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The objective of this research was to establish diagnostic and staging criteria for dengue in order to assist in the most effective treatment of the illness. This was accomplished by taking into account the influence that dengue infection has on a variety of biochemical and haematological markers in individuals who have dengue. Using a cross-sectional technique, a study was carried out at the Shri Jagannath Medical College and Hospital (SJMCH) in Puri. The research investigated the relationship between the two variables. After a clinical suspicion of SJMCH was established, serological testing revealed dengue-specific antigens and antibodies in fifty of the patients. For this study, 50 individuals with febrile diseases of known origin (FKO) other than dengue were chosen as controls. In both cases and controls, the frequency of distinct clinical symptoms, as well as alterations in haematological and biochemical markers, were ascertained. The participants' average age was 34.3 ± 14.4 years, with 12 females and 38 males. Dengue was primarily characterized by fever and headache, which accounted for 100% of cases. There were additional reports of myalgia (82%), retro-orbital discomfort (70%), bleeding tendencies (40%), rash (53%), and vomiting (50%). Leukopenia (64 per cent), hyponatremia (53%), hypokalemia (42 %), hypocalcemia (83%), and thrombocytopenia (92 per cent) were the symptoms that dengue patients had. Vertigo, rash, retroorbital discomfort, and bleeding tendencies were more common in dengue fever patients. Elevated transaminase, urea, creatinine, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and aberrant hematocrit levels are often associated with a severe form of the condition, along with reduced blood levels of albumin, cholesterol, salt, potassium, and calcium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is expected to alter the mean and variability of future spring and summer drought and wet conditions during the twenty-first century across North America, as characterized by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 simulations, statistically significant increases are projected in mean spring SPI over the northern part of the continent, and drier conditions across the southwest. Dry conditions in summer also increase, particularly throughout the central Great Plains. By end of century, greater changes are projected under a higher radiative forcing scenario (RCP 8.5) as compared to moderate (RCP 6.0) and lower (RCP 4.5). Analysis of projected changes standardized to a range of global warming thresholds from +1 to +4 °C reveals a consistent spatial pattern of wetter conditions in the northern and drier conditions in the southwestern part of the continent in spring that intensifies under increased warming, suggesting that the magnitude of projected changes in wetness and drought may scale with global temperature. For many regions, SPI interannual variability is also projected to increase (even for regions that are projected to become drier), indicating that climate may become more extreme under greater warming, with increased frequency of both extreme dry and wet seasons. Quantifying the direction and magnitude of projected future trends from global warming is key to informing strategies to mitigate human influence on climate and help natural and managed resources adapt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]