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Abstract Legal reform has been implemented in the formation of legislation in Indonesia, namely the Copyright Work Law with the omnibus model. Various laws are made into one in the Copyright Act, including the matter of business competition. The new provisions in the Copyright Act that cause controversy are related to the accuracy of the chosen legal domain to be used as a solution in the case of business competition. The shift of authority from the District Court to the Commercial Court to handle the objections to the KPPU ruling raises pros and cons related to the legal certainty resulting from the process of handling the case. Legal research conducted here aims to explain the facts of the applicable law. The results showed that the handling of objections to the decision of KPPU which became the authority of the Commercial Court based on the Copyright Work Law is the right thing. This is because the Commercial Court is a special court of the general judiciary whose judges are more competent in business matters. Besides, this transfer of authority provides legal certainty to the parties to the dispute because the Commercial Court, in this case, is a judicial institution that has the authority to examine, decide, and adjudicate cases following absolute competence and relative competence, and the judge in it acts as judex facti. Abstrak Pembaharuan hukum telah dilaksanakan dalam pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, yaitu UU Cipta Kerja dengan model Omnibus. Berbagai undang-undang dijadikan satu di dalam UU Cipta Kerja, termasuk perihal perkara persaingan usaha. Ketentuan baru dalam UU Cipta Kerja yang menimbulkan kontroversi adalah terkait ketepatan ranah hukum yang dipilih untuk dijadikan solusi dalam perkara persaingan usaha. Pergeseran kewenangan dari Pengadilan Negeri ke Pengadilan Niaga untuk menangani upaya keberatan atas putusan KPPU menimbulkan pro dan kontra berkaitan dengan kepastian hukum yang dihasilkan dari proses penanganan perkara tersebut. Penelitian hukum yang dilakukan disini bertujuan untuk memberikan penjabaran terkait fakta hukum yang telah berlaku. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penanganan upaya keberatan atas putusan KPPU yang menjadi kewenangan Pengadilan Niaga berdasarkan UU Cipta Kerja adalah hal yang tepat. Hal tersebut dikarenakan Pengadilan Niaga merupakan pengadilan khusus dari peradilan umum yang para hakimnya lebih berkompeten dalam perkara perniagaan. Selain itu peralihan kewenangan ini memberikan kepastian hukum kepada para pihak bersengketa karena Pengadilan Niaga dalam hal ini merupakan lembaga peradilan yang memiliki kewenangan memeriksa, memutus, dan mengadili perkara sesuai kompetensi absolut dan kompetensi relatifnya, dan hakim di dalamnya berperan sebagai judex facti.

Mangroves represent highly diverse marine ecosystems, encompassing various vegetation such as shrubs, plants, trees, palms, and other plant forms that have adapted to thrive in both freshwater and saline environments. Within these mangrove ecosystems, secondary metabolites are present, contributing to various pharmacological functions and holding significant ecological importance. Endophytic fungi constitute a substantial and quantifiable portion of fungal biodiversity and are acknowledged for their impact on the composition and diversity of plant communities. This study aims to investigate the extracellular proteins and enzyme activity exhibited by endophytic fungi discovered in the leaves of Sonneratia alba mangroves collected in Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The primary objective is to evaluate the compatibility of marine fungi with antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The research involves analyzing the biological activities of marine fungi containing cellulase enzyme through methods such as DNS for reducing sugar, protein concentration determination, antioxidant analysis, and total phenol content assessment. Sample A (shaker) has highest enzyme activity at Day 4 and Sample B has highest enzyme activity at Day 6 (static condition). The protein concentration in the purified cellulase from Aspergillus terreus surpassed that of crude enzyme extracts.

Shark liver oil has been widely produced in Indonesia; however, many shark liver oil products still do not meet the established standards. This research involves the addition of antioxidants to stabilize the oil as an effort to extend its shelf life. The objectives of this study were to determine the immunostimulant activity, assessed the synergistic effect of vitamin E in shark liver oil rich in squalene, and identified the optimum concentration of the antioxidant vitamin E in maintaining its stability. Immunostimulant activity was tested by observing spleenocyte proliferation, phagocytic index, and capacity in the peritoneal cavity cells of mice. The stability of the oil was examined by an accelerated method using an oven, what was called the schaal oven test at 40 °C. The research results indicate that shark liver oil possesses immunostimulant effects; however, with an increasing dosage of fish oil, there is no significant improvement. The presence of vitamin E in cod liver oil exhibited a synergistic effect on spleenocyte proliferation for all dosages, while the phagocytic index and capacity at a dosage of 100 μg/mL showed synergy. However, at a dosage of 50 μg/mL, the phagocytic index and capacity did not exhibit synergy with the immunostimulant. The optimal concentration of the antioxidant vitamin E in maintaining oil stability was found to be 100 ppm.

