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The study aims to understand the variations in the domain‐specific pro‐sustainable‐forest‐management behavior (PSFMBs) and their explanatory factors across ecological, economic, recreational, and Aboriginal domains and between Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal groups. A hybrid model of PSFMB, which integrates environmental psychology and resource economics perspectives, is conceptualized and estimated using multi‐group path analysis and data from three Aboriginal and three non‐Aboriginal communities in Ontario, Canada. Results show that both groups make substantial pro‐SFM contributions, but the contributions and their influencing factors differ across domains and groups. For Aboriginals, environmental worldviews and assigned forest values are the only influencing factors, while for non‐Aboriginals, income and forest environmental conditions play dominant roles. The findings confirm the fundamental differences in the roles of beliefs, values, and situational factors in influencing the PSFMB of Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal groups, highlight the need for theoretical lenses that account for cultural differences, and contribute to the development of inclusive policies that respect the unique values of different social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Highlight discussing: Fajardo, A., Moreno‐Meynard, P. & Soto, D. P. (2024). Forest stand dynamics of a short‐stature tree species: Ecological knowledge for sustainable forest management. Journal of Applied Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365‐2664.14662.Oliver stand dynamics conceptual model of tree stand succession was designed for tall trees but is not necessarily applicable to short‐stature tree species, which represent a large proportion of forests/woodlands worldwide.The South American short tree/shrub Nothofagus antarctica is a persuasive example of a short tree species that can benefit from an alternative conceptual model on stand dynamics. It also illustrates the high variability in stand dynamics observed in many short‐stature trees.Stand dynamics of short‐stature trees remain generally understudied, hindering their management and silvicultural use. Although generalisations may not be feasible due to the continuum of growth forms and succession dynamics of short trees, there is an urgent need to increase our knowledge for their sustainable management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of the Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP) system indicates a higher requirement for refining management practices, especially for protecting the ecological barrier system (EBS) that supports national ecological security and biodiversity. However, it is still understudied how planners can identify the key areas for maintaining EBS in addition to functional zoning. This study took the SNP as an example and built a comprehensive analytical framework, including fragmentation analysis, landscape morphology analysis, and connectivity analysis based on graph theory. The study found that the ecological patches of the Lancang River Source sub-park are relatively complete, while those of the Yangtze River Source sub-park and the Yellow River Source sub-park are more fragmented according to different indicators. The study then identified key nodes and edges of sources for maintaining the EBS. These areas are located mostly near core zones of habitat patches. Furthermore, the study analyzed key patches for maintaining landscape connectivity using two indicators DN (degree of nodes) and dIIC (the delta integral index of connectivity), which respectively quantify the number of neighbors of a habitat and its impact on the whole connecting EBS. Last, the study identified areas with dense landscape corridors in the EBS for suggesting key protection areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maintain the ecosystem resilience to large-scale disturbances in managed forests, it is essential to adhere to the principles of close-to-nature silviculture, adapt practices to the traits of natural forest types, and utilize natural processes, including natural regeneration. This study examines the natural regeneration patterns in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)-dominated forests, analyzing how the stand structure—tree size diversity, species composition, and stand density—affects the regeneration. We analyze the data from four sites in Poland, Germany, and Italy, employing generalized linear and zero-inflated models to evaluate the impact of the management strategies (even- vs. uneven-aged) and forester-controlled stand characteristics (structural diversity, broadleaf species admixture, and stand density) on the probability of regeneration, its density, and the developmental stages (seedling, small sapling, and tall sapling) across a climatic gradient. Our results indicate a significantly higher probability of regeneration in uneven-aged stands, particularly in areas with lower temperatures and lower overall regeneration density. The tree size diversity in the uneven-aged stands favors advancement from juveniles to more developed stages (seedling to sapling) in places with higher aridity. A denser stand layer (higher stand total basal area) leads to a lower density of natural regeneration for all the present species, except silver fir if considered separately, signifying that, by regulating the stand growing stock, we can selectively promote silver fir. A higher admixture of broadleaf species generally decreases the regeneration density across all the species, except in a water-rich site in the Bavarian Alps, where it had a strong positive impact. These findings underscore the complex interactions of forest ecosystems and provide a better understanding required for promoting silver fir regeneration, which is essential for a close-to-nature silviculture under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves constitute the critical cornerstone of forest resilience to adversity and post-disaster recovery. Planting densities and configurations affect the growth and physiological processes of trees and are essential to investigate the effects of planting densities and configurations on the storage and allocation of NSC in trees for afforestation strategies. We investigated the seasonal dynamics of NSC in various organs (leaves, branches, stems, coarse roots, and fine roots) of Populus sp. in a stand density experiment located on the western bank of Hongze Lake, Jiangsu, China to assess the whole-tree carbon budget. We used a nested sampling design of stands with density as the first factor, which included two levels [400 vs. 277 stems per hectare (sph)], and spacing configuration (square vs. rectangular) as the nested factor. Our results indicated that the seasonal characteristics of NSC in poplar were obvious, with NSC in storage organs being consumed for growth from March to May and gradually accumulating after July, peaking in November, with the highest fluctuations in branches and stems. The NSC pool was dominated by starch (72.73 ± 4.28%), and the stems (65.49 ± 5.43%) contributed more than half of the whole-tree starch pool, and the branches were the largest sugar pool (39.88 ± 8.36%). The seasonal patterns in poplar NSC were similar across different planting densities and configurations, whereas the NSC pool size varied significantly across configurations. Low planting density (277 sph) with square configuration increases NSC storage to optimum levels at the individual and stand scales. A square configuration with low intraspecific competition might be an optimal afforestation practice to enhance carbon sequestration in poplar plantations located in temperate monsoon climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of forests and forestland resources is essential in ensuring the long-term well-being of ecosystems, biodiversity, and human society. This study analyzed available data from triangulated sources that produced information about extent and locations of the current assets, threats, and opportunities that were analyzed using various statistical methods, image and spatial analysis, and situational analysis in order to develop and sustain applicable management, conservation, and protection strategies for forest and forestland (FFL) resources of Baler, Aurora. Results revealed that there were significant changes of FFL assets from 2003 to 2018, and the recent data showed that closed forest was still the dominant cover of the area along with other assets like biodiversity, tourism, water resources, and others. The decreasing trend of the forest cover was the result of expansion of cultivated lands that follows the occurrence of several threats both from natural and anthropogenic sources. The most severe among the anthropogenic threats is timber poaching followed by charcoal making, pole timber collection, and firewood gathering. These threats were driven by the number of dependents, home-to-threat distance, conveyances used, and income earned per activity. Social geomatics of the identified threats shows that the human activities had extended almost to the farthest portions of each sub-watersheds that affects opportunities for development and sustainable utilization of resources. Assets, threats, and opportunities were considered as inputs used in situational analysis of sub-watersheds of which prior-itization of use was decided and FFL management strategies were developed and proposed to be sustained in order to produce optimum ecological, socio-cultural, and economical benefits in the future.

