclusion OCT is highly sensitive in identifying pre-invasive and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. Improvements in resolution and the development of new light sources and optics may improve the specificity as well as the differentiation of cervical dysplasia. The interobserver agreement was substantial. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:206–212, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The increasing donor organ shortage requires the consideration of any possible organ donor in order to meet the current demand. However, the growing number of long-term survivors of liver transplantation may create a situation in which former organ recipients may experience brain death with a functioning graft and therefore become organ donors themselves. Previous reports concerning this rare situation predominantly refer to the reuse of donor organs within the first 8 days after primary liver transplantation. So far, only a single case of late reuse of a donor liver has been published, with 2 additional cases mentioned in a summary of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Here we report the case of a 43-year-old female donor who had received a liver graft for complications of Budd-Chiari syndrome 5 years before becoming an organ donor herself after cerebral infarction with consecutive brain death.

Hematopoietic cells depend on integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling, which is induced by kindlin-3 and talin-1. To determine whether platelet and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) functions require specific thresholds of kindlin-3, we generated mouse strains expressing 50%, 10%, or 5% of normal kindlin-3 levels. We report that in contrast to kindlin-3-null mice, which die perinatally of severe bleeding and leukocyte adhesion deficiency, mice expressing as little as 5% of kindlin-3 were viable and protected from spontaneous bleeding and infections. However, platelet adhesion and aggregation were reduced in vitro and bleeding times extended. Similarly, leukocyte adhesion, extravasation, and bacterial clearance were diminished. Quantification of protein copy numbers revealed stoichiometric quantities of kindlin-3 and talin-1 in platelets and neutrophils, indicating that reduction of kindlin-3 in our mouse strains progressively impairs the cooperation with talin-1. Our findings show that very low levels of kindlin-3 enable basal platelet and neutrophil functions, whereas in stress situations such as injury and infection, platelets and neutrophils require a maximum of functional integrins that is achieved with high and stoichiometric quantities of kindlin-3 and talin-1.

A giant midesophageal true diverticulum is a medical rarity. We report a case of successful minimally invasive resection of a giant midesophageal diverticulum masquerading as a malignancy in a young patient.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used as an adjunct to colposcopy in order to detect precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. Optical clearing agents (OCAs) temporarily reduce the optical scattering of biological tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate their influence on OCT imaging. OCT images were taken from unsuspicious and suspicious areas of fresh conization specimens immediately after resection and 5, 10, and 20 min after application of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Corresponding histologies were obtained from all sites. The images taken 5, 10, and 20 min after application of OCA were compared to the initial images with respect to changes in brightness, contrast, and scanning depth using a standard nonparametric test of differences of proportions. Further, mean intensity backscattering curves were calculated from all OCT images in the histological groups CIN2, CIN3, inflammation, and normal epithelium. Mean difference profiles within each of these groups were determined, reflecting the mean differences between the condition before the application of OCA and the exposure times 5, 10, and 20 min, respectively. The null hypothesis was tested employing the Dicky-Fuller-test, Hotelings-test and run test. The visual analysis of 434 OCT images from 109 different sites of 24 conization specimens showed a statistically significant increase in brightness and contrast for normal and dysplastic epithelium after application of DMSO or PEG. Further, the analysis of mean intensity profiles suggests the existence of an increased backscattering intensity after application of DMSO or PEG. DMSO and PEG contribute substantially to optical clearing in cervical squamous epithelium and therefore influence OCT imaging in a positive way. With further refinement of the OCT technology, the observed changes may be beneficial in interpreting the tissue microstructure and identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

The identification of parathyroid glands can be a major problem in parathyroid surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in distinguishing between parathyroid tissue, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue.Ex vivo OCT images as well as histological sections were generated from parathyroid glands, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes and fat in order to define significant morphologic differences between these entities. As a second step all OCT images were separately evaluated by two blinded investigators and later compared to the corresponding histology. Sensitivity and specificity of OCT in distinguishing between the different tissues were determined. To assess the interobserver agreement, κ coefficients were calculated from the ratings of each investigator for each OCT image seen.A total of 320 OCT images from 32 patients undergoing thyroid surgery, parathyroidectomy or lymphadenectomy were compared with the corresponding histology. The sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing parathyroid tissue from the other entities was 84% (second investigator: 82%) and 94% (93%) respectively. Unweighted κ using four diagnostic categories was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94-0.99) showing substantial agreement between both investigators.OCT is highly sensitive in distinguishing between parathyroid tissue, thyroid tissue, lymph nodes and adipose tissue. These ex vivo results should be confirmed by using OCT imaging intraoperatively.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits high-resolution imaging of tissue subsurfaces up to 2 mm in depth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of OCT in the characterization of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and to distinguish between different CIN grades.Colposcopy-guided OCT images were taken from unsuspicious and suspicious areas in women with suspected CIN. Each woman then underwent directed biopsies. All OCT images were separately evaluated by two blinded investigators and later compared to the corresponding histology based on a 6-grade classification (normal, inflammation, CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, squamous carcinoma). Sensitivity and specificity of OCT in detecting CIN were determined. To assess the interobserver agreement, kappa coefficients were calculated from the ratings of each investigator for each OCT image seen.A total of 210 OCT images were compared with the corresponding histology in 120 women undergoing colposcopy for suspected CIN. Sensitivity calculated for both investigators was 98% and 96% respectively with the threshold at CIN1 and 86% and 84% respectively with the threshold at CIN2. Thirty nine (38) false positive results reduced the specificity to 39% and 41% respectively with the threshold at CIN1. Defining the threshold at CIN2 the specificity increased to 64% and 60% respectively. Unweighted kappa from a dichotomous classification with the threshold at CIN1 was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54-0.84) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.51-0.73) with the threshold at CIN2.OCT is highly sensitive in identifying pre-invasive and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. Improvements in resolution and the development of new light sources and optics may improve the specificity as well as the differentiation of cervical dysplasia. The interobserver agreement was substantial.

