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The late time behavior of the slow‐roll parameter in the stringy quintessence model is studied when axion as well as saxion are allowed to move. Even though the potential is independent of the axion at tree level, the axion can move through its coupling to the saxion and the background geometry. Then the contributions of the axion kinetic energy to the slow‐roll parameter and the vacuum energy density are not negligible when the slow‐roll approximation does not hold. As the dimension of the field space is doubled, the fixed point at which the time variation of the slow‐roll parameter vanishes is not always stable. It is found that the fixed point in the saxion–axion system is at most partially stable, in particular when the volume modulus and the axio‐dilaton, the essential ingredients of the string compactification, are taken into account. It seems that as more saxion–axion pairs are considered, achieving the stability of the fixed point becomes difficult. The late time behavior of the slow‐roll parameter in the stringy quintessence model is studied when axion as well as saxion are allowed to move. Even though its coupling to the saxion and the background geometry. Then the contributions of the axion kinetic energy to the slow‐roll parameter and the vacuum energy density are not negligible when the slow‐roll approximation does not hold. As the dimension of the field space is doubled, the fixed point at which the time variation of the slow‐roll parameter vanishes is not always stable. It is found that the fixed point in the saxion–axion system is at most partially stable, in particular when the volume modulus and the axio‐dilaton, the essential ingredients of the string compactification, are taken into account. It seems that as more saxion–axion pairs are considered, achieving the stability of the fixed point becomes difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the matching of the Vilkovisky–DeWitt effective action of quantum gravity is discussedwith an example of an ultra‐violet complete theory of quantum gravity. The authors show how this matching enables a calculation of the local Wilson coefficients of the effective action. Several examples in string theory are provided. Moreover, the matching conditions within the context of the swampland program are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species scale is a field‐dependent UV cut‐off for any effective field theory weakly coupled to gravity. In this letter, it is shown that in the context of inflationary cosmology, a detection of primordial gravitational waves will set an upper bound on the decay rate |Λs′/Λs|$|\Lambda ^{\prime }_s/\Lambda _s|$ of the species scale. Specifically, this is derived in terms of the tensor‐to‐scalar ratio r$r$ of power spectra of primordial perturbations. Given the targets of current and next generation experiments, it is shown that any successful detection would signify that this upper limit is of the order of unity, which is consistent with recent discussions in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of floating cultivation in lebak swampland, particularly during flood periods, is underscored by this study. Composted aquatic weeds, a rich source of organic matter, are a key component of this potential. The study measures the nutrient content in the compost and chicken manure and analyzes the effect of both on the nutrient content in floating systems. The compost and chicken manure, with their slightly acidic pH and very high organic-C content, hold significant promise. The best-growing medium, a blend of compost (375 g) and chicken manure (375 g), demonstrates optimal pH and organic-C content. Soil treatment (500 g) and compost (250 g) show the most significant effect on eggplant plant height, while the best yield is obtained from the treatment of compost (375 g) and chicken manure (375 g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational constraints on time-varying dark energy (e.g., quintessence) are commonly presented on a w0-wa plot that assumes the equation of state of dark energy strictly satisfies w(z)=w0+waz/(1+z) as a function of the redshift z. Recent observations favor a sector of the w0-wa plane in which w0>−1 and w0+wa

These lecture notes provide a pedagogical introduction, with exercises, to the techniques used in attempts to construct vacua with stabilized moduli in string theory. The reader is only assumed to have a basic knowledge of general relativity, geometry and field theory. We emphasize physical arguments and focus on the latest developments involving the Swampland program that point to a tension for the existence of AdS vacua with small extra dimensions or dS vacua with parametric control. We include a brief summary of the current status of these thorny issues. Unlike many other reviews we make almost no use of the technicalities associated to supersymmetric geometries. These notes are largely based on lectures given at the CERN Winter School on Supergravity, Strings and Gauge Theory and in the Tehran School on Swampland Program held in the summer of 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species scale Λs≤Mpl$\Lambda _s\le M_{\rm pl}$ serves as a UV cutoff in the gravitational sector of an EFT and can depend on the moduli of the theory as the spectrum of the theory varies. It is argued that the dependence of the species scale Λs(ϕ)$\Lambda _s (\phi)$ on massless (or light) modes ϕi$\phi ^i$ satisfies Mpld−2|Λs′/Λs|2