Mangrove ecosystems are among the most diverse marine environments, housing a variety of vegetation, such as shrubs, plants, trees, palms, and other adaptable species that thrive in both freshwater and saline conditions. These mangrove habitats serve as a rich source of secondary metabolites, contributing to various pharmacological activities and playing a crucial ecological role. Endophytic fungi constitute a substantial and measurable portion of fungal biodiversity, known to influence plant community structure and diversity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cytotoxic and antibacterial qualities of endophytic fungi that were isolated from Sonneratia alba mangrove leaves that were gathered in Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The fungi were isolated using surface sterilization techniques and identified based on their morphological characteristics and ITS regions of rDNA. Isolate WB 1-2, obtained from the leaves, was identified as Aspergillus terreus. The marine endophytic isolate, Aspergillus terreus, exhibited antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi. Scanning Electron Microscope observations conducted after 24 hours revealed inhibited cell growth in Vibrio harveyi test cells, indicating damage to the cells caused by the hyphae of marine endophytic fungi.

The dominant source of pollutants for floating net cages are fish feed and feces. They cause phosphorus and nitrogen in water increase, trigger eutrophication, marked by the appearance of algae. Algae are green plants, contain chlorophyll-a. The content of phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a can be used to determine the tropical status of water. The objective of this research is to determine the tropical status of marine cage water. The research method was descriptive laboratory. Nitrogen content is measured as nitrite according to SNI 6989.9-2004, nitrate according to APHA Section 4500-NO3, ammonia according to SNI 19-1655-1989. Phosphorus analysis according to SNI 06-6989-31: 2005. Chlorophyll-a analysis used the Strickland & Parson method by spectrophotometry. Laboratory data were analyzed for tropical status based on nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a content. The results showed that the tropical status of the KJA water of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir Wonogiri in the rainy season had eutrophic status, containing high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen elements. The eutrophic status indicated that the water had been polluted by an enhancement of nitrogen levels by 18.345 µg/L and phosphorus by 420.65 µg/L. These nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants increased the growth of chlorophyll-a by 12.70 µg/L.

Skipjack is one of Indonesian commodity that can be processed in traditional process (katsuobushi, dashi, and smoked fish) and modern process. Frying process is common way to processing skipjack in the local community. Purpose of this research was to determine the changes in skipjack nutritional composition (fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and minerals) due to frying process. The chemical composition of fresh skipjack consisted of 71.76% moisture, 25.29% protein, 0.60% fat, 1.49% ash, and 0.87% carbohydrates, while the fried skipjack's chemical composition consisted of 48.25% moisture, 41.25% protein, 4.80% fat, 4.10% ash, and 1.60% carbohydrate. Fresh skipjack meat contained 30 kinds of fatty acids and 25 kinds of fatty acids after frying process. Cholesterol in skipjack increased due to frying, from 49.12 mg/100 g in fresh, to 173.92 mg/100 g in fried skipjack. Fresh skipjack contained a total of 74.25 g/100 g amino acids, consist of 9 essential amino acids and 6 non-essential amino acids. Mineral content changes namely in potassium, increased from 7966.54 ppm in fresh to 8316.22 ppm in fried skipjack. This research concludes frying process at 180°C for 5 minutes can reduce levels of moisture, protein, EPA, DHA, amino acids, minerals Na, and Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molluscs are consumed by many communities and believed to use as a reliable drug. This research was aimed to study the changes of proxymate composition, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition due to processing methods and to determine the best method resulting in the best quality product. The experiment consisted of preparation and characterization of raw materials, determination of salt concentration in boiling water (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, dan 3%), and determination of the processing method (fresh, boiling, steaming, and boiled with salt). The processing method significantly affected (α = 0.05) proxymate composition (moisture, protein, ash and fat) and fatty acid content (oleic acid, EPA, DHA), but insignificantly affected cholesterol content. The smallest reduction for: fat content occured in C. javanica after steaming (38.07%), oleic acid content in Cerithide obtusa after steaming(12.69%), EPA content in P Canaliculata after steaming (3.70%), and DHA content in P Canaliculata after steaming (2.10%) repsctively. The highest ratio of omega 3: omega 6 was found in the boiled C. javanica (2.14). The highest cholesterol content was found in fresh P.canaliculata (0.101 mg/100 g). The best treatment method for muscle heating was steaming, because it gave the lowest effect on proxymate composition and essential fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PT. Bhakti Karya Mulia (PT BKM) dalam perkembangan bisnis manufaktur pengolahan susu hewan sudah memiliki beberapa pembeli tetap, akan tetapi belum dilakukan ikatan kerjasama, terutama dalam hal penentuan lot rantai pasok antara produsen dan pembeli. Metode JELS (Joint Economic Lot Size) menentukan jumlah lot gabungan yang didasarkan pada semua biaya persediaan menyangkut biaya setup, simpan, pesan yang terdapat pada produsen dan agen pembeli. Selain itu, produsen juga bisa menggunakan model quantity discount untuk mengurangi total biaya pembelian agen akibat kenaikan total biaya persediaan dari aplikasi JELS. Dengan metode tersebut diharapkan menghasilkan lot kerjasama yang dapat mengurangi total biaya persediaan gabungan dalam rantai pasok. Dari hasil pengolahan didapatkan total biaya persediaan dalam sistem rantai pasok untuk: JELS sebesar Rp. 2.357.620,61, independent lot size EOQ sebesar Rp. 3.632.870,41, dan independent perusahaan sebesar Rp. 10.383.836,63, sehingga nilai lot yang dapat membuat total biaya persediaan dalam sistem paling kecil adalah metode joint economic lot size (JELS). Nilai lot masing-masing produk yaitu: agen Hamzah dengan produk lactomax = 633,659 kg, colostrume = 606,099 kg, curah = 932,071 kg; agen Heri dengan produk lactomax = 929,127 kg, colostrume = 888,71 kg, curah = 1366,69 kg; agen Hari dengan produk lactomax = 347,07 kg, colostrume = 331,974 kg, curah = 510,516 kg; agen Heru dengan produk lactomax = 679,526 kg, colostrume = 649,972 kg, curah = 999,538 kg; agen Wiwit dengan produk lactomax = 316,831 kg, colostrume = 303,05 kg, curah = 466,037 kg; agen Danu dengan produk lactomax = 200,381 kg, colostrume = 191,665 kg, curah = 294,748 kg; agen Iwan dengan produk lactomax = 141,691 kg, colostrume = 135,528 kg, curah = 208,417 kg.

