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Portal hypertension (PH) is the elevated pressure in the portal vein, which results in poor functioning of the liver and is influenced by various factors like liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, schistosomiasis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis. Though the diagnosis and treatment have been advanced, early diagnosis of the disease remains a challenge, and the diagnosis methods are often invasive. Hence, the clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PH can give rise to the development of novel biomarkers which can pave way for early diagnosis in noninvasive methods, and also the identification of target genes can elucidate an efficient therapeutic target.PubMed and Embase database was used to search articles with search terms 'Portal Hypertension' or 'pathophysiology' and 'diagnosis' and 'treatment' or "role of miRNAs in portal hypertension.Interestingly, biomarkers like microRNAs (miRNAs) have been studied for their potential role in various diseases including hypertension. In recent years, miRNAs have been proved to be an efficient biomarker and therapeutic target and few studies have assessed the roles of miRNAs in PH. The present paper highlights the potential roles of miRNAs in PH.

Diabetes mellitus is a class of noncommunicable chronic metabolic disorders marked by hyperglycemia due to insulin production, insulin action or both and has reached epidemic levels around the world. The two most frequent types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite substantial improvements in the knowledge and treatment of DM, the associated incidence and mortality rates remain steadily increased. Reliable markers for the early detection, monitoring and focused treatment of DM are desperately required. Conversely, microRNAs (miRNAs) have received much significance due to their regulatory involvement in gene expression. Fascinatingly, exosomes can be enclosed into miRNAs to transport or distribute them into the target cells or tissues in which they have a physiological regulatory action. Thus, exosomal miRNAs are proving to be important regulators in the establishment and maintenance of DM, however, further mode of action will be needed to investigate in order to fully comprehend the pathophysiological process. Hereby, this review outlines the recent findings on the role of exosomal miRNAs intending to understand the precise function in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects in T2DM disease.

Background: Hypertension is a global public health issue that is becoming more prevalent. It is a non-communicable disease and is a great public health problem affecting almost half of the world’s adult population. Being multifactorial, hypertension is a key risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and chronic renal failure. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable it remains mostly unknown. According to numerous studies, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in a range of cellular processes in the development of illnesses. The current study aims in identifying miRNAs in hypertension from genome sequences found in public genomic databases. Materials and methods: In this study, we have used bioinformatic approaches to identify miR-26a-1 for hypertension using NCBI database, miRbase and target scan. Finally, RNA fold was used to create the secondary structure of miR-260-1. Results and discussion: Careful evaluation of secondary structure result showed that hsa-miR-26a-1 has a minimum free energy of - 37.30 kcal. The correlation between miR-26a-1 and hypertension genome sequence was identified. Conclusion: These computational approaches have concluded that miR-26a-1 can be used as a diagnosis, prognosis and effective therapeutic target for treating hypertension. Thus, further research could enlighten the role of miR-26a-1 in hypertension.

Background Cancer is caused by a combination of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Current cancer therapies are limited due to the complexity of their mechanism, underlining the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Interestingly, combining the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system with next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the potential to speed up the identification, validation, and targeting of high-value targets. Main text Personalized or precision medicine combines genetic information with phenotypic and environmental characteristics to produce healthcare tailored to the individual and eliminates the constraints of “one-size-fits-all” therapy. Precision medicine is now possible thanks to cancer genome sequencing. Having advantages over limited sample requirements and the recent development of biomarkers have made the use of NGS a major leap in personalized medicine. Tumor and cell-free DNA profiling using NGS, proteome and RNA analyses, and a better understanding of immunological systems, are all helping to improve cancer treatment choices. Finally, direct targeting of tumor genes in cancer cells with CRISPR/Cas9 may be achievable, allowing for eliminating genetic changes that lead to tumor growth and metastatic capability. Conclusion With NGS and CRISPR/Cas9, the goal is no longer to match the treatment for the diagnosed tumor but rather to build a treatment method that fits the tumor exactly. Hence, in this review, we have discussed the potential role of CRISPR/Cas9 and NGS in advancing personalized medicine.

Hypertension has attained an epidemic level and it has been predicted that by 2025, 25% of adult individuals worldwide will be hypertensive. Despite considerable advances in illustrating the molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension, the regulatory function still remains unknown and there are certain limitations in the effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of various types of hypertension. On the other hand, non-coding RNAs called microRNAs which are short with 16-27 nucleotides in length can serve as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets for various diseases, including hypertension. Interestingly, anti-miRs, a miRNA inhibitor blocks the target miRNA molecules to suppress the disease progression. At present there are many studies concentrating on miRNA inhibition in the treatment of different types of hypertension, but still their molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications are yet to be evaluated. In this review, we provide an in-depth examination of the current understanding regarding the role of miRNA inhibition as a therapeutic target in various types of hypertension and its complications in heart, brain, eyes and kidney