We use the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC) to constrain the decay constants f characterizing a set of N identical axion-like fields with cosine potentials, improving upon the precision of other Swampland conjectures and existing string-theoretic arguments. We find that consistency with the TCC requires any such set of axion-like fields to satisfy fN≲0.6Mpl, where Mpl is the reduced Planck mass. We show that this bound makes models of axion-driven inflation incapable of simultaneously producing the required number of e-foldings and the observed scalar spectral tilt. In contrast, we find that models of axion quintessence can be simultaneously compatible with the TCC and observational data, provided that the axions' initial field values are set near the maxima of their potentials to within roughly ±π5f.

The cultivation of pepper plants is usually carried out on dry land, but at this time there is a lot of conversion of pepper plantations to other plantations and even housing. This study aimed to investigate the growth ratio of floating agricultural pepper and dry land, study the best Mg dosage for the growth of pepper with float-ing and dry land systems, andinvestigate the planting system on soil moisture content, pH and Mg content of soil and plants. The research was carried out from September 2020 to January 2021 in the gardens of the Soil Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya. This research was conducted using the Split Plot Design method with 2 factors. As the main plot is the farming system, namely: S1 = Floating. S2 = On dry land (conventional). Subplots were Mg fertilizer with doses per polybag: Mg0 = No Mg fertilizer, Mg1 = 4g plant-1 , Mg2 = 8 g plant-1 , Mg3 = 12 g plant-1 , Mg4 = 16 g plant-1 . Observations were made on the increase in plant height, number of leaves, elemental content mg, soil water content, soil pH. The results showed that the planting system had an effect on plant height, number of leaves in the 11th week and root length, Mg doses did not affect the growth of pepper and soil. The soil water content of the floating system is higher than the conventional system, whereas the pH is higher in the conventional system than the floating system.

We carefully revisit the mass hierarchies for the KKLT scenario with an uplift term from an anti D3‐brane in a strongly warped throat. First, we derive the bound resulting from what is usually termed "the throat fitting into the bulk" directly from the Klebanov‐Strassler geometry. Generating the small value of the superpotential W0 via the mechanism proposed by Demirtas, Kim, McAllister and Moritz (DKMM), we identify two possible DKMM‐refined KKLT scenarios for stabilizing the light axio‐dilaton modulus. The first scenario spoils the expected hierarchy between the bulk and the throat mass scales and implies that the energy scale of the uplift is larger than the species scale of the effective theory in the throat. Moreover it requires an unnaturally large tadpole N∼107−8$N\sim 10^{7-8}$ that is certainly in conflict with tadpole cancellation. For the less restricted second scenario, the hierarchy can be controlled at the expense of, under the most optimistic assumptions, an only moderately large tadpole N∼102−3$N\sim 10^{2-3}$. The authors carefully revisit the mass hierarchies for the KKLT scenario with an uplift term from an anti D3‐brane in a strongly warped throat. First, the bound is derived resulting from what is usually termed "the throat fitting into the bulk" directly from the Klebanov‐Strassler geometry. Generating the small value of the superpotential W0 via the mechanism proposed by Demirtas, Kim, McAllister and Moritz (DKMM), two possible DKMM‐refined KKLT scenarios are identified for stabilizing the light axio‐dilaton modulus. The first scenario spoils the expected hierarchy between the bulk and the throat mass scales and implies that the energy scale of the uplift is larger than the species scale of the effective theory in the throat. Moreover it requires an unnaturally large tadpole N ∼ 107−8 that is certainly in conflict with tadpole cancellation. For the less restricted second scenario, the hierarchy can be controlled at the expense of, under the most optimistic assumptions, an only moderately large tadpole N ∼ 102−3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By combining swampland conjectures with observational data, it was suggested that our universe should lie in an asymptotic region of the quantum gravity landscape. The generalized distance conjecture for dS, the smallness of the cosmological constant and astrophysical constraints led to a scenario with one mesoscopic large dimension of size ℓ∼Λ−1/4∼10−6 m. We point out that a strongly warped throat with its redshifted KK tower provides a natural string theoretic mechanism that realizes the scaling m∼Λα with the factor α=1/4, the dark dimension being the one along the throat. We point out that in string theory it could be challenging to keep other KK towers heavy enough to avoid a conflict with astrophysical constraints on the number of extra large dimensions.

