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1. Genome-wide meta-analysis of myasthenia gravis uncovers new loci and provides insights into polygenic prediction

Author: Alice Braun, Sudhanshu Shekhar, Daniel F. Levey, Peter Straub, Julia Kraft, Georgia M. Panagiotaropoulou, Karl Heilbron, Swapnil Awasthi, Rafael Meleka Hanna, Sarah Hoffmann, Maike Stein, Sophie Lehnerer, Philipp Mergenthaler, Abdelrahman G. Elnahas, Apostolia Topaloudi, Maria Koromina, Teemu Palviainen, Bergrun Asbjornsdottir, Hreinn Stefansson, Astros Th. Skuladóttir, Ingileif Jónsdóttir, Kari Stefansson, Kadri Reis, Tõnu Esko, Aarno Palotie, Frank Leypoldt, Murray B. Stein, Pierre Fontanillas, Estonian Biobank Research Team, andMe Research Team, Jaakko Kaprio, Joel Gelernter, Lea K. Davis, Peristera Paschou, Martijn R. Tannemaat, Jan J.G.M. Verschuuren, Gregor Kuhlenbäumer, Peter K. Gregersen, Maartje G. Huijbers, Frauke Stascheit, Andreas Meisel, and Stephan Ripke
Subjects: Science
Abstract: Abstract Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoantibody-mediated disease affecting the neuromuscular junction. We performed a genome-wide association study of 5708 MG cases and 432,028 controls of European ancestry and a replication study in 3989 cases and 226,643 controls provided by 23andMe Inc. We identified 12 independent genome-wide significant hits (P
Published: 2024
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2. Evidence for a shared genetic contribution to loneliness and borderline personality disorder

Author: Anna Schulze, Fabian Streit, Lea Zillich, Swapnil Awasthi, Alisha S. M. Hall, Martin Jungkunz, Nikolaus Kleindienst, Josef Frank, Cornelia E. Schwarze, Norbert Dahmen, Björn H. Schott, Markus Nöthen, Arian Mobascher, Dan Rujescu, Klaus Lieb, Stefan Roepke, Sabine C. Herpertz, Christian Schmahl, Martin Bohus, Stephan Ripke, Marcella Rietschel, Stefanie Lis, and Stephanie Witt
Subjects: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Abstract Loneliness, influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as childhood maltreatment, is one aspect of interpersonal dysfunction in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Numerous studies link loneliness and BPD and twin studies indicate a genetic contribution to this association. The aim of our study was to investigate whether genetic predisposition for loneliness and BPD risk overlap and whether genetic risk for loneliness contributes to higher loneliness reported by BPD patients, using genome-wide genotype data. We assessed the genetic correlation of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of loneliness and BPD using linkage disequilibrium score regression and tested whether a polygenic score for loneliness (loneliness-PGS) was associated with case-control status in two independent genotyped samples of BPD patients and healthy controls (HC; Witt2017-sample: 998 BPD, 1545 HC; KFO-sample: 187 BPD, 261 HC). In the KFO-sample, we examined associations of loneliness-PGS with reported loneliness, and whether the loneliness-PGS influenced the association between childhood maltreatment and loneliness. We found a genetic correlation between the GWAS of loneliness and BPD in the Witt2017-sample (rg = 0.23, p = 0.015), a positive association of loneliness-PGS with BPD case-control status (Witt2017-sample: NkR² = 2.3%, p = 2.7*10–12; KFO-sample: NkR² = 6.6%, p = 4.4*10–6), and a positive association between loneliness-PGS and loneliness across patient and control groups in the KFO-sample (β = 0.186, p = 0.002). The loneliness-PGS did not moderate the association between childhood maltreatment and loneliness in BPD. Our study is the first to use genome-wide genotype data to show that the genetic factors underlying variation in loneliness in the general population and the risk for BPD overlap. The loneliness-PGS was associated with reported loneliness. Further research is needed to investigate which genetic mechanisms and pathways are involved in this association and whether a genetic predisposition for loneliness contributes to BPD risk.
Published: 2023
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3. Polygenic risk for Alzheimer's disease is associated with neuroaxonal damage before onset of clinical symptoms

Author: Sonja M. Kagerer, Swapnil Awasthi, Stephan Ripke, Aleksandra Maceski, Pascal Benkert, Aïda B. Fall, Peter Riederer, Peter Fischer, Susanne Walitza, Edna Grünblatt, Jens Kuhle, and Paul G. Unschuld
Subjects: Alzheimer's disease, genome‐wide association studies, neurofilament light chain, plasma biomarker, polygenic risk score, single molecular array, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract: Abstract INTRODUCTION Establishing valid diagnostic strategies is a precondition for successful therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS One hundred forty‐four healthy 75‐year‐old participants from the Vienna‐Transdanube‐Aging longitudinal cohort study were tested for neuroaxonal damage by single molecular array (Simoa) plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels at baseline, 30, 60, and 90 months, and onset of AD dementia. Individual risk for sporadic AD was estimated by continuous shrinkage polygenic risk score (PRS‐CS, genome‐wide association study). RESULTS Nineteen participants developed AD after a median of 60 months (interquartile range 30). In participants with AD, baseline NfL plasma levels correlated with PRS‐CS (r = 0.75, p
Published: 2024
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4. Borderline personality disorder and the big five: molecular genetic analyses indicate shared genetic architecture with neuroticism and openness

Author: Fabian Streit, Stephanie H. Witt, Swapnil Awasthi, Jerome C. Foo, Martin Jungkunz, Josef Frank, Lucía Colodro-Conde, Guy Hindley, Olav B. Smeland, Tolou Maslahati, Cornelia E. Schwarze, Norbert Dahmen, Björn H. Schott, Nikolaus Kleindienst, Annette Hartmann, Ina Giegling, Lea Zillich, Lea Sirignano, Eric Poisel, Chi-Hua Chen, Markus M. Nöthen, Arian Mobascher, Dan Rujescu, Klaus Lieb, Stefan Roepke, Christian Schmahl, Martin Bohus, Stephan Ripke, Marcella Rietschel, and Ole A. Andreassen
Subjects: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Abstract Both environmental (e.g. interpersonal traumatization during childhood and adolescence) and genetic factors may contribute to the development of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Twin studies assessing borderline personality symptoms/features in the general population indicate that genetic factors underlying these symptoms/features are shared in part with the personality traits of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality—the “Big Five”. In the present study, the genetic overlap of BPD with the Big Five -Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism- was assessed. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to calculate genetic correlations between a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in central European populations on BPD (N = 2543) and GWAS on the Big Five (N = 76,551–122,886, Neuroticism N = 390,278). Polygenic scores (PGS) were calculated to test the association of the genetic disposition for the personality traits with BPD case-control status. Significant positive genetic correlations of BPD were found with Neuroticism (rg = 0.34, p = 6.3*10−5) and Openness (rg = 0.24, p = 0.036), but not with the other personality traits (all | rg | 0.30). A cluster and item-level analysis showed positive genetic correlations of BPD with the Neuroticism clusters “Depressed Affect” and “Worry”, and with a broad range of Neuroticism items (N = 348,219–376,352). PGS analyses confirmed the genetic correlations, and found an independent contribution of the personality traits to BPD risk. The observed associations indicate a partially shared genetic background of BPD and the personality traits Neuroticism and Openness. Larger GWAS of BPD and the “Big Five” are needed to further explore the role of personality traits in the etiology of BPD.
Published: 2022
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5. GWAS quality score for evaluating associated regions in GWAS analyses.

Author: Swapnil Awasthi, Chia-Yen Chen, Max Lam, Hailiang Huang, Stephan Ripke, and C. Anthony Altar
Published: 2023
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6. Corrigendum: Potential genetic overlap between insomnia and sleep symptoms in major depressive disorder: A polygenic risk score analysis

Author: Lindsay M. Melhuish Beaupre, Arun K. Tiwari, Vanessa F. Gonçalves, Clement C. Zai, Victoria S. Marshe, Cathryn M. Lewis, Nicholas G. Martin, Andrew M. McIntosh, Mark J. Adams, Bernhard T. Baune, Doug F. Levinson, Dorret I. Boomsma, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Gerome Breen, Steve Hamilton, Swapnil Awasthi, Stephan Ripke, Lisa Jones, Ian Jones, Enda M. Byrne, Ian B. Hickie, James P. Potash, Jianxin Shi, Myrna M. Weissman, Yuri Milaneschi, Stanley I. Shyn, Eco J. C. de Geus, Gonneke Willemsen, Gregory M. Brown, James L. Kennedy, and Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
Subjects: sleep, major depressive disorder, insomnia, hypersomnia, polygenic risk, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Published: 2022
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7. Potential Genetic Overlap Between Insomnia and Sleep Symptoms in Major Depressive Disorder: A Polygenic Risk Score Analysis

Author: Lindsay M. Melhuish Beaupre, Arun K. Tiwari, Vanessa F. Gonçalves, Clement C. Zai, Victoria S. Marshe, Cathryn M. Lewis, Nicholas G. Martin, Andrew M. McIntosh, Mark J. Adams, Bernhard T. Baune, Doug F. Levinson, Dorret I. Boomsma, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx, Gerome Breen, Steve Hamilton, Swapnil Awasthi, Stephan Ripke, Lisa Jones, Ian Jones, Enda M. Byrne, Ian B. Hickie, James P. Potash, Jianxin Shi, Myrna M. Weissman, Yuri Milaneschi, Stanley I. Shyn, Eco J. C. de Geus, Gonneke Willemsen, Gregory M. Brown, James L. Kennedy, and Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
Subjects: sleep, major depressive disorder, insomnia, hypersomnia, polygenic risk, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract: Background: The prevalence of insomnia and hypersomnia in depressed individuals is substantially higher than that found in the general population. Unfortunately, these concurrent sleep problems can have profound effects on the disease course. Although the full biology of sleep remains to be elucidated, a recent genome-wide association (GWAS) of insomnia, and other sleep traits in over 1 million individuals was recently published and provides many promising hits for genetics of insomnia in a population-based sample.Methods: Using data from the largest available GWAS of insomnia and other sleep traits, we sought to test if sleep variable PRS scores derived from population-based studies predicted sleep variables in samples of depressed cases [Psychiatric Genomics Consortium - Major Depressive Disorder subjects (PGC MDD)]. A leave-one-out analysis was performed to determine the effects that each individual study had on our results.Results: The only significant finding was for insomnia, where p-value threshold, p = 0.05 was associated with insomnia in our PGC MDD sample (R2 = 1.75−3, p = 0.006).Conclusion: Our results reveal that
Published: 2021
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8. RICOPILI: Rapid Imputation for COnsortias PIpeLIne.

Author: Max Lam, Swapnil Awasthi, Hunna J. Watson, Jackie Goldstein, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Vassily Trubetskoy, Robert Karlsson, Oleksander Frei, Chun-Chieh Fan, Ward De Witte, Nina R. Mota, Niamh Mullins, Kim Brügger, Sang Hong Lee, Naomi R. Wray, Nora Skarabis, Hailiang Huang, Benjamin M. Neale, Mark J. Daly, Manuel Mattheisen, Raymond Walters, and Stephan Ripke
Published: 2020
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9. Genetic Overlap Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Bipolar Disorder Implicates the MARK2 and VAC14 Genes

Author: Ole Kristian Drange, Olav Bjerkehagen Smeland, Alexey A. Shadrin, Per Ivar Finseth, Aree Witoelar, Oleksandr Frei, Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group, Yunpeng Wang, Sahar Hassani, Srdjan Djurovic, Anders M. Dale, Ole A. Andreassen, Eli A Stahl, Gerome Breen, Andreas J Forstner, Andrew McQuillin, Stephan Ripke, Vassily Trubetskoy, Manuel Mattheisen, Jonathan R I Coleman, Heìleìna A Gaspar, Christiaan A de Leeuw, Stacy Steinberg, Jennifer M Whitehead Pavlides, Maciej Trzaskowski, Tune H Pers, Peter A Holmans, Liam Abbott, Esben Agerbo, Huda Akil, Diego Albani, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Thomas D Als, Adebayo Anjorin, Verneri Antilla, Swapnil Awasthi, Judith A Badner, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Jack D Barchas, Nicholas Bass, Michael Bauer, Richard Belliveau, Sarah E Bergen, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Erlend Bøen, Marco Boks, James Boocock, Monika Budde, William Bunney, Margit Burmeister, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, William Byerley, Miquel Casas, Felecia Cerrato, Pablo Cervantes, Kimberly Chambert, Alexander W Charney, Danfeng Chen, Claire Churchhouse, Toni-Kim Clarke, William Coryell, David W Craig, Cristiana Cruceanu, David Curtis, Piotr M Czerski, Anders M Dale, Simone de Jong, Franziska Degenhardt, Jurgen Del-Favero, J Raymond DePaulo, Amanda L Dobbyn, Ashley Dumont, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Valentina Escott-Price, Chun Chieh Fan, Sascha B Fischer, Matthew Flickinger, Tatiana M Foroud, Liz Forty, Josef Frank, Christine Fraser, Nelson B Freimer, Louise Friseìn, Katrin Gade, Diane Gage, Julie Garnham, Claudia Giambartolomei, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Jaqueline Goldstein, Scott D Gordon, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Elaine K Green, Melissa J Green, Tiffany A Greenwood, Jakob Grove, Weihua Guan, Joseì Guzman Parra, Marian L Hamshere, Martin Hautzinger, Urs Heilbronner, Stefan Herms, Maria Hipolito, Per Hoffmann, Dominic Holland, Laura Huckins, Steìphane Jamain, Jessica S Johnson, Anders Jureìus, Radhika Kandaswamy, Robert Karlsson, James L Kennedy, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Sarah V Knott, James A Knowles, Manolis Kogevinas, Anna C Koller, Ralph Kupka, Catharina Lavebratt, Jacob Lawrence, William B Lawson, Markus Leber, Phil H Lee, Shawn E Levy, Jun Z Li, Chunyu Liu, Susanne Lucae, Anna Maaser, Donald J MacIntyre, Pamela B Mahon, Wolfgang Maier, Lina Martinsson, Steve McCarroll, Peter McGuffin, Melvin G McInnis, James D McKay, Helena Medeiros, Sarah E Medland, Fan Meng, Lili Milani, Grant W Montgomery, Derek W Morris, Thomas W Mühleisen, Niamh Mullins, Hoang Nguyen, Caroline M Nievergelt, Annelie Nordin Adolfsson, Evaristus A Nwulia, Claire O’Donovan, Loes M Olde Loohuis, Anil P S Ori, Lilijana Oruc, Urban Ösby, Roy H Perlis, Amy Perry, Andrea Pfennig, James B Potash, Shaun M Purcell, Eline J Regeer, Andreas Reif, Ceìline S Reinbold, John P Rice, Fabio Rivas, Margarita Rivera, Panos Roussos, Douglas M Ruderfer, Euijung Ryu, Cristina Saìnchez-Mora, Alan F Schatzberg, William A Scheftner, Nicholas J Schork, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Tatyana Shehktman, Paul D Shilling, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Claire Slaney, Olav B Smeland, Janet L Sobell, Christine Søholm Hansen, Anne T Spijker, David St Clair, Michael Steffens, John S Strauss, Fabian Streit, Jana Strohmaier, Szabolcs Szelinger, Robert C Thompson, Thorgeir E Thorgeirsson, Jens Treutlein, Helmut Vedder, Weiqing Wang, Stanley J Watson, Thomas W Weickert, Stephanie H Witt, Simon Xi, Wei Xu, Allan H Young, Peter Zandi, Peng Zhang, Sebastian Zollner, Rolf Adolfsson, Ingrid Agartz, Martin Alda, Lena Backlund, Bernhard T Baune, Frank Bellivier, Wade H Berrettini, Joanna M Biernacka, Douglas H R Blackwood, Michael Boehnke, Anders D Børglum, Aiden Corvin, Nicholas Craddock, Mark J Daly, Udo Dannlowski, ToÞnu Esko, Bruno Etain, Mark Frye, Janice M Fullerton, Elliot S Gershon, Michael Gill, Fernando Goes, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Joanna Hauser, David M Hougaard, Christina M Hultman, Ian Jones, Lisa A Jones, Reneì S Kahn, George Kirov, Mikael Landeìn, Marion Leboyer, Cathryn M Lewis, Qingqin S Li, Jolanta Lissowska, Nicholas G Martin, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L McElroy, Andrew M McIntosh, Francis J McMahon, Ingrid Melle, Andres Metspalu, Philip B Mitchell, Gunnar Morken, Ole Mors, Preben Bo Mortensen, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Richard M Myers, Benjamin M Neale, Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Merete Nordentoft, Markus M Nöthen, Michael C O’Donovan, Ketil J Oedegaard, Michael J Owen, Sara A Paciga, Carlos Pato, Michele T Pato, Danielle Posthuma, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Marta Ribaseìs, Marcella Rietschel, Guy A Rouleau, Martin Schalling, Peter R Schofield, Thomas G Schulze, Alessandro Serretti, Jordan W Smoller, Hreinn Stefansson, Kari Stefansson, Eystein Stordal, Patrick F Sullivan, Gustavo Turecki, Arne E Vaaler, Eduard Vieta, John B Vincent, Thomas Werge, John I Nurnberger, Naomi R Wray, Arianna Di Florio, Howard J Edenberg, Sven Cichon, Roel A Ophoff, Laura J Scott, Ole A Andreassen, John Kelsoe, and Pamela Sklar
Subjects: Alzheimer’s disease, bipolar disorder, GWAS, pleiotropy, cognitive symptoms, affective symptoms, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and bipolar disorder (BIP) are complex traits influenced by numerous common genetic variants, most of which remain to be detected. Clinical and epidemiological evidence suggest that AD and BIP are related. However, it is not established if this relation is of genetic origin. Here, we applied statistical methods based on the conditional false discovery rate (FDR) framework to detect genetic overlap between AD and BIP and utilized this overlap to increase the power to identify common genetic variants associated with either or both traits.Methods: We obtained genome wide association studies data from the International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Project part 1 (17,008 AD cases and 37,154 controls) and the Psychiatric Genetic Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group (20,352 BIP cases and 31,358 controls). We used conditional QQ-plots to assess overlap in common genetic variants between AD and BIP. We exploited the genetic overlap to re-rank test-statistics for AD and BIP and improve detection of genetic variants using the conditional FDR framework.Results: Conditional QQ-plots demonstrated a polygenic overlap between AD and BIP. Using conditional FDR, we identified one novel genomic locus associated with AD, and nine novel loci associated with BIP. Further, we identified two novel loci jointly associated with AD and BIP implicating the MARK2 gene (lead SNP rs10792421, conjunctional FDR = 0.030, same direction of effect) and the VAC14 gene (lead SNP rs11649476, conjunctional FDR = 0.022, opposite direction of effect).Conclusion: We found polygenic overlap between AD and BIP and identified novel loci for each trait and two jointly associated loci. Further studies should examine if the shared loci implicating the MARK2 and VAC14 genes could explain parts of the shared and distinct features of AD and BIP.
Published: 2019
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10. Polygenetic risk scores and phenotypic constellations of obsessive–compulsive disorder in clozapine-treated schizophrenia