A major problem associated with marine spatial planning (MSP) involves the difficult and time-consuming practice of creating a scenario that encompasses complex datasets in near real time via the use of a simple spatial analysis method. Moreover, decision-makers require a reliable, user-friendly system to quickly and accessibly acquire accurate spatial planning information. The development of national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI), which links the spatial data of a nation’s many diverse institutions, may pave the way for the development of a tool that can better utilize spatial datasets, such as a spatial decision support system (SDSS). Thus, this project aimed to develop an SDSS for MSP and to evaluate the feasibility of its integration within the NSDI framework. The seaweed culture was selected as an example due to its economic and technological acceptance by traditional fishers. Additionally, a multi-criteria analysis was used to develop the tool. Furthermore, a feasibility evaluation of its implementation within the NSDI framework was conducted based on the Delphi method. The results of the assessment indicated that the SDSS can be incorporated into the NSDI framework by addressing the policy issue – one map policy, updating custodians’ decree and data, and improve the standard and protocol.

Magnesol XL concentration (0.5, 1, 3 and 5%), heating temperature (25, 50, 70 and 90 °C) and time (5, 10, 15 and 20 mnt) during purification to the color properties (Lightness L*, redness a* and yellowness b*) of Sardinella lemuru oil were evaluated. Purification using Magnesol XL in any condition effectively increase the L* and a* value but reduced the b* value of the lemuru oil. Highest L* value (96.57) was achieved at the treatment temperature 90 °C, 5 % level of Magnesol XL concentration and 5 minutes process. Lowest a* value (more green color) was obtained at treatment 70 °C temperature, 5% level of concentration and 15 minutes, then lowest b* value was obtained at treatment 90 °C temperature, 5 % concentration and 5 minutes process. All the refined lemuru oil's result had a hue angle higher than 90° representing the light greenish-yellow color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at improving the quality of fish oil. A synthetic filter aid (Magnesol XL) was used at various concentration (1, 3 and 5%) and time levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes) to adsorb the polar compound products of the oil. Some physical and chemical properties (viscosity, colour, density, acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid) of the treated oil were determined. Results indicate that Magnesol XL at 1 and 3% levels significantly reduced the acid value, peroxide value and free fatty acid contents of the treated oil. Treatment of the fish oil with Magnesol XL at 1 and 3% levels was also better than treatment with 5% Magnesol XL on improving the fish oil quality. The fatty acid profile for ∑ n3 at untreated and treatment adsorbent showed significant at 0.05 level but not significant at Magnesol XL adsorbent concentration 1-5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proximate content, fatty acid and mineral compositions were determined for the ten species of deep- sea ish from Southern Java Ocean and Western Sumatra Ocean, Indonesia. The proximate composition was found to be 23.0-24.8 % protein, 1.9-4.1% fat , 0-1.75 % carbohydrate, 1.7-2.4 % ash and 70.1-72.1% water, whereas the fatty acid compositions consisted of 0.86 - 49.63 % saturated fatty acids (SFA), 0.29 - 50.09 % monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and 2.85 % - 46.32 % polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Among them, those occurring in the highest proportions were myristic acid (C14:0, 0.12-7.59%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 0.02-20.5%), stearic acid (C18:0, 0.42-49.19), oleic acid (C18:1, 0.29-50.09 %), linoleic acid (C18:2, 0.23- 44.91%), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3, 0.41- 4.61%) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3, 0.28- 3.44%). The rest of the microelements, Cd, Hg, and Pb were all present in amounts below toxic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Produktivitas merupakan perbandingan antara output dengan input.Jikaoutput yang