The Swampland program aims to determine the constraints that an effective field theory must satisfy to be consistent with a UV embedding in a quantum gravity theory. Different proposals have been formulated in the form of Swampland conjectures. In these lecture notes, we provide a pedagogical introduction to the most important Swampland conjectures, their connections and their realization in string theory compactifications. The notes are based on the series of lectures given by Irene Valenzuela at the online QFT and Geometry summer school in July 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming that superstring theory is the fundamental theory which unifies all forces of Nature at the quantum level, I argue that there are key limitations to the applicability of effective field theory techniques in describing early Universe cosmology. This article is part of the theme issue 'The future of mathematical cosmology, Volume 2'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute the Galois group of a polynomial whose roots are determined by the critical points of a scalar potential in type IIB compactifications. We focus our study on certain perturbative models where it is feasible to construct a de Sitter vacuum within the effective theory by introducing non-geometric fluxes, D-branes or non-BPS states. Our findings clearly show that all de Sitter vacua derived from lifting AdS stable vacua are associated with an unsolvable Galois group. This suggests a deeper connection between the fundamental principles of Galois theory and its applications in the construction of dS vacua. • In the present manuscript it is demonstrated that all de Sitter vacua from uplifting Anti-de Sitter stable vacua have associated a unsolvable Galois groups. • Due to their association with unsolvable Galois groups, all dS vacua lack analytic solutions. • The findings significantly impact the string theory landscape, offering a new perspective on the complexity of scalar potentials and its critical points as well as the stability of dS spaces. • Utilizing Galois theory to explore scalar potentials introduces a novel methodology, bridging advanced mathematical theories with string phenomenology and opening new research avenues for dS spaces in string theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observational constraints on time-varying dark energy (e.g. , quintessence) are commonly presented on a w 0 - w a plot that assumes the equation of state of dark energy strictly satisfies w (z) = w 0 + w a z / (1 + z) as a function of the redshift z. Recent observations favor a sector of the w 0 - w a plane in which w 0 > − 1 and w 0 + w a < − 1 , suggesting that the equation of state underwent a transition from violating the null energy condition (NEC) at large z to obeying it at small z. In this paper, we demonstrate that this impression is misleading by showing that simple quintessence models satisfying the NEC for all z predict an observational preference for the same sector. We also find that quintessence models that best fit observational data can predict a value for the dark energy equation of state at present that is significantly different from the best-fit value of w 0 obtained assuming the parameterization above. In addition, the analysis reveals an approximate degeneracy of the w 0 - w a parameterization that explains the eccentricity and orientation of the likelihood contours presented in recent observational studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We view and provide further evidence for a number of swampland criteria, including the weak gravity conjecture, distance conjecture and bounds on the finiteness of the quantum gravity vacua from the prism of the finiteness of black hole entropy. Furthermore we propose that at least all of these swampland statements may be more fundamentally a consequence of the finiteness of quantum gravity amplitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies on swampland conjectures (e.g. non-SUSY AdS conjecture or AdS distance conjecture) predict that the (lightest) neutrino must be Dirac and the mass must be cosmologically small m < c Λ cc 1 / 4 ∼ 1 0 meV. The Dirac neutrino naturally accompanies a U (1) symmetry that can be embedded in the anomaly-free U (1) B − L global symmetry of the standard model. We point out that the swampland conjectures applied to a circle compactification with the U (1) symmetry twisting lead to further constraints. In particular, the U (1) symmetry must be broken down to ℤ 4 , ℤ 8 or ℤ 1 0 in the case of normal hierarchy, and ℤ 4 in the case of inverted hierarchy, providing evidence for the absence of continuous global symmetry in quantum gravity. We also predict a more constrained upper bound of the neutrino mass for each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide evidence that slow roll is not possible in any parametrically controlled regime of the moduli space of string theory. This is proven in full generality in the asymptotic limit of the moduli space of type II and heterotic Calabi‐Yau compactifications for the dilaton and any number of Kähler moduli. Our results suggest that in order to build quintessence into string theory one must work in the interior of moduli space where numerical, even if not parametric, control could still be achieved. Evidence is provided that slow roll is not possible in any parametrically controlled regime of the moduli space of string theory. This is proven in full generality in the asymptotic limit of the moduli space of type II and heterotic Calabi‐Yau compactifications for the dilaton and any number of Kähler moduli. The results suggest that in order to build quintessence into string theory one must work in the interior of moduli space where numerical, even if not parametric, control could still be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effect of applying organic pellet fertilizers from vermicompost and Azolla using coal fly ash as an adhesive on paddy crop response in swampland. The research was performed in a pot experiment using a completely randomized factorial design with two treatment factors. The organic pellet fertilizer doses were: 0 ton ha-1 (a control); 10 ton ha-1; 20 ton ha-1; and 30 ton ha-1 as the first factor. In the second factor, the different NPK fertilizer dose was applied: the absence of NPK fertilizer as a control; 0.5 and 1 time of the recommended dose. The results showed that the application of organic pellet fertilizer significantly improved soil pH but not significant on soil organic C and N levels. There was tendency of increased on soil pH, C-organic, and N-total with the increased doses of organic pellet fertilizers applied. The NPK fertilizer application significantly improved plant height, tiller number and plant biomass as the dose were rised up. The organic pellet fertilizer application significantly improved plant height, number of tillers, and plant biomass. Applying organic pellet fertilizer at a dose of 10 tons ha-1 should be sufficient as no further improvement with the increasing doses.