Author: Carla Lou Morgenroth, Philipp Kleymann, Stephan Ripke, Swapnil Awasthi, Elias Wagner, Tatiana Oviedo-Salcedo, Cynthia Okhuijsen-Pfeifer, Jurjen J. Luykx, Marte Z. van der Horst, Alkomiet Hasan, Felix Bermpohl, Stefan Gutwinski, and Stefanie Schreiter
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Pharmacology (medical), General Medicine, ddc:610, Biological Psychiatry
Abstract: Obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) are frequently observed in individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) treated with clozapine (CLZ). This study aimed to analyze prevalence of OCS and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in this subgroup and find possible correlations with different phenotypes. Additionally, this is the first study to examine polygenetic risk scores (PRS) in individuals with SCZ and OCS. A multicenter cohort of 91 individuals with SCZ who were treated with CLZ was recruited and clinically and genetically assessed. Symptom severity was examined using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) and Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Participants were divided into subgroups based on phenotypic OCS or OCD using Y-BOCS scores. Genomic-wide data were generated, and PRS analyses were performed to evaluate the association between either phenotypic OCD or OCS severity and genotype-predicted predisposition for OCD, SCZ, cross-disorder, and CLZ/norclozapine (NorCLZ) ratio, CLZ metabolism and NorCLZ metabolism. OCS and OCD were frequent comorbidities in our sample of CLZ-treated SCZ individuals, with a prevalence of 39.6% and 27.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the Y-BOCS total score correlated positively with the duration of CLZ treatment in years (r = 0.28; p = 0.008) and the PANSS general psychopathology subscale score (r = 0.23; p = 0.028). A significant correlation was found between OCD occurrence and PRS for CLZ metabolism. We found no correlation between OCS severity and PRS for CLZ metabolism. We found no correlation for either OCD or OCS and PRS for OCD, cross-disorder, SCZ, CLZ/NorCLZ ratio or NorCLZ metabolism. Our study was able to replicate previous findings on clinical characteristics of CLZ-treated SCZ individuals. OCS is a frequent comorbidity in this cohort and is correlated with CLZ treatment duration in years and PANSS general psychopathology subscale score. We found a correlation between OCD and PRS for CLZ metabolism, which should be interpreted as incidental for now. Future research is necessary to replicate significant findings and to assess possible genetic predisposition of CLZ-treated individuals with SCZ to OCS/OCD. Limitations attributed to the small sample size or the inclusion of subjects on co-medication must be considered. If the association between OCD and PRS for CLZ metabolism can be replicated, it should be further evaluated if CYP1A2 alteration, respectively lower CLZ plasma level, is relevant for OCD development.
Published: 2023

11. How alcohol makes the epigenetic clock tick faster and the clock reversing effect of abstinence

Author: Tristan Zindler, Helge Frieling, Lena Fliedner, Ilya M. Veer, Alexandra Neyazi, Swapnil Awasthi, Stephan Ripke, Henrik Walter, Eva Friedel, and Ontwikkelingspsychologie (Psychologie, FMG)
Subjects: Male, Pharmacology, Aging, Alcoholism, Psychiatry and Mental health, Recurrence, Humans, Medicine (miscellaneous), Female, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic
Abstract: This study investigated the recently reported association between alcohol dependence and accelerated ageing and the potential effects of abstinence and relapse on DNA methylation status using Levine's epigenetic clock to estimate DNA methylation age in two independent cohorts. The first sample comprised 88 (15 female) detoxified patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and 32 (5 female) healthy control (CON) subjects (NCT02615977), and the second included 69 (10 female) AUD patients that were followed up for 12 months with respect to relapse (n = 38, 4 female) and abstinence (n = 31, 6 female) (NCT01679145). To account for the different aspects of ageing captured by various clocks, we performed additional analyses of the first-generation Horvath clock and next-generation Zhang clock. To account for the genetic liability of AUD and its potential influence on DNA methylation, we calculated a polygenic risk score for alcohol dependence. We found that ageing was accelerated by 3.64 years in AUD patients compared with the CON group according to Levine's DNAm PhenoAge. Furthermore, in a second longitudinal sample, we found that abstaining AUD patients displayed a decrease in DNAm PhenoAge by 3.1 years, but we found an over proportional increase by 2.7 years in those who relapsed. Polygenic risk did not affect epigenetic ageing within our sample. These results confirm the age acceleration associated with AUD and provide the first evidence for a recovery of this effect upon abstinence from alcohol.
Published: 2022
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12. Polygenic risk for schizophrenia and schizotypal traits in non-clinical subjects

Author: Andreas J. Forstner, Till F. M. Andlauer, Ulrich Ettinger, Tina Meller, Stella M Fingas, Hannah Lemke, Stephanie H. Witt, Frederike Stein, Igor Nenadic, Tim Hahn, Marcella Rietschel, Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach, Simon Schmitt, Andreas Jansen, Katharina Brosch, Axel Krug, Tilo Kircher, Swapnil Awasthi, Markus M. Nöthen, Stephan Ripke, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Katharina Förster, Alisha S.M. Hall, Fabian Streit, Nils Opel, Johannes Mosebach, Susanne Meinert, Phillip Grant, and Udo Dannlowski
Subjects: Psychosis, Bipolar Disorder, Schizotypy, medicine.disease, Genetic architecture, 030227 psychiatry, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 03 medical and health sciences, Psychiatry and Mental health, Phenotype, 0302 clinical medicine, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, medicine, Humans, Major depressive disorder, Polygenic risk score, Bipolar disorder, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Applied Psychology, Depression (differential diagnoses), Clinical psychology
Abstract: BackgroundSchizotypy is a putative risk phenotype for psychosis liability, but the overlap of its genetic architecture with schizophrenia is poorly understood.MethodsWe tested the hypothesis that dimensions of schizotypy (assessed with the SPQ-B) are associated with a polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia in a sample of 623 psychiatrically healthy, non-clinical subjects from the FOR2107 multi-centre study and a second sample of 1133 blood donors.ResultsWe did not find correlations of schizophrenia PRS with either overall SPQ or specific dimension scores, nor with adjusted schizotypy scores derived from the SPQ (addressing inter-scale variance). Also, PRS for affective disorders (bipolar disorder and major depression) were not significantly associated with schizotypy.ConclusionsThis important negative finding demonstrates that despite the hypothesised continuum of schizotypy and schizophrenia, schizotypy might share less genetic risk with schizophrenia than previously assumed (and possibly less compared to psychotic-like experiences).
Published: 2020
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13. DNAJC13 influences responses of the extended reward system to conditioned stimuli: a genome-wide association study

Author: Jens Treutlein, Karolin E. Einenkel, Bernd Krämer, Swapnil Awasthi, Stephan Ripke, and Oliver Gruber
Abstract: Reward system dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of major psychiatric disorders. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genes that influence activation strength of brain regions within the extended reward system in humans. A large homogeneous sample of 214 participants was genotyped and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). All subjects performed the ‘desire-reason dilemma’ (DRD) paradigm allowing systematic investigation of systems-level mechanisms of reward processing in humans. As a main finding, we identified the single nucleotide variant rs113408797 in the DnaJ Heat Shock Protein Family Member C13 gene (DNAJC13, alias RME-8), that strongly influenced the activation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA; p = 2.50E-07) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc; p = 5.31E-05) in response to conditioned reward stimuli. Moreover, haplotype analysis assessing the information across the entire DNAJC13 locus demonstrated an impact of a five-marker haplotype on VTA activation (p = 3.21E-07), which further corroborates a link between this gene and reward processing. The present findings provide first direct empirical evidence that genetic variation of DNAJC13 influences neural responses within the extended reward system to conditioned stimuli. Further studies are required to investigate the role of this gene in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Published: 2022
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14. Sex-Dependent Shared and Nonshared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders

Author: Gabriëlla A.M. Blokland, Jakob Grove, Chia-Yen Chen, Chris Cotsapas, Stuart Tobet, Robert Handa, David St Clair, Todd Lencz, Bryan J. Mowry, Sathish Periyasamy, Murray J. Cairns, Paul A. Tooney, Jing Qin Wu, Brian Kelly, George Kirov, Patrick F. Sullivan, Aiden Corvin, Brien P. Riley, Tõnu Esko, Lili Milani, Erik G. Jönsson, Aarno Palotie, Hannelore Ehrenreich, Martin Begemann, Agnes Steixner-Kumar, Pak C. Sham, Nakao Iwata, Daniel R. Weinberger, Pablo V. Gejman, Alan R. Sanders, Joseph D. Buxbaum, Dan Rujescu, Ina Giegling, Bettina Konte, Annette M. Hartmann, Elvira Bramon, Robin M. Murray, Michele T. Pato, Jimmy Lee, Ingrid Melle, Espen Molden, Roel A. Ophoff, Andrew McQuillin, Nicholas J. Bass, Rolf Adolfsson, Anil K. Malhotra, Nicholas G. Martin, Janice M. Fullerton, Philip B. Mitchell, Peter R. Schofield, Andreas J. Forstner, Franziska Degenhardt, Sabrina Schaupp, Ashley L. Comes, Manolis Kogevinas, José Guzman-Parra, Andreas Reif, Fabian Streit, Lea Sirignano, Sven Cichon, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Joanna Hauser, Jolanta Lissowska, Fermin Mayoral, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Beata Świątkowska, Thomas G. Schulze, Markus M. Nöthen, Marcella Rietschel, John Kelsoe, Marion Leboyer, Stéphane Jamain, Bruno Etain, Frank Bellivier, John B. Vincent, Martin Alda, Claire O’Donovan, Pablo Cervantes, Joanna M. Biernacka, Mark Frye, Susan L. McElroy, Laura J. Scott, Eli A. Stahl, Mikael Landén, Marian L. Hamshere, Olav B. Smeland, Srdjan Djurovic, Arne E. Vaaler, Ole A. Andreassen, Bernhard T. Baune, Tracy Air, Martin Preisig, Rudolf Uher, Douglas F. Levinson, Myrna M. Weissman, James B. Potash, Jianxin Shi, James A. Knowles, Roy H. Perlis, Susanne Lucae, Dorret I. Boomsma, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Eco J.C. de Geus, Gonneke Willemsen, Yuri Milaneschi, Henning Tiemeier, Hans J. Grabe, Alexander Teumer, Sandra Van der Auwera, Uwe Völker, Steven P. Hamilton, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Alexander Viktorin, Divya Mehta, Niamh Mullins, Mark J. Adams, Gerome Breen, Andrew M. McIntosh, Cathryn M. Lewis, David M. Hougaard, Merete Nordentoft, Ole Mors, Preben B. Mortensen, Thomas Werge, Thomas D. Als, Anders D. Børglum, Tracey L. Petryshen, Jordan W. Smoller, Jill M. Goldstein, Stephan Ripke, Benjamin M. Neale, James T.R. Walters, Kai-How Farh, Peter A. Holmans, Phil Lee, Brendan Bulik-Sullivan, David A. Collier, Hailiang Huang, Tune H. Pers, Ingrid Agartz, Esben Agerbo, Margot Albus, Madeline Alexander, Farooq Amin, Silviu A. Bacanu, Richard A. Belliveau, Judit Bene, Sarah E. Bergen, Elizabeth Bevilacqua, Tim B. Bigdeli, Donald W. Black, Richard Bruggeman, Nancy G. Buccola, Randy L. Buckner, William Byerley, Wiepke Cahn, Guiqing Cai, Dominique Campion, Rita M. Cantor, Vaughan J. Carr, Noa Carrera, Stanley V. Catts, Kimberly D. Chambert, Raymond C.K. Chan, Ronald Y.L. Chen, Eric Y.H. Chen, Wei Cheng, Eric F.C. Cheung, Siow Ann Chong, C. Robert Cloninger, David Cohen, Nadine Cohen, Paul Cormican, Nick Craddock, James J. Crowley, David Curtis, Michael Davidson, Kenneth L. Davis, Jurgen Del Favero, Ditte Demontis, Dimitris Dikeos, Timothy Dinan, Gary Donohoe, Elodie Drapeau, Jubao Duan, Frank Dudbridge, Naser Durmishi, Peter Eichhammer, Johan Eriksson, Valentina Escott-Price, Laurent Essioux, Ayman H. Fanous, Martilias S. Farrell, Josef Frank, Lude Franke, Robert Freedman, Nelson B. Freimer, Marion Friedl, Joseph I. Friedman, Menachem Fromer, Giulio Genovese, Lyudmila Georgieva, Paola Giusti-Rodríguez, Stephanie Godard, Jacqueline I. Goldstein, Vera Golimbet, Srihari Gopal, Jacob Gratten, Lieuwe de Haan, Christian Hammer, Mark Hansen, Thomas Hansen, Vahram Haroutunian, Frans A. Henskens, Stefan Herms, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Per Hoffmann, Andrea Hofman, Mads V. Hollegaard, Masashi Ikeda, Inge Joa, Antonio Julià, René S. Kahn, Luba Kalaydjieva, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Juha Karjalainen, David Kavanagh, Matthew C. Keller, James L. Kennedy, Andrey Khrunin, Yunjung Kim, Janis Klovins, Vaidutis Kucinskas, Zita Ausrele Kucinskiene, Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova, Anna K. Kähler, Claudine Laurent, Jimmy Lee Chee Keong, S. Hong Lee, Sophie E. Legge, Bernard Lerer, Miaoxin Li, Tao Li, Kung-Yee Liang, Jeffrey Lieberman, Svetlana Limborska, Carmel M. Loughland, Jan Lubinski, Jouko Lönnqvist, Milan Macek, Brion S. Maher, Wolfgang Maier, Jacques Mallet, Sara Marsal, Manuel Mattheisen, Morten Mattingsdal, Robert W. McCarley, Colm McDonald, Sandra Meier, Carin J. Meijer, Bela Melegh, Raquelle I. Mesholam-Gately, Andres Metspalu, Patricia T. Michie, Vihra Milanova, Younes Mokrab, Derek W. Morris, Kieran C. Murphy, Inez Myin-Germeys, Mari Nelis, Igor Nenadic, Deborah A. Nertney, Gerald Nestadt, Kristin K. Nicodemus, Liene Nikitina-Zake, Laura Nisenbaum, Annelie Nordin, Eadbhard O’Callaghan, Colm O’Dushlaine, F. Anthony O’Neill, Sang-Yun Oh, Ann Olincy, Line Olsen, Jim Van Os, Christos Pantelis, George N. Papadimitriou, Sergi Papiol, Elena Parkhomenko, Tiina Paunio, Milica Pejovic-Milovancevic, Diana O. Perkins, Olli Pietiläinen, Jonathan Pimm, Andrew J. Pocklington, John Powell, Alkes Price, Ann E. Pulver, Shaun M. Purcell, Digby Quested, Henrik B. Rasmussen, Abraham Reichenberg, Mark A. Reimers, Alexander L. Richards, Joshua L. Roffman, Panos Roussos, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Veikko Salomaa, Ulrich Schall, Christian R. Schubert, Sibylle G. Schwab, Edward M. Scolnick, Rodney J. Scott, Larry J. Seidman, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Teimuraz Silagadze, Jeremy M. Silverman, Kang Sim, Petr Slominsky, Hon-Cheong So, Chris C.A. Spencer, Hreinn Stefansson, Stacy Steinberg, Elisabeth Stogmann, Richard E. Straub, Eric Strengman, Jana Strohmaier, T. Scott Stroup, Mythily Subramaniam, Jaana Suvisaari, Dragan M. Svrakic, Jin P. Szatkiewicz, Erik Söderman, Srinivas Thirumalai, Draga Toncheva, Sarah Tosato, Juha Veijola, John Waddington, Dermot Walsh, Dai Wang, Qiang Wang, Bradley T. Webb, Mark Weiser, Dieter B. Wildenauer, Nigel M. Williams, Stephanie Williams, Stephanie H. Witt, Aaron R. Wolen, Emily H.M. Wong, Brandon K. Wormley, Hualin Simon Xi, Clement C. Zai, Xuebin Zheng, Fritz Zimprich, Naomi R. Wray, Kari Stefansson, Peter M. Visscher, Douglas H.R. Blackwood, Ariel Darvasi, Enrico Domenici, Michael Gill, Hugh Gurling, Christina M. Hultman, Assen V. Jablensky, Kenneth S. Kendler, Jo Knight, Qingqin S. Li, Jianjun Liu, Steven A. McCarroll, Jennifer L. Moran, Michael J. Owen, Carlos N. Pato, Danielle Posthuma, Pamela Sklar, Jens R. Wendland, Mark J. Daly, Michael C. O’Donovan, Peter Donnelly, Ines Barroso, Jenefer M. Blackwell, Matthew A. Brown, Juan P. Casas, Panos Deloukas, Audrey Duncanson, Janusz Jankowski, Hugh S. Markus, Christopher G. Mathew, Colin N.A. Palmer, Robert Plomin, Anna Rautanen, Stephen J. Sawcer, Richard C. Trembath, Ananth C. Viswanathan, Nicholas W. Wood, Gavin Band, Céline Bellenguez, Colin Freeman, Eleni Giannoulatou, Garrett Hellenthal, Richard Pearson, Matti Pirinen, Amy Strange, Zhan Su, Damjan Vukcevic, Cordelia Langford, Hannah Blackburn, Suzannah J. Bumpstead, Serge Dronov, Sarah Edkins, Matthew Gillman, Emma Gray, Rhian Gwilliam, Naomi Hammond, Sarah E. Hunt, Alagurevathi Jayakumar, Jennifer Liddle, Owen T. McCann, Simon C. Potter, Radhi Ravindrarajah, Michelle Ricketts, Avazeh Tashakkori-Ghanbaria, Matthew Waller, Paul Weston, Pamela Whittaker, Sara Widaa, Mark I. McCarthy, Maria J. Arranz, Steven Bakker, Stephan Bender, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Jeremy Hall, Conrad Iyegbe, Stephen Lawrie, Kuang Lin, Don H. Linszen, Ignacio Mata, Muriel Walshe, Matthias Weisbrod, Durk Wiersma, Vassily Trubetskoy, Yunpeng Wang, Jonathan R.I. Coleman, Héléna A. Gaspar, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Jennifer M. Whitehead Pavlides, Maciej Trzaskowski, Enda M. Byrne, Liam Abbott, Huda Akil, Diego Albani, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Adebayo Anjorin, Verneri Antilla, Swapnil Awasthi, Judith A. Badner, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Jack D. Barchas, Nicholas Bass, Michael Bauer, Richard Belliveau, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Erlend Bøen, Marco P. Boks, James Boocock, Monika Budde, William Bunney, Margit Burmeister, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Miquel Casas, Felecia Cerrato, Kimberly Chambert, Alexander W. Charney, Danfeng Chen, Claire Churchhouse, Toni-Kim Clarke, William Coryell, David W. Craig, Cristiana Cruceanu, Piotr M. Czerski, Anders M. Dale, Simone de Jong, Jurgen Del-Favero, J. Raymond DePaulo, Amanda L. Dobbyn, Ashley Dumont, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Chun Chieh Fan, Sascha B. Fischer, Matthew Flickinger, Tatiana M. Foroud, Liz Forty, Christine Fraser, Katrin Gade, Diane Gage, Julie Garnham, Claudia Giambartolomei, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Jaqueline Goldstein, Scott D. Gordon, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Elaine K. Green, Melissa J. Green, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Weihua Guan, Martin Hautzinger, Urs Heilbronner, Maria Hipolito, Dominic Holland, Laura Huckins, Jessica S. Johnson, Radhika Kandaswamy, Robert Karlsson, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Anna C. Koller, Ralph Kupka, Catharina Lavebratt, Jacob Lawrence, William B. Lawson, Markus Leber, Phil H. Lee, Shawn E. Levy, Jun Z. Li, Chunyu Liu, Anna Maaser, Donald J. MacIntyre, Pamela B. Mahon, Lina Martinsson, Steve McCarroll, Peter McGuffin, Melvin G. McInnis, James D. McKay, Helena Medeiros, Sarah E. Medland, Fan Meng, Grant W. Montgomery, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Hoang Nguyen, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Annelie Nordin Adolfsson, Evaristus A. Nwulia, Claire O'Donovan, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Anil P.S. Ori, Lilijana Oruc, Urban Ösby, Amy Perry, Andrea Pfennig, Eline J. Regeer, Céline S. Reinbold, John P. Rice, Fabio Rivas, Margarita Rivera, Euijung Ryu, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Alan F. Schatzberg, William A. Scheftner, Nicholas J. Schork, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Tatyana Shehktman, Paul D. Shilling, Claire Slaney, Janet L. Sobell, Christine Søholm Hansen, Anne T. Spijker, Michael Steffens, John S. Strauss, Szabolcs Szelinger, Robert C. Thompson, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Jens Treutlein, Helmut Vedder, Weiqing Wang, Stanley J. Watson, Thomas W. Weickert, Simon Xi, Wei Xu, Allan H. Young, Peter Zandi, Peng Zhang, Sebastian Zöllner, Abdel Abdellaoui, Tracy M. Air, Till F.M. Andlauer, Silviu-Alin Bacanu, Aartjan T.F. Beekman, Elisabeth B. Binder, Julien Bryois, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Na Cai, Enrique Castelao, Jane Hvarregaard Christensen, Lucía Colodro-Conde, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, Gregory E. Crawford, Gail Davies, Ian J. Deary, Eske M. Derks, Nese Direk, Conor V. Dolan, Erin C. Dunn, Thalia C. Eley, Farnush Farhadi Hassan Kiadeh, Hilary K. Finucane, Jerome C. Foo, Fernando S. Goes, Lynsey S. Hall, Thomas F. Hansen, Ian B. Hickie, Georg Homuth, Carsten Horn, David M. Howard, Marcus Ising, Rick Jansen, Ian Jones, Lisa A. Jones, Eric Jorgenson, Isaac S. Kohane, Julia Kraft, Warren W. Kretzschmar, Zoltán Kutalik, Yihan Li, Penelope A. Lind, Dean F. MacKinnon, Robert M. Maier, Jonathan Marchini, Hamdi Mbarek, Patrick McGrath, Christel M. Middeldorp, Evelin Mihailov, Francis M. Mondimore, Sara Mostafavi, Matthias Nauck, Bernard Ng, Michel G. Nivard, Dale R. Nyholt, Paul F. O'Reilly, Hogni Oskarsson, Jodie N. Painter, Roseann E. Peterson, Wouter J. Peyrot, Giorgio Pistis, Jorge A. Quiroz, Per Qvist, Saira Saeed Mirza, Robert Schoevers, Eva C. Schulte, Ling Shen, Stanley I. Shyn, Grant C.B. Sinnamon, Johannes H. Smit, Daniel J. Smith, Katherine E. Tansey, Henning Teismann, Wesley Thompson, Pippa A. Thomson, Matthew Traylor, André G. Uitterlinden, Daniel Umbricht, Albert M. van Hemert, Shantel Marie Weinsheimer, Jürgen Wellmann, Yang Wu, Hualin S. Xi, Jian Yang, Futao Zhang, Volker Arolt, Klaus Berger, Udo Dannlowski, Katharina Domschke, Caroline Hayward, Andrew C. Heath, Stefan Kloiber, Glyn Lewis, Pamela AF. Madden, Patrik K. Magnusson, Preben Bo Mortensen, Michael C. O'Donovan, Sara A. Paciga, Nancy L. Pedersen, David J. Porteous, Catherine Schaefer, Henry Völzke, Marco Bortolato, Janita Bralten, Cynthia M. Bulik, Christie L. Burton, Caitlin E. Carey, Lea K. Davis, Laramie E. Duncan, Howard J. Edenberg, Lauren Erdman, Stephen V. Faraone, Slavina B. Goleva, Wei Guo, Christopher Hübel, Laura M. Huckins, Ekaterina A. Khramtsova, Joanna Martin, Carol A. Mathews, Elise Robinson, Eli Stahl, Barbara E. Stranger, Michela Traglia, Raymond K. Walters, Lauren A. Weiss, Stacey J. Winham, Yin Yao, Kristjar Skajaa, Markus Nöthen, Michael Owen, Robert H. Yolken, Niels Plath, Jonathan Mill, Daniel Geschwind, Psychiatry 1, RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health, Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Research Programme of Molecular Medicine, Research Programs Unit, Aarno Palotie / Principal Investigator, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Genomics of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Functional Genomics, Biological Psychology, APH - Mental Health, APH - Methodology, Sociology and Social Gerontology, APH - Personalized Medicine, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, Blokland, Gabriella AM, Grove, Jakob, Chen, Chia Yen, Cotsapas, Chris, Tobet, Stuart, Handa, Robert, Lee, Sang Hong, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Sex Differences Cross-Disorder Analysis Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, iPSYCH, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, Human genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, Adult Psychiatry, ANS - Complex Trait Genetics, and ANS - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia/genetics, LD SCORE REGRESSION, Genome-wide association study, 0302 clinical medicine, Receptors, SCHIZOPHRENIA, Psychotic Disorders/genetics, KYNURENINE PATHWAY METABOLISM, Genetics, RISK, Sex Characteristics, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Bipolar Disorder/genetics, Major/genetics, Single Nucleotide, AFFECTIVE STIMULI IMPACT, Schizophrenia, Sulfurtransferases, Major depressive disorder, Female, Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics, Bipolar disorder, Locus (genetics), Genomics, Biology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, DYSPHORIC MOOD, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex differences, medicine, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, ddc:610, Polymorphism, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, Genotype-by-sex interaction, Biological Psychiatry, Depressive Disorder, Major, Depressive Disorder, GENDER-DIFFERENCES, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS, 3112 Neurosciences, Endothelial Cells, MAJOR DEPRESSION, medicine.disease, Genetic architecture, 030104 developmental biology, Mood, Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Psychotic Disorders, 3111 Biomedicine, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 248656.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) BACKGROUND: Sex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk. METHODS: We conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (G×S) interaction of risk for these disorders using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, and 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the PGC (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium) and iPSYCH. RESULTS: Across disorders, genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphism-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815, p = 3.2 × 10(-8)), which interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) enzymes, implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p < 1 × 10(-6)) for cross-disorder G×S interaction (rs7302529, p = 1.6 × 10(-7); rs73033497, p = 8.8 × 10(-7); rs7914279, p = 6.4 × 10(-7)), implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified G×S interaction across disorders (p = 8.97 × 10(-7)) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282, p = 1.5 × 10(-7)), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509, p = 1.1 × 10(-7)) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant G×S interaction of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling in MDD (false discovery rate-corrected p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In the largest genome-wide G×S analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development and immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway levels.
Published: 2022
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15. Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors

Author: Niamh Mullins, JooEun Kang, Adrian I. Campos, Jonathan R.I. Coleman, Alexis C. Edwards, Hanga Galfalvy, Daniel F. Levey, Adriana Lori, Andrey Shabalin, Anna Starnawska, Mei-Hsin Su, Hunna J. Watson, Mark Adams, Swapnil Awasthi, Michael Gandal, Jonathan D. Hafferty, Akitoyo Hishimoto, Minsoo Kim, Satoshi Okazaki, Ikuo Otsuka, Stephan Ripke, Erin B. Ware, Andrew W. Bergen, Wade H. Berrettini, Martin Bohus, Harry Brandt, Xiao Chang, Wei J. Chen, Hsi-Chung Chen, Steven Crawford, Scott Crow, Emily DiBlasi, Philibert Duriez, Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Manfred M. Fichter, Steven Gallinger, Stephen J. Glatt, Philip Gorwood, Yiran Guo, Hakon Hakonarson, Katherine A. Halmi, Hai-Gwo Hwu, Sonia Jain, Stéphane Jamain, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, Craig Johnson, Allan S. Kaplan, Walter H. Kaye, Pamela K. Keel, James L. Kennedy, Kelly L. Klump, Dong Li, Shih-Cheng Liao, Klaus Lieb, Lisa Lilenfeld, Chih-Min Liu, Pierre J. Magistretti, Christian R. Marshall, James E. Mitchell, Eric T. Monson, Richard M. Myers, Dalila Pinto, Abigail Powers, Nicolas Ramoz, Stefan Roepke, Vsevolod Rozanov, Stephen W. Scherer, Christian Schmahl, Marcus Sokolowski, Michael Strober, Laura M. Thornton, Janet Treasure, Ming T. Tsuang, Stephanie H. Witt, D. Blake Woodside, Zeynep Yilmaz, Lea Zillich, Rolf Adolfsson, Ingrid Agartz, Tracy M. Air, Martin Alda, Lars Alfredsson, Ole A. Andreassen, Adebayo Anjorin, Vivek Appadurai, María Soler Artigas, Sandra Van der Auwera, M. Helena Azevedo, Nicholas Bass, Claiton H.D. Bau, Bernhard T. Baune, Frank Bellivier, Klaus Berger, Joanna M. Biernacka, Tim B. Bigdeli, Elisabeth B. Binder, Michael Boehnke, Marco P. Boks, Rosa Bosch, David L. Braff, Richard Bryant, Monika Budde, Enda M. Byrne, Wiepke Cahn, Miguel Casas, Enrique Castelao, Jorge A. Cervilla, Boris Chaumette, Sven Cichon, Aiden Corvin, Nicholas Craddock, David Craig, Franziska Degenhardt, Srdjan Djurovic, Howard J. Edenberg, Ayman H. Fanous, Jerome C. Foo, Andreas J. Forstner, Mark Frye, Janice M. Fullerton, Justine M. Gatt, Pablo V. Gejman, Ina Giegling, Hans J. Grabe, Melissa J. Green, Eugenio H. Grevet, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Blanca Gutierrez, Jose Guzman-Parra, Steven P. Hamilton, Marian L. Hamshere, Annette Hartmann, Joanna Hauser, Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach, Per Hoffmann, Marcus Ising, Ian Jones, Lisa A. Jones, Lina Jonsson, René S. Kahn, John R. Kelsoe, Kenneth S. Kendler, Stefan Kloiber, Karestan C. Koenen, Manolis Kogevinas, Bettina Konte, Marie-Odile Krebs, Mikael Landén, Jacob Lawrence, Marion Leboyer, Phil H. Lee, Douglas F. Levinson, Calwing Liao, Jolanta Lissowska, Susanne Lucae, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L. McElroy, Patrick McGrath, Peter McGuffin, Andrew McQuillin, Sarah E. Medland, Divya Mehta, Ingrid Melle, Yuri Milaneschi, Philip B. Mitchell, Esther Molina, Gunnar Morken, Preben Bo Mortensen, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Caroline Nievergelt, Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Markus M. Nöthen, Michael C. O’Donovan, Roel A. Ophoff, Michael J. Owen, Carlos Pato, Michele T. Pato, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Jonathan Pimm, Giorgio Pistis, James B. Potash, Robert A. Power, Martin Preisig, Digby Quested, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Andreas Reif, Marta Ribasés, Vanesa Richarte, Marcella Rietschel, Margarita Rivera, Andrea Roberts, Gloria Roberts, Guy A. Rouleau, Diego L. Rovaris, Dan Rujescu, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Alan R. Sanders, Peter R. Schofield, Thomas G. Schulze, Laura J. Scott, Alessandro Serretti, Jianxin Shi, Stanley I. Shyn, Lea Sirignano, Pamela Sklar, Olav B. Smeland, Jordan W. Smoller, Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke, Gianfranco Spalletta, John S. Strauss, Beata Świątkowska, Maciej Trzaskowski, Gustavo Turecki, Laura Vilar-Ribó, John B. Vincent, Henry Völzke, James T.R. Walters, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Thomas W. Weickert, Myrna M. Weissman, Leanne M. Williams, Naomi R. Wray, Clement C. Zai, Allison E. Ashley-Koch, Jean C. Beckham, Elizabeth R. Hauser, Michael A. Hauser, Nathan A. Kimbrel, Jennifer H. Lindquist, Benjamin McMahon, David W. Oslin, Xuejun Qin, Esben Agerbo, Anders D. Børglum, Gerome Breen, Annette Erlangsen, Tõnu Esko, Joel Gelernter, David M. Hougaard, Ronald C. Kessler, Henry R. Kranzler, Qingqin S. Li, Nicholas G. Martin, Andrew M. McIntosh, Ole Mors, Merete Nordentoft, Catherine M. Olsen, David Porteous, Robert J. Ursano, Danuta Wasserman, Thomas Werge, David C. Whiteman, Cynthia M. Bulik, Hilary Coon, Ditte Demontis, Anna R. Docherty, Po-Hsiu Kuo, Cathryn M. Lewis, J. John Mann, Miguel E. Rentería, Daniel J. Smith, Eli A. Stahl, Murray B. Stein, Fabian Streit, Virginia Willour, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Manuel Mattheisen, Abdel Abdellaoui, Mark J. Adams, Till F.M. Andlauer, Silviu-Alin Bacanu, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Aartjan T.F. Beekman, Julien Bryois, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Na Cai, Jane Hvarregaard Christensen, Toni-Kim Clarke, Lucía Colodro-Conde, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, Nick Craddock, Gregory E. Crawford, Gail Davies, Eske M. Derks, Nese Direk, Conor V. Dolan, Erin C. Dunn, Thalia C. Eley, Valentina Escott-Price, Farnush Farhadi Hassan Kiadeh, Hilary K. Finucane, Josef Frank, Héléna A. Gaspar, Michael Gill, Fernando S. Goes, Scott D. Gordon, Shantel Marie Weinsheimer, Jürgen Wellmann, Gonneke Willemsen, Yang Wu, Hualin S. Xi, Jian Yang, Futao Zhang, Volker Arolt, Dorret I. Boomsma, Udo Dannlowski, E.J.C. de Geus, J. Raymond Depaulo, Enrico Domenici, Katharina Domschke, Jakob Grove, Lynsey S. Hall, Christine Søholm Hansen, Thomas F. Hansen, Stefan Herms, Ian B. Hickie, Georg Homuth, Carsten Horn, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, David M. Howard, Rick Jansen, Eric Jorgenson, James A. Knowles, Isaac S. Kohane, Julia Kraft, Warren W. Kretzschmar, Zoltán Kutalik, Yihan Li, Penelope A. Lind, Donald J. MacIntyre, Dean F. MacKinnon, Robert M. Maier, Wolfgang Maier, Jonathan Marchini, Hamdi Mbarek, Christel M. Middeldorp, Evelin Mihailov, Lili Milani, Francis M. Mondimore, Grant W. Montgomery, Sara Mostafavi, Matthias Nauck, Bernard Ng, Michel G. Nivard, Dale R. Nyholt, Paul F. O’Reilly, Hogni Oskarsson, Caroline Hayward, Andrew C. Heath, Glyn Lewis, Pamela A.F. Madden, Patrik K. Magnusson, Andres Metspalu, Sara A. Paciga, Nancy L. Pedersen, Jodie N. Painter, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Roseann E. Peterson, Wouter J. Peyrot, Danielle Posthuma, Jorge A. Quiroz, Per Qvist, John P. Rice, Brien P. Riley, Saira Saeed Mirza, Robert Schoevers, Eva C. Schulte, Ling Shen, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Grant C.B. Sinnamon, Johannes H. Smit, Hreinn Stefansson, Stacy Steinberg, Jana Strohmaier, Katherine E. Tansey, Henning Teismann, Alexander Teumer, Wesley Thompson, Pippa A. Thomson, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Matthew Traylor, Jens Treutlein, Vassily Trubetskoy, André G. Uitterlinden, Daniel Umbricht, Albert M. van Hemert, Alexander Viktorin, Peter M. Visscher, Yunpeng Wang, Bradley T. Webb, Roy H. Perlis, David J. 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Regeer, Fabio Rivas, Julian Roth, Panos Roussos, Fanny Senner, Sally Sharp, Paul D. Shilling, Claire Slaney, Janet L. Sobell, Maria Soler Artigas, Anne T. Spijker, Dan J. Stein, Chikashi Terao, Claudio Toma, Paul Tooney, Evangelia-Eirini Tsermpini, Marquis P. Vawter, Helmut Vedder, Simon Xi, Wei Xu, Jessica Mei Kay Yang, Allan H. Young, Hannah Young, Peter P. Zandi, Hang Zhou, null HUNT All-In Psychiatry, Gulja Babadjanova, Lena Backlund, Susanne Bengesser, Douglas H.R. Blackwood, Vaughan J. Carr, Stanley Catts, Dimitris Dikeos, Bruno Etain, Panagiotis Ferentinos, Micha Gawlik, Elliot S. Gershon, Frans Henskens, Jan Hillert, Kyung Sue Hong, Christina M. Hultman, Kristian Hveem, Nakao Iwata, Assen V. Jablensky, George Kirov, Christine Lochner, Carmel Loughland, Carol A. Mathews, Francis J. McMahon, Patricia Michie, Bryan Mowry, Benjamin M. Neale, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Ketil J. Oedegaard, Tomas Olsson, Chris Pantelis, George P. Patrinos, Eva Z. 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O’Toole, Leonid Padyukov, Aarno Palotie, Jacques Pantel, Hana Papezova, Richard Parker, John F. Pearson, Stefan Ehrlich, Geòrgia Escaramís, Thomas Espeseth, Xavier Estivill, Anne Farmer, Angela Favaro, Krista Fischer, James A.B. Floyd, Manuel Föcker, Lenka Foretova, Monica Forzan, Christopher S. Franklin, Giovanni Gambaro, Johanna Giuranna, Paola Giusti-Rodríquez, Fragiskos Gonidakis, Scott Gordon, Monica Gratacos Mayora, Sébastien Guillaume, Ken B. Hanscombe, Konstantinos Hatzikotoulas, Johannes Hebebrand, Sietske G. Helder, Anjali K. Henders, Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann, Wolfgang Herzog, Anke Hinney, L. John Horwood, Christopher Hübel, Liselotte V. Petersen, Kirstin L. Purves, Anu Raevuori, Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud, Valdo Ricca, Samuli Ripatti, Franziska Ritschel, Marion Roberts, Filip Rybakowski, Paolo Santonastaso, André Scherag, Ulrike Schmidt, Nicholas J. Schork, Alexandra Schosser, Jochen Seitz, Lenka Slachtova, P. Eline Slagboom, Margarita C.T. 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J., Wasserman, D., Coon, H., Demontis, D., Docherty, A. R., Kuo, P. -H., Mann, J. J., Renteria, M. E., Stein, M. B., Willour, V., Psychiatry, Biological Psychology, APH - Methodology, APH - Mental Health, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, AMS - Sports, AMS - Ageing & Vitality, APH - Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Complex Trait Genetics, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Aarno Palotie / Principal Investigator, Genomics of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, HUS Psychiatry, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Nuorisopsykiatria, Faculty Common Matters (Faculty of Social Sciences), Samuli Olli Ripatti / Principal Investigator, Complex Disease Genetics, Biostatistics Helsinki, Anna Keski-Rahkonen / Principal Investigator, Elisabeth Ingrid Maria Widen / Principal Investigator, Genomic Discoveries and Clinical Translation, Internal medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, APH - Digital Health, Mullins N., Kang J., Campos A.I., Coleman J.R.I., Edwards 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Milaneschi Y., Mitchell P.B., Molina E., Morken G., Mortensen P.B., Muller-Myhsok B., Nievergelt C., Nimgaonkar V., Nothen M.M., O'Donovan M.C., Ophoff R.A., Owen M.J., Pato C., Pato M.T., Penninx B.W.J.H., Pimm J., Pistis G., Potash J.B., Power R.A., Preisig M., Quested D., Ramos-Quiroga J.A., Reif A., Ribases M., Richarte V., Rietschel M., Rivera M., Roberts A., Roberts G., Rouleau G.A., Rovaris D.L., Rujescu D., Sanchez-Mora C., Sanders A.R., Schofield P.R., Schulze T.G., Scott L.J., Serretti A., Shi J., Shyn S.I., Sirignano L., Sklar P., Smeland O.B., Smoller J.W., Sonuga-Barke E.J.S., Spalletta G., Strauss J.S., Swiatkowska B., Trzaskowski M., Turecki G., Vilar-Ribo L., Vincent J.B., Volzke H., Walters J.T.R., Shannon Weickert C., Weickert T.W., Weissman M.M., Williams L.M., Wray N.R., Zai C.C., Ashley-Koch A.E., Beckham J.C., Hauser E.R., Hauser M.A., Kimbrel N.A., Lindquist J.H., McMahon B., Oslin D.W., Qin X., Mattheisen M., Abdellaoui A., Adams M.J., Agerbo E., Andlauer T.F.M., Bacanu S.-A., Baekvad-Hansen M., Beekman A.T.F., Bryois J., Buttenschon H.N., Bybjerg-Grauholm J., Cai N., Christensen J.H., Clarke T.-K., Colodro-Conde L., Couvy-Duchesne B., Crawford G.E., Davies G., Derks E.M., Direk N., Dolan C.V., Dunn E.C., Eley T.C., Escott-Price V., Hassan Kiadeh F.F., Finucane H.K., Frank J., Gaspar H.A., Gill M., Goes F.S., Gordon S.D., Weinsheimer S.M., Wellmann J., Willemsen G., Wu Y., Xi H.S., Yang J., Zhang F., Arolt V., Boomsma D.I., Dannlowski U., de Geus E.J.C., Depaulo J.R., Domenici E., Domschke K., Esko T., Grove J., Hall L.S., Hansen C.S., Hansen T.F., Herms S., Hickie I.B., Homuth G., Horn C., Hottenga J.-J., Hougaard D.M., Howard D.M., Jansen R., Jorgenson E., Knowles J.A., Kohane I.S., Kraft J., Kretzschmar W.W., Kutalik Z., Li Y., Lind P.A., MacIntyre D.J., MacKinnon D.F., Maier R.M., Maier W., Marchini J., Mbarek H., Middeldorp C.M., Mihailov E., Milani L., Mondimore F.M., Montgomery G.W., Mostafavi S., Nauck M., Ng B., Nivard M.G., Nyholt D.R., O'Reilly P.F., Oskarsson H., Hayward C., Heath A.C., Lewis G., Li Q.S., Madden P.A.F., Magnusson P.K., Martin N.G., McIntosh A.M., Metspalu A., Mors O., Nordentoft M., Paciga S.A., Pedersen N.L., Painter J.N., Pedersen C.B., Pedersen M.G., Peterson R.E., Peyrot W.J., Posthuma D., Quiroz J.A., Qvist P., Rice J.P., Riley B.P., Mirza S.S., Schoevers R., Schulte E.C., Shen L., Sigurdsson E., Sinnamon G.C.B., Smit J.H., Smith D.J., Stefansson H., Steinberg S., Streit F., Strohmaier J., Tansey K.E., Teismann H., Teumer A., Thompson W., Thomson P.A., Thorgeirsson T.E., Traylor M., Treutlein J., Trubetskoy V., Uitterlinden A.G., Umbricht D., der Auwera S.V., van Hemert A.M., Viktorin A., Visscher P.M., Wang Y., Webb B.T., Perlis R.H., Porteous D.J., Schaefer C., Stefansson K., Tiemeier H., Uher R., Werge T., Lewis C.M., Breen G., Borglum A.D., Sullivan P.F., O'Connell K.S., Coombes B., Qiao Z., Als T.D., Borte S., Charney A.W., Drange O.K., Gandal M.J., Hagenaars S.P., Ikeda M., Kamitaki N., Krebs K., Panagiotaropoulou G., Schilder B.M., Sloofman L.G., Winsvold B.S., Won H.-H., Abramova L., Adorjan K., Al Eissa M., Albani D., Alliey-Rodriguez N., Antilla V., Antoniou A., Baek J.H., Bauer M., Beins E.C., Bergen S.E., Birner A., Boen E., Brum M., Brumpton B.M., Brunkhorst-Kanaan N., Byerley W., Cairns M., Cervantes P., Cruceanu C., Cuellar-Barboza A., Cunningham J., Curtis D., Czerski P.M., Dale A.M., Dalkner N., David F.S., Dobbyn A.L., Douzenis A., Elvsashagen T., Ferrier I.N., Fiorentino A., Foroud T.M., Forty L., Frei O., Freimer N.B., Frisen L., Gade K., Garnham J., Gelernter J., Gizer I.R., Gordon-Smith K., Greenwood T.A., Ha K., Haraldsson M., Hautzinger M., Heilbronner U., Hellgren D., Holmans P.A., Huckins L., Johnson J.S., Kalman J.L., Kamatani Y., Kittel-Schneider S., Koromina M., Kranz T.M., Kranzler H.R., Kubo M., Kupka R., Kushner S.A., Lavebratt C., Leber M., Lee H.-J., Levy S.E., Lewis C., Lundberg M., Magnusson S.H., Maihofer A., Malaspina D., Maratou E., Martinsson L., McGregor N.W., McKay J.D., Medeiros H., Millischer V., Moran J.L., Morris D.W., Muhleisen T.W., O'Brien N., O'Donovan C., Olde Loohuis L.M., Oruc L., Papiol S., Pardinas A.F., Perry A., Pfennig A., Porichi E., Raj T., Rapaport M.H., Regeer E.J., Rivas F., Roth J., Roussos P., Ruderfer D.M., Senner F., Sharp S., Shilling P.D., Slaney C., Sobell J.L., Artigas M.S., Spijker A.T., Stein D.J., Terao C., Toma C., Tooney P., Tsermpini E.-E., Vawter M.P., Vedder H., Xi S., Xu W., Kay Yang J.M., Young A.H., Young H., Zandi P.P., Zhou H., HUNT All-In Psychiatry, Babadjanova G., Backlund L., Bengesser S., Blackwood D.H.R., Carr V.J., Catts S., Dikeos D., Etain B., Ferentinos P., Gawlik M., Gershon E.S., Henskens F., Hillert J., Hong K.S., Hultman C.M., Hveem K., Iwata N., Jablensky A.V., Kirov G., Lochner C., Loughland C., Mathews C.A., McMahon F.J., Michie P., Mowry B., Neale B.M., Nievergelt C.M., Oedegaard K.J., Olsson T., Pantelis C., Patrinos G.P., Reininghaus E.Z., Saito T., Schall U., Schalling M., Scott R.J., Weickert C.S., Stordal E., Vaaler A.E., Vieta E., Waldman I.D., Zwart J.-A., Nurnberger J.I., Stahl E.A., Di Florio A., Adan R.A.H., Ando T., Aschauer H., Baker J.H., Bencko V., Birgegard A., Boden J.M., Boehm I., Boni C., Perica V.B., Buehren K., Bulik C.M., Burghardt R., Carlberg L., Cassina M., Clementi M., Cone R.D., Courtet P., Crowley J.J., Danner U.N., Davis O.S.P., de Zwaan M., Dedoussis G., Degortes D., DeSocio J.E., Dick D.M., Dina C., Dmitrzak-Weglarz M., Martinez E.D., Duncan L.E., Egberts K., Mattingsdal M., McDevitt S., Meulenbelt I., Micali N., Mitchell J., Mitchell K., Monteleone P., Monteleone A.M., Munn-Chernoff M.A., Nacmias B., Navratilova M., Ntalla I., Olsen C.M., O'Toole J.K., Padyukov L., Palotie A., Pantel J., Papezova H., Parker R., Pearson J.F., Ehrlich S., Escaramis G., Espeseth T., Estivill X., Farmer A., Favaro A., Fischer K., Floyd J.A.B., Focker M., Foretova L., Forzan M., Franklin C.S., Gambaro G., Giuranna J., Giusti-Rodriquez P., Gonidakis F., Gordon S., Mayora M.G., Guillaume S., Hanscombe K.B., Hatzikotoulas K., Hebebrand J., Helder S.G., Henders A.K., Herpertz-Dahlmann B., Herzog W., Hinney A., Horwood L.J., Hubel C., Petersen L.V., Purves K.L., Raevuori A., Reichborn-Kjennerud T., Ricca V., Ripatti S., Ritschel F., Roberts M., Rybakowski F., Santonastaso P., Scherag A., Schmidt U., Schork N.J., Schosser A., Seitz J., Slachtova L., Slagboom P.E., Slof-Op 't Landt M.C.T., Slopien A., Soranzo N., Sorbi S., Southam L., Steen V.W., Huckins L.M., Hudson J.I., Imgart H., Inoko H., Janout V., Jordan J., Julia A., Kalsi G., Kaminska D., Kaprio J., Karhunen L., Karwautz A., Kas M.J.H., Kennedy M.A., Keski-Rahkonen A., Kiezebrink K., Kim Y.-R., Kirk K.M., Klareskog L., Knudsen G.P.S., Larsen J.T., Le Hellard S., Leppa V.M., Lichtenstein P., Lin B.D., Lundervold A., Luykx J., Maj M., Mannik K., Marsal S., Stuber G.D., Szatkiewicz J.P., Tachmazidou I., Tenconi E., Tortorella A., Tozzi F., Tsitsika A., Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M., Tziouvas K., van Elburg A.A., van Furth E.F., Wade T.D., Wagner G., Walton E., Whiteman D.C., Wichmann H.E., Widen E., Yao S., Zeggini E., Zerwas S., Zipfel S., Jungkunz M., Dietl L., Schwarze C.E., Dahmen N., Schott B.H., Mobascher A., Crivelli S., Dennis M.F., Harvey P.D., Carter B.W., Huffman J.E., Jacobson D., Madduri R., Olsen M.K., Pestian J., Gaziano J.M., Muralidhar S., Ramoni R., Beckham J., Chang K.-M., O'Donnell C.J., Tsao P.S., Breeling J., Huang G., Romero J.P.C., Moser J., Whitbourne S.B., Brewer J.V., Aslan M., Connor T., Argyres D.P., Stephens B., Brophy M.T., Humphries D.E., Selva L.E., Do N., Shayan S., Cho K., Pyarajan S., Hauser E., Sun Y., Zhao H., Wilson P., McArdle R., Dellitalia L., Mattocks K., Harley J., Zablocki C.J., Whittle J., Jacono F., Gutierrez S., Gibson G., Hammer K., Kaminsky L., Villareal G., Kinlay S., Xu J., Hamner M., Mathew R., Bhushan S., Iruvanti P., Godschalk M., Ballas Z., Ivins D., Mastorides S., Moorman J., Gappy S., Klein J., Ratcliffe N., Florez H., Okusaga O., Murdoch M., Sriram P., Yeh S.S., Tandon N., Jhala D., Aguayo S., Cohen D., Sharma S., Liangpunsakul S., Oursler K.A., Whooley M., Ahuja S., Constans J., Meyer P., Greco J., Rauchman M., Servatius R., Gaddy M., Wallbom A., Morgan T., Stapley T., Sherman S., Ross G., Tsao P., Strollo P., Boyko E., Meyer L., Gupta S., Huq M., Fayad J., Hung A., Lichy J., Hurley R., Robey B., Striker R., Erlangsen A., Kessler R.C., Porteous D., Ursano R.J., Wasserman D., Coon H., Demontis D., Docherty A.R., Kuo P.-H., Mann J.J., Renteria M.E., Stein M.B., and Willour V.
Subjects: LD SCORE REGRESSION, Genome-wide association study, Suicide, Attempted, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Insomnia, Suicide attempt, GWAS, Suïcidi, Depression (differential diagnoses), Cause of death, Psychiatry, 0303 health sciences, Factors de risc en les malalties, Mental Disorders, Genetic Correlation, Genome-wide Association Study, Pleiotropy, Polygenicity, Suicide, Suicide Attempt, DEPRESSION, 3. Good health, Genetic correlation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Depressive Disorder, Major, Mental illness, Cohort, SEX, medicine.symptom, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Risk factors in diseases, BF, Locus (genetics), BEHAVIORS, Psykiatri, EVENTS, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, medicine, ddc:610, GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION, IDEATION, Socioeconomic status, METAANALYSIS, Biological Psychiatry, 030304 developmental biology, business.industry, Risk Factor, Genetic architecture, THOUGHTS, RC0321, business, Malalties mentals, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Statistical analyses were carried out on the NL Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and the Mount Sinai high performance computing cluster (http://hpc.mssm.edu), which is supported by the Office of Research Infrastructure of the National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. S10OD018522 and S10OD026880). This work was conducted in part using the resources of the Advanced Computing Center for Research and Education at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. R01MH116269 and R01MH121455 [to DMR]), NIGMS of the National Institutes of Health (Grant No. T32GM007347 [to JK]), and the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Award No. 29551 [to NM])., BACKGROUND: Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. RESULTS: Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders., Office of Research Infrastructure of the National Institutes of Health S10OD018522 S10OD026880, United States Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA R01MH116269 R01MH121455, NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) T32GM007347 NARSAD 29551
Published: 2022
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16. Borderline Personality Disorder and the Big Five: Molecular Genetic Analyses Indicate Shared Genetic Architecture with Neuroticism and Openness