dihasilkan besar dengan input yang tetap atau lebih kecil dari sebelumnya, maka produktivitas perusahaan mengalami peningkatan. HasilOutput dipengaruhi oleh faktor dalam proses produksi diantaranya defect dan waste. Proses penelitian dengan metodologi six sigma yaitu define, tahap ini mendefinisikan masalah dan aktivitas kerja, selanjutnya measure,tahap ini menghitung waktu baku, menghitung produktivitas awal dan membuat CVSM, kemudian analyze, tahap ini menganalisis penyebab terjadinya waste, dan menganalisis CVSM, dan terakhir improve, tahap ini membuat usulan proses produksi, aktivitas kerja, dan tata letak pabrik untuk meningkatkan produktivitas, menghitung produktivitas baru, dan membuat FVSM. Selain itu juga ada tahap perbaikan dengan 5S. Produktivitas kerja awal rangkaian rangka sebesar 1,56 sigma, setelah dilakukan perbaikan menjadi 1,99 sigma. Pada peta proses operasi saat ini ditemukan waktu transportasi = 37,5 menit dan waktu delay = 305 menit. Pada peta proses operasi usulan dihasilkan waktu transportasi = 16,25 menit dan waktu delay= 70 menit. Pada CVSMwaktu siklus = 4,71 jam, dan lead time = 38,86 jam dengan total WIP = 299 unit. Pada FVSM waktu siklus = 4,399 jam, dan lead time = 30,01 jam dengan total WIP = 198 unit. Abstract Improving productivity is the most important factors in the development of the company to seek profit. Theprocess of improving productiviy can be done by reducing the activity of waste in the production process. Wasteis non-value-added activities in the activity of the production process so that the inefficient use of working time. The purpose of this study is to reduce the activity of waste in the production process to improve productivity. The method used is the six sigma methodology which consists of define, measure, analyse, and improve. Define phase process that defines the problems that occur in the company and work activities. Measurephase process that calculates that standard time, calculate the initial productivity and make the current value stream mapping (CVSM).Analyse phase process is to analyse the causes of waste, and analyse the current value stream mapping (CVSM). Improve phase process that makes the proposed map of the operation, work activities, and plant layout to improve productivity, calculate the new productivity, and create future value stream mapping (FVSM). After that, create a standard operating procedure work culture with 5S (Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, Shitsuke). The results found early labour productivity series order of 1.56 sigma, after repair to 1.99 sigma. On the map of the current operation discovered the transport time = 37.5 min and a delay time = 305 minutes. On the map of the proposed operation resulting transport time = 16.25 minutes and the time delay = 70 minutes. In CVSM cycle time = 4.71 hours, and lead time = 38.86 hours with a total WIP = 299 units. At FVSM clock cycle time = 4.399, and the lead time = 30.01 hours with a total WIP = 198 units.

PT Out Of Asia is an exporting company that produces handicraft products. All products in the company are semi-finished products from suppliers who performed the finishing and packing stage. The production process system is done by the company varies according to the demand of the consumer, so the raw material of packing needed also vary. However, the increasing number of consumer demand is increasingly binding, it will also increase the demand for packing raw materials, so it is necessary to control the supply of raw materials packing to minimize the cost of raw material inventory according to storage capacity and packing production capability. In addition, ordering of raw materials can be done in combination to save raw material inventory. The method used in this research is Joint Replenishment Problem (JRP) and (Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method, to compare total inventory cost using Joint Replenishment Probe (JRP) and Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method. The research shows that total cost the minimum inventory using Joint Replenishment Problem (JRP) method is Rp 1,180,246,601 / year compared to use the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method of Rp 4,326,163,356 / year, with the difference of comparison using JRP and EOQ of Rp 3,145,916,750/ year