In this paper, we evaluate a new refined de Sitter (dS) conjecture perspective. This conjecture provides interesting conditions in studying various inflationary models. Therefore, we challenge refined dS conjecture with a general method for analyzing the potentials with the inflectional point near the top ( V ″ = 0). We find the compatible spaces for our inflationary model that lives out of swampland according to the latest observational data such as Planck 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider new geometric flow equations, called D‐flow, which describe the variation of space‐time geometries under the change of the number of dimensions. The D‐flow is originating from the non‐trivial dependence of the volume of space‐time manifolds on the number of space‐time dimensions and it is driven by certain curvature invariants. We will work out specific examples of D‐flow equations and their solutions for the case of D‐dimensional spheres and Freund‐Rubin compactified space‐time manifolds. The discussion of the paper is motivated from recent swampland considerations, where the number D of space‐time dimensions is treated as a new swampland parameter. In this paper the authors consider new geometric flow equations, called D‐flow, which describe the variation of space‐time geometries under the change of the number of dimensions. The D‐flow is originating from the non‐trivial dependence of the volume of space‐time manifolds on the number of space‐time dimensions and it is driven by certain curvature invariants. Specific examples of D‐flow equations and their solutions will be worked out for the case of D‐dimensional spheres and Freund‐Rubin compactified space‐time manifolds. The discussion of the paper is motivated from recent swampland considerations, where the number D of space‐time dimensions is treated as a new swampland parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government is conducting a program that more concerned with the presence of leak swamp called SERASI (Save the Peasant Welfare Farmers) for rice farmers, by providing various assistance including production input and other supporting activities such as education for farmers and the development of agricultural institutions. The existence of farmer groups has a positive influence on the sustainability of leak swamp farming, but it doesn’t deny the shortcomings felt by farmers in the management and performance of the farmer groups. This research was conducted to determine farmers satisfaction with the performance of farmer groups and find various steps and strategies from internal management factors to develop farmer groups so that they can work better in supporting both government programs and farmer’s welfare with Analysis methods of IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) and CSI (Customer Satisfaction Index). Data collection involved 42 farmers using a questionnaire. The results showed that farmers were satisfied with the performance of the farmer group with a value of 67.21% and they had to prioritize internal management in the group, namely Statutes/Articles of Association, vision, and mission, organizational structure, work plan, administration, financial records, training, superior seed, integrated pest control, granting credit and the latest information.