This study aims to evaluate the carbon and environmental service potential in the Natural Tourism Zone of Special Purpose Forest Areas Mount Bromo. The study focuses on understanding how this area, with its specific tree compositions and sizes, contributes to carbon absorption and environmental benefits, which can also translate into carbon credits, a form of state revenue. The methodology involves Purposive Sampling to create Observational Sample Plots (OSP) of varying sizes based on tree diameter. These plots are designed to measure the biomass, carbon potential, and environmental service potential of the area's trees. The collected data includes the composition of tree species, the number of each type of tree, their diameters, and heights. The study applies specific formulas to determine the potential of biomass, carbon, and environmental services in the area. Key findings reveal a dominance of Mahogany trees (83 trees per hectare) among ten identified plant species, indicating a specific but lower biodiversity in this zone. The study's significant results include the quantification of biomass potential, which was found to be 787.84 tons/ha above-ground and 228.47 tons/ha below-ground, totaling 1016.31 tons/hectare. The study also evaluated the environmental service potential, including CO2 absorption and O2 production. The CO2 absorption capacity of the area was estimated at 1753.04 tons/ha, with a corresponding high O2 production of 1279.72 tons/ha. Additionally, the potential for carbon credits in the area was calculated at approximately 70.12 US$/ha. This research is crucial in understanding how specific forest areas, like Special Purpose Forest Areas Mount Bromo, can play a significant role in global environmental sustainability efforts.

The European Union Biodiversity Strategy 2030 (EUBDS) aims to regain biodiversity through enhanced forest conservation and protection, which may lead to increased timber harvest in non‐EU countries. We aimed to identify the potential leakage of biodiversity risks as induced by the EUBDS. We created an indicator framework that allows one to quantify vulnerability of forest biodiversity. The framework is based on 26 biodiversity indicators for which indicator values were publicly available. We weighted single indicator values with countrywise modeled data on changed timber production under EUBDS implementation. Nearly 80% of the indicators pointed to higher vulnerability in the affected non‐EU countries. Roundwood production was transferred to countries with, on average, lower governance quality (p = 0.0001), political awareness (p = 0.548), forest coverage (p = 0.034), and biomass (p = 0.272) and with less sustainable forest management (p = 0.044 and p = 0.028). These countries had more natural habitats (p = 0.039) and intact forest landscapes (p = 0.0001) but higher risk of species extinction (p = 0.006) and less protected area (p = 0.0001) than the EU countries. Only a few indicators pointed to lower vulnerability and biodiversity risks outside the EU. Safeguards are needed to ensure that implementation of EUBDS does not cause harm to ecosystems elsewhere. The EU regulation on deforestation‐free supply chains might have limited effects because the sustainable management of existing and even expanding forests is not well considered. Sustained roundwood production in the EU is needed to avoid placing more pressure on more vulnerable ecosystems elsewhere. Decreasing species and habitat indicator values nevertheless call for global conservation and protection schemes. The EUBDS helped pave the way to the Kunming–Montreal Biodiversity Framework. Yet, lower values for the indicators mean governance and biodiversity engagement in non‐EU countries suggest that this global framework might not sufficiently prevent leakage of risks to biodiversity. Effective land‐use planning is necessary to balance conservation schemes with roundwood production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest plantations play an increasingly important role in meeting global demand for wood. They usually have higher yield than naturally regenerated forests. Thus, plantations can support economically viable wood production, enable forest conservation elsewere, help mitigate climate change by contributing to carbon sequestration and increase forest resilience and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. If yield of plantations is not as high as anticipated, then their use could generate important sustainability issues. There are still major gaps in our understanding of the factors that influence yield, even with respect to black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine, three of the most commonly planted tree species in northeastern North America. Our objective was to evaluate the yield of forest plantations of these species over a 416 000 km2 region that was representative of northeastern North American forests. Contrary to our prediction, realized yield of operational plantations was consistently lower than anticipated. Site index and competition both played a significant role in determining the yield of plantations. In the context of uncertain realized yield of operational plantations, we emphasize the necessity of relying on adaptive management to determine harvest levels that are compatible with sustainable management objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) is the dominant conifer species across a large part of North American boreal forests, providing many goods and services essential to human activities, and playing a major climatic role through the global carbon cycle. However, a comprehensive synthesis of the effects of climate change on black spruce has not yet been undertaken. The dynamics of black spruce are influenced by various living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors, as well as their combined effects, which are particularly responsive to changes in climate. Climate change predictions suggest that northern ecosystems will experience the world's most significant impact. Therefore, black spruce is likely to undergo profound disruptions in its growth and mortality rate in the next few decades, resulting in significant changes in forestry and carbon storage. However, these changes will not be uniform throughout the entire distribution of the species. Future changes in temperature and precipitation will create more stress for water availability in the boreal forests of western and central North America than in their eastern counterparts. Thus, significant longitudinal and latitudinal gradients in tree growth and mortality variability are expected throughout the range of the species. This literature review aims to summarise the impacts of climate change on individual tree growth and mortality of this major species. While enhanced black spruce productivity could occur through both increased air temperature and nitrogen mineralisation in the soil, moisture limitation in central and western North America will result in significant growth reduction and mortality events across these regions. Conversely, under the expected climate change scenarios, black spruce forests may be more resilient in eastern North America, where climatic conditions appear more suitable, particularly in their northernmost range. In this review, we identify current research gaps for some disturbances, which should be addressed to better understand the impact of climate change on black spruce. Finally, we identify issues associated with sustainable forest management and the maintenance of black spruce under projected future climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logging intensity often does not take into account the spatial heterogeneity of the forest volume of commercial native species in the Brazilian Amazon. This study aims to evaluate the spatio-temporal heterogeneity distribution by assessing logging intensity and its effects on the volumetric stock and abundance of commercial species, with a focus on sustainable management practices. This study was conducted in the Saracá-Taquera National Forest in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest inventory data, elevation, and PlanetScope satellite images were integrated into a geographic information system. The information was aggregated into regular 1-hectare cells for the times before, during, and after logging (t0, t1, and t2). The unsupervised classification algorithm k-means with four clusters was used to analyze heterogeneity. Before logging, areas with higher commercial volumes were distant from water bodies, while areas with lower elevation had lower wood stocks. Logging intensity was generally low, concentrating on a few trees per hectare. Logging in the study area revealed a heterogeneous spatial distribution by intensifying in areas with the highest wood stocks. These results suggest that, in addition to the recommended logging intensity according to legislation, forest heterogeneity should be considered by the manager, promoting adaptive strategies to ensure the conservation of forest resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study presents a refined approach to spatially identify carbon sequestration assets, crucial for effective climate action planning in Illinois. By integrating landscape analytical methods with species-specific carbon assessment techniques, we deliver a nuanced evaluation of forest area sequestration potential. Our methodology employs a combination of landscape imagery, deep learning analytics, Kriging interpolation, and i-Tree Planting tools to process forest sample data. The results reveal a spatial variability in sequestration capacities, highlighting significant carbon sinks in southern Illinois. This region, known for its historical woodland richness, showcases the distinct carbon sequestration abilities of various tree species. Findings emphasize the role of biodiversity in the carbon cycle and provide actionable insights for forest management and carbon neutral strategies. This study demonstrates the utility of advanced spatial analysis in environmental research, underscoring its potential to enhance accuracy in ecological quantification and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern forestry systems rely on typologies of forest types (FTs). In Argentina, several proposals have been developed, but they lack unified criteria. The objective was to compare different approaches, specifically focusing on (i) phenoclusters (functional forests based on vegetation phenology variations and climate variables) and (ii) forest canopy cover composition by tree species. We conducted comparative uni-variate analyses using data from national forest inventories, forest models (biodiversity, carbon, structure), and regional climate. We assessed the performance of phenoclusters in differentiating the variability of native forests (proxy: forest structure), biodiversity (proxy: indicator species), and environmental factors (proxies: soil carbon stock, elevation, climate). Additionally, we proposed a simple FT classification methodology based on species composition, considering the basal area of tree species. Finally, we compared the performance of both proposals. Our findings showed that classifications based on forest canopy cover composition are feasible to implement in regions dominated by mono-specific forests. However, phenoclusters allowed for the increased