Author: Eric Poisel, Ole A. Andreassen, Tolou Maslahati, Stephan Ripke, Lucía Colodro-Conde, Norbert Dahmen, Olav B. Smeland, Guy Hindley, Marcella Rietschel, Björn H. Schott, Stefan Roepke, Jerome C. Foo, Cornelia E. Schwarze, Arian Mobascher, Josef Frank, Markus M. Nöthen, Christian Schmahl, Martin Jungkunz, Fabian Streit, Chi-Hua Chen, Ina Giegling, Lea Sirignano, Dan Rujescu, Annette M. Hartmann, Martin Bohus, Lea Zillich, Klaus Lieb, Swapnil Awasthi, and Stephanie H. Witt
Subjects: medicine, Openness to experience, Psychology, medicine.disease, Neuroticism, Borderline personality disorder, Genetic architecture, Clinical psychology
Abstract: Both environmental (e.g. interpersonal traumatization during childhood and adolescence) and genetic factors may contribute to the development of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Twin studies assessing borderline personality symptoms/features in the general population indicate that genetic factors underlying these symptoms/features are shared in part with the personality traits of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality – the “Big Five". In the present study, the genetic overlap of BPD with the Big Five -Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism- was assessed. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to calculate genetic correlations between a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in central European populations on BPD (N = 2,543) and GWAS on the “Big Five” (N = 76,551–122,886, Neuroticism N = 390,278). Significant positive genetic correlations were found between BPD and the traits Neuroticism (rg=.34, p=6.3*10−5) and Openness (rg=.24, p=.036), but not between BPD and the other personality traits (all |rg|p>.30). A cluster and item-level analysis showed positive correlations with the Neuroticism clusters “Depressed Affect” and “Worry”, and with a broad range of Neuroticism items (N = 348,219 – 376,352). The observed associations indicate a partially shared genetic background of BPD and the personality traits Neuroticism and Openness. Larger GWAS of BPD and the “Big Five” are needed to further explore the role of personality traits in the etiology of this disorder.
Published: 2021
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17. Cortical Surfaces Mediate the Relationship Between Polygenic Scores for Intelligence and General Intelligence

Author: Markus M. Nöthen, Herta Flor, Ilya M. Veer, Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos, Gunter Schumann, Bernd Ittermann, Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth, Christian Büchel, Erin Burke Quinlan, Susanne Erk, Sylvane Desrivières, Henrik Walter, Marcella Rietschel, Tomáš Paus, Arun L.W. Bokde, Luise Poustka, Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot, Penny A. Gowland, Vassily Trubetskoy, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Bob O. Vogel, Juliane H. Fröhner, Tobias Banaschewski, Vincent Frouin, Jean-Luc Martinot, Eva J. Brandl, Michael N. Smolka, Frauke Nees, Swapnil Awasthi, Tristram A. Lett, Franziska Degenhardt, Stephanie H. Witt, Andreas Heinz, Robert Whelan, Sebastian Mohnke, Hugh Garavan, Stephan Ripke, Carolin Wackerhagen, and Heike Tost
Subjects: Male, Oncology, Multifactorial Inheritance, Mediation (statistics), medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Cognitive Neuroscience, Intelligence, Genome-wide association study, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurocognitive Dysfunction, Cortex (anatomy), Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, 030304 developmental biology, Genetic association, Cerebral Cortex, 0303 health sciences, Explained variation, Genetic load, medicine.anatomical_structure, Original Article, Female, Insula, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Recent large-scale, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of genetic loci associated with general intelligence. The cumulative influence of these loci on brain structure is unknown. We examined if cortical morphology mediates the relationship between GWAS-derived polygenic scores for intelligence (PSi) and g-factor. Using the effect sizes from one of the largest GWAS meta-analysis on general intelligence to date, PSi were calculated among 10 P value thresholds. PSi were assessed for the association with g-factor performance, cortical thickness (CT), and surface area (SA) in two large imaging-genetics samples (IMAGEN N = 1651; IntegraMooDS N = 742). PSi explained up to 5.1% of the variance of g-factor in IMAGEN (F1,1640 = 12.2–94.3; P
Published: 2019
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18. Effects of a neurodevelopmental genes based polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and single gene variants on brain structure in non-clinical subjects: A preliminary report

Author: Christian Gaser, Igor Nenadic, Markus M. Nöthen, Robert Spalthoff, Bianca Besteher, Swapnil Awasthi, Franziska Degenhardt, Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach, and Stephan Ripke
Subjects: Adult, Male, Multifactorial Inheritance, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Grey matter, Bioinformatics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Structural variation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Gyrification, Gene, Biological Psychiatry, Cerebral Cortex, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Magnetic resonance imaging, Voxel-based morphometry, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 030227 psychiatry, Psychiatry and Mental health, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Schizophrenia, Female, business, Co-Repressor Proteins, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: We tested whether a polygenic risk score integrating the effects of genes affecting neurodevelopment is associated to brain structural variation in healthy subjects. We acquired magnetic resonance imaging and genetic data of 167 healthy adults and computed a neurodevelopmental polygenic risk score (nPRS). We correlated the nPRS with local gyrification, cortical thickness and grey matter density and explored effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms included in the score. We did not find significant correlations of this nPRS with either measure. Individuals with the risk allele at rs11139497 show increases in cortical thickness (p 0.05, FWE corrected) of the left superior temporal gyrus.
Published: 2019
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19. 45. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER - AN UPDATE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BORDERLINE GENOMICS CONSORTIUM

Author: Stephanie Witt, Swapnil Awasthi, null International Borderline Genomics Consortium, Marcella Rietschel, Stephan Ripke, and Fabian Streit
Subjects: Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental health, Neurology, Pharmacology (medical), Neurology (clinical), Biological Psychiatry
Published: 2022
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20. Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology

Author: James McKay, Frank Bellivier, Mark A. Frye, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Fermín Mayoral, I. Nicol Ferrier, Marion Leboyer, Fabian Streit, Dan J. Stein, James L. Kennedy, Christine Søholm Hansen, Scott D. Gordon, Beata Świątkowska, Valentina Escott-Price, Michael Bauer, Lina Martinsson, Donald J. MacIntyre, Oleksandr Frei, Daniel J. Smith, Sara A. Paciga, Takeo Saito, Jennifer L. Moran, Verneri Antilla, C Pantelis, Tomas Olsson, Swapnil Awasthi, Lena Backlund, Eirini Maratou, Martin Schalling, John B. Vincent, Niamh Mullins, Sarah E. Bergen, Niamh L. O'Brien, Marco P. Boks, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Mikael Landén, Franziska Degenhardt, Hang Zhou, Margarita Rivera, Andrew M. McIntosh, Manuel Mattheisen, Shawn Levy, Roy H. Perlis, John P. Rice, Sigurdur H. Magnusson, Amanda Dobbyn, Michael Conlon O'Donovan, Julien Bryois, Wolfgang Maier, John-Anker Zwart, J. Raymond DePaulo, Martin Alda, Laura G. Sloofman, Friederike Sophie David, James A. Knowles, Aiden Corvin, Thomas G. Schulze, Markus M. Nöthen, Nolan Kamitaki, Nina Dalkner, Brandon J. Coombes, Gustavo Turecki, Allan H. Young, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Patricia T. Michie, Ingrid Agartz, Towfique Raj, Diego Albani, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Bernhard T. Baune, Kyooseob Ha, Vincent Millischer, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Eva C. Beins, Nicholas G. Martin, Gulja Babadjanova, Josef Frank, Eva Z. Reininghaus, Patrick F. Sullivan, Ian R. Gizer, Guy A. Rouleau, Carmel M. Loughland, Christine Lochner, Thorsten M. Kranz, Amy Perry, Arne E. Vaaler, Mariam M. Al Eissa, Simon Xi, Claire O'Donovan, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Ketil J. Oedegaard, Helmut Vedder, Carol A. Mathews, Panagiotis Ferentinos, Tim B. Bigdeli, Derek W. Morris, Per Hoffmann, Mark Hyman Rapaport, Peter P. Zandi, Michael John Owen, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Anders D. Børglum, Catharina Lavebratt, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Paul A. Tooney, Michiaki Kubo, Steven A. Kushner, Jan Hillert, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Anastasia Antoniou, Murielle Brum, Chikashi Terao, Nathaniel W. McGregor, Fabio Rivas, James B. Potash, Kevin S. O’Connell, Susanne Lucae, Brian M. Schilder, Katrin Gade, Stephan Ripke, Kristina Adorjan, Kari Stefansson, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Panos Roussos, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Steven A. McCarroll, Sergi Papiol, Heon Jeong Lee, Assen Jablensky, Liliya Abramova, Dennis Hellgren, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Martin Lundberg, Hong-Hee Won, William Byerley, Lars Alfredsson, Joel Gelernter, Andrew McQuillin, Claire Slaney, Marta Ribasés, Stephanie H. Witt, Yoichiro Kamatani, Kyung Sue Hong, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, María Soler Artigas, Julie M. Cunningham, Fanny Senner, Stacy Steinberg, Paul D. Shilling, Nakao Iwata, Eystein Stordal, Armin Birner, Sarah E. Medland, Miquel Casas, Ben Michael Brumpton, Erlend Bøen, Bryan J. Mowry, Jolanta Lissowska, Francis J. McMahon, Howard J. Edenberg, Grant W. Montgomery, John I. Nurnberger, Stéphane Jamain, Claudio Toma, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Ole Mors, Micha Gawlik, David Curtis, Catrin Lewis, Evangelia-Eirini Tsermpini, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Marcella Rietschel, Jessica Yang, Ian Jones, Eduard Vieta, Ole A. Andreassen, Richard M. Myers, Dimitris Dikeos, Melissa J. Green, Janet L. Sobell, Maria Koromina, Piotr M. Czerski, Lilijana Oruc, Sven Cichon, Udo Dannlowski, Bruno Etain, Monika Budde, Alessia Fiorentino, Naomi R. Wray, Qingqin S. Li, Murray J. Cairns, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Jose Guzman-Parra, Andreas J. Forstner, Hannah Young, Alfredo B. Cuellar-Barboza, Julian Roth, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Zhen Qiao, Thomas Werge, Athanassios Douzenis, Cristiana Cruceanu, Rolf Adolfsson, Peter Holmans, Vaughan J. Carr, Thomas W. Weickert, Masashi Ikeda, Joanna M. Biernacka, Lea Sirignano, Adam X. Maihofer, Ralph W. Kupka, John Strauss, Anders M. Dale, Elliot S. Gershon, Jakob Grove, Arianna Di Florio, Helena Medeiros, Ingrid Melle, Preben Bo Mortensen, Kristi Krebs, Saskia P. Hagenaars, Liz Forty, Stanley V. Catts, David M. Hougaard, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Andreas Reif, Toni-Kim Clarke, Anne T. Spijker, Danielle Posthuma, Manolis Kogevinas, Michael Boehnke, Rosa Bosch, Gerome Breen, Benjamin M. Neale, Jessica S. Johnson, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Alexander W. Charney, Henry R. Kranzler, Digby Quested, René S. Kahn, Lili Milani, Merete Nordentoft, Nathalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan, Laura M. Huckins, James T.R. Walters, Sigrid Børte, Antonio F. Pardiñas, Kristian Hveem, Julie Garnham, Jacob Lawrence, Vassily Trubetskoy, Rodney J. Scott, Nicholas Bass, Carlos N. Pato, Andrea Pfennig, Wei Xu, Calwing Liao, Nicholas John Craddock, Thomas Damm Als, Christina M. Hultman, Fernando S. Goes, Adebayo Anjorin, Evgenia Porichi, Frans Henskens, Nelson B. Freimer, Janice M. Fullerton, Cathryn M. Lewis, Srdjan Djurovic, Roel A. Ophoff, Phil Lee, Peter McGuffin, Gunnar Morken, George P. Patrinos, Alessandro Serretti, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Pablo Cervantes, Bendik S. Winsvold, Tatiana Foroud, Tõnu Esko, Ulrich Schall, Michele T. Pato, Ji Hyun Baek, John R. Kelsoe, Olav B. Smeland, Janos Kalman, Eva C. Schulte, Joanna Hauser, Urs Heilbronner, Magnús Haraldsson, Martin Hautzinger, Lea Zillich, Eline J. Regeer, Douglas Blackwood, Laura J. Scott, Jordan W. Smoller, Michael J. Gandal, Marquis P. Vawter, Philip B. Mitchell, Ole Kristian Drange, Peter R. Schofield, Susanne Bengesser, Stefan Herms, George Kirov, Markus Leber, Louise Frisén, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Susan L. McElroy, Irwin D. Waldman, Wade H. Berrettini, Sally I. Sharp, Minsoo Kim, Lisa Jones, Eli A. Stahl, Hreinn Stefansson, Esben Agerbo, Dolores Malaspina, Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Psychiatry, APH - Mental Health, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, Human genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), APH - Digital Health, Mullins N., Forstner A.J., O'Connell K.S., Coombes B., Coleman J.R.I., Qiao Z., Als T.D., Bigdeli T.B., Borte S., Bryois J., Charney A.W., Drange O.K., Gandal M.J., Hagenaars S.P., Ikeda M., Kamitaki N., Kim M., Krebs K., Panagiotaropoulou G., Schilder B.M., Sloofman L.G., Steinberg S., Trubetskoy V., Winsvold B.S., Won H.-H., Abramova L., Adorjan K., Agerbo E., Al Eissa M., Albani D., Alliey-Rodriguez N., Anjorin A., Antilla V., Antoniou A., Awasthi S., Baek J.H., Baekvad-Hansen M., Bass N., Bauer M., Beins E.C., Bergen S.E., Birner A., Bocker Pedersen C., Boen E., Boks M.P., Bosch R., Brum M., Brumpton B.M., Brunkhorst-Kanaan N., Budde M., Bybjerg-Grauholm J., Byerley W., Cairns M., Casas M., Cervantes P., Clarke T.-K., Cruceanu C., Cuellar-Barboza A., Cunningham J., Curtis D., Czerski P.M., Dale A.M., Dalkner N., David F.S., Degenhardt F., Djurovic S., Dobbyn A.L., Douzenis A., Elvsashagen T., Escott-Price V., Ferrier I.N., Fiorentino A., Foroud T.M., Forty L., Frank J., Frei O., Freimer N.B., Frisen L., Gade K., Garnham J., Gelernter J., Giortz Pedersen M., Gizer I.R., Gordon S.D., Gordon-Smith K., Greenwood T.A., Grove J., Guzman-Parra J., Ha K., Haraldsson M., Hautzinger M., Heilbronner U., Hellgren D., Herms S., Hoffmann P., Holmans P.A., Huckins L., Jamain S., Johnson J.S., Kalman J.L., Kamatani Y., Kennedy J.L., Kittel-Schneider S., Knowles J.A., Kogevinas M., Koromina M., Kranz T.M., Kranzler H.R., Kubo M., Kupka R., Kushner S.A., Lavebratt C., Lawrence J., Leber M., Lee H.-J., Lee P.H., Levy S.E., Lewis C., Liao C., Lucae S., Lundberg M., MacIntyre D.J., Magnusson S.H., Maier W., Maihofer A., Malaspina D., Maratou E., Martinsson L., Mattheisen M., McCarroll S.A., McGregor N.W., McGuffin P., McKay J.D., Medeiros H., Medland S.E., Millischer V., Montgomery G.W., Moran J.L., Morris D.W., Muhleisen T.W., O'Brien N., O'Donovan C., Olde Loohuis L.M., Oruc L., Papiol S., Pardinas A.F., Perry A., Pfennig A., Porichi E., Potash J.B., Quested D., Raj T., Rapaport M.H., DePaulo J.R., Regeer E.J., Rice J.P., Rivas F., Rivera M., Roth J., Roussos P., Ruderfer D.M., Sanchez-Mora C., Schulte E.C., Senner F., Sharp S., Shilling P.D., Sigurdsson E., Sirignano L., Slaney C., Smeland O.B., Smith D.J., Sobell J.L., Soholm Hansen C., Soler Artigas M., Spijker A.T., Stein D.J., Strauss J.S., Swiatkowska B., Terao C., Thorgeirsson T.E., Toma C., Tooney P., Tsermpini E.-E., Vawter M.P., Vedder H., Walters J.T.R., Witt S.H., Xi S., Xu W., Yang J.M.K., Young A.H., Young H., Zandi P.P., Zhou H., Zillich L., Adolfsson R., Agartz I., Alda M., Alfredsson L., Babadjanova G., Backlund L., Baune B.T., Bellivier F., Bengesser S., Berrettini W.H., Blackwood D.H.R., Boehnke M., Borglum A.D., Breen G., Carr V.J., Catts S., Corvin A., Craddock N., Dannlowski U., Dikeos D., Esko T., Etain B., Ferentinos P., Frye M., Fullerton J.M., Gawlik M., Gershon E.S., Goes F.S., Green M.J., Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M., Hauser J., Henskens F., Hillert J., Hong K.S., Hougaard D.M., Hultman C.M., Hveem K., Iwata N., Jablensky A.V., Jones I., Jones L.A., Kahn R.S., Kelsoe J.R., Kirov G., Landen M., Leboyer M., Lewis C.M., Li Q.S., Lissowska J., Lochner C., Loughland C., Martin N.G., Mathews C.A., Mayoral F., McElroy S.L., McIntosh A.M., McMahon F.J., Melle I., Michie P., Milani L., Mitchell P.B., Morken G., Mors O., Mortensen P.B., Mowry B., Muller-Myhsok B., Myers R.M., Neale B.M., Nievergelt C.M., Nordentoft M., Nothen M.M., O'Donovan M.C., Oedegaard K.J., Olsson T., Owen M.J., Paciga S.A., Pantelis C., Pato C., Pato M.T., Patrinos G.P., Perlis R.H., Posthuma D., Ramos-Quiroga J.A., Reif A., Reininghaus E.Z., Ribases M., Rietschel M., Ripke S., Rouleau G.A., Saito T., Schall U., Schalling M., Schofield P.R., Schulze T.G., Scott L.J., Scott R.J., Serretti A., Shannon Weickert C., Smoller J.W., Stefansson H., Stefansson K., Stordal E., Streit F., Sullivan P.F., Turecki G., Vaaler A.E., Vieta E., Vincent J.B., Waldman I.D., Weickert T.W., Werge T., Wray N.R., Zwart J.-A., Biernacka J.M., Nurnberger J.I., Cichon S., Edenberg H.J., Stahl E.A., McQuillin A., Di Florio A., Ophoff R.A., Andreassen O.A., IMRB - 'Neuropsychiatrie translationnelle' [Créteil] (U955 Inserm - UPEC), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Optimisation thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie (OPTeN (UMR_S_1144 / U1144)), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand Widal [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), and Etain, Bruno
Subjects: Multifactorial Inheritance, Bipolar Disorder, [SDV.MHEP.PSM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Psychiatrics and mental health, Medizin, Genome-wide association study, Major Histocompatibility Complex/genetics, Major Histocompatibility Complex, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Bipolar Disorder, Chromosomes, Human, Spectrum disorder, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Bipolar Disorder/genetics, MESH: Genetic Predisposition to Disease, MESH: Case-Control Studies, Phenotype, Schizophrenia, Synaptic signaling, Case-Control Studie, Human, Quantitative Trait Loci, Biology, MESH: Phenotype, MESH: Chromosomes, Human, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Major Histocompatibility Complex, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, ddc:570, medicine, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Bipolar disorder, Multifactorial Inheritance/genetics, MESH: Genome, Human, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, Genome, Human, Risk Factor, Chromosomes, Human/genetics, Mental illness, medicine.disease, MESH: Quantitative Trait Loci, Human genetics, Psychologie, Case-Control Studies, [SDV.MHEP.PSM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Psychiatrics and mental health, MESH: Genome-Wide Association Study, Expression quantitative trait loci, MESH: Multifactorial Inheritance, Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: International audience; Bipolar disorder is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. We performed a genome-wide association study of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry, which identified 64 associated genomic loci. Bipolar disorder risk alleles were enriched in genes in synaptic signaling pathways and brain-expressed genes, particularly those with high specificity of expression in neurons of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Significant signal enrichment was found in genes encoding targets of antipsychotics, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics and anesthetics. Integrating expression quantitative trait locus data implicated 15 genes robustly linked to bipolar disorder via gene expression, encoding druggable targets such as HTR6, MCHR1, DCLK3 and FURIN. Analyses of bipolar disorder subtypes indicated high but imperfect genetic correlation between bipolar disorder type I and II and identified additional associated loci. Together, these results advance our understanding of the biological etiology of bipolar disorder, identify novel therapeutic leads and prioritize genes for functional follow-up studies.
Published: 2021
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21. Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression

Author: Stephan Ripke, Eduard Maron, Eco J. C. de Geus, Stefan Herms, Thomas Lang, Andreas Reif, Nina Friedrich, Volker Arolt, Susanne Moebus, Thomas Werge, Paul Pauli, Christiane Wolf, Markus M. Nöthen, Julian Hecker, Andreas Ströhle, Stacy Steinberg, Franziska Geiser, Lars Alfredsson, Heike Weber, Timo Hess, Katharina Domschke, Jessica Becker, Benedikt C. Buerfent, Martin Schalling, Georg W. Alpers, Evelyn Andersson, Thomas Fydrich, Elisabeth B. Binder, Stefanie Rambau, Darina Czamara, Alfons O. Hamm, Tomas Olsson, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Winfried Rief, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Francis J. McMahon, Elias Eriksson, David M. Hougaard, Manuel Mattheisen, Rupert Conrad, Jürgen Deckert, Merete Nordentoft, Angelika Erhardt, Jens Plag, Andres Metspalu, Ingrid Kockum, Christer Allgulander, Per Hoffmann, Yuri Milaneschi, Nils Lindefors, Iiris Hovatta, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach, Christiane A. Pané-Farré, Christina M. Hultman, Anders D. Børglum, Sandra Meier, David P.D. Woldbye, Johannes Schumacher, Lydia Fehm, Kari Stefansson, Alexander L. Gerlach, Hreinn Stefansson, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Preben Bo Mortensen, Thomas Hansen, Andreas J. Forstner, Christian Rück, Dorret I. Boomsma, Swapnil Awasthi, Ole Mors, Tilo Kircher, Patrick F. Sullivan, Catharina Lavebratt, Hamdi Mbarek, Epidemiology and Data Science, APH - Mental Health, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Psychiatry, APH - Digital Health, Biological Psychology, APH - Methodology, and Functional Genomics
Subjects: Netherlands Twin Register (NTR), 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Linkage disequilibrium, Medizin, Genome-wide association study, Genetic correlation, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Genetic predisposition, medicine, 1000 Genomes Project, Molecular Biology, business.industry, Heritability, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, 030104 developmental biology, Major depressive disorder, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Imputation (genetics)
Abstract: Panic disorder (PD) has a lifetime prevalence of 2–4% and heritability estimates of 40%. The contributory genetic variants remain largely unknown, with few and inconsistent loci having been reported. The present report describes the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PD to date comprising genome-wide genotype data of 2248 clinically well-characterized PD patients and 7992 ethnically matched controls. The samples originated from four European countries (Denmark, Estonia, Germany, and Sweden). Standard GWAS quality control procedures were conducted on each individual dataset, and imputation was performed using the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel. A meta-analysis was then performed using the Ricopili pipeline. No genome-wide significant locus was identified. Leave-one-out analyses generated highly significant polygenic risk scores (PRS) (explained variance of up to 2.6%). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analysis of the GWAS data showed that the estimated heritability for PD was 28.0–34.2%. After correction for multiple testing, a significant genetic correlation was found between PD and major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. A total of 255 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p < 1 × 10−4 were followed up in an independent sample of 2408 PD patients and 228,470 controls from Denmark, Iceland and the Netherlands. In the combined analysis, SNP rs144783209 showed the strongest association with PD (pcomb = 3.10 × 10−7). Sign tests revealed a significant enrichment of SNPs with a discovery p-value of
Published: 2021
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22. Genome-wide association study of over 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology

Author: Niamh Mullins, Andreas J. Forstner, Kevin S. O’Connell, Brandon Coombes, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Zhen Qiao, Thomas D. Als, Tim B. Bigdeli, Sigrid Børte, Julien Bryois, Alexander W. Charney, Ole Kristian Drange, Michael J. Gandal, Saskia P. Hagenaars, Masashi Ikeda, Nolan Kamitaki, Minsoo Kim, Kristi Krebs, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Brian M. Schilder, Laura G. Sloofman, Stacy Steinberg, Vassily Trubetskoy, Bendik S. Winsvold, Hong-Hee Won, Liliya Abramova, Kristina Adorjan, Esben Agerbo, Mariam Al Eissa, Diego Albani, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Adebayo Anjorin, Verneri Antilla, Anastasia Antoniou, Swapnil Awasthi, Ji Hyun Baek, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Nicholas Bass, Michael Bauer, Eva C. Beins, Sarah E. Bergen, Armin Birner, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Erlend Bøen, Marco P. Boks, Rosa Bosch, Murielle Brum, Ben M. Brumpton, Nathalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan, Monika Budde, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, William Byerley, Murray Cairns, Miquel Casas, Pablo Cervantes, Toni-Kim Clarke, Cristiana Cruceanu, Alfredo Cuellar-Barboza, Julie Cunningham, David Curtis, Piotr M. Czerski, Anders M. Dale, Nina Dalkner, Friederike S. David, Franziska Degenhardt, Srdjan Djurovic, Amanda L. Dobbyn, Athanassios Douzenis, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Valentina Escott-Price, I. Nicol Ferrier, Alessia Fiorentino, Tatiana M. Foroud, Liz Forty, Josef Frank, Oleksandr Frei, Nelson B. Freimer, Louise Frisén, Katrin Gade, Julie Garnham, Joel Gelernter, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Ian R. Gizer, Scott D. Gordon, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Jakob Grove, José Guzman-Parra, Kyooseob Ha, Magnus Haraldsson, Martin Hautzinger, Urs Heilbronner, Dennis Hellgren, Stefan Herms, Per Hoffmann, Peter A. Holmans, Laura Huckins, Stéphane Jamain, Jessica S. Johnson, Janos L. Kalman, Yoichiro Kamatani, James L. Kennedy, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, James A. Knowles, Manolis Kogevinas, Maria Koromina, Thorsten M. Kranz, Henry R. Kranzler, Michiaki Kubo, Ralph Kupka, Steven A. Kushner, Catharina Lavebratt, Jacob Lawrence, Markus Leber, Heon-Jeong Lee, Phil H. Lee, Shawn E. Levy, Catrin Lewis, Calwing Liao, Susanne Lucae, Martin Lundberg, Donald J. MacIntyre, Sigurdur H. Magnusson, Wolfgang Maier, Adam Maihofer, Dolores Malaspina, Eirini Maratou, Lina Martinsson, Manuel Mattheisen, Steven A. McCarroll, Nathaniel W. McGregor, Peter McGuffin, James D. McKay, Helena Medeiros, Sarah E. Medland, Vincent Millischer, Grant W. Montgomery, Jennifer L. Moran, Derek W. Morris, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Niamh O’Brien, Claire O’Donovan, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Lilijana Oruc, Sergi Papiol, Antonio F. Pardiñas, Amy Perry, Andrea Pfennig, Evgenia Porichi, James B. Potash, Digby Quested, Towfique Raj, Mark H. Rapaport, J. Raymond DePaulo, Eline J. Regeer, John P. Rice, Fabio Rivas, Margarita Rivera, Julian Roth, Panos Roussos, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Eva C. Schulte, Fanny Senner, Sally Sharp, Paul D. Shilling, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Lea Sirignano, Claire Slaney, Olav B. Smeland, Daniel J. Smith, Janet L. Sobell, Christine Søholm Hansen, Maria Soler Artigas, Anne T. Spijker, Dan J. Stein, John S. Strauss, Beata Świątkowska, Chikashi Terao, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Claudio Toma, Paul Tooney, Evangelia-Eirini Tsermpini, Marquis P. Vawter, Helmut Vedder, James T. R. Walters, Stephanie H. Witt, Simon Xi, Wei Xu, Jessica Mei Kay Yang, Allan H. Young, Hannah Young, Peter P. Zandi, Hang Zhou, Lea Zillich, HUNT All-In Psychiatry, Rolf Adolfsson, Ingrid Agartz, Martin Alda, Lars Alfredsson, Gulja Babadjanova, Lena Backlund, Bernhard T. Baune, Frank Bellivier, Susanne Bengesser, Wade H. Berrettini, Douglas H. R. Blackwood, Michael Boehnke, Anders D. Børglum, Gerome Breen, Vaughan J. Carr, Stanley Catts, Aiden Corvin, Nicholas Craddock, Udo Dannlowski, Dimitris Dikeos, Tõnu Esko, Bruno Etain, Panagiotis Ferentinos, Mark Frye, Janice M. Fullerton, Micha Gawlik, Elliot S. Gershon, Fernando S. Goes, Melissa J. Green, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Joanna Hauser, Frans Henskens, Jan Hillert, Kyung Sue Hong, David M. Hougaard, Christina M. Hultman, Kristian Hveem, Nakao Iwata, Assen V. Jablensky, Ian Jones, Lisa A. Jones, René S. Kahn, John R. Kelsoe, George Kirov, Mikael Landén, Marion Leboyer, Cathryn M. Lewis, Qingqin S. Li, Jolanta Lissowska, Christine Lochner, Carmel Loughland, Nicholas G. Martin, Carol A. Mathews, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L. McElroy, Andrew M. McIntosh, Francis J. McMahon, Ingrid Melle, Patricia Michie, Lili Milani, Philip B. Mitchell, Gunnar Morken, Ole Mors, Preben Bo Mortensen, Bryan Mowry, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Richard M. Myers, Benjamin M. Neale, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Merete Nordentoft, Markus M. Nöthen, Michael C. O’Donovan, Ketil J. Oedegaard, Tomas Olsson, Michael J. Owen, Sara A. Paciga, Chris Pantelis, Carlos Pato, Michele T. Pato, George P. Patrinos, Roy H. Perlis, Danielle Posthuma, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Andreas Reif, Eva Z. Reininghaus, Marta Ribasés, Marcella Rietschel, Stephan Ripke, Guy A. Rouleau, Takeo Saito, Ulrich Schall, Martin Schalling, Peter R. Schofield, Thomas G. Schulze, Laura J. Scott, Rodney J. Scott, Alessandro Serretti, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Jordan W. Smoller, Hreinn Stefansson, Kari Stefansson, Eystein Stordal, Fabian Streit, Patrick F. Sullivan, Gustavo Turecki, Arne E. Vaaler, Eduard Vieta, John B. Vincent, Irwin D. Waldman, Thomas W. Weickert, Thomas Werge, Naomi R. Wray, John-Anker Zwart, Joanna M. Biernacka, John I. Nurnberger, Sven Cichon, Howard J. Edenberg, Eli A. Stahl, Andrew McQuillin, Arianna Di Florio, Roel A. Ophoff, and Ole A. Andreassen
Subjects: Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Druggability, Genome-wide association study, Biology, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene expression, Expression quantitative trait loci, medicine, Bipolar disorder, Synaptic signaling, Prefrontal cortex, Gene, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 41,917 BD cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry, which identified 64 associated genomic loci. BD risk alleles were enriched in genes in synaptic signaling pathways and brain-expressed genes, particularly those with high specificity of expression in neurons of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Significant signal enrichment was found in genes encoding targets of antipsychotics, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics and anesthetics. Integrating eQTL data implicated 15 genes robustly linked to BD via gene expression, including druggable genes such as HTR6, MCHR1, DCLK3 and FURIN. This GWAS provides the best-powered BD polygenic scores to date, when applied in both European and diverse ancestry samples. Analyses of BD subtypes indicated high but imperfect genetic correlation between BD type I and II and identified additional associated loci. Together, these results advance our understanding of the biological etiology of BD, identify novel therapeutic leads and prioritize genes for functional follow-up studies.
Published: 2020
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23. Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology

Author: Niamh, Mullins, Andreas J, Forstner, Kevin S, O'Connell, Brandon, Coombes, Jonathan R I, Coleman, Zhen, Qiao, Thomas D, Als, Tim B, Bigdeli, Sigrid, Børte, Julien, Bryois, Alexander W, Charney, Ole Kristian, Drange, Michael J, Gandal, Saskia P, Hagenaars, Masashi, Ikeda, Nolan, Kamitaki, Minsoo, Kim, Kristi, Krebs, Georgia, Panagiotaropoulou, Brian M, Schilder, Laura G, Sloofman, Stacy, Steinberg, Vassily, Trubetskoy, Bendik S, Winsvold, Hong-Hee, Won, Liliya, Abramova, Kristina, Adorjan, Esben, Agerbo, Mariam, Al Eissa, Diego, Albani, Ney, Alliey-Rodriguez, Adebayo, Anjorin, Verneri, Antilla, Anastasia, Antoniou, Swapnil, Awasthi, Ji Hyun, Baek, Marie, Bækvad-Hansen, Nicholas, Bass, Michael, Bauer, Eva C, Beins, Sarah E, Bergen, Armin, Birner, Carsten, Bøcker Pedersen, Erlend, Bøen, Marco P, Boks, Rosa, Bosch, Murielle, Brum, Ben M, Brumpton, Nathalie, Brunkhorst-Kanaan, Monika, Budde, Jonas, Bybjerg-Grauholm, William, Byerley, Murray, Cairns, Miquel, Casas, Pablo, Cervantes, Toni-Kim, Clarke, Cristiana, Cruceanu, Alfredo, Cuellar-Barboza, Julie, Cunningham, David, Curtis, Piotr M, Czerski, Anders M, Dale, Nina, Dalkner, Friederike S, David, Franziska, Degenhardt, Srdjan, Djurovic, Amanda L, Dobbyn, Athanassios, Douzenis, Torbjørn, Elvsåshagen, Valentina, Escott-Price, I Nicol, Ferrier, Alessia, Fiorentino, Tatiana M, Foroud, Liz, Forty, Josef, Frank, Oleksandr, Frei, Nelson B, Freimer, Louise, Frisén, Katrin, Gade, Julie, Garnham, Joel, Gelernter, Marianne, Giørtz Pedersen, Ian R, Gizer, Scott D, Gordon, Katherine, Gordon-Smith, Tiffany A, Greenwood, Jakob, Grove, José, Guzman-Parra, Kyooseob, Ha, Magnus, Haraldsson, Martin, Hautzinger, Urs, Heilbronner, Dennis, Hellgren, Stefan, Herms, Per, Hoffmann, Peter A, Holmans, Laura, Huckins, Stéphane, Jamain, Jessica S, Johnson, Janos L, Kalman, Yoichiro, Kamatani, James L, Kennedy, Sarah, Kittel-Schneider, James A, Knowles, Manolis, Kogevinas, Maria, Koromina, Thorsten M, Kranz, Henry R, Kranzler, Michiaki, Kubo, Ralph, Kupka, Steven A, Kushner, Catharina, Lavebratt, Jacob, Lawrence, Markus, Leber, Heon-Jeong, Lee, Phil H, Lee, Shawn E, Levy, Catrin, Lewis, Calwing, Liao, Susanne, Lucae, Martin, Lundberg, Donald J, MacIntyre, Sigurdur H, Magnusson, Wolfgang, Maier, Adam, Maihofer, Dolores, Malaspina, Eirini, Maratou, Lina, Martinsson, Manuel, Mattheisen, Steven A, McCarroll, Nathaniel W, McGregor, Peter, McGuffin, James D, McKay, Helena, Medeiros, Sarah E, Medland, Vincent, Millischer, Grant W, Montgomery, Jennifer L, Moran, Derek W, Morris, Thomas W, Mühleisen, Niamh, O'Brien, Claire, O'Donovan, Loes M, Olde Loohuis, Lilijana, Oruc, Sergi, Papiol, Antonio F, Pardiñas, Amy, Perry, Andrea, Pfennig, Evgenia, Porichi, James B, Potash, Digby, Quested, Towfique, Raj, Mark H, Rapaport, J Raymond, DePaulo, Eline J, Regeer, John P, Rice, Fabio, Rivas, Margarita, Rivera, Julian, Roth, Panos, Roussos, Douglas M, Ruderfer, Cristina, Sánchez-Mora, Eva C, Schulte, Fanny, Senner, Sally, Sharp, Paul D, Shilling, Engilbert, Sigurdsson, Lea, Sirignano, Claire, Slaney, Olav B, Smeland, Daniel J, Smith, Janet L, Sobell, Christine, Søholm Hansen, Maria, Soler Artigas, Anne T, Spijker, Dan J, Stein, John S, Strauss, Beata, Świątkowska, Chikashi, Terao, Thorgeir E, Thorgeirsson, Claudio, Toma, Paul, Tooney, Evangelia-Eirini, Tsermpini, Marquis P, Vawter, Helmut, Vedder, James T R, Walters, Stephanie H, Witt, Simon, Xi, Wei, Xu, Jessica Mei Kay, Yang, Allan H, Young, Hannah, Young, Peter P, Zandi, Hang, Zhou, Lea, Zillich, Rolf, Adolfsson, Ingrid, Agartz, Martin, Alda, Lars, Alfredsson, Gulja, Babadjanova, Lena, Backlund, Bernhard T, Baune, Frank, Bellivier, Susanne, Bengesser, Wade H, Berrettini, Douglas H R, Blackwood, Michael, Boehnke, Anders D, Børglum, Gerome, Breen, Vaughan J, Carr, Stanley, Catts, Aiden, Corvin, Nicholas, Craddock, Udo, Dannlowski, Dimitris, Dikeos, Tõnu, Esko, Bruno, Etain, Panagiotis, Ferentinos, Mark, Frye, Janice M, Fullerton, Micha, Gawlik, Elliot S, Gershon, Fernando S, Goes, Melissa J, Green, Maria, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Joanna, Hauser, Frans, Henskens, Jan, Hillert, Kyung Sue, Hong, David M, Hougaard, Christina M, Hultman, Kristian, Hveem, Nakao, Iwata, Assen V, Jablensky, Ian, Jones, Lisa A, Jones, René S, Kahn, John R, Kelsoe, George, Kirov, Mikael, Landén, Marion, Leboyer, Cathryn M, Lewis, Qingqin S, Li, Jolanta, Lissowska, Christine, Lochner, Carmel, Loughland, Nicholas G, Martin, Carol A, Mathews, Fermin, Mayoral, Susan L, McElroy, Andrew M, McIntosh, Francis J, McMahon, Ingrid, Melle, Patricia, Michie, Lili, Milani, Philip B, Mitchell, Gunnar, Morken, Ole, Mors, Preben Bo, Mortensen, Bryan, Mowry, Bertram, Müller-Myhsok, Richard M, Myers, Benjamin M, Neale, Caroline M, Nievergelt, Merete, Nordentoft, Markus M, Nöthen, Michael C, O'Donovan, Ketil J, Oedegaard, Tomas, Olsson, Michael J, Owen, Sara A, Paciga, Chris, Pantelis, Carlos, Pato, Michele T, Pato, George P, Patrinos, Roy H, Perlis, Danielle, Posthuma, Josep Antoni, Ramos-Quiroga, Andreas, Reif, Eva Z, Reininghaus, Marta, Ribasés, Marcella, Rietschel, Stephan, Ripke, Guy A, Rouleau, Takeo, Saito, Ulrich, Schall, Martin, Schalling, Peter R, Schofield, Thomas G, Schulze, Laura J, Scott, Rodney J, Scott, Alessandro, Serretti, Cynthia, Shannon Weickert, Jordan W, Smoller, Hreinn, Stefansson, Kari, Stefansson, Eystein, Stordal, Fabian, Streit, Patrick F, Sullivan, Gustavo, Turecki, Arne E, Vaaler, Eduard, Vieta, John B, Vincent, Irwin D, Waldman, Thomas W, Weickert, Thomas, Werge, Naomi R, Wray, John-Anker, Zwart, Joanna M, Biernacka, John I, Nurnberger, Sven, Cichon, Howard J, Edenberg, Eli A, Stahl, Andrew, McQuillin, Arianna, Di Florio, Roel A, Ophoff, and Ole A, Andreassen
Subjects: Major Histocompatibility Complex, Multifactorial Inheritance, Bipolar Disorder, Phenotype, Genome, Human, Risk Factors, Case-Control Studies, Quantitative Trait Loci, Chromosomes, Human, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Bipolar disorder is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. We performed a genome-wide association study of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry, which identified 64 associated genomic loci. Bipolar disorder risk alleles were enriched in genes in synaptic signaling pathways and brain-expressed genes, particularly those with high specificity of expression in neurons of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Significant signal enrichment was found in genes encoding targets of antipsychotics, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics and anesthetics. Integrating expression quantitative trait locus data implicated 15 genes robustly linked to bipolar disorder via gene expression, encoding druggable targets such as HTR6, MCHR1, DCLK3 and FURIN. Analyses of bipolar disorder subtypes indicated high but imperfect genetic correlation between bipolar disorder type I and II and identified additional associated loci. Together, these results advance our understanding of the biological etiology of bipolar disorder, identify novel therapeutic leads and prioritize genes for functional follow-up studies.
Published: 2020

24. The Genetics of the Mood Disorder Spectrum: Genome-wide Association Analyses of More Than 185,000 Cases and 439,000 Controls