Motivated by the Weak Gravity Conjecture, we uncover an intricate interplay between black holes, BPS particle counting, and Calabi‐Yau geometry in five dimensions. In particular, we point out that extremal BPS black holes exist only in certain directions in the charge lattice, and we argue that these directions fill out a cone that is dual to the cone of effective divisors of the Calabi‐Yau threefold. The tower and sublattice versions of the Weak Gravity Conjecture require an infinite tower of BPS particles in these directions, and therefore imply purely geometric conjectures requiring the existence of infinite towers of holomorphic curves in every direction within the dual of the cone of effective divisors. We verify these geometric conjectures in a number of examples by computing Gopakumar‐Vafa invariants. Motivated by the Weak Gravity Conjecture, an intricate interplay between black holes, BPS particle counting, and Calabi‐Yau geometry in five dimensions will be uncovered. In particular, it is pointed out that extremal BPS black holes exist only in certain directions in the charge lattice. It is argued that these directions fill out a cone that is dual to the cone of effective divisors of the Calabi‐Yau threefold. The tower and sublattice versions of the Weak Gravity Conjecture require an infinite tower of BPS particles in these directions, and therefore imply purely geometric conjectures requiring the existence of infinite towers of holomorphic curves in every direction within the dual of the cone of effective divisors. These geometric conjectures are verified in a number of examples by computing Gopakumar‐Vafa invariants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I provide some philosophical groundwork for the recently proposed 'trans-Planckian censorship' conjecture in theoretical physics. In particular, I argue that structure formation in early universe cosmology is, at least as we typically understand it, autonomous with regards to quantum gravity, the high energy physics that governs the Planck regime in our universe. Trans-Planckian censorship is then seen as a means of rendering this autonomy an empirical constraint within ongoing quantum gravity research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Briquette compost (BC) was made from water mimosa (Neptunia prostrate Lam.) which grows in the swampland rice fields. Factorial Randomised Block Design (FRBD) was used with the placement of BC as the first factor and BC dosage as the second factor. The placement of compost was one BC at 1 dosage for 1 plant clump with the BC being placed inside soil and rice seedling planted above it (BC1) and the second placement was one BC applied at the middle of four plant clumps, so 4 dosages were combined into one BC because this was for 4 clumps as (BC2). The second factor was application of BC at rates of 0, 10, 20 and 30 ton ha-1 for both treatments. Regression analysis showed that placement and dose of BC significantly correlated with absorbed N, tillers, productive tillers and rice yield. Placement of BC under plant roots gave better results than placement of BC in the middle of four plant clumps. The best combination was between BC1 and a dosage of 20 ton ha-1 which produced a rice yield of 1,014 g m-2 (or 10.14 ton ha-1). This yield was 175% higher compared with the control plot (586.73 g m-2 or 5.867 ton ha-1). The higher rice yield in BC1 compared to BC2 was due to plants being better able to absorb nutrients from BC straight away compared to BC2 where the plant roots needed a longer time to elongate and reach the BC placed in the middle of the four plant clumps. Meanwhile, nitrogen could have been lost before the roots reached the location where the BC was placed. Our study suggests that it is better to form the compost into a BC and insert it into the soil under a plant clump for direct absorption by the roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a proposal to relate the de Sitter conjecture (dSC) with the time dependence of fluxes via the covariant entropy bound (CEB). By assuming an early phase of accelerated expansion where the CEB is satisfied, we take into account a contribution from time-dependent flux compactification to the four-dimensional entropy which establishes a bound on the usual slow-roll parameters ηH and ∈H. We also show an explicit calculation of entropy from a toroidal flux compactification, from a transition amplitude of time-dependent fluxes which allows us to determine the conditions on which the bounds on the slow-roll parameters are in agreement to the dSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we will take a wonderful ride on a dark bubble with strings attached, which carries our universe out of the swampland and makes it realizable in the landscape of string theory. To find the way to the landscape, we make use of apparently hostile corners of the swampland and their instabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review some aspects of the dramatic consequences of supersymmetry breaking on string vacua. In particular, we focus on the issue of vacuum stability in ten-dimensional string models with broken, or without, supersymmetry, whose perturbative spectra are free of tachyons. After formulating the models at stake, we introduce their unified low-energy effective description and present a number of vacuum solutions to the classical equations of motion. In addition, we present a generalization of previous no-go results for de Sitter vacua in warped flux compactifications. Then we analyze the classical and quantum stability of these vacua, studying linearized field fluctuations and bubble nucleation. Then, we describe how the resulting instabilities can be framed in terms of brane dynamics, examining in particular brane interactions, back-reacted geometries and commenting on a brane-world string construction along the lines of a recent proposal. After providing a summary, we conclude with some perspectives on possible future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that dark energy with multiple fields is theoretically well-motivated and predicts distinct observational signatures, in particular when cosmic acceleration takes place along a trajectory that is highly non-geodesic in field space. Such models provide novel physics compared to ΛCDM and quintessence by allowing cosmic acceleration on steep potentials. From the theoretical point of view, these theories can easily satisfy the conjectured swampland constraints and may in certain cases be technically natural, potential problems which are endemic to standard single-field dark energy. Observationally, we argue that while such multi-field models are likely to be largely indistinguishable from the concordance cosmology at the background level, dark energy perturbations can cluster, leading to an enhanced growth of large-scale structure that may be testable as early as the next generation of cosmological surveys.

