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The genetic relationships among six different olive (Olea europaea L.) genotypes were determined through ten ISSR primers by obtaining informative profiles using five of them. The studied cultivars ‘Chondrolia Chalkidikis’, ‘Karidolia,’ ‘Prodromos,’ ‘Kalamon,’ ‘Koroneiki,’ and ‘Leucocarpa’ are widespread and grown in Chalkidiki and Northern Greece. By analysis of the amplification, a total of 34 bands were observed, and it was noticed that 26 of them were polymorphic, showing the high efficiency and reliability of the markers used. The highest number of ISSR bands detected for primer E4 was 10 (8 polymorphic). The calculated percentage of polymorphism was 76.5. A cluster analysis was performed based on the molecular characterization results, and a dendrogram was constructed using average linkage. The current genotyping presents distinctive profiles useful for proving olive planting material's cultivar and clonal identity.

Plant tissue cultures have been widely used in both fundamental and applied types of research on various biological species, and the scientific interest to transfer that technology in industrial scale has been rapidly growing. The use of in vitro technology for commercial propagation of different plant species and the production of bioactive compounds from them has become profitable industry worldwide. In the past decades, the progress in plant tissue culture technology was directed towards the introduction of the liquid medium for cultivation under submerged conditions in different bioreactor types, and automation of the entire process. Some applications of modified bioreactor systems and their importance for the advancement of plant biotechnology in the fields of agriculture, medicine, and pharmacy are discussed in this review., Растителните тъканни култури се използват широко във фундаментални и приложни изследвания на различни биологични видове, а научният интерес за трансфер на тази технология в промишлен мащаб бързо нараства. Използването на in vitro технологии за комерсиално размножаване на различни растителни видове и производството на биологично активни съединения от тях се превърнаха в печеливша индустрия в световен мащаб. През последните десетилетия напредъкът в технологията на растителното тъканно култивиране се насочи към въвеждането и използването на течна хранителна среда за култивиране при различни условия, осигурени от технически различни типове биореактори и към автоматизация на целия процес. В този обзор са разгледани някои приложения на модифицирани биореакторни системи и тяхното значение за развитието на растителната биотехнология в областта на земеделието, медицината и фармацията.

The genetic relationships among six different olive (Olea europaea L.) genotypes were determined through ten ISSR primers by obtaining informative profiles using five of them. The studied cultivars ‘Chondrolia Chalkidikis’, ‘Karidolia,’ ‘Prodromos,’ ‘Kalamon,’ ‘Koroneiki,’ and ‘Leucocarpa’ are widespread and grown in Chalkidiki and Northern Greece. By analysis of the amplification, a total of 34 bands were observed, and it was noticed that 26 of them were polymorphic, showing the high efficiency and reliability of the markers used. The highest number of ISSR bands detected for primer E4 was 10 (8 polymorphic). The calculated percentage of polymorphism was 76.5. A cluster analysis was performed based on the molecular characterization results, and a dendrogram was constructed using average linkage. The current genotyping presents distinctive profiles useful for proving olive planting material's cultivar and clonal identity., Генетичните връзки между шест различни генотипа маслинa (Olea europaea L.) бяха определени чрез използване на десет ISSR праймера като са получени информативни профили за пет от тях. Изследваните сортове ‘Хондролия Халкидикис’, ‘Каридолия’, ‘Продромос’, ‘Каламон’, ‘Коронейки’ и ‘Бяла маслина’, са широко разпространени и се отглеждат в Халкидики и Северна Гърция. При анализ на резултатите от амплификацията са наблюдавани общо 34 фрагмента и се установява, че 26 от тях са полиморфни, което показва високата ефективност и надеждност на използваните маркери. Най-много ISSR фрагменти бяха установени за праймер Е4 - 10 (8 полиморфни). Изчисленият процент на полиморфизъм е 76.5. Въз основа на резултатите от молекулярната характеристика беше извършен клъстерен анализ и конструирана дендрограма, използвайки средна връзка. Настоящото генотипиране представя отличителни профили, полезни за доказване на сортова и клонова идентичност на произведен посадъчен материал от маслина.

The foundations of Bulgarian higher agricultural education date back to 1921. Until then, agricultural university graduates were trained in France, Germany, Italy and other European countries. In 1945, based on the Regents’ Council Decree No 180 of August 4th, published in the State Gazette on August 20th, the Ordinance setting up a state university located in Plovdiv was enacted. Nowadays, the Agricultural University (AU) is the successor of that first university situated outside the capital Sofia. The history and traditions of this higher educational establishment have invariably followed the social and cultural development of the country, which has gone through difficult and complicated political and economic times. Even today, the Agricultural University in Plovdiv is the only specialized state university in Bulgaria in the area of agricultural and related sciences of national, European, and international high prestige. The purpose of the present review is to present the traditions and challenges in agricultural education in Bulgaria. The University draws strength from the rich tradition but looks to the future and global problems to provide accurate decisions to the challenges of the twenty-first century in agricultural education, science, and safe food production for a better quality of life.