Perencanaan produksi yang dilakukan oleh PT Tonggak Ampuh Unit III Yogyakarta adalah menyederhanakan beberapa produk menjadi 2 produk yaitu tiang pancang dan tiang listrik. Mengacu pada 2 produk tersebut beserta dengan kebutuhan jenis dan jumlah materialnya serta kapasitas produksinya, selanjutnya dilakukan pembuatan model matematis berupa Linear Programming (LP) dan Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP) dengan memaksimumkan laba. Metodologi penelitian yang diterapkan pada kasus ini adalah hasil perhitungan optimasi menggunakan Linear Programming (LP) dan Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP) diperoleh laba maksimum. Laba maksimum dari kedua metode tersebut dibandingkan dan dipilih yang terbesar untuk dijadikan masukkan dalam running simulasi menggunakan ARENA 10, apakah rencana produksi yang dihasilkan layak untuk dijalankan di lantai produksi atau tidak. Model optimal perencanaan produksi dengan model FLP produksi untuk tiang listrik sebanyak 242 unit dan untuk tiang pancang sebanyak 152 unit dan keuntungan yang optimal adalah Rp 329.149.000,-. Kata kunci : perencanaan produksi; linier programming; fuzzy linier programming; simulasi; arena Abstract Production planning conducted by PT. Tonggak Ampuh Unit III of Yogyakarta is simplifying some of the product into two products namely poles and power lines. Two refers to the product along with the needs of the type and quantity of material and production capacity , then performed the mathematical modeling of a Linear Programming (LP) and Fuzzy Linear Programming ( FLP ) to maximize profits . The research methodology applied in this case is the result of the optimization calculations using Linear Programming (LP) and Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP) obtained the maximum profit . The maximum profit from both methods were compared and selected the largest to be entered in running simulation using ARENA 10 , if feasible production plan is generated to run on the production floor or not . Optimal production planning model with a model for the production of electric pole FLP many as 242 units and to pile as many as 152 units and the optimal profit is Rp. 329.149.000,-. Keyword : production planning; linier programming; fuzzy linier programming; simulation, arena