At very small distance scales, gravity becomes sensitive to quantum effects, implying that we need a quantum theory of gravity to describe physics. However, it is typically assumed that at larger distance scales this quantum gravitational physics is not important and can mostly be ignored. The Swampland programme is a field of contemporary research in theoretical physics which challenges this assumption, proposing that there can remain certain features of quantum gravity at long distances. Theories of physics which do not exhibit these features are then incompatible with quantum gravity and are termed to lie in a Swampland of inconsistent theories. Most of the evidence for such remnant features comes from string theory, our leading candidate for a quantum theory of gravity. This article introduces the Swampland programme, its connection to string theory, and its implications for how we construct new theories of physics, including those aiming to describe our universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the coincidence of scrambling time in de Sitter and maximum lifetime given by the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC), we study the relation between the de Sitter complementarity and the Swampland conditions. We study thermalization in de Sitter space from different perspectives and show that TCC implies de Sitter space cannot live long enough to be considered a thermal background. We also revisit \(\alpha\)-vacua in light of this work and show that TCC imposes multiple initial condition/fine-tuning problems on any conventional inflationary scenario.

I review the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC) and its implications for cosmology, in particular for the inflationary universe scenario. Whereas the inflationary scenario is tightly constrained by the TCC, alternative early universe scenarios are not restricted.

The Swampland program relies heavily on the conjecture that there can only be a finite number of flux vacua (FFV conjecture). Stipulating this FFV conjecture and applying it to some older work in flux vacua construction, we show that within a patch of the landscape the FFV conjecture makes predictions on the nonexistence of otherwise viable nonperturbative objects arising from brane recombination. Future gains in the direct nonperturbative analysis could, therefore, not only test this prediction but also test portions of the Swampland program itself. We also discuss implications of a weaker FFV conjecture on the counting of flux vacua which predicts the positivity of the brane central charge if the EFT analysis is to be qualitatively trusted.

We extend the recently proposed Black Hole Entropy Distance Conjecture to the case of charged black holes in de Sitter space. By systematically studying distances in the space of black hole geometries with multiple horizons, we find that the distance is generically related to the logarithm of the entropy. From the infinite distance conjecture this predicts the appearance of a massless tower of modes in the limit of infinite entropy. Further, we study the evaporation of these black holes and relate it to the geometric distance. We find that the corresponding distance to the final stage of evaporation is finite. We conclude that evaporation does not lead to the appearance of a light tower of black hole microstates. The recently proposed Black Hole Entropy Distance Conjecture are extended to the case of charged black holes in de Sitter space. By systematically studying distances in the space of black hole geometries with multiple horizons, the authors find that the distance is generically related to the logarithm of the entropy. From the infinite distance conjecture this predicts the appearance of a massless tower of modes in the limit of infinite entropy. Further, the evaporation of these black holes is studied and related to the geometric distance. It is found that the corresponding distance to the final stage of evaporation is finite. This leads to the conclusion that evaporation does not lead to the appearance of a light tower of black hole microstates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we construct the Tsallis holographic quintessence model of dark energy in f (R , T) gravity with Hubble horizon as infrared (IR) cut-off. In a flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) background, the correspondence among the energy density of the quintessence model with the Tsallis holographic density permits the reconstruction of the dynamics and the potentials for the quintessence field. The suggested Hubble horizon IR cut-off for the Tsallis holographic dark energy (THDE) density acts for two specific cases: (i) THDE 1 and (ii) THDE 2. We have reconstructed the Tsallis holographic quintessence model in the region ω Λ > − 1 for the equation of state (EoS) parameter for both the cases. we investigate the behavior of several well-known statefinder quantities, like the deceleration parameter, the jerk and the parameter s. In addition, the quintessence phase of the THDE models is analyzed with swampland conjecture to describe the accelerated expansion of the Universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate whether Swampland constraints on the low-energy dynamics of weakly coupled, moduli- stabilised string vacua in AdS can be related to inconsistencies of their putative holographic duals or, more generally, recast in terms of CFT data. We find that various swampland consistency constraints are equivalent to a negativity condition on the sign of certain mixed anomalous dimensions. This condition is similar to well-established CFT positivity bounds arising from causality and unitarity, but not known to hold in general. The studied scenarios include LVS, KKLT, and both perturbative and racetrack stabilisation. Interestingly, the LVS vacuum (with \(\Delta_\varphi = 8.038\)) also appears to live very close to a critical value (\(\Delta_\varphi = 8\)) where the anomalous dimensions change sign. We finally point out an intriguing connection to the Swampland Distance Conjecture, both in its original and refined versions.