complexity of categories at the landscape level. Conversely, in regions where multi-specific stands prevailed, classifications based on forest canopy cover composition proved ineffective; however, phenoclusters facilitated a reduction in complexity at the landscape level. These results offer a pathway to harmonize national FT classifications by employing criteria and indicators to achieve sustainable forest management and conservation initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest management is the fundamental approach to continuously improve forest quality and achieve the quadruple functions of forests. The identification of forest management types is the basis of forest management and a key technical link in the formulation of forest management plans. However, due to insufficient application of forestry informatization and digitization, there are problems in the organization and application of management types, such as inaccurate identification, diversified standards, long organizational cycles, and low decision-making efficiency. Typical technical models are difficult to widely promote and apply. To address these challenges, this study proposes the Stacking Ensemble Forest Management Type Identification (SEFMTI) method based on Stacking ensemble learning. Initially, four typical forest management types from the sustainable forest management pilot of the Yichun Forestry Group were selected as research subjects, and 19 stand parameters were chosen to form the research data, training various recognition models. Subsequently, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and random forest (RF) methods were used to analyze key decision-making indicators for forest management type recognition and compare the performance of different models. The results show that (1) the SEFMTI model achieved an accuracy rate of 97.14%, effectively improving the accuracy of forest management type recognition while ensuring stability; (2) average age (AG), age group (AGG), crown density (CD), and stand origin (SO) are key decision-making indicators for recognizing forest management types; and (3) after feature selection, the SEFMTI model significantly enhanced the efficiency of model training while maintaining a high accuracy rate. The results validate the feasibility of the SEFMTI identification method, providing a basis for the gradual implementation of sustainable forest management pilots and aiding in the precise improvement of forest quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the effects of various forest management systems, including logging practices, on soil properties is essential for implementing sustainable management strategies. In Malaysia, two types of forest management systems were commonly used: Malayan Uniform System (MUS) and Selective Management System (SMS) practices. However, their effects on soil quality remained elusive, especially after decades of recovery. To address this need, we selected three plots for the MUS and SMS in Johor, Malaysia, to assess soil properties in logged-over forest plots. All the plots were natural forest reserves. Soil properties analyzed include soil acidity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, selected nutrient contents, and soil compaction. Generally, the results of the study indicate that forests logged using the SMS exhibit superior soil quality compared to those logged using the MUS according to several key soil properties. Specifically, significantly higher cation exchange capacity, potassium content, calcium content, and magnesium content with lower soil compaction was observed in the SMS when compared to MUS plots. In short, the SMS enhances soil quality more effectively than the MUS, even with a shorter logging cycle. This is because the SMS does not harvest all trees and distributes the impact of harvesting more evenly over time, rather than concentrating it at a single time point. Ultimately, this highlights that the SMS can play a significant role in promoting sustainable forest management practices by preserving soil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practices in sustainable forest management are ruled by national forest policies. Legal standards of forest management applied in Central African region display increasing risks of long-term depletion of timber resources. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of sustainable logging practices by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the forest management rules applied in Cameroon. The management of the populations of timber tree species is based on population dynamics traits and on measures imposed by national forestry policies. Before any exploitation in natural forest concessions, a management plan must be approved to define the various activities and the potential impacts on the forest. Despite many relevant principles, nearly three decades of forest management in Cameroon have exhibited gaps that need to be addressed in the legal standards of forest management. Proposals for improvement relate to procedures for determining the recovery rate and how considerations on density and seed tree populations should be included into the legal management policies. These suggestions depend on the knowledge of demographic dynamics and the reproductive ecology of the timber taxa as well as a more rapid integration of scientific results into the legal forest management standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the southern United States (US), female forest landowners (FeFLs) constitute 27% of family forest landowners, owning approximately 12.1 million ha of forestland. With changing demographic trends, FeFLs will likely own more forestlands in the foreseeable future. Understanding FeFLs' perceptions of ecosystem services (ESs) is vital as their management decisions will impact the flow of forest-based ESs. Our study used a mental model approach to comprehensively understand FeFLs' socio-cultural perceptions of ESs. Interviews with 39 FeFLs in Georgia, US, highlighted diverse perceptions of forest-based ESs encompassing cultural, provisioning, regulating, and supporting services. The FeFLs' mental model revealed five thematic areas on ESs perceptions: economics, personal enjoyment, family and heritage, forestland as a place for social activity, and environmental benefits. The economics theme emerged distinctly regardless of their ownership type or forestland proximity, whereas personal enjoyment, family and heritage, and forestland as a place for social activity demonstrated place attachment. Co-owners linked forest management more closely to economics than sole-owners. Residential FeFLs valued social benefits, while non-residential landowners emphasized biodiversity significance. Our findings provide crucial insights for shaping inclusive strategies and policies, enhancing forest management among FeFLs, fostering a sense of community, and ensuring the sustainability of forestlands in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the carbon and environmental service potential in the natural tourism zone of special purpose forest areas Mount Bromo. The study focused on understanding how this area, with its specific tree compositions and sizes, contributes to carbon absorption and environmental benefits, which can also translate into carbon credits, a form of state revenue. The methodology involved purposive sampling to create observational sample plots (OSP) of varying sizes based on tree diameter. These plots were designed to measure the biomass, carbon potential, and environmental service potential of the trees in a given area. The collected data included the composition of tree species, the number of each type of tree, their diameters, and heights. The study applied specific formulas to determine the potential of biomass, carbon, and environmental services in the area. Key findings revealed a dominance of mahogany trees (83 trees per hectare) among ten identified plant species, indicating a specific but lower biodiversity in this zone. The significant results of the study include the quantification of biomass potential, which was found to be 787.84 tons/ha above-ground and 228.47 tons/ha below-ground, totaling 1016.31 tons/hectare. The study also evaluated the environmental service potential, including CO2 absorption and O2 production. The CO2 absorption capacity of the area was estimated at 1753.04 tons/ha, with a corresponding high O2 production of 1279.72 tons/ha. Additionally, the potential for carbon credits in the area was calculated at approximately 70.12 US$/ha. This research is crucial in understanding how specific forest areas, like special purpose forest areas Mount Bromo, can play a significant role in global environmental sustainability efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tree ontogeny is the genetic trajectories of regenerative processes in trees, repeating in time and space, including both development and reproduction. Understanding the principles of tree ontogeny is a key priority in emulating natural ecological patterns and processes that fall within the calls for closer-to-nature forest management. By recognizing and respecting the growth and development of individual trees and forest stands, forest managers can implement strategies that align with the inherent dynamics of forest ecosystem. Therefore, this study aims to determine the ontogenetic characteristics of tree regeneration and growth in northern European hemiboreal forests. Methodology We applied a three-step process to review i) the ontogenetic characteristics of forest trees, ii) ontogenetic strategies of trees for stand-forming species, and iii) summarise the review findings of points i and ii to propose a conceptual framework for transitioning towards closer-to-nature management of hemiboreal forest trees. To achieve this, we applied the super-organism approach to forest development as a holistic progression towards the establishment of natural stand forming ecosystems. Results The review showed multiple aspects; first, there are unique growth and development characteristics of individual trees at the pre-generative and generative stages of ontogenesis under full and minimal light conditions. Second, there are four main modes of tree establishment, growth and development related to the light requirements of trees; they were described as ontogenetic strategies of stand-forming tree species: gap colonisers, gap successors, gap fillers and gap competitors. Third, the summary of our analysis of the ontogenetic characteristics of tree regeneration and growth in northern European hemiboreal forests shows that stand-forming species occupy multiple niche positions relative to forest dynamics modes. Conclusions This study demonstrates the importance of understanding tree ontogeny under the pretext of closer-to-nature forest management, and its potential towards formulating sustainable forest management that emulates the natural dynamics of forest structure. We suggest that scientists and foresters can adapt closer-to-nature management strategies, such as assisted natural regeneration of trees, to improve the vitality of tree communities and overall forest health. The presented approach prioritizes ecological integrity and forest resilience, promoting assisted natural regeneration, and fostering adaptability and connectivity among plant populations in hemiboreal tree communities.