Metalloenzymes with heteromultimetallic active sites perform chemical reactions that control several biogeochemical cycles. Transformations catalyzed by such enzymes include dioxygen generation and reduction, dinitrogen reduction, and carbon dioxide reduction-instrumental transformations for progress in the context of artificial photosynthesis and sustainable fertilizer production. While the roles of the respective metals are of interest in all these enzymatic transformations, they share a common factor in the transfer of one or multiple redox equivalents. In light of this feature, it is surprising to find that incorporation of redox- inactive metals into the active site of such an enzyme is critical to its function. To illustrate, the presence of a redox-inactive Ca 2+ center is crucial in the Oxygen Evolving Complex, and yet particularly intriguing given that the transformation catalyzed by this cluster is a redox process involving four electrons. Therefore, the effects of redox inactive metals on redox processes-electron transfer, oxygen- and hydrogen-atom transfer, and O-O bond cleavage and formation reactions-mediated by transition metals have been studied extensively. Significant effects of redox inactive metals have been observed on these redox transformations; linear free energy correlations between Lewis acidity and the redox properties of synthetic model complexes are observed for several reactions. In this Perspective, these effects and their relevance to multielectron processes will be discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Following Indonesian criminal law, courts may not find defendants or offenders guilty for various grounds known as illegal abolition reasons. There are two justifications and grounds for forgiveness for abolishing crimes under the Indonesian Criminal Code. The justification for abolishing this punishment is solely applicable to human legal subjects. Contrarily, despite being acknowledged as criminal law subjects, legal entities, in this case companies, have not been subject to severe regulation. This study attempts to gain a general understanding of and examine the causes of corporate criminal offenses under Indonesian criminal law. A statutory approach and a conceptual approach are used in the research method, which is normative juridical. These approaches are then examined utilizing secondary data and qualitative data analysis techniques. The study's findings demonstrate that the justifications can cover corporate law topics for criminal write-offs. Due to the legal ramifications of classifying companies as criminal law subjects, the justifications for criminal write-offs also apply mutatis mutandis to concerns involving people. The reasons for outlawing the crime in Article 50 of the Draft Criminal Code have been considered. Still, related to the reasons for pardoning as outlined in the article, they do not correspond to the features of corporations. In this study, the authors develop the idea of justifications that adhere to the theory and characteristics of corporations, such as the corporation does not receive profits, acts committed by agents outside of the authority granted by the corporation, and the corporation has complied with its obligations to prevent corporate crime from occurring., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Genetic studies on yield and yield quality are becoming benchmarks for farmers and industry in selecting and developing varieties. Evaluations that combine various stability statistics can provide more accurate information to select the ideal genotype. This study aims to identify the effect of genotype by environment interactions (GEIs) for yield and yield quality, to select high yield and stable sweet potato genotypes, as well as to select superior genotypes based on yield and yield quality. Three different environments in West Java, Indonesia, were used to test the sweet potato genotypes using a randomized block design that was repeated three times. Highly significant effects of sweet potato genotypes (G), environments (E), and GEIs were observed for yield and yield quality. The Combined ANOVA showed that GEIs effect contributed 54.88% for yield, 40.01% for sweetness, 10.46% for moisture content, 68.80% for tuber diameter, and 72.57% for tuber length from the sum of square. Five most high and stable yield on sweet potato genotypes identified by all measures, includes G4, G6, G7, G31, and G32. Genotype by yield*traits (GYT) selected seven genotypes that have superior in yield and yield quality, they were G7, G15, G4, G20, G6, G31, and G14. Based on stability measurements and GYT biplots, the genotypes G4, G6, G7, and G31 are in both slices. So that the four genotypes have high, stable yields, and have a good combination of traits for yield quality. Our findings can be used for improvement cultivation involving partner companies, partner institutions, and farmers, and the selected genotypes can be release as superior varieties candidate., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) is an important crop in Indonesia. Yield potential and genotypic adaptability are important factors in varietal development. The purpose of this study was to estimate the stability of yield and to select the best OFSP genotypes across three agroecosystems in West Java, Indonesia. The field trials used were augmented design with 50 F1 Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP) genotypes as treatment, and seven check varieties as controls. The experiments were conducted in three different agroecosystems in West Java (Sumedang, Bandung, and Karawang). Selection was based on physical characteristics of sweet potato tuber, yield and stability across three environments. Data analysis of the yield characters, yield component, and tuber quality were performed by combined variance analysis. Selected genotypes were analyzed for stability yield using the parametric, non-parametric, Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI), AMMI Stability Value (ASV), and Genotype and Genotype by Environment (GGE) biplot models. Results identified the top best ten F1 genotypes namely F1-38 (G1), F1-69 (G2), F1-71 (G3), F1-77 (G4), F1-127 (G5), F1-128 (G6), F1-135 (G7), F1-159 (G8), F1-191 (G9), and F1-226 (G10). Location showed a significant effect on yield. Genotypes F1-069, F1-077, F1-226, F1-038, and F1-128 have the lowest ASR based on non-parametric and parametric stability models and there were identified as the most stable. AMMI analysis identified F1-128, F1-135, F1-038, and F1-069 as the most stable genotypes. F1-38 (G1), F1-69 (G2), F1-128 (G6) were found to be the most stable genotypes based on ASV analysis, while GGE biplot identified F1-38 (G1) and F1-69 (G2) genotypes as the stable genotypes. Other genotypes were considered to as location-specific. Based on AMMI, ASV, and GGE Biplot models, F1-038, and F1-069 were identified as stable genotypes. They produced higher yields than other genotypes. Therefore, the F1-038 and F1-069 genotypes can be potentially recommended as superior varieties for West Java, Indonesia., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Inflammation occurs <i>via</i> several mechanisms, one of which includes the production of Nitric Oxide (NO) catalyzed by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is inhibited selectively by isothioureas. <i>Ageratum conyzoides</i> L. has shown activity in reducing pain and inflammation, although the molecular mechanism had not been undertaken. The objectives of this work were (1) to study the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of <i>A. conyzoides</i> through inhibition of iNOS, (2) to correlate the iNOS inhibitory activity of the plant with the total flavonoid content of the plants and (3) to identify the flavonol synthase (FLS), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of quercetin. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The inhibitory activity against iNOS was assayed by <i>in vitro</i> method. The total flavonoids (calculated as quercetin) of <i>A. conyzoides</i> were determined by fluorometry. The protein extraction of the leaves was carried out by employing Laing and Christeller's (2004) method, followed with SDS-PAGE. <b>Results:</b> The inhibitory activity (IC<sub>50</sub>) of ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of <i>A. conyzoides</i> against iNOS was 92.05 and 4.78 μg mL<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis resulted in 0.548 (ethanol extract) and 0.696 (ethyl acetate fraction). The total flavonoids (calculated as quercetin) contained in the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of <i>A. conyzoides</i> were 0.71 and 7.65%, respectively. The FLS in <i>A. conyzoides</i> leaves was identified at 31 kDa. <b>Conclusion:</b> <i>A. </i>c<i>onyzoides</i> L. is potential in inhibiting iNOS due to quercetin contained in the leaves. This report will add a scientific insight of <i>A. conyzoides</i> for biological sciences.