Author: Jonathan R.I. Coleman, Héléna A. Gaspar, Julien Bryois, Gerome Breen, Enda M. Byrne, Andreas J. Forstner, Peter A. Holmans, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Manuel Mattheisen, Andrew McQuillin, Jennifer M. Whitehead Pavlides, Tune H. Pers, Stephan Ripke, Eli A. Stahl, Stacy Steinberg, Vassily Trubetskoy, Maciej Trzaskowski, Yunpeng Wang, Liam Abbott, Abdel Abdellaoui, Mark J. Adams, Annelie Nordin Adolfsson, Esben Agerbo, Huda Akil, Diego Albani, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Thomas D. Als, Till F.M. Andlauer, Adebayo Anjorin, Verneri Antilla, Sandra Van der Auwera, Swapnil Awasthi, Silviu-Alin Bacanu, Judith A. Badner, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Jack D. Barchas, Nicholas Bass, Michael Bauer, Aartjan T.F. Beekman, Richard Belliveau, Sarah E. Bergen, Tim B. Bigdeli, Elisabeth B. Binder, Erlend Bøen, Marco Boks, James Boocock, Monika Budde, William Bunney, Margit Burmeister, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, William Byerley, Na Cai, Miquel Casas, Enrique Castelao, Felecia Cerrato, Pablo Cervantes, Kimberly Chambert, Alexander W. Charney, Danfeng Chen, Jane Hvarregaard Christensen, Claire Churchhouse, David St Clair, Toni-Kim Clarke, Lucía Colodro-Conde, William Coryell, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, David W. Craig, Gregory E. Crawford, Cristiana Cruceanu, Piotr M. Czerski, Anders M. Dale, Gail Davies, Ian J. Deary, Franziska Degenhardt, Jurgen Del-Favero, J Raymond DePaulo, Eske M. Derks, Nese Direk, Srdjan Djurovic, Amanda L. Dobbyn, Conor V. Dolan, Ashley Dumont, Erin C. Dunn, Thalia C. Eley, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Valentina Escott-Price, Chun Chieh Fan, Hilary K. Finucane, Sascha B. Fischer, Matthew Flickinger, Jerome C. Foo, Tatiana M. Foroud, Liz Forty, Josef Frank, Christine Fraser, Nelson B. Freimer, Louise Frisén, Katrin Gade, Diane Gage, Julie Garnham, Claudia Giambartolomei, Fernando S. Goes, Jaqueline Goldstein, Scott D. Gordon, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Elaine K. Green, Melissa J. Green, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Jakob Grove, Weihua Guan, Lynsey S. Hall, Marian L. Hamshere, Christine Søholm Hansen, Thomas F. Hansen, Martin Hautzinger, Urs Heilbronner, Albert M. van Hemert, Stefan Herms, Ian B. Hickie, Maria Hipolito, Per Hoffmann, Dominic Holland, Georg Homuth, Carsten Horn, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Laura Huckins, Marcus Ising, Stéphane Jamain, Rick Jansen, Jessica S. Johnson, Simone de Jong, Eric Jorgenson, Anders Juréus, Radhika Kandaswamy, Robert Karlsson, James L. Kennedy, Farnush Farhadi Hassan Kiadeh, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, James A. Knowles, Manolis Kogevinas, Isaac S. Kohane, Anna C. Koller, Julia Kraft, Warren W. Kretzschmar, Jesper Krogh, Ralph Kupka, Zoltán Kutalik, Catharina Lavebratt, Jacob Lawrence, William B. Lawson, Markus Leber, Phil H. Lee, Shawn E. Levy, Jun Z. Li, Yihan Li, Penelope A. Lind, Chunyu Liu, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Anna Maaser, Donald J. MacIntyre, Dean F. MacKinnon, Pamela B. Mahon, Wolfgang Maier, Robert M. Maier, Jonathan Marchini, Lina Martinsson, Hamdi Mbarek, Steve McCarroll, Patrick McGrath, Peter McGuffin, Melvin G. McInnis, James D. McKay, Helena Medeiros, Sarah E. Medland, Divya Mehta, Fan Meng, Christel M. Middeldorp, Evelin Mihailov, Yuri Milaneschi, Lili Milani, Saira Saeed Mirza, Francis M. Mondimore, Grant W. Montgomery, Derek W. Morris, Sara Mostafavi, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Niamh Mullins, Matthias Nauck, Bernard Ng, Hoang Nguyen, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Michel G. Nivard, Evaristus A. Nwulia, Dale R. Nyholt, Claire O'Donovan, Paul F. O'Reilly, Anil P.S. Ori, Lilijana Oruc, Urban Ösby, Hogni Oskarsson, Jodie N. Painter, José Guzman Parra, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Amy Perry, Roseann E. Peterson, Erik Pettersson, Wouter J. Peyrot, Andrea Pfennig, Giorgio Pistis, Shaun M. Purcell, Jorge A. Quiroz, Per Qvist, Eline J. Regeer, Andreas Reif, Céline S. Reinbold, John P. Rice, Brien P. Riley, Fabio Rivas, Margarita Rivera, Panos Roussos, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Euijung Ryu, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Alan F. Schatzberg, William A. Scheftner, Robert Schoevers, Nicholas J. Schork, Eva C. Schulte, Tatyana Shehktman, Ling Shen, Jianxin Shi, Paul D. Shilling, Stanley I. Shyn, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Claire Slaney, Olav B. Smeland, Johannes H. Smit, Daniel J. Smith, Janet L. Sobell, Anne T. Spijker, Michael Steffens, John S. Strauss, Fabian Streit, Jana Strohmaier, Szabolcs Szelinger, Katherine E. Tansey, Henning Teismann, Alexander Teumer, Robert C. Thompson, Wesley Thompson, Pippa A. Thomson, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Matthew Traylor, Jens Treutlein, André G. Uitterlinden, Daniel Umbricht, Helmut Vedder, Alexander Viktorin, Peter M. Visscher, Weiqing Wang, Stanley J. Watson, Bradley T. Webb, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Thomas W. Weickert, Shantel Marie Weinsheimer, Jürgen Wellmann, Gonneke Willemsen, Stephanie H. Witt, Yang Wu, Hualin S. Xi, Wei Xu, Jian Yang, Allan H. Young, Peter Zandi, Peng Zhang, Futao Zhang, Sebastian Zollner, Rolf Adolfsson, Ingrid Agartz, Martin Alda, Volker Arolt, Lena Backlund, Bernhard T. Baune, Frank Bellivier, Klaus Berger, Wade H. Berrettini, Joanna M. Biernacka, Douglas H.R. Blackwood, Michael Boehnke, Dorret I. Boomsma, Aiden Corvin, Nicholas Craddock, Mark J. Daly, Udo Dannlowski, Enrico Domenici, Katharina Domschke, Tõnu Esko, Bruno Etain, Mark Frye, Janice M. Fullerton, Elliot S. Gershon, E.J.C. de Geus, Michael Gill, Fernando Goes, Hans J. Grabe, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Steven P. Hamilton, Joanna Hauser, Caroline Hayward, Andrew C. Heath, David M. Hougaard, Christina M. Hultman, Ian Jones, Lisa A. Jones, René S. Kahn, Kenneth S. Kendler, George Kirov, Stefan Kloiber, Mikael Landén, Marion Leboyer, Glyn Lewis, Qingqin S. Li, Jolanta Lissowska, Susanne Lucae, Pamela A.F. Madden, Patrik K. Magnusson, Nicholas G. Martin, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L. McElroy, Andrew M. McIntosh, Francis J. McMahon, Ingrid Melle, Andres Metspalu, Philip B. Mitchell, Gunnar Morken, Ole Mors, Preben Bo Mortensen, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Richard M. Myers, Benjamin M. Neale, Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Merete Nordentoft, Markus M. Nöthen, Michael C. O'Donovan, Ketil J. Oedegaard, Michael J. Owen, Sara A. Paciga, Carlos Pato, Michele T. Pato, Nancy L. Pedersen, Brenda W.J. H. Penninx, Roy H. Perlis, David J. Porteous, Danielle Posthuma, James B. Potash, Martin Preisig, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Marta Ribasés, Marcella Rietschel, Guy A. Rouleau, Catherine Schaefer, Martin Schalling, Peter R. Schofield, Thomas G. Schulze, Alessandro Serretti, Jordan W. Smoller, Hreinn Stefansson, Kari Stefansson, Eystein Stordal, Henning Tiemeier, Gustavo Turecki, Rudolf Uher, Arne E. Vaaler, Eduard Vieta, John B. Vincent, Henry Völzke, Myrna M. Weissman, Thomas Werge, Ole A. Andreassen, Anders D. Børglum, Sven Cichon, Howard J. Edenberg, Arianna Di Florio, John Kelsoe, Douglas F. Levinson, Cathryn M. Lewis, John I. Nurnberger, Roel A. Ophoff, Laura J. Scott, Pamela Sklar, Patrick F. Sullivan, Naomi R. Wray, APH - Methodology, Biological Psychology, APH - Personalized Medicine, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, APH - Mental Health, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Complex Trait Genetics, Epidemiology, Erasmus MC other, Urology, Psychiatry, Internal Medicine, Medical Informatics, Immunology, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, Adult Psychiatry, Coleman J.R.I., Gaspar H.A., Bryois J., Byrne E.M., Forstner A.J., Holmans P.A., de Leeuw C.A., Mattheisen M., McQuillin A., Whitehead Pavlides J.M., Pers T.H., Ripke S., Stahl E.A., Steinberg S., Trubetskoy V., Trzaskowski M., Wang Y., Abbott L., Abdellaoui A., Adams M.J., Adolfsson A.N., Agerbo E., Akil H., Albani D., Alliey-Rodriguez N., Als T.D., Andlauer T.F.M., Anjorin A., Antilla V., Van der Auwera S., Awasthi S., Bacanu S.-A., Badner J.A., Baekvad-Hansen M., Barchas J.D., Bass N., Bauer M., Beekman A.T.F., Belliveau R., Bergen S.E., Bigdeli T.B., Binder E.B., Boen E., Boks M., Boocock J., Budde M., Bunney W., Burmeister M., Buttenschon H.N., Bybjerg-Grauholm J., Byerley W., Cai N., Casas M., Castelao E., Cerrato F., Cervantes P., Chambert K., Charney A.W., Chen D., Christensen J.H., Churchhouse C., St Clair D., Clarke T.-K., Colodro-Conde L., Coryell W., Couvy-Duchesne B., Craig D.W., Crawford G.E., Cruceanu C., Czerski P.M., Dale A.M., Davies G., Deary I.J., Degenhardt F., Del-Favero J., DePaulo J.R., Derks E.M., Direk N., Djurovic S., Dobbyn A.L., Dolan C.V., Dumont A., Dunn E.C., Eley T.C., Elvsashagen T., Escott-Price V., Fan C.C., Finucane H.K., Fischer S.B., Flickinger M., Foo J.C., Foroud T.M., Forty L., Frank J., Fraser C., Freimer N.B., Frisen L., Gade K., Gage D., Garnham J., Giambartolomei C., Goes F.S., Goldstein J., Gordon S.D., Gordon-Smith K., Green E.K., Green M.J., Greenwood T.A., Grove J., Guan W., Hall L.S., Hamshere M.L., Hansen C.S., Hansen T.F., Hautzinger M., Heilbronner U., van Hemert A.M., Herms S., Hickie I.B., Hipolito M., Hoffmann P., Holland D., Homuth G., Horn C., Hottenga J.-J., Huckins L., Ising M., Jamain S., Jansen R., Johnson J.S., de Jong S., Jorgenson E., Jureus A., Kandaswamy R., Karlsson R., Kennedy J.L., Hassan Kiadeh F.F., Kittel-Schneider S., Knowles J.A., Kogevinas M., Kohane I.S., Koller A.C., Kraft J., Kretzschmar W.W., Krogh J., Kupka R., Kutalik Z., Lavebratt C., Lawrence J., Lawson W.B., Leber M., Lee P.H., Levy S.E., Li J.Z., Li Y., Lind P.A., Liu C., Olde Loohuis L.M., Maaser A., MacIntyre D.J., MacKinnon D.F., Mahon P.B., Maier W., Maier R.M., Marchini J., Martinsson L., Mbarek H., McCarroll S., McGrath P., McGuffin P., McInnis M.G., McKay J.D., Medeiros H., Medland S.E., Mehta D., Meng F., Middeldorp C.M., Mihailov E., Milaneschi Y., Milani L., Mirza S.S., Mondimore F.M., Montgomery G.W., Morris D.W., Mostafavi S., Muhleisen T.W., Mullins N., Nauck M., Ng B., Nguyen H., Nievergelt C.M., Nivard M.G., Nwulia E.A., Nyholt D.R., O'Donovan C., O'Reilly P.F., Ori A.P.S., Oruc L., Osby U., Oskarsson H., Painter J.N., Parra J.G., Pedersen C.B., Pedersen M.G., Perry A., Peterson R.E., Pettersson E., Peyrot W.J., Pfennig A., Pistis G., Purcell S.M., Quiroz J.A., Qvist P., Regeer E.J., Reif A., Reinbold C.S., Rice J.P., Riley B.P., Rivas F., Rivera M., Roussos P., Ruderfer D.M., Ryu E., Sanchez-Mora C., Schatzberg A.F., Scheftner W.A., Schoevers R., Schork N.J., Schulte E.C., Shehktman T., Shen L., Shi J., Shilling P.D., Shyn S.I., Sigurdsson E., Slaney C., Smeland O.B., Smit J.H., Smith D.J., Sobell J.L., Spijker A.T., Steffens M., Strauss J.S., Streit F., Strohmaier J., Szelinger S., Tansey K.E., Teismann H., Teumer A., Thompson R.C., Thompson W., Thomson P.A., Thorgeirsson T.E., Traylor M., Treutlein J., Uitterlinden A.G., Umbricht D., Vedder H., Viktorin A., Visscher P.M., Wang W., Watson S.J., Webb B.T., Weickert C.S., Weickert T.W., Weinsheimer S.M., Wellmann J., Willemsen G., Witt S.H., Wu Y., Xi H.S., Xu W., Yang J., Young A.H., Zandi P., Zhang P., Zhang F., Zollner S., Adolfsson R., Agartz I., Alda M., Arolt V., Backlund L., Baune B.T., Bellivier F., Berger K., Berrettini W.H., Biernacka J.M., Blackwood D.H.R., Boehnke M., Boomsma D.I., Corvin A., Craddock N., Daly M.J., Dannlowski U., Domenici E., Domschke K., Esko T., Etain B., Frye M., Fullerton J.M., Gershon E.S., de Geus E.J.C., Gill M., Goes F., Grabe H.J., Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M., Hamilton S.P., Hauser J., Hayward C., Heath A.C., Hougaard D.M., Hultman C.M., Jones I., Jones L.A., Kahn R.S., Kendler K.S., Kirov G., Kloiber S., Landen M., Leboyer M., Lewis G., Li Q.S., Lissowska J., Lucae S., Madden P.A.F., Magnusson P.K., Martin N.G., Mayoral F., McElroy S.L., McIntosh A.M., McMahon F.J., Melle I., Metspalu A., Mitchell P.B., Morken G., Mors O., Mortensen P.B., Muller-Myhsok B., Myers R.M., Neale B.M., Nimgaonkar V., Nordentoft M., Nothen M.M., O'Donovan M.C., Oedegaard K.J., Owen M.J., Paciga S.A., Pato C., Pato M.T., Pedersen N.L., Penninx B.W.J.H., Perlis R.H., Porteous D.J., Posthuma D., Potash J.B., Preisig M., Ramos-Quiroga J.A., Ribases M., Rietschel M., Rouleau G.A., Schaefer C., Schalling M., Schofield P.R., Schulze T.G., Serretti A., Smoller J.W., Stefansson H., Stefansson K., Stordal E., Tiemeier H., Turecki G., Uher R., Vaaler A.E., Vieta E., Vincent J.B., Volzke H., Weissman M.M., Werge T., Andreassen O.A., Borglum A.D., Cichon S., Edenberg H.J., Di Florio A., Kelsoe J., Levinson D.F., Lewis C.M., Nurnberger J.I., Ophoff R.A., Scott L.J., Sklar P., Sullivan P.F., Wray N.R., and Breen G.
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Netherlands Twin Register (NTR), Genetic correlation, Genome-wide association study, Mood Disorder, Bipolar disorder, Population, BF, Genomics, Major depressive disorder, Affective disorder, Article, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, mental disorders, medicine, Animals, ddc:610, education, Depression (differential diagnoses), Biological Psychiatry, 030304 developmental biology, Genetic association, Genetics, Depressive Disorder, Major, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Animal, business.industry, Risk Factor, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Affective disorders, 030104 developmental biology, Mood, Mood disorders, RC0321, Biological psychiatry, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Clinical psychology
Abstract: BackgroundMood disorders (including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) affect 10-20% of the population. They range from brief, mild episodes to severe, incapacitating conditions that markedly impact lives. Despite their diagnostic distinction, multiple approaches have shown considerable sharing of risk factors across the mood disorders.MethodsTo clarify their shared molecular genetic basis, and to highlight disorder-specific associations, we meta-analysed data from the latest Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) genome-wide association studies of major depression (including data from 23andMe) and bipolar disorder, and an additional major depressive disorder cohort from UK Biobank (total: 185,285 cases, 439,741 controls; non-overlapping N = 609,424).ResultsSeventy-three loci reached genome-wide significance in the meta-analysis, including 15 that are novel for mood disorders. More genome-wide significant loci from the PGC analysis of major depression than bipolar disorder reached genome-wide significance. Genetic correlations revealed that type 2 bipolar disorder correlates strongly with recurrent and single episode major depressive disorder. Systems biology analyses highlight both similarities and differences between the mood disorders, particularly in the mouse brain cell types implicated by the expression patterns of associated genes. The mood disorders also differ in their genetic correlation with educational attainment – positive in bipolar disorder but negative in major depressive disorder.ConclusionsThe mood disorders share several genetic associations, and can be combined effectively to increase variant discovery. However, we demonstrate several differences between these disorders. Analysing subtypes of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder provides evidence for a genetic mood disorders spectrum.
Published: 2020
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25. Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence

Author: Dan Rujescu, Vidar M. Steen, Eva Krapohl, Aarno Palotie, Elisabeth Widen, Ingrid Melle, Patrick Sullivan, Katrina L. Grasby, Stephan Ripke, Anke R. Hammerschlag, Christiaan de Leeuw, Panos Bitsios, Nikos C. Stefanis, Tonya White, Gail Davies, Ahmad R. Hariri, Philip R. Jansen, Peter B. Barr, John M. Starr, Max Lam, Ian J. Deary, Sara Hägg, Dimitrios Avramopoulos, Bettina Konte, Anil K. Malhotra, Delilah Zabaneh, Kjetil Sundet, Tinca J. C. Polderman, Ornit Chiba-Falek, Jakob Kaminski, Danielle M. Dick, Andrea Christoforou, Jin Yu, Gunter Schumann, Matthew A. Scult, Anna C. Need, Jens Hjerling-Leffler, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Kenneth S. Kendler, Todd Lencz, Dwight Dickinson, Bradley T. Webb, Elizabeth T. Cirulli, Stephanie Le Hellard, Gerome Breen, Astri J. Lundervold, Hannah Young, Erin Burke Quinlan, William Ollier, Nikolaos Smyrnis, Emily Drabant Conley, Danielle Posthuma, Sten Linnarsson, Aristotle N. Voineskos, Edythe D. London, Pamela DeRosse, Russell A. Poldrack, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Jeanne E. Savage, Sarah E. Medland, Ana B. Muñoz-Manchado, Richard E. Straub, Robert Plomin, Ida K. Karlsson, Nathan G. Skene, Dan E. Arking, Birgit Debrabant, Joey W. Trampush, Matthew C. Keller, Mats Nagel, Gary Donohoe, Chandra A. Reynolds, Panos Roussos, Lene Christiansen, Ivar Reinvang, Ole A. Andreassen, Antony Payton, Robert Karlsson, Margaret J. Wright, Deborah C. Koltai, Jari Lahti, Andreas Heinz, Tyrone D. Cannon, Eliza Congdon, Olav B. Smeland, Stella G. Giakoumaki, Marianne Nygaard, Julien Bryois, M. Arfan Ikram, Nancy L. Pedersen, Katri Räikkönen, Daniel R. Weinberger, Neil Pendleton, Swapnil Awasthi, Sven Stringer, Nelson A. Freimer, Aiden Corvin, Kyoko Watanabe, David C. Glahn, Henning Tiemeier, Grant W. Montgomery, Narelle K. Hansell, Robert M. Bilder, Katherine E. Burdick, Srdjan Djurovic, David C. Liewald, Sophie van der Sluis, Thomas Espeseth, Scott I. Vrieze, Fred W. Sabb, Nicholas G. Martin, Michael Gill, Emma Knowles, Derek W. Morris, Alex Hatzimanolis, Ina Giegling, Johan G. Eriksson, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, Epidemiology, Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Biological Psychology, Functional Genomics, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Johan Eriksson / Principal Investigator, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Centre of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Aarno Palotie / Principal Investigator, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Elisabeth Ingrid Maria Widen / Principal Investigator, Developmental Psychology Research Group, Genomics of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Genomic Discoveries and Clinical Translation, Human genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms, VU University medical center, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, and Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Nonsynonymous substitution, Male, GENERAL COGNITIVE FUNCTION, Intelligence, LOCI, Genome-wide association study, ANNOTATION, 0302 clinical medicine, GWAS, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity, RISK, HERITABILITY, Brain, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Schizophrenia, Genome-Wide Association Study/methods, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, TRAITS, Adolescent, Quantitative Trait Loci, Computational biology, Biology, Quantitative trait locus, Brain/physiology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Gene, Genetic association, EDUCATIONAL-ATTAINMENT, Science & Technology, TEST BATTERIES, CONSORTIUM, Intelligence/genetics, 06 Biological Sciences, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Expression quantitative trait loci, 3111 Biomedicine, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Intelligence is highly heritable 1 and a major determinant of human health and well-being 2 . Recent genome-wide meta-analyses have identified 24 genomic loci linked to variation in intelligence 3-7 , but much about its genetic underpinnings remains to be discovered. Here, we present a large-scale genetic association study of intelligence (n = 269,867), identifying 205 associated genomic loci (190 new) and 1,016 genes (939 new) via positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, chromatin interaction mapping, and gene-based association analysis. We find enrichment of genetic effects in conserved and coding regions and associations with 146 nonsynonymous exonic variants. Associated genes are strongly expressed in the brain, specifically in striatal medium spiny neurons and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gene set analyses implicate pathways related to nervous system development and synaptic structure. We confirm previous strong genetic correlations with multiple health-related outcomes, and Mendelian randomization analysis results suggest protective effects of intelligence for Alzheimer's disease and ADHD and bidirectional causation with pleiotropic effects for schizophrenia. These results are a major step forward in understanding the neurobiology of cognitive function as well as genetically related neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Published: 2018
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26. The Genetic Architecture of Depression in Individuals of East Asian Ancestry