In order to create sustainable conservation policies for biodiversity, it is imperative that participatory forest management (PFM) be assessed. Forests contribute to the sustainability of the planet by controlling soil erosion in agricultural areas and by moderating the effects of climate change. However, Ethiopia's forest resources have been under intense pressure because of the increased demand for wood products and agricultural conversion. As one of the potential solutions, the PFM programme was implemented in 1990. This study set out to investigate the effects of the PFM programme on land use and land cover (LULC) in the Alle district of southwest Ethiopia, as well as the variables influencing community involvement and the obstacles to PFM implementation and community involvement. Changes in forest cover were detected using Landsat images from 1992, 2012, and 2022 obtained from Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI). Images were obtained during the dry season and were cloud-free. A total of 240 respondents were chosen by means of a straightforward random sampling technique, and survey data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. Data were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.5, ERDAS Imagine 2015, SPSS version 20, and Excel 2010. The change in forest cover shows an increasing trend from 2012 to 2022. Again, grassland and wetland coverage in this study decreased rapidly. In the years 2012–2022, forest land increased from 462.7ha (74.8 %), to 569.8ha (92.1 %), while, the agricultural land, grassland, and wetland were reduced from 109.5ha (17.7 %) to 37.8ha (6.1 %), 31.9ha (5.2 %) to 0.0ha (0.0 %); 14.1 ha (2.3 %), to 10.8 ha (1.7 %) respectively. There have been beneficial developments in the forests over the last 30 years. The binary logistic regression model disclose that, land ownership had a negative impact on forest management participation, while other factors such as gender, education level, family size, TLU, access to credit, training, and law enforcement had a positive and significant (p

In this study, the applicability of the Sustainable Forest Management socio-economic functions criterion was investigated together with the forestry studies in Muğla, Isparta and Antalya Regional Directorates of Forestry in the West Mediterranean Region. The study group of the research consisted of 117 forest engineers working in the West Mediterranean Region. In the research, a survey form consisting of 9 sections was applied to determine the opinions of engineers. To analyze the data obtained, with the help of the Statistical Package 28.0 program for Social Sciences; frequency and percentage, mean, t test (independent samples t test) was used for pairwise group comparisons, and one-way analysis of variance (one way anova) was used for comparisons of more than two groups. If a significant difference was found between the groups as a result of one-way analysis of variance, Tukey HSD (multiple comparisons) tests were applied to determine which groups caused the differences. According to the study results, engineers find the criterion very important. Levels of knowledge and awareness about the measure are high, but the perceived difficulty of measurement is high. For these reasons, studies should be carried out to increase the measurability level of the Criterion, standards should be developed, especially in social content indicators, and monitoring studies should be continued.

Logging is a dominant land-use activity across the tropics and a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. This study quantifies emissions from selective logging in a Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified concession in Guyana that includes carbon in extracted logs, tree carbon left in the forest, and incidental tree mortality caused by felling and logging infrastructure. We also estimate carbon emissions from sawmilling of round logs. Emissions from harvested trees from stump to mill gate were 8.44 Mg CO2 m−3 (131.96 Mg CO2 ha−1). The main sources of emissions were from trees killed during felling (34%) and unextracted biomass of harvested trees (32%). On average, 15.5% of the harvested tree biomass and 43% of the log biomass was converted to sawn lumber (0.78 Mg CO2 m−3 of round log volume). We find similar levels of logging emissions in our study with those reported for non-FSC concessions in Guyana (8.54 Mg CO2 m−3) and Suriname (8.94 Mg CO2 m−3) but higher in two FSC-certified concessions in Suriname (6.65 Mg CO2 m−3). Adopting forest management practices that reduce residual stand mortality from felling and improved milling technology to reduce wood waste will help meet future demand for wood products and support climate mitigation goals.