There are many local varieties of sweet potatoes which are cultivated and consumed in Indonesia. The food industry which uses sweet potato as the main raw material has been developed in West Java. Demand for orange-fleshed sweet potato is high, but the supply of demand has not been fulfilled. This is because the varieties that are widely cultivated do not meet consumer standards and preferences, so new superior genotypes are needed following demand. Currently, selection of stable and high-yielding genotypes and accordance with consumer and industry preferences is one of the focuses of sweet potato research. Orange-fleshed sweet potato multi locations testing in accordance with consumer and industry preferences, can be used as a basis for consideration in the development program. The purpose of this study were to identify genotype by environment interactions (GEIs) and t select superior genotypes and to estimate yield stability across three locations in West Java, Indonesia. Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significant differences between each genotype tested in term of yield and to estimated genotype by environment interactions (GEIs). Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI), Genotype Plus Genotype by Environment Interactions (GGE) biplots, and Parametric and non-parametric stability measurements were used to determine yield stability from genotypes tested in all locations (Sumedang Regency, Bandung Regency, Karawang Regency). Data in this article showed that the genotypes, environments, and GEIs had an effect on sweet potato yields, with influences of 35.03%, 18.87%, and 46.01%, respectively. The results in this data also indicate that some new sweet potato genotypes have stable and high yields in three environments in West Java, Indonesia. So they were can be used for development in sweet potato breeding programs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships which have, or could be perceived to have, influenced the work reported in this article., (© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The modulation of the reactivity of metal oxo species by redox inactive metals has attracted much interest due to the observation of redox inactive metal effects on processes involving electron transfer both in nature (the oxygen-evolving complex of Photosystem II) and in heterogeneous catalysis (mixed-metal oxides). Studies of small-molecule models of these systems have revealed numerous instances of effects of redox inactive metals on electron- and group-transfer reactivity. However, the heterometallic species directly involved in these transformations have rarely been structurally characterized and are often generated in situ. We have previously reported the preparation and structural characterization of multiple series of heterometallic clusters based on Mn 3 and Fe 3 cores and described the effects of Lewis acidity of the heterometal incorporated in these complexes on cluster reduction potential. To determine the effects of Lewis acidity of redox inactive metals on group transfer reactivity in structurally well-defined complexes, we studied [Mn 3 MO 4 ], [Mn 3 MO(OH)], and [Fe 3 MO(OH)] clusters in oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions with phosphine substrates. The qualitative rate of OAT correlates with the Lewis acidity of the redox inactive metal, confirming that Lewis acidic metal centers can affect the chemical reactivity of metal oxo species by modulating cluster electronics.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the L-edge of 3d transition metals provides unique information on the local metal charge and spin states by directly probing 3d-derived molecular orbitals through 2p-3d transitions. However, this soft x-ray technique has been rarely used at synchrotron facilities for mechanistic studies of metalloenzymes due to the difficulties of x-ray-induced sample damage and strong background signals from light elements that can dominate the low metal signal. Here, we combine femtosecond soft x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser with a novel x-ray fluorescence-yield spectrometer to overcome these difficulties. We present L-edge absorption spectra of inorganic high-valent Mn complexes (Mn ∼ 6-15 mmol/l) with no visible effects of radiation damage. We also present the first L-edge absorption spectra of the oxygen evolving complex (Mn 4 CaO 5 ) in Photosystem II (Mn < 1 mmol/l) at room temperature, measured under similar conditions. Our approach opens new ways to study metalloenzymes under functional conditions.

Well-defined mixed-metal [CoMn3 O4 ] and [NiMn3 O4 ] cubane complexes were synthesized and used as precursors for heterogeneous oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. The discrete clusters were dropcasted onto glassy carbon (GC) and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, and the OER activities of the resulting films were evaluated. The catalytic surfaces were analyzed by various techniques to gain insight into the structure-function relationships of the electrocatalysts' heterometallic composition. Depending on preparation conditions, the Co-Mn oxide was found to change metal composition during catalysis, while the Ni-Mn oxides maintained the NiMn3 ratio. XAS studies provided structural insights indicating that the electrocatalysts are different from the molecular precursors, but that the original NiMn3 O4 cubane-like geometry was maintained in the absence of thermal treatment (2-Ni). In contrast, the thermally generated 3-Ni develops an oxide-like extended structure. Both 2-Ni and 3-Ni undergo structural changes upon electrolysis, but they do not convert into the same material. The observed structural motifs in these heterogeneous electrocatalysts are reminiscent of the biological oxygen-evolving complex in Photosystem II, including the MMn3 O4 cubane moiety. The reported studies demonstrate the use of discrete heterometallic oxide clusters as precursors for heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts of novel composition and the distinct behavior of two sets of mixed metal oxides., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Triphosphine and diphosphine ligands with backbones designed to facilitate metal-arene interactions were employed to support multinuclear Ni complexes. Di- and trinuclear metal complexes supported by a triphosphine containing a triarylbenzene linker display diverse metal-arene binding modes. Multinuclear Ni halide complexes were isolated with strongly interacting metal centers bound to opposite faces of the coordinated arene. Upon reaction of the trinickel diiodide complex, 2 , with disodium tetracarbonylferrate, a cofacial triangulo nickel(0) complex, 4 , was isolated. The Ni 0 3 cluster motif can also be supported by a para -terphenyldiphosphine, where a terminal carbon monoxide ligand replaces the third phosphine donor. All multinuclear complexes feature strong metal-arene interactions, demonstrating the use of an arene as a versatile ligand design element for small clusters.

A trisphosphine ligand with a triarylbenzene backbone was employed to support mono-nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes. Two phosphine arms coordinated to the metal center, while the third phosphine was found to form a C-P bond with dearomatization of the central arene. Deprotonation effected the rearomatization of the central ring and metal reduction from M(II) to M(0). The overall conversion corresponds to a functionalization of an unactivated arene C-H bond to a C-P bond. This transformation represents a rare type of mechanism of C-H functionalization, facilitated by the interactions of the group 10 metal with the arene π-system. This conversion is reminiscent of and expands the scope of recently reported intramolecular rearrangements of biaryl phosphine ligands common in group 10 catalysis.

