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Among various death-causing diseases, the morbidity and mortality related to cancer are the highest, with millions of new malignancies added to the tally every year and predicted to increase at a higher rate by 2030. Lung cancer is continued to be the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with a share of 11.6% of all cancers. Since the start of the millennium, there has been a continuous effort to provide the benefits of probiotics in the management and treatment of cancer, particularly lung cancer. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits on the host”. These include specific strains of bacteria and fungi. Bacterial strains belonging to Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have demonstrated promising results in the prevention, attenuation, and treatment of the progression of lung cancer. The present chapter focuses on the types and aetiology of lung cancer and the role and mechanism of action of probiotics in providing immunity against lung cancer.

Synthetic, semi-synthetic, and natural polymers make up the colloidal formations of polymeric nanoparticles. Because of their large surface area and nanoscale size, nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical capabilities. Their distinct size, shape, and structure influence their optical characteristics, reactivity, durability, and other attributes. Supercritical fluids, in which the fluid retains a single-phase regardless of pressure, are environmentally beneficial. It is in a state of minor criticality. Because the precipitate is solvent-free, this method is environmentally friendly. Due to their qualities, they are good candidates for various commercial and marital uses, including catalysis, imaging, pharmaceutical applications, energy-based research, and ecological applications. This review provides a supercritical fluid technology-based polymeric nanoparticles overview of various forms uses, synthesis, properties, and forthcoming prospects.

The gluten-free pseudocereal Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Silver hull buckwheat) belongs to the Polygonaceae family, which has a long history of both edible and medicinal use. It's a highly nutritious food ingredient that's been shown to have a variety of health benefits. Plasma cholesterol levels are lowered, neuroprotection is given, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic effects are provided, and hypertension conditions are improved thanks to Silver hull buckwheat. It has also been stated to have prebiotic and antioxidant properties. The aim of this review was to include an up-to-date and detailed study of F. esculentum. Furthermore, the potential for future research was addressed. Flavonoids, phenolics, fagopyritols, triterpenoids, hormones, and fatty acids are among the various compounds derived from F. esculentum. The main active ingredients were believed to be flavonoids and phenolic compounds. All of the information presented leads us to believe that Silver hull buckwheat has a strong medicinal potential. However, further research is needed to better understand its bioactive constituents, their structural functions, and molecular mechanisms underlying.

The prime objective behind this investigation was to plan a Letrozole enclosed adhesive transdermal patch; since the transdermal route is an outright attractive option concerning its route, convenience and safety. Letrozole, a non-steroidal type II aromatase inhibitor, is reported for treating breast tumours and in postmenopausal women. In this study, few factors confined to formulation such as drug-in-adhesive, enhancers and amount of drug-loaded were investigated. The procedure used supposedly involves, the incarnation of the LET in phospholipids exploiting to a spray dryer. FTIR, X-RD, and DSC techniques which are used to evaluate entrapment efficiency were employed to LET spray-dried powder (LT-SDP). The molecule size, polydispersity file, and the EE were allegedly found to be 284.0 nm, 0.247 and 59.08%. On adding LT-SDP to a cream base with peppermint and olive oil as regular infiltration, the optimized formulation showed superior skin targeting in both in vitro and in vivo observations post-study.In vivo bioavailability studies showed just about four-fold increment in the plasma whereas the mean residence time and half-life were reasonably higher as compared to the LET cream in plain. The in vivo results observed remarkable patch concurrence with the plasma fixations anticipated from the in vitro infiltration. As an outpatient convenience, avoidance of gastrointestinal incompatibility provides suitability for self-administration for breast cancer prevention and treatment.

Oral route is the easiest and most convenient route for drug administration. Oral drug delivery systems being the most cost-effective and leads the worldwide drug delivery market. The major problem in or it get solubility and then absorbedoral route is a problematic route for those drug molecules which exhibit poor aqueous solubility. When a drug is administrered by oral route the first step for it to get solubilized and then absorbed . formulations is low and erratic bioavailability, which mainly results from poor aqueous solubility. This may lead to high inter- and intra subject variability, lack of dose proportionality and therapeutic failure. It is estimated that 40% of active substances are poorly water soluble (water insoluble in nature). For the improvement of bio-availability of drugs with such properties presents one of the greatest challenges in drug formulations. Various technological strategies are reported in the literature including solid dispersion cyclodextrines complex formation, or micronization, and different technologies of drug delivery systems. Including these approaches self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) has gained more attention for enhancement of oral bio-availability with reduction in dose. SEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents/surfactants. The principal characteristic of these systems is their ability to form fine oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions or micro-emulsions upon mild agitation following dilution by an aqueous phase. For lipophilic drugs, which have dissolution rate-limited absorption, SEDDS may be a promising strategy to improve the rate and extent of oral absorption. This review article explains how self-emulsifying drug delivery systems can increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drug. Key words: Self emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS); oil, co-surfactant; surfactant; self-micro-emulsifying drug; delivery systems (SMEDDS).