Although stakeholders' participation in forest management helps overcome problems and conflicts that prevent sustainable solutions, different approaches and nomenclature for similar contents in the literature hinder theoretical progress on the topic. This study organises existing information through a bibliometric analysis of scientific papers from the last 30 years (1991–2021) on sustainable forest management, focusing on the stakeholders' participation. Results demonstrate that stakeholders' participation in sustainable forest management gained relevance from 2017 onwards. Case studies are predominant (66%) and six major trends were identified. The first emphasises a systemic approach to participation. The second updates the community management discussion. The third studies historical problems related to the use of resources, rights, and services. The fourth focuses on regional assessments and studies. The fifth concerns assessment, decision-making, and planning, including issues related to certifications and policies. The sixth discusses innovation related to adaptation, climate change, equity, and resilience. The studies included in this last classification are problem-solving-oriented and seek new forest management. Although important, the role of innovation in stakeholders' participation in sustainable forest management is overlooked, which constitutes an avenue for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the factors and conditions for the formation of a regime of sustainable development (SD) of a territory with environmental management according to the criterion of completeness of the composition and functioning of the nature–economy–population geographical system of the territory. Completeness is a pass-through indicator of the optimality of systems of various kinds at the minimum and maximum levels of their existence and changes in the process of nature conservation, economic growth, and improvement of society. The degree of completeness is a variant of the evaluation function that distinguishes geosystems of different locations and variable states by a set of interchangeable influencing factors of natural, economic, and social origin and features of local conditions of the geographical environment. All the processes reflect the goal of striving for perfection in the form of completeness and safety of their systemic expression, for the ideal, and for the priority development goal; only when that is achieved will it be possible to overcome SD. The trends of completeness are distinguished as the upper and lower envelope lines (surfaces) of the diversity of the connection of data from field and statistical observations. Controlling additive influences shift the landscape norm of completeness of different locations. It is necessary to take into account special restrictions on the degree of incompleteness and overflow of system qualities. Models and methods of analysis are demonstrated by the example of restoration of forest plantations and the implementation of the investment process in the regions of Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest reserve degazettement affects the sustainability of forests by altering their ecological functions, hence threatening human livelihoods. This study examines a recently degazetted forest, using a survey of 120 local respondents living near the Ampang Forest Reserve (AFR) in Selangor, Malaysia. A simple random sampling technique was implemented to reduce sampling bias, and descriptive and correlation statistics were used in the analysis. The study aimed a) to examine the public perceived importance of forest ecosystem services from the AFR, b) to determine public awareness of a range of environmental threat levels towards the AFR's ecosystem services, and c) to assess public agreement on conservation measures that could increase protection and ensure the sustainability of ecosystem services from the remaining area of the AFR. The results revealed that all ecosystem services were perceived as important, and the public was mostly aware of environmental threats. At the same time, conservation measures should be implemented to protect and ensure the sustainability of ecosystem services from the AFR. This study provides insights into public perceptions of the importance of forest ecosystem services derived from vulnerable forest reserves. This indicates the relevance and need for better protection in high-risk forest areas, as local livelihood depends on its significant ecological roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecosystem services of forests, such as the water conservation function, are the combined results of diverse processes, and the modification of one part of a forest affects each ecosystem service separately via complex processes. It is necessary to develop an ecosystem service assessment model for various tree species to ensure proper forest management. In this study, a model to evaluate three ecosystem services, namely, the water supply, wood supply, and carbon sink, for various tree species in Japan is developed using many observation data from the previous literature. The integrated evaluation model consists of the forest model, hydrological model, and carbon stock assessment model. The forest model consists of the forest growth model and LAI estimation model, based on allometry. The results of the simulations for the major tree species yield the following findings: (1) Water supply varies with tree species but decreases until about 40 years of age, after which it is near constant. (2) Although beech has a larger LAI than needleleaf forests, water supply is not significantly different. (3) Broadleaf forests are more affected by thinning than needleleaf forests and tend to receive increased water supply as a result of processes such as thinning. This study enabled the evaluation of water conservation function in watersheds containing various tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the near future, it is predicted that the natural distribution range of forest tree species will be reshaped due to the rapid changes in climate conditions. The assisted migration of species in favorable environmental conditions, as future solutions for sustainable forest management, could be supported by genetic tests. This study aims to evaluate the adaptive potential of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and the opportunities for applying assisted migration practices in the Carpathian region of Romania. Growth and stability performances, as well as phenotypic plasticity of 31 international beech provenances, were assessed in two common garden experiments located in optimum growing conditions and at the eastern margin of the beech distribution range, respectively. For all analyses, trees height, breast height diameter, and survival were determined. Survival and growth traits were higher by 6–8% in the ecological optimum for beech. The highest mean plasticity was obtained by three provenances from France and one from Denmark. Three provenances performed better in both trials. Increasing the management sustainability of beech forests in a changing climate might be possible by using assisted migration practices, which include the promotion of the highest adapted and productive provenances only in the provenance region where they performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable management of forest ecosystems is directly linked to the management of forest fires. The increasing occurrence of wildfires has prompted the need for the establishment of infrastructure aimed at addressing them. The placement of anti-fire water reservoirs can address the lack of water intake points. This study introduces a decision support system (DSS) tailored for the optimal allocation of anti-fire water reservoirs in Mediterranean forest ecosystems, ensuring a reliable water supply for firefighting operations. The methodology integrates the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique of order of preference by similarity to ideal solutions (TOPSIS) methods, facilitating precise location determination through comprehensive criteria analysis. Additionally, the analysis of the forest road network is incorporated to optimize the placement of water reservoirs. In the forest complex of Taxiarchis, Chalkidiki, Greece, 100 potential reservoir sites were identified and prioritized based on factors such as fire risk, proximity to existing water sources, and coverage area using optimal pathways. The study's findings demonstrate that by establishing 34 water reservoirs, firefighting forces can access a replenishment point within a 5-min travel time. The conclusions underscore the efficacy of this methodology as a valuable decision-making tool for sustainable wildfire prevention planning. This approach contributes to allocating resources judiciously, effectively mitigating the wildfire risk in Mediterranean forest ecosystems, and therefore promoting sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deforestation is a central topic in the ongoing environmental degradation stemming from global economic expansion and population growth. This study delved into the effects of electricity production from renewable sources, GDP per capita, and urbanization on forest area growth in Finland during the over-three-decade research period, 1990–2022, using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Both the ARDL bounds test and the Bayer–Hanck cointegration tests proved the existence of a long-term cointegrating relationship between the variables, and the constructed error correction model (ECM) evaluated short-term relationships. The results showed that: (i) forest area growth is positively connected with electricity production from renewable sources and urbanization; (ii) forest area growth is negatively connected with economic growth; (iii) in the short run, forest area growth is positively connected with all regressors. The utilized ARDL-ECM model, characterized by its robustness and appropriateness, validated the time-series dynamics. The obtained results were scrutinized, and their policy implications were thoroughly examined. Additionally, recommendations are provided to ensure the sustainability and success of forest conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable forest management needs information on spatial distribution of species richness. The objectives of this study were to understand whether knowledge, method, and effort of a rapid assessment affected accuracy and consistency in mapping species richness. A simulation study was carried out with nine 25-50 ha census plots located in tropical, subtropical, and temperate zones. Each forest site was first tessellated into non-overlapping cells. Rapid assessment was conducted