In contrast to animals and lower plant species, sperm cells of flowering plants are non-motile and are transported to the female gametes via the pollen tube, i.e. the male gametophyte. Upon arrival at the female gametophyte two sperm cells are discharged into the receptive synergid cell to execute double fertilization. The first players involved in inter-gametophyte signaling to attract pollen tubes and to arrest their growth have been recently identified. In contrast the physiological mechanisms leading to pollen tube burst and thus sperm discharge remained elusive. Here, we describe the role of polymorphic defensin-like cysteine-rich proteins ZmES1-4 (Zea mays embryo sac) from maize, leading to pollen tube growth arrest, burst, and explosive sperm release. ZmES1-4 genes are exclusively expressed in the cells of the female gametophyte. ZmES4-GFP fusion proteins accumulate in vesicles at the secretory zone of mature synergid cells and are released during the fertilization process. Using RNAi knock-down and synthetic ZmES4 proteins, we found that ZmES4 induces pollen tube burst in a species-preferential manner. Pollen tube plasma membrane depolarization, which occurs immediately after ZmES4 application, as well as channel blocker experiments point to a role of K(+)-influx in the pollen tube rupture mechanism. Finally, we discovered the intrinsic rectifying K(+) channel KZM1 as a direct target of ZmES4. Following ZmES4 application, KZM1 opens at physiological membrane potentials and closes after wash-out. In conclusion, we suggest that vesicles containing ZmES4 are released from the synergid cells upon male-female gametophyte signaling. Subsequent interaction between ZmES4 and KZM1 results in channel opening and K(+) influx. We further suggest that K(+) influx leads to water uptake and culminates in osmotic tube burst. The species-preferential activity of polymorphic ZmES4 indicates that the mechanism described represents a pre-zygotic hybridization barrier and may be a component of reproductive isolation in plants., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the host response to infection and in cellular signaling is well established. Enzymatic synthesis of NO is catalyzed by the nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), which convert Arg into NO and citrulline using co-substrates O2 and NADPH. Mammalian NOS contains a flavin reductase domain (FAD and FMN) and a catalytic heme oxygenase domain (P450-type heme and tetrahydrobiopterin). Bacterial NOSs, while much less studied, were previously identified as only containing the heme oxygenase domain of the more complex mammalian NOSs. We report here on the characterization of a NOS from Sorangium cellulosum (both full-length, scNOS, and oxygenase domain, scNOSox). scNOS contains a catalytic, oxygenase domain similar to those found in the mammalian NOS and in other bacteria. Unlike the other bacterial NOSs reported to date, however, this protein contains a fused reductase domain. The scNOS reductase domain is unique for the entire NOS family because it utilizes a 2Fe2S cluster for electron transfer. scNOS catalytically produces NO and citrulline in the presence of either tetrahydrobiopterin or tetrahydrofolate. These results establish a bacterial electron transfer pathway used for biological NO synthesis as well as a unique flexibility in using different tetrahydropterin cofactors for this reaction.

A concise asymmetric synthesis of (-)-halenaquinone is described. The synthesis features a diastereoselective Heck cyclization to set a quaternary center as well as a novel intramolecular inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction involving a vinyl quinone. The synthesis is highly convergent and features a minimal amount of protecting group manipulations.

We report the identification and functional analysis of TRANSPARENT LEAF AREA1 (TLA1), a maize (Zea mays) gene representing a novel class of secreted, extremely hydrophobic peptides (proteolipids) with a C-terminal Caax box-like motif. ZmTLA1 encodes 27 amino acid residues and is most strongly expressed in the egg cell and microspores. Lower transcript amounts were detected during vegetative development. Transgenic maize expressing an antisense transcript displayed a variety of phenotypes. The most visible phenotypes were dwarfism and transparent leaf areas resulting from defective morphogenesis of mesophyll, bundle sheath, stomatal, and epidermal cells during leaf development. Incomplete cell walls were observed, indicating a defect of cytokinesis. The accumulation of gerontoplasts was probably a secondary effect caused by defects of leaf cell morphogenesis. A defect of anther maturation was observed in approximately 30% of the plants displaying the tla phenotype. Male sterility was mainly caused by incomplete disintegration of the tapetal cell layers and tetrad callose as 90% of the microspores developed into functional pollen. Overexpression of ZmTLA1 seemed to have a lethal effect both in maize and Arabidopsis thaliana. Development of primary roots, root hairs, primary leaves, and chloroplasts was suppressed in Arabidopsis seedlings expressing an inducible ZmTLA1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein. GFP signals were exclusively detected in cell walls. Based on our observations, we suggest that the ZmTLA1 peptide represents a class of novel plant morphogens required for the development and maturation of leaf and reproductive tissues.