The increasing donor organ shortage requires the consideration of any possible organ donor in order to meet the current demand. However, the growing number of long-term survivors of liver transplantation may create a situation in which former organ recipients may experience brain death with a functioning graft and therefore become organ donors themselves. Previous reports concerning this rare situation predominantly refer to the reuse of donor organs within the first 8 days after primary liver transplantation. So far, only a single case of late reuse of a donor liver has been published, with 2 additional cases mentioned in a summary of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Here we report the case of a 43-year-old female donor who had received a liver graft for complications of Budd-Chiari syndrome 5 years before becoming an organ donor herself after cerebral infarction with consecutive brain death.

Diagnosis of eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases is based on morphological evaluation with regard to localization and density of eosinophil infiltration of the mucosa and/or deeper parts of the oesophagus, stomach, and bowel in biopsy or resection specimens. As with eosinophils in any tissue, in the majority of diseases they are probably a sequel of acute inflammation and do not indicate any specific disease. Eosinophil morphology includes intact cells with bilobated nuclei and eosinophil granules in the cytoplasm and extracellular tissue following activation/degranulation. There is no fixed number of eosinophils that can be used as a cut-off criterion to define disease. Associated histopathological features observed in eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease depend on the site of manifestation and primary disease. Eosinophils are typically increased in allergy-associated colitis in adults and allergic proctocolitis in infants, eosinophilic gastroenteritis and eosinophilic oesophagitis. Their presence can also suggest a drug-induced eosinophilia or the presence of a parasitic infection. In general, eosinophils are increased in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They are seen in reflux oesophagitis, coeliac disease, and microscopic and infectious colitis. Eosinophils may be a feature of polyarteriitis nodosa and Churg–Strauss syndrome, and can accompany connective-tissue disease as well as malignant lymphomas and adenocarcinomas of gastrointestinal mucosa.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate light-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy for the in vivo diagnosis of gastric cancer. Methods A total of 344 endogenous fluorescence spectra were obtained from normal (164) and cancerous gastric mucosa (180) in 15 patients with pure adenocarcinoma and in 16 patients with gastric cancer containing signet-ring cells. A special light source capable of delivering either white or violet-blue light for the excitation of tissue autofluorescence via the endoscope was used. Endogenous fluorescence spectra emitted by the tissue were collected with a fiberoptic probe and analyzed with a spectrograph. Results Gastric adenocarcinoma exhibits specific changes in the emitted fluorescence spectra as compared with normal gastric mucosa. By algorithmic classification of the spectra, a sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 87%, a likelihood ratio for a positive test of 6.5 and for a negative test of 0.18 were obtained for the diagnosis of pure adenocarcinoma of the stomach. However, gastric cancer with signet-ring cells exhibits great variation in emitted autofluorescence spectra as compared with normal mucosa. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of all carcinomas containing signet-ring cells was 55%, specificity 85%, the likelihood ratio for a positive test was 3.7 and for a negative test, 0.53. The diagnostic value decreases with increasing numbers of signet-ring cells and tumor grade. Conclusions Light-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy is a new and promising bio-optical technique for the endoscopic in vivo diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma. The poor diagnostic accuracy for signet-ring cell carcinoma may be explained by the diffuse and frequent submucosal growth of this tumor and the presence of collagen fibers.

Infection with Helicobacter pylori, carrying a functional cag type IV secretion system (cag-T4SS) to inject the Cytotoxin associated antigen (CagA) into gastric cells, is associated with an increased risk for severe gastric diseases in humans. Here we studied the pathomechanism of H. pylori and the role of the cag-pathogenicity island (cag-PAI) for the induction of gastric ulcer and precancerous conditions over time (2-64 weeks) using the Mongolian gerbil model. Animals were challenged with H. pylori B128 (WT), or an isogenic B128DeltacagY mutant-strain that produces CagA, but is unable to translocate it into gastric cells. H. pylori colonization density was quantified in antrum and corpus mucosa separately. Paraffin sections were graded for inflammation and histological changes verified by immunohistochemistry. Physiological and inflammatory markers were quantitated by RIA and RT-PCR, respectively. An early cag-T4SS-dependent inflammation of the corpus mucosa (4-8 weeks) occurred only in WT-infected animals, resulting in a severe active and chronic gastritis with a significant increase of proinflammatory cytokines, mucous gland metaplasia, and atrophy of the parietal cells. At late time points only WT-infected animals developed hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia in parallel to gastric ulcers, gastritis cystica profunda, and focal dysplasia. The early cag-PAI-dependent immunological response triggers later physiological and histopathological alterations towards gastric malignancies.