in all cells to generate a complete coverage of proxies of the underlying species richness. Cells were subsampled for census, where all plant individuals were identified to species in these census cells. An artificial neural network model was built using the census cells that contain rapid assessment and census information. The model then predicted species richness of cells that were not censused. Results showed that knowledge level did not improve the accuracy and consistency in mapping species richness. Rapid assessment effort and method significantly affected the accuracy and consistency. Increasing rapid assessment effort from 10 to 40 plant individuals could improve the accuracy and consistency up to 2.2% and 2.8%, respectively. Transect reduced accuracy and consistency by up to 0.5% and 0.8%, respectively. This study suggests that knowing at least half of the species in a forest is sufficient for a rapid assessment. At least 20 plant individuals per cell is recommended for rapid assessment. Lastly, a rapid assessment could be carried out by local communities that are familiar with their forests; thus, further supporting sustainable forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional forest management should provide the opportunity to create, conserve, modify or eliminate forest roads. Within protected areas, it is difficult to make a single assessment of the degree of accessibility to different forest areas, having to mediate among productive forestry, protection needs and other benefits deriving from forest stands. A GIS-based methodology, with the support of a Forest Information System (FIS) and available Forest Plans for the study area, were applied to create an accessibility map (based on the forest roads network) for the Abruzzo, Lazio, and Molise National Park (PNALM). Results were related to several FIS metadata, highlighting that accessibility in the study area was sufficient, but not optimal, in the productive management units, being rather poor in those where soil protection and biodiversity conservation are the main functions (only 38.8% of them were accessible). Forest roads density (28.5 m ha−1) was not homogeneously distributed within the study area and the ratio between forest road length (199.4 km) and planned forest surface (13,355.3 ha) is only 14.9 m ha−1. In contrast to what is commonly found in forest accessibility works, the innovative element of this study was the involvement of PNALM's technical office in evaluating the results and exploring the opportunity to adopt a different policy for forest roads network management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexploitation of natural resources have caused serious environmental issues, including climate change, biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and soil and water pollution. The Pan-European criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management offer a tool to monitor progress and report on the sustainability of forest resources at sub-national, national, and regional levels. This paper examines the institutional aspects and possibilities of application of these criteria and indicators in the forestry sector of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), aiming to improve forestry conditions and develop a coherent forest policy. A survey of 360 forestry experts from FBiH revealed that the majority support the positive impact of implementing the Pan-European criteria and indicators in the forestry sector. It was determined that the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management, and Forestry of FBiH should be responsible for developing and collecting data related to these criteria and indicators. However, the primary barriers to implementation include a lack of financial resources, expertise, and commitment. While the public forest administration is formally prepared to apply these criteria, its current capacities are inadequate for effective implementation. Strengthening the capacity of the public forest administration is crucial to ensure the application of the Pan-European criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. This would enable consistent and systematic monitoring and improvement of forest resource conditions and the overall state of the forestry sector in FBiH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) is a native tree species from South America, whose raw material covers the sectors of food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and hygiene products. In this work we study the soil chemical fertility, plant nutritional status and growth of yerba mate under effects of mineral and organic fertilization in two management systems, monoculture and intercropping with Mimosa scabrella Benth. Three soil fertilization treatments (control, mineral fertilization and organic fertilization as sheep manure) and two yerba mate provenances were studied. Soil chemical analysis was performed at 360 DAT (days after transplanting the plants to the field) in two layers (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth). At 360 and 460 DAT, foliar nutrient concentrations were determined and shoot height and collar diameter of the yerba mate plants were measured. Mineral or organic fertilization increased Mg, K and P contents of the soil, while the other soil fertility attributes were not affected by the fertilization treatments. Foliar concentrations of N, Ca, S Cu and B were affected by yerba mate provenances and management system. Soil fertilization affected the foliar concentrations of Mg, Fe and B. Foliar concentrations of the other nutrients (N, P, K, S, Mn and Zn) were not influenced by the fertilization treatments. Monoculture system had greater plant growth evaluated at 360 and 460 DAT than the intercropped system. Organic fertilization, added as sheep manure, had a similar effect to that of mineral fertilization on growth of yerba mate plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Success of model forests, which are organized to support sustainable management of forests in collaboration with environmental, social, and economic forces on forest-based large territories, depends on the development of civil society index dimensions defined as "stakeholder participation," "organizational structure," "environment," "values," and "impact." In this study, which was carried out within the scope of Yalova Model Forest, situation analysis strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was used as a method. Literature and o'cial documents, expert opinions on "stakeholder engagement," and data obtained through a 30-question survey were used as material. In this study, "historical development," "legal regulations," "activities" of Yalova Model Forest and weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, threats of civil society index and strategies pertaining to them were determined. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis was conducted by forming four separate focus groups for four dimensions of the Yalova Model Forest civil society index. According to the results of this study, the stakeholder participation dimension was concluded to be exceedingly inadequate. This is evidenced by advocate stakeholders' insu'cient participation rates in activities, absence of adverse stakeholders in this reconciliation platform, and the fact that 99% of dormant-indi(erent stakeholders are unaware of this organization's existence. Therefore, stakeholder participation dimension should be strengthened and the strategic plans that will be implemented should be prepared with the participation of stakeholders. Otherwise, Yalova Model Forest's existence, as a civil society organization, will be jeopardized. However, active advocate stakeholders' enthusiasm about resolving problems is reassuring for the future of Yalova Model Forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polish forests differ in their potential to provide ecosystem services (ES), but it is unclear how and to what extent. We assessed the potential of 35 forest habitat types to provide 17 key ES and showed that the montane mesic broadleaved forest has a high potential to provide the largest number of key forest services (14 out of 17), which gives it the status of a multi-service hotspot. The highest overall potential was found in the forests of mountain regions, slightly lower in the postglacial northern regions, and the lowest in the central lowland regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine roots are an important component of forest soil as they play a key role in fundamental processes like plant nutrition and water supply. As with all the features of forest soil, the compaction related to the forest operations and, in particular, to the wood extraction via ground‐based technologies could lead to a significant impact on the presence of fine roots in the soil affected by the passage of the machines. Considering the lack of a review, we used a meta‐analytic approach to synthesise effect sizes of ground‐based extraction technologies affecting the presence of fine roots in the soil, using a multivariate mixed‐effects meta‐analytic model. The obtained results revealed that the presence of fine roots in the soil affected by the passage of the machines was significantly reduced by both skidding (g = −1.23, 95%CI ‐1.87, −0.60) and forwarding (g = −1.37, 95%CI ‐2.01, −0.74). Due to the higher soil compaction caused by forwarding, this method had a marginally but statistically significant greater impact than skidding. We further confirmed the hypothesis that soil compaction and the presence of fine roots were strongly correlated, with the latter being greatly reduced in compacted soils characterised by higher bulk density. What is more, even more than 20 years after a harvesting intervention, the presence of fine roots was significantly lower in both strip roads (forwarding) and skid trails (skidding) as compared to areas which were not impacted by the machine passage. This shows that fine roots are particularly vulnerable to forest operations. On the other hand, the majority of the trails in the database used for the meta‐analysis were created in countries that favour the creation of a small number of widely used trails. Therefore, it would be scientifically valuable to do a comparative evaluation in various forestry contexts, such as in the Mediterranean area, where the development of the forest trails network is oriented on creating a large number of trails with low traffic volumes. Because machinery‐induced soil compaction is the major driver of the decrease in fine roots in skid trails and strip roads, both the application of best management practices as well as of a smarter planning of the trail network to limit soil compaction are strongly recommended. Both applications are highly recommended to be used in the planning phase and in the practical implementation of logging activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the dramatic reduction of forested areas in Azerbaijan, exceeding 50% over the past two centuries, largely due to increased wood production. Focusing on the period between 1880 and 1990, it analyzed the impact of timber harvesting on the composition of dominant tree species, with a special focus on beech trees, in the Galakand forestry area. Utilizing GIS databases and remote sensing techniques, the research assessed the changes in forest cover and species distribution, highlighting the critical transition from lush beech and oak forests to areas dominated by hornbeam, east hornbeam, oak-hornbeam, and juniperus-bush light forests. The study demonstrated the negative consequences of historical overexploitation, advocating for forest farming practices that promote the recovery and preservation of native forest ecosystems. Key findings revealed a marked decline in valuable wood species due to intensive logging activities, particularly between 1880 and 1914, and the detrimental effects of forest renewal cabins established from 1930 to 1970. The outlined measures in the study highlighted that the forest primarily comprises wooded areas (reserves with a completeness of 0.1-0.2, clearings, and clearings), non-forest lands repurposed as pastures and forested pastures with a density ranging from 0.3 to 0.4. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of sustainable forest management practices to reverse the adverse effects of historical overexploitation and preserve the biodiversity of Azerbaijan's ecosystems. The paper emphasized the necessity of sustainable forest management to reverse the damage and protect Azerbaijan's biodiversity to enhance measures for sustainable forestry, along with the critical role of advanced GIS and remote sensing in monitoring and conserving forest resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Forests of the Carpathians are of increasing research interest, as they cover a large area (>9 Mha) within European forests and are influenced by diverse environmental conditions and contrasting historical developments. We reviewed 251 papers dealing with Carpathian forests, their history, and future perspectives. Over 70% of articles and reviews appeared in the last ten years, and 80% refer to the Western and Eastern Carpathians, while the Serbian Carpathians remain a gap in this research field. Forest expansion and species changes have occurred since Holocene deglaciation, influenced by timber use, settlements, cropland development, and, since the Bronze Age, pasture activities. At higher elevations, early conifer successors have been increasingly replaced by Norway spruce (Picea abies), silver fir (Abies alba), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), while oaks have been present in the Carpathian foothills throughout the whole of history. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Norway spruce afforestation was favored, and timber use peaked. Recent transitions from agriculture to forest land use have led to a further increase in forest cover (+1 to +14% in different countries), though past forest management practices and recent environmental changes have impaired forest vitality in many regions; climate warming already causes shifts in treelines and species distributions, and it triggers pest outbreaks and diseases and affects tree–water relations. The risk of forest damage is the highest in monodominant Norway spruce forests, which often experience dieback after cascade disturbances. European beech forests are more resilient unless affected by summer droughts. In the future, increasing dominance of broadleaves within Carpathian forests and forest management based on a mix of intensive management and ecological silviculture are expected. Maintenance and promotion of silver fir and mixed European beech forests should be encouraged with respect to forest stability, biodiversity, and economic sustainability. As supported by the Carpathian Convention and related institutions and initiatives, connectivity, management, and stakeholder cooperation across administrative borders will be crucial for the future adaptive potential of Carpathian forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries, studies on sustainable preservation of forests (including non-timber forest products NTFPs) have been poorly carried out for promoting alternative income generating activities (IGA) to alleviate pressure on praised resources by local communities living close by protected areas. This study aimed at (1) inventorying NTFPs exploited by local communities around the Kahuzi Biega National Park (KBNP), (2) assessing their therapeutic values and nutritional contributions, and (3) analyzing their rural and urban market values to determine their potential as alternative income sources as well as the major constraints in their exploitation. Individual interviews were conducted with 790 rural and urban households in Kabare, Walungu, Kalehe, and Bukavu City, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) coupled with focus group discussions with key stakeholders around KBNP. Street vendors, restaurants, hotels, and market owners were also interviewed on uses, awareness of the nutritional and therapeutic values, and factors hindering NTFPs wide use in Bukavu urban environments. Physicochemical analyses were also conducted on main NTFPs to determine their nutritional values. Results showed that local populations around KBNP exploit at least 55 NTFPs, mainly for self-consumption as food, feed, and medicine. NTFPs represent the second most important income source around KBNP, accounting for 23.3 % of total households’ income after agriculture that generates 25.7 % of total households’ income. Income from NTFP trade was primarily used for food supply (29 %), investment in small businesses (19.6 %), children's education (17.7 %), and healthcare expenses (5.1 %). These NTFPs had varying nutritional values (in terms of proximate composition, essential minerals, and bioactive compounds). Solanum nigrum (24.9 %), Termitomyces robustus (18.0 %), Amaranthus viridis (17.6 %), and Piper nigrum (16.9 %) are valuable sources of proteins while Zingiber officinale (25.5 %), T. robustus (15.4 %) and P. nigrum (14.3 %) are rich in dietary fibres. Piper nigrum (37.0 and 128.3 mg/kg) and Basella alba (35.1 and 108.7 mg/kg) had the highest zinc and iron contents, respectively. Some of the most nutritious NTFPs, such as S. nigrum, Dioscorea spp., and P. nigrum had high contents in anti-nutritional elements and should be processed properly to maximize bioavailability. Besides, NTFPs created employment opportunities for collectors, vendors, supermarkets, hotels, and restaurants both in rural and urban areas. Though varying with rural communities, the main challenges in the NTFP value chain were low market values (48.6 %), short shelf life (22.5 %), and excessive taxation (19.1 %) while in urban areas, seasonality (36.9 %), scarcity (17.7 %), and prohibiting high prices (17.7 %) were the major limiting factors. This study highlights the significant role played by NTFPs in providing healthy and nutritious food and income for households surrounding the KBNP, and thus emphasizes the necessity for their promotion as alternative income sources and healthy diets to alleviate poverty and hidden hunger around the KBNP.

The Philippines' Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Program is the primary strategy for sustainable forest management and social justice in the uplands. The upland communities provided a catalytic role to restore degraded forestlands and protect the remaining forest cover in the country, but unlike the timber license agreement (TLA) concessionaires, they do not have enough assets to fulfill their needs and responsibilities. They are also subjected to restrictive policies beyond their capacity to follow. While numerous works of literature have been written on the successes and failures of different modes of community forestry in Asia and the Pacific for the past two decades, very limited, if any, attention has been given to the role of community welfare as a prerequisite for sustainability and social justice in forestry. Using the data on national CBFM assessment in the Philippines, this paper critically examines the CBFM Program after more than two decades of implementation using the community welfare lens. Thematic analysis of results revealed that in achieving sustainability and social justice in forestry, the following crucial elements should be taken into account: (1) land tenure is a crucial aspect of community welfare but the complexity of social-ecological relations must be taken into account; (2) skewed priority towards biophysical targets undermines the importance of socio-economic needs and considerations in the uplands; and (3) restrictive and conflicting policies significantly diminishes the potential of CBFM for transformative change.

Illegal logging is an important cause of deforestation and forest degradation. As a voluntary market-driven mechanism, sustainable forest management certification aims to reduce illegal logging in forests and promote sustainable management practices by creating a transparent, independent tracing and auditing mechanism. To date, around 11% of global forest areas have been certified under forest certification schemes. Biologically, bamboo belongs to the grass family and is classified as a non-timber forest product. Owing to its high fibre quality, many bamboo panel-based products, such as flooring, furniture, and kitchenware, are traded as alternatives to timber products in the global market. Forest certification is widely acknowledged as a means of ensuring the sustainability and legality of forest sources by European countries and the United States, which are the largest importers of bamboo products. Therefore, certified bamboo and its products are often required to meet the legal requirements and public procurement policies when entering these markets. Currently, 48 valid Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) bamboo forest management certificates and 3237 valid bamboo FSC Chain of Custody (CoC) certificates have been issued, while only 1 bamboo forest management and 3 bamboo CoC certificates have been documented in PEFC (Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) online database. Here, we describe the current development of global bamboo forest certification in terms of certification standards, practices, and markets; analyze challenges and future trends; and offer recommendations for creating interest in this issue and taking further action.