The Weak Gravity Conjecture proposes that a theory with a gauge field that is coupled to gravity must have charged matter on which gravity acts as the weakest force. It also proposes that there is an intrinsic cutoff on such an effective theory, which corresponds to a tower of charged states, that is set by the strength of the gauge coupling (in Planck units). This article is a brief introduction to the Weak Gravity Conjecture, covering aspects of the motivations for it as well as various extensions and refinements.

This study aimed to identify and explore the potential of microalgae from swampland of South Sumatra as nitrogen contributor for rice plants grown on swampland. Determination of sampling points was done by looking at the presence and abundance of microalgae in the sampling locations. The method used in the sampling is purposive sampling method. The samples were grouped into 3, i.e. culture 1 (B1) derived from rice cultivation area, culture 2 (B2) derived from land that was not cultivated with rice, and culture 3 (B3) derived from swamp water samples. The medium used to culture the microlagae was Johnson's medium. The variables measured were the number of microalgae cells and ammonium concentrations on day 1, 4, 8 and 16 of culturing. Three species of Cyanophyceae class from the swampland were identified, i.e. thread algae, Synedra sp. and Melosira sp. Those microalgae may contribute the maximum amount of available nitrogen of 21.41 ìg mL-1 in the form of ammonium to the rice plants on days 10-12. Microalgae in culture 1 can contribute nitrogen for rice plants in the form of ammonium about 16.23% - 48.71% with the cell density of 7.48 cells mL-1.

This research aimed to study the influence of phosphate fertilizer and plant growth regulator applications on the growth and yield of ratoon rice grown on swampland. The research was conducted in September 2016 to January 2017 at the greenhouse of Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University. Soil characteristics were analyzed in the Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology and Soil Fertility, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University. The experiment was arranged in a factorial Completely Randomized Design. The first factor was the phospate fertilizer dosages, i.e. 150 kg ha-1 (P1), 200 kg ha-1 (P2), 250 kg ha-1 (P3). The second factor was the plant growth regulator treatments, consisting of control (Z0), Cytokinin 20 ppm (Z1), Gibberellin 60 ppm (Z3). The results showed that the application of P fertilizer did not affect the yield and growth of ratoon rice. However, the application of Plant Growth Regulators resulted in a significant effect on the growth and yield of ratoon rice. The application of Plant Growth Regulator of Gibberellin with the dosage of 60 ppm was able to increase the percentage of filled grains (84.93%), decrease the percentage of empty grains (15.07%), increase the weight of 100 grains (3.63 g) and increase the dry weight of milled grains (7.80 Mg ha-1). It is suggested that the treatment resulted in better plant growth and yield obtained in the current study might be recommended for ratoon cultivation in swampland.