Author: Murray B. Stein, Xiangrui Meng, Yiping Chen, Ming-Chyi Huang, Po-Hsiu Kuo, Niamh Mullins, Robin G. Walters, Arden Moscati, Andrew M. McIntosh, Mei-Hsin Su, Stephan Ripke, Olga Giannakopoulou, Nick Bass, Hsi-Chung Chen, Cathryn M. Lewis, Mong Liang Lu, Chao Tian, Jess Tyrrell, Eli A. Stahl, Robert J. Ursano, Iona Y Millwood, Roseann E. Peterson, Kenneth S. Kendler, Ruth J. F. Loos, Karoline Kuchenbaecker, Ronald C. Kessler, Laura J. Scott, Yu Fang, Kuang Lin, Erin C. Dunn, Margit Burmeister, Swapnil Awasthi, Yunxuan Jiang, Zhengming Chen, Srijan Sen, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Chun-Hsin Chen, Oral Implantology, APH - Personalized Medicine, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Complex Trait Genetics, APH - Mental Health, APH - Methodology, AMS - Sports, AMS - Ageing & Vitality, and Consortium, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics
Subjects: Adult, Male, DISORDER, SYMPTOMS, LOCI, Genome-wide association study, ASSESS RISK, VARIANTS, BIOBANK, Logistic regression, White People, CHINA, Asian People, DESIGN, Asians/ethnology, SCORE, Online First, Humans, Medicine, Depression (differential diagnoses), Original Investigation, Genetic association, Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder/ethnology, Depression, Asia, Eastern, business.industry, Research, Far East/ethnology, Middle Aged, RESILIENCE, Depression/ethnology, Genetic architecture, Psychiatry and Mental health, East Asian Studies, Cohort, Female, business, Body mass index, Comments, Genome-Wide Association Study, Whites/genetics, Demography
Abstract: Key Points Question Are the genetic risk factors for depression the same in individuals of East Asian and European descent? Findings In this genome-wide association meta-analysis of depression in 194 548 individuals with East Asian ancestry, 2 novel genetic associations were identified, one of which is specific to individuals of East Asian descent living in East Asian countries. There was limited evidence for transferability with only 11% of depression loci previously identified in individuals of European descent reaching nominal significance levels in the individuals of East Asian descent. Meaning Caution is advised against generalizing findings about genetic risk factors for depression beyond the studied population., This genetic association study investigates the genetics of depression across multiple data sets of individuals of East Asian and European descent living in different countries and within different nongenetic cultural contexts., Importance Most previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of depression have used data from individuals of European descent. This limits the understanding of the underlying biology of depression and raises questions about the transferability of findings between populations. Objective To investigate the genetics of depression among individuals of East Asian and European descent living in different geographic locations, and with different outcome definitions for depression. Design, Setting, and Participants Genome-wide association analyses followed by meta-analysis, which included data from 9 cohort and case-control data sets comprising individuals with depression and control individuals of East Asian descent. This study was conducted between January 2019 and May 2021. Exposures Associations of genetic variants with depression risk were assessed using generalized linear mixed models and logistic regression. The results were combined across studies using fixed-effects meta-analyses. These were subsequently also meta-analyzed with the largest published GWAS for depression among individuals of European descent. Additional meta-analyses were carried out separately by outcome definition (clinical depression vs symptom-based depression) and region (East Asian countries vs Western countries) for East Asian ancestry cohorts. Main Outcomes and Measures Depression status was defined based on health records and self-report questionnaires. Results There were a total of 194 548 study participants (approximate mean age, 51.3 years; 62.8% women). Participants included 15 771 individuals with depression and 178 777 control individuals of East Asian descent. Five novel associations were identified, including 1 in the meta-analysis for broad depression among those of East Asian descent: rs4656484 (β = −0.018, SE = 0.003, P = 4.43x10−8) at 1q24.1. Another locus at 7p21.2 was associated in a meta-analysis restricted to geographically East Asian studies (β = 0.028, SE = 0.005, P = 6.48x10−9 for rs10240457). The lead variants of these 2 novel loci were not associated with depression risk in European ancestry cohorts (β = −0.003, SE = 0.005, P = .53 for rs4656484 and β = −0.005, SE = 0.004, P = .28 for rs10240457). Only 11% of depression loci previously identified in individuals of European descent reached nominal significance levels in the individuals of East Asian descent. The transancestry genetic correlation between cohorts of East Asian and European descent for clinical depression was r = 0.413 (SE = 0.159). Clinical depression risk was negatively genetically correlated with body mass index in individuals of East Asian descent (r = −0.212, SE = 0.084), contrary to findings for individuals of European descent. Conclusions and Relevance These results support caution against generalizing findings about depression risk factors across populations and highlight the need to increase the ancestral and geographic diversity of samples with consistent phenotyping.
Published: 2021
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27. TH50. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER – FIRST RESULTS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BORDERLINE GENOMICS CONSORTIUM

Author: Stephan Ripke, Marcella Rietschel, Fabian Streit, Stephanie H. Witt, and Swapnil Awasthi
Subjects: Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental health, Neurology, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Genome-wide association study, Genomics, Neurology (clinical), medicine.disease, Psychology, Borderline personality disorder, Biological Psychiatry, Clinical psychology
Published: 2021
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28. Genome-wide association study of panic disorder reveals genetic overlap with neuroticism and depression

Author: Andreas J, Forstner, Swapnil, Awasthi, Christiane, Wolf, Eduard, Maron, Angelika, Erhardt, Darina, Czamara, Elias, Eriksson, Catharina, Lavebratt, Christer, Allgulander, Nina, Friedrich, Jessica, Becker, Julian, Hecker, Stefanie, Rambau, Rupert, Conrad, Franziska, Geiser, Francis J, McMahon, Susanne, Moebus, Timo, Hess, Benedikt C, Buerfent, Per, Hoffmann, Stefan, Herms, Stefanie, Heilmann-Heimbach, Ingrid, Kockum, Tomas, Olsson, Lars, Alfredsson, Heike, Weber, Georg W, Alpers, Volker, Arolt, Lydia, Fehm, Thomas, Fydrich, Alexander L, Gerlach, Alfons, Hamm, Tilo, Kircher, Christiane A, Pané-Farré, Paul, Pauli, Winfried, Rief, Andreas, Ströhle, Jens, Plag, Thomas, Lang, Hans-Ulrich, Wittchen, Manuel, Mattheisen, Sandra, Meier, Andres, Metspalu, Katharina, Domschke, Andreas, Reif, Iiris, Hovatta, Nils, Lindefors, Evelyn, Andersson, Martin, Schalling, Hamdi, Mbarek, Yuri, Milaneschi, Eco J C, de Geus, Dorret I, Boomsma, Brenda W J H, Penninx, Thorgeir E, Thorgeirsson, Stacy, Steinberg, Kari, Stefansson, Hreinn, Stefansson, Bertram, Müller-Myhsok, Thomas Folkmann, Hansen, Anders D, Børglum, Thomas, Werge, Preben Bo, Mortensen, Merete, Nordentoft, David M, Hougaard, Christina M, Hultman, Patrick F, Sullivan, Markus M, Nöthen, David P D, Woldbye, Ole, Mors, Elisabeth B, Binder, Christian, Rück, Stephan, Ripke, Jürgen, Deckert, and Johannes, Schumacher
Subjects: Estonia, Neuroticism, Sweden, Depressive Disorder, Major, Depression, Denmark, Germany, Humans, Panic Disorder, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: Panic disorder (PD) has a lifetime prevalence of 2-4% and heritability estimates of 40%. The contributory genetic variants remain largely unknown, with few and inconsistent loci having been reported. The present report describes the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of PD to date comprising genome-wide genotype data of 2248 clinically well-characterized PD patients and 7992 ethnically matched controls. The samples originated from four European countries (Denmark, Estonia, Germany, and Sweden). Standard GWAS quality control procedures were conducted on each individual dataset, and imputation was performed using the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel. A meta-analysis was then performed using the Ricopili pipeline. No genome-wide significant locus was identified. Leave-one-out analyses generated highly significant polygenic risk scores (PRS) (explained variance of up to 2.6%). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression analysis of the GWAS data showed that the estimated heritability for PD was 28.0-34.2%. After correction for multiple testing, a significant genetic correlation was found between PD and major depressive disorder, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. A total of 255 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with p 1 × 10
Published: 2019

29. RICOPILI: Rapid Imputation for COnsortias PIpeLIne

Author: Manuel Mattheisen, Benjamin M. Neale, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Oleksandr Frei, Jackie Goldstein, Max Lam, Nora Skarabis, Hunna J. Watson, Nina Roth Mota, W. De Witte, Chun Chieh Fan, Stephan Ripke, Vassily Trubetskoy, Swapnil Awasthi, Niamh Mullins, Hailiang Huang, Raymond K. Walters, Mark J. Daly, and Robert Karlsson
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Database, Computer science, Genomics, Correlation and dependence, Genome-wide association study, computer.software_genre, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Polygenic risk score, Imputation (statistics), computer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Imputation (genetics), 030304 developmental biology, Genetic association
Abstract: MotivationGenome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses, at sufficient sample sizes and power, have successfully revealed biological insights for several complex traits. RICOPILI, an open sourced Perl-based pipeline was developed to address the challenges of rapidly processing large scale multi-cohort GWAS studies including quality control, imputation and downstream analyses. The pipeline is computationally efficient with portability to a wide range of high-performance computing (HPC) environments.SummaryRICOPILI was created as the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) pipeline for GWAS and has been adopted by other users. The pipeline features i) technical and genomic quality control in case-control and trio cohorts ii) genome-wide phasing and imputation iv) association analysis v) meta-analysis vi) polygenic risk scoring and vii) replication analysis. Notably, a major differentiator from other GWAS pipelines, RICOPILI leverages on automated parallelization and cluster job management approaches for rapid production of imputed genome-wide data. A comprehensive meta-analysis of simulated GWAS data has been incorporated demonstrating each step of the pipeline. This includes all of the associated visualization plots, to allow ease of data interpretation and manuscript preparation. Simulated GWAS datasets are also packaged with the pipeline for user training tutorials and developer work.Availability and ImplementationRICOPILI has a flexible architecture to allow for ongoing development and incorporation of newer available algorithms and is adaptable to various HPC environments (QSUB, BSUB, SLURM and others). Specific links for genomic resources are either directly provided in this paper or via tutorials and external links. The central location hosting scripts and tutorials is found at this URL:https://sites.google.com/a/broadinstitute.org/RICOPILI/homeContactsripke@broadinstitute.orgSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available.
Published: 2019
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30. Transcriptomic Imputation of Bipolar Disorder and Bipolar subtypes reveals 29 novel associated genes

Author: Thomas G. Schulze, Eduard Vieta, Melissa J. Green, Jakob Grove, Ingrid Melle, Preben Bo Mortensen, Nicholas J. Schork, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Margit Burmeister, Peter R. Schofield, Szabolcs Szelinger, Fermín Mayoral, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Qingqin S. Li, Claire O'Donovan, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Derek W. Morris, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Stefan Herms, Huckins Lm, Martin Hautzinger, Eline J. Regeer, Sebastian Zöllner, Gustavo Turecki, Christine Søholm Hansen, Helena Medeiros, Laura J. Scott, Annelie Nordin Adolfsson, Helmut Vedder, Thomas W. Weickert, Nelson B. Freimer, Céline S. Reinbold, James McKay, Cathryn M. Lewis, Eric R. Gamazon, Frank Bellivier, Marie B¾kvad-Hansen, Srdjan Djurovic, Chun Chieh Fan, Ole A. Andreassen, Solveig K. Sieberts, Jack D. Barchas, David Curtis, Elaine K. Green, Tatiana Foroud, Shaun Purcell, Mette A. Peters, Joanna M. Biernacka, Fabian Streit, Alan F. Schatzberg, James L. Kennedy, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Robin Kramer, Swapnil Awasthi, Jordan W. Smoller, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, George Kirov, Ulrik Fredrik Malt, Gabriel E. Hoffman, Liz Forty, Pablo Cervantes, Jose Guzman Parra, Nicholas G. Martin, William Byerley, J. Raymond DePaulo, Martin Alda, Anil P.S. Ori, Menachem Fromer, William E. Bunney, Valentina Escott-Price, Judith A. Badner, Danielle Posthuma, Judith Allardyce, M. Ribasés, Manolis Kogevinas, Stephanie H. Witt, Anne T. Spijker, James A. Knowles, Simon Xi, Jun Li, Francis J. McMahon, Nancy J. Cox, Marcella Rietschel, Markus Leber, Laura M. Huckins, John I. Nurnberger, M. Casas, Marco P. Boks, Maria Hipolito, Evaristus A. Nwulia, Gerome Breen, Franziska Degenhardt, Janice M. Fullerton, Carlos N. Pato, Urs Heilbronner, Piotr M. Czerski, Michael Steffens, Monika Budde, Nicholas John Craddock, Katrin Gade, Bernie Devlin, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Enrico Domenci, Weihua Guan, Sarah E. Bergen, Fan Meng, Eystein Stordal, Janet L. Sobell, Naomi R. Wray, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Marion Leboyer, Sven Cichon, Pamela Sklar, Bruno Etain, Richard M. Myers, Melvin G. McInnis, Steve McCarroll, Nicholas Bass, Christine Fraser, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Anna Maaser, Patrick F. Sullivan, Mark A. Frye, Amanda Dobbyn, John P. Rice, Amy Perry, Wei Xu, Thomas Damm Als, Anders D. Børglum, Anna C. Koller, Michael Conlon O'Donovan, Pamela B. Mahon, Sara A. Paciga, Douglas Blackwood, Michael Bauer, Fernando S. Goes, Susanne Lucae, Markus M. Nöthen, Josef Frank, Grant W. Montgomery, Scott D. Gordon, Philip B. Mitchell, Hoang T. Nguyen, Huda Akil, Chunyu Liu, Stanley J. Watson, Allan H. Young, Roel A. Ophoff, Caroline M. Nievergelt, John B. Vincent, Robert Karlsson, Kari Stefansson, Thomas Werge, Niamh Mullins, William A. Scheftner, Elliot S. Gershon, Peter McGuffin, Ralph Kupka, Mikael Landén, Matthew Flickinger, Claudia Giambartolomei, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Michael John Owen, Diego Albani, Hae Kyung Im, Andres Metspalu, Gunnar Morken, Panos Roussos, Tõnu Esko, Andrew M. McIntosh, Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar, Per Hoffmann, Olav B. Smeland, Stéphane Jamain, Ole Mors, Vahram Haroutunian, Anders Juréus, Shawn Levy, Roy H. Perlis, Whitney McFadden, James Boocock, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Stacy Steinberg, Paul D. Shilling, Arne E. Vaaler, David Craig, Sarah E. Medland, Donald J. MacIntyre, William Coryell, Jens Treutlein, Joanna Hauser, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Jana Strohmaier, Guy A. Rouleau, Michele T. Pato, John R. Kelsoe, Arianna Di Florio, Radhika Kandaswamy, David M. Hougaard, Toni-Kim Clarke, Susan L. McElroy, Ian Jones, Sarah Knott, Tatyana Shehktman, Wade H. Berrettini, John Strauss, Anders M. Dale, Peter P. Zandi, Andreas Reif, Claire Slaney, Julie Garnham, Margarita Rivera, Michael Gill, Lisa Jones, Cristiana Cruceanu, Sascha B. Fischer, Marian L. Hamshere, Lilijana Oruc, Weiqing Wang, Eli A. Stahl, Wolfgang Maier, Peng Zhang, Hreinn Stefansson, Ingrid Agartz, Bernhard T. Baune, Esben Agerbo, Alessandro Serretti, Robert C. Thompson, Ketil J. Oedegaard, William Lawson, Merete Nordentoft, Jacob Lawrence, Fabio Rivas, James B. Potash, Aiden Corvin, Christina M. Hultman, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Michael Boehnke, René S. Kahn, Lili Milani, Jurgen Del-Favero, Veera M. Rajagopal, Jolanta Lissowska, Howard J. Edenberg, Udo Dannlowski, Rolf Adolfsson, Andrea Pfennig, Adebayo Anjorin, and Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
Subjects: Genotype, Expression quantitative trait loci, medicine, Genome-wide association study, Locus (genetics), Bipolar disorder, Computational biology, Biology, medicine.disease, Phenotype, Genetic architecture, Imputation (genetics)
Abstract: Bipolar disorder is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder presenting with episodic mood disturbances. In this study we use a transcriptomic imputation approach to identify novel genes and pathways associated with bipolar disorder, as well as three diagnostically and genetically distinct subtypes. Transcriptomic imputation approaches leverage well-curated and publicly available eQTL reference panels to create gene-expression prediction models, which may then be applied to “impute” genetically regulated gene expression (GREX) in large GWAS datasets. By testing for association between phenotype and GREX, rather than genotype, we hope to identify more biologically interpretable associations, and thus elucidate more of the genetic architecture of bipolar disorder.We applied GREX prediction models for 13 brain regions (derived from CommonMind Consortium and GTEx eQTL reference panels) to 21,488 bipolar cases and 54,303 matched controls, constituting the largest transcriptomic imputation study of bipolar disorder (BPD) to date. Additionally, we analyzed three specific BPD subtypes, including 14,938 individuals with subtype 1 (BD-I), 3,543 individuals with subtype 2 (BD-II), and 1,500 individuals with schizoaffective subtype (SAB).We identified 125 gene-tissue associations with BPD, of which 53 represent independent associations after FINEMAP analysis. 29/53 associations were novel; i.e., did not lie within 1Mb of a locus identified in the recent PGC-BD GWAS. We identified 37 independent BD-I gene-tissue associations (10 novel), 2 BD-II associations, and 2 SAB associations. Our BPD, BD-I and BD-II associations were significantly more likely to be differentially expressed in post-mortem brain tissue of BPD, BD-I and BD-II cases than we might expect by chance. Together with our pathway analysis, our results support long-standing hypotheses about bipolar disorder risk, including a role for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the post-synaptic density, and an enrichment of circadian rhythm and clock genes within our results.
Published: 2017
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31. GWAS meta-analysis (N=279,930) identifies new genes and functional links to intelligence

Author: Lene Christiansen, Robert M. Bilder, Katherine E. Burdick, Tinca J. C. Polderman, Ana B. Muñoz-Manchado, Gary Donohoe, Matthew C. Keller, Stephan Ripke, Anil K. Malhotra, Delilah Zabaneh, Andrea Christoforou, Matthew A. Scult, Nikolaos Smyrnis, Scott I. Vrieze, Fred W. Sabb, Stella G. Giakoumaki, Nathan G. Skene, Ole A. Andreassen, Nicholas G. Martin, Jari Lahti, Anna C. Need, Philip R. Jansen, Todd Lencz, Emma Knowles, Peter B. Barr, Pamela DeRosse, Russell