Forest reserve gazettement affects the sustainability of forests by altering their ecological function and threatening human livelihood. This study examines a recently degazetted forest, using a survey among 120 local respondents living near Ampang Forest Reserve (AFR) in Selangor, Malaysia. The simple random sampling technique was implemented to reduce sampling bias, and descriptive and correlation statistics were used in the analysis. The study aims (i) to examine the public perceived importance of forest ecosystem services from AFR, (ii) to determine public awareness of a range of environmental threat levels towards AFR’s ecosystem services, and (iii) to assess public agreement on conservation measures that could increase protection and ensure the sustainability of ecosystem services from the remaining area of AFR. The result revealed all ecosystem services were perceived as important, and the public was mostly aware of the environmental threats. At the same time, conservation measures should be implemented to protect and ensure the sustainability of ecosystem services from AFR. This study provides insight into public perceptions of the importance of forest ecosystem services derived from vulnerable forest reserves. It indicates the relevance and need for better protection in high-risk forest areas as local livelihood depends on its significant ecological roles.

The ongoing transition within forest management towards more biodiversity-oriented practices, such as close-to-nature forestry and retention forestry, may benefit forest fauna such as forest-specialized ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). However, it remains unclear how forest carabids are jointly affected by these practices in Central European montane forests, which host particularly sensitive, range-restricted carabid species, and where biodiversity-oriented forestry is widely applied. Moreover, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), the most common large herbivore in these forests, is intensively managed to reduce browsing pressure, but it is yet unknown how this may affect carabids, alongside the effect of silviculture. On 66 1-ha plots in the Black Forest region of Germany, we sampled carabids with pitfall traps, measured roe deer abundances using camera trapping, and measured several structural variables directly related to close-to-nature and retention practices, as well as variables describing microclimate and landscape-level forest cover. We found that the carabid assemblage was dominated by forest specialists, with little influence from fragmentation of the surrounding forest. Higher broadleaf share (and canopy cover for montane specialists) was correlated with higher carabid activity-density. Increasing stand maturity (and lying deadwood volume for montane specialists), was correlated with higher species richness. Plots with higher roe deer abundances showed higher carabid richness and activity-density. Assemblage composition changed along the altitudinal gradient, and both richness and activity-density increased with elevation. Thus, carabid communities, including montane specialists and several species of conservation interest, stand to benefit from close-to-nature and retention practices, if applied throughout the altitude range of montane forests. Forest carabids may additionally profit from maintaining higher roe deer abundances, but further research is needed to understand this causal link, as well as to weigh the costs and benefits of deer culling for forest biodiversity.

Objectives The purpose of this article is to analyse the processes related to the expansion of the role which forest management plays as an element shaping sustainable regional development. Two specific objectives will serve this purpose. The first of these concerns legal regulations governing forest management arising from both Polish and EU legal systems, and the second pertains to the pedagogical dimension of forest education as a component of education for sustainable regional development. T Material and methods The analysis of the proposed research issue will be carried out using the legal dogmatic method and, to some extent, the historical method and the legal comparative method. Results A key task is to create an appropriate legal instrument, both in the legislative and executive domains. The lack of key legal solutions in these areas may lead to legal stagnation in the implementation of sustainable forest management or the need to recognise the solutions adopted at the EU level, which are not always seen as beneficial to a given Member State. Conclusions Firstly, a de lege ferenda postulate is to legally regulate the operation of a sustainable forest management system in the Forest Act, by introducing a statutory obligation to prepare a national forestry strategy and regional forestry strategies. Secondly, the process of regulating the above issues should be intrinsically linked to the introduction of legal solutions in the field of forest education in its broadest sense

Objective: to assess the economic potential of carbon storage for a group of companies in the Republic of Karelia in the context of intensive forest management.Methods: SWOT analysis; assessment of a forest management project according to the VM10 international methodology, Verified Carbon Standard 2016 and forecast of revenues from selling carbon units.Results: the potential of Russian forest management in the context of the Paris Agreement is not disputed, but the assessment of the economic potential of carbon storage of individual economic entities at the moment remains open for discussion. The study estimates the effect of selling carbon units from forest management intensification projects, taking into account the maximum lease term for the area of 2.25 million hectares. This effect can reach an average of 23 million rubles per year from 2023 to 2034 and an average of 42 million rubles per year from 2023 to 2050, excluding the capital costs of logging and preparation, validation, verification and registration of the climate project, and field observations to ensure monitoring. The study proves that long-term investments in forest management intensification and a longer period of the climate project can lead to higher income per hectare from selling carbon units.Scientific novelty: it consists in the economic evaluation of regulatory restrictions on the price of carbon unit for forest climate projects, taking into account the maximum lease term stipulated by national legislation. The obtained results substantiate the economic challenges associated with the current regulations and provide information on the variability of project efficiency depending on the selected term of its implementation.Practical significance: the main results of the research can be used in the practical activity of economic entities, as well as by the bodies forming the policy of forest management.

The advancement of mechanization in forestry has increased productivity in the forestry sector, bringing positive and negative impacts that require a deeper understanding for sustainable forest management. This study aimed to apply a simplified instrument for assessing damage and environmental impacts in forest harvesting of commercial eucalyptus plantations, using a combination of methodologies. The methodology used combined interaction networks and impact assessment matrices, carrying out field surveys, transposing them to interaction networks and weighting them through assessment matrices, resulting in environmental indices (ES) for prioritizing actions. The study was conducted on a commercial eucalyptus plantation in the municipality of São Pedro, São Paulo, Brazil. The mechanized harvesting of the area consists of the structure of a module with a mobile unit consisting of a harvester and forwarder. The results indicated that wood transport presented the highest ES, both positive and negative. The most significant negative impacts (ES) were the depletion of water resources and erosion, while the positive impacts included regional development and job creation. The most notable changes, positive and negative, were observed in the physical and anthropic environment, with a lesser impact on the biotic environment.

To maintain the ecosystem resilience to large-scale disturbances in managed forests, it is essential to adhere to the principles of close-to-nature silviculture, adapt practices to the traits of natural forest types, and utilize natural processes, including natural regeneration. This study examines the natural regeneration patterns in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)-dominated forests, analyzing how the stand structure—tree size diversity, species composition, and stand density—affects the regeneration. We analyze the data from four sites in Poland, Germany, and Italy, employing generalized linear and zero-inflated models to evaluate the impact of the management strategies (even- vs. uneven-aged) and forester-controlled stand characteristics (structural diversity, broadleaf species admixture, and stand density) on the probability of regeneration, its density, and the developmental stages (seedling, small sapling, and tall sapling) across a climatic gradient. Our results indicate a significantly higher probability of regeneration in uneven-aged stands, particularly in areas with lower temperatures and lower overall regeneration density. The tree size diversity in the uneven-aged stands favors advancement from juveniles to more developed stages (seedling to sapling) in places with higher aridity. A denser stand layer (higher stand total basal area) leads to a lower density of natural regeneration for all the present species, except silver fir if considered separately, signifying that, by regulating the stand growing stock, we can selectively promote silver fir. A higher admixture of broadleaf species generally decreases the regeneration density across all the species, except in a water-rich site in the Bavarian Alps, where it had a strong positive impact. These findings underscore the complex interactions of forest ecosystems and provide a better understanding required for promoting silver fir regeneration, which is essential for a close-to-nature silviculture under climate change.