With the passage of the Swamp Land Act of 1850, the federal government granted states permission to sell and drain their wetlands. The state of Indiana opened up the sale of its wetlands at auction in 1853, and Michael Bright—brother of U.S. senator Jesse Bright—bought and claimed the land around and beneath Beaver Lake, in Newton and Jasper Counties. Though his "riparian" claim was later ruled to be unlawful, the state formally recognized Bright's title, and used public money to begin the process of draining the seven-and-a-half-mile long, five-mile-wide lake in 1854. The controversy surrounding the ownership, sale, occupation, and drainage of the Beaver Lake lands—which eventually involved the U. S. Congress—would persist for more than thirty years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I give a brief review of theoretical high energy physics as we know it today in the general picture of quantum physics. Prospects for future developments are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a proposal to relate the de Sitter conjecture (dSC) with the time dependence of fluxes via the covariant entropy bound (CEB). By assuming an early phase of accelerated expansion where the CEB is satisfied, we take into account a contribution from time-dependent flux compactification to the four-dimensional entropy which establishes a bound on the usual slow-roll parameters ηH and ϵH. We also show an explicit calculation of entropy from a toroidal flux compactification, from a transition amplitude of time-dependent fluxes which allows us to determine the conditions on which the bounds on the slow-roll parameters are in agreement to the dSC.

We revisit the cosmological dynamics of the cubic Galileon model in light of the recently proposed model-independent analyses of the Pantheon supernova data. At the background level, it is shown to be compatible with data and preferred over standard quintessence models. Furthermore, the model is shown to be consistent with the trans-Planckian censorship conjecture (as well as other Swampland conjectures). It is shown that for the given parametrization, the model fails to satisfy the bounds on the reconstructed growth index derived from the Pantheon data set at the level of linear perturbations.

We study the interplay among extrema of axion potentials, Kahler moduli stabilization and the swampland criteria. We argue that moving away from the minima of nonperturbatively generated axion potentials can lead to a runaway behavior of moduli that govern the couplings in the effective field theory. The proper inclusion of these degrees of freedom resolves the conflict between periodic axion potentials and the gradient de Sitter criterion, without the need to invoke the refined de Sitter criterion. We investigate the possibility of including this runaway direction as a model of quintessence that satisfies the swampland criteria. Using a single nonperturbative effect, the maximum along the axion direction provides such a runaway direction, which is unstable in the axion directions, sensitive to initial conditions and too steep to allow for a Hubble time of expansion without violating the field excursion criterion. Adding a second nonperturbative effect generates a saddle point in the potential satisfying the refined de Sitter criterion, which solves the steepness problem and improves the initial conditions problem although some fine-tuning remains required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The difficulty of building metastable vacua in string theory, has led some to conjecture that in the string theory landscape, potentials satisfy | ∇ V / V | ≥ c ∼ O (1). This condition, which is supported by different explicit constructions, suggests that the EFTs which lead to metastable de-Sitter vacua belong to what is dubbed as swampland. This condition endangers the paradigm of single field inflation. In this paper, we show how scalar excited initial states cannot rescue single field inflation from the swampland, as they produce large local scalar non-gaussianity, which is in conflict with the Planck upper bound. Instead, we demonstrate that one can salvage single field inflation using excited initial states for tensor perturbations, which in this case produce only large flattened non-gaussianity in the tensor bispectrum. We comment on the possible methods one can prepare such excited initial conditions for the tensor perturbations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture (TCC) to constrain the decay constants f characterizing a set of N identical axion-like fields with cosine potentials, improving upon the precision of other Swampland conjectures and existing string-theoretic arguments. We find that consistency with the TCC requires any such set of axion-like fields to satisfy f N ≲ 0.6 M p l , where M p l is the reduced Planck mass. We show that this bound makes models of axion-driven inflation incapable of simultaneously producing the required number of e-foldings and the observed scalar spectral tilt. In contrast, we find that models of axion quintessence can be simultaneously compatible with the TCC and observational data, provided that the axions' initial field values are set near the maxima of their potentials to within roughly ± π 5 f. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate change does not only affect the production aspects but also on household income and other socioeconomic aspects. The research aims to determine the household economic behaviors of rice farmers in decisionmaking with relation to the production risks due to climate change and determine the farmer’s adaptation strategies in the face of climate change. The approach taken is the production risk analysis using the coefficient variance. The result shows that the farmers’ behavior to manage rice farming in the tidal area has neutral risk behavior. This means that if there is a risk or possibility of risk recurrence towards rice farming, thus the decision maker (farmer) still does not reduce or enlarge the scale of their business. Adaptation strategies adopted by farmers in swampland consists of short, medium and long term strategies. The improved adaptive capacity on farm level should be through planned adaptation whose development is conducted by the government to be synergistic and rely on autonomous adaptation that has been a tradition in the farmers community.