Oral route is the easiest and most convenient route for drug administration. Oral drug delivery systems being the most cost-effective and leads the worldwide drug delivery market. The major problem in or it get solubility and then absorbedoral route is a problematic route for those drug molecules which exhibit poor aqueous solubility. When a drug is administrered by oral route the first step for it to get solubilized and then absorbed . formulations is low and erratic bioavailability, which mainly results from poor aqueous solubility. This may lead to high inter- and intra subject variability, lack of dose proportionality and therapeutic failure. It is estimated that 40% of active substances are poorly water soluble (water insoluble in nature). For the improvement of bio-availability of drugs with such properties presents one of the greatest challenges in drug formulations. Various technological strategies are reported in the literature including solid dispersion cyclodextrines complex formation, or micronization, and different technologies of drug delivery systems. Including these approaches self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) has gained more attention for enhancement of oral bio-availability with reduction in dose. SEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents/surfactants. The principal characteristic of these systems is their ability to form fine oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions or micro-emulsions upon mild agitation following dilution by an aqueous phase. For lipophilic drugs, which have dissolution rate-limited absorption, SEDDS may be a promising strategy to improve the rate and extent of oral absorption. This review article explains how self-emulsifying drug delivery systems can increase the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drug. Key words: Self emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS); oil, co-surfactant; surfactant; self-micro-emulsifying drug; delivery systems (SMEDDS).

The purpose of the research work was to develop a floating drug delivery System of ritonavir (RN) in order to prolong the gastric resideııce time and im rense its bioa\’ailability. The floating tablets of RN were prepared bv direct compression techniqııe, using polymers such as different grades of hydroxypropvl methyfçellulose (HPMÇ, Methocel E15LV, E50LV, K100LV and K4M) and poly\’invl pvrrolidone (PVP K30). Sodiıım bicarbonate w as used as gas releasing agent. The formıdations w ere optimized on the basis of matris integritv, duration offloating, swelling behavior and in vitro drug release. Escept series FA, w here floating time was 10 hr, other series such as FB, FC and FD w ere showing more than 12 hr offloating time. The highest average swelling index of 170.68 ± 0.45 was found in FD3 batch. The in vitro drug release indicated estended release of RN and more than 62 percent of drug was released at the end of the 12 hr for ali the batches, The mechanism of RN release from the floating tablets for FA, FB and FC series is anomaloııs diffusion transport andfollows zero order kinetics, but FD series indicated Higuchi kinetics with release rate esponent (n) of 0.44. Further, the scanning electron microscopy showed porous structured formed on the tablet surface at different times (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 hr) of dissolution for the selected batch FC3. Finallv, FC3 batch showed no signifıcant change in above parameters after storage atroom temperature (28-32°C% 40°C and 50°Cfor one month

Objective: The main purpose of this investigation was to prepare self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for enhancement of oral bioavailability of a poorly water soluble drug telmisartan (TLS), a BCS class II drug by improving its dissolution rate. Methods: Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) of TLS were formulated using cinnamon essential oil as the oil phase, Gelucire 44/14 as the surfactant and Transcutol HP as co-surfactant. Drug-excipient interactions were studied by FTIR spectroscopy. The formulations were evaluated for its self-emulsifying ability, clarity, and stability of the aqueous dispersion after 48 h and the phase diagram was constructed to optimize the system. Selected formulations were characterized in terms of droplet size distribution, zeta potential, cloud point and were subjected to in vitro drug release studies. The bioavailability of optimized formulation was assessed in New Zealand white rabbits.Results: By considering smaller droplet size, higher zeta potential and faster rate of drug release the formulation TF9 was chosen as optimized SMEDDS formulations. TF9 was robust to different pH media and dilution volumes, remained stable after three cooling-heating cycles and after stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for 3 mo without showing a significant change in droplet size. The pharmacokinetic study in rabbits showed SMEDDS have significantly increased the Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) of TLS compared to suspension (P

Three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies were performed for a series of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques. The large set of 37 different aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors, such as CA II chosen for the present study. The conventional ligand-based 3D-QSAR studies were performed based on the low energy conformations employing database alignment rule. The ligand-based model gave q2 values 0.538 and 0.527 and r2 values 0.974 and 0.971 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively, and the predictive ability of the model was validated. The predicted r2 values are 0.565 and 0.502 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. Results indicate that the CoMFA and CoMSIA models could be reliable model which may be used in the design of novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as leads.