The study presents an in vitro test development as a model for herbicide phytotoxicity. It provides reliable data on how the herbicide affects the seed germination and early growth stages, in dynamic, during the cultivation. The sensitivity of five mutant pepper genotypes with different origin and fruit colour to the herbicide napromamide (Devrinol 4F) was investigated. All studied herbicide doses, corresponding to 3, 4, and 5 L/ha, caused phytotoxicity expressed by decreased germination and growth inhibition. A strong genotype dependence was established – two breeding lines (18 and 85), originating from local populations, demonstrated a low sensitivity to the herbicide, additionally confirmed by higher plant survival and adaptability after transplanting to soil ex vitro., Това проучване представя разработването на in vitro протокол като модел за хербицидна фитотоксичност. Чрез него се осигуряват надеждни данни за това как хербицидът влияе на кълняемостта и ранните фази на растеж, в динамика по време на култивирането. Изследвана е чувствителността на пет новоселектирани генотипи пипер с различен произход и цвят на плода към хербицида напромамид (Devrinol 4F). Всички приложени дози на хербицида, преизчислени към 3, 4 и 5 L/ha, причиняват фитотоксичност, която се проявява чрез намаляване кълняемостта на семената и инхибиране на растежа. Установена е силна генотипна зависимост - две от линиите (18 и 85), произхождащи от местни популации, демонстрират по-ниска чувствителност към хербицида, която допълнително се потвърждава и чрез по-високата преживяемост на растенията и адаптивност след засаждане в почва ex vitro.

The compounds, derivatives of olive leaves have a high antioxidant activity. The content of the total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant activity (AOA) and HPLC polyphenol profile of methanol extracts from the leaves of the olive cultivars Chondrolia Halkidiki, Kalamon, Koroneiki grown in the nursery (in vivo) and in vitro plants of Chondrolia Halkidiki were compared. The results obtained for TPC varied between 9.2±0.5 mgGAE*gDW-1 and 16.4±0.5 mgGAE*gDW-1 . Antioxidant capacity was determined by four methods DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC. The highest results for TPC and AOA were achieved for the leaves of Chondrolia Halkidiki grown in vitro. A high correlation between the results gained from the TPC and AOA was established. Conducted HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 3,4- dihydroxybenzoic, caffeic, sinapic and ferulic acids and quercetin, hesperidin and luteolin and the quercetin glycosides rutin and hyperoside.

Adventitious shoot formation was studied with leaf, stem and axillary bud explants of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). The shoot regeneration procedures were applicable for a wide range of cultivars and shoot regeneration percentages were high for all explant types. Using axillary bud explants, shoot regeneration efficiency was independent of the size of the bud and of its original position in the plant. In contrast, shoot regeneration from stem and leaf explants was strongly dependent on their original position on the plant. The most distal explants (just below the apex) showed the highest level of shoot regeneration. The adventitious shoot primordia developed at the periphery of the stem segment and at the base of leaf explants. In axillary bud, stem and leaf explants, shoot regeneration originated from node cells, located at the transition area between leaf and stem tissue. Moreover, a gradient in shoot regeneration response was observed, increasing towards the apical meristem.

The effect of the soil herbicide isoxaflutole on the growth and development of new corn hybrids in controlled conditions was studied. Conducted assays confirmed that tested hybrids exhibit different sensitivity to herbicide treatment, expressed as a decrease of chlorophyll or increase of anthocyanin content. The lowest content of chlorophylls was determined for hybrid P0216 and the highest anthocyanin levels were observed for hybrid P9241. Present investigation was performed for evaluation the toxic effect of the herbicide and demonstrated that plant pigment content can be used as a marker for abiotic stress. This study could be very useful for practical applications as a preliminary test for phytotoxicity and/or sensitivity of different crops or model plants to herbicides.

На база изведените от нас експерименти и установени резултати може да се обобщи, че е създаден растител материал in vitro от изходни растения Fabiana imbricata Ruiz. et Pav., който е подходящ за получаване на култури с различна степен на диференциация и използването им като потенциални биологични матрици на фенолни съставки. Разработена е система за мултипликация и успешна адаптация, посредством оптимизиране на хранителна среда и условия на култивиране. Установено е, че светлинния източник от бяла флуресцентна светлина е най-подходящ за мултипликация на Fabiana imbricata Ruiz. et Pav., в сравнение с LED източниците на светлина. Проведеният експеримен с автоматизирана система за временно потапяне (тип RITA®) показва по-голяма ефективност поради отчетените по-високи стойности на показателите, характеризиращи растежа в сравнение с конвенционалната in vitro система. Основното предимство на биореакторната система е, че тя осигурява автоматизиране на процеса, минимално пространство и производство на големи количества биомаса, независимо от високата стойност на инвестицията за оборудване. От индуцираните калусни култури на база бързорастяща, мека, ронлива консистенция и хомогенна структура са избрани 3 калусни линии подходящи за целите на дисертационния труд. Получени са три суспензионни култури (MSD, D и А), най-продуктивна от които е суспензия А. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the potential of in vitro cultures of Fabiana imbricata Ruiz. et Pav. as technological matrices for the production of bioactive substances. As result of the study in vitro plant material from Fabiana imbricata Ruiz. et Pav. was established and used for obtaining cultures with different degree of differentiation. Subsequently they were evaluated as potential biological matrices for phenolic compounds production. A system for multiplication and successful adaptation has been developed through optimization of the nutrient medium and cultivation conditions. The addition of activated charcoal (AC) to the nutrient medium had a stimulating effect on shoot proliferation and leaded to overcoming negative physiological dissorders such as hyperhydration and malformations of shoots and roots. The white fluorescent light was found to be most suitable for the multiplication of Fabiana imbricata Ruiz. et Pav., compared to LED light sources. The experiment conducted with an automated temporary immersion system (type RITA®) showed better efficiency due to the reported higher values of the indicators characterizing the growth, compared to the conventional in vitro system. Induced callus cultures from Fabiana imbricata Ruiz. et Pav., differ in morphology and growth characteristics. On the basis of fast-growing, soft, crumbly consistency and homogeneous structure, three callus lines suitable for the purposes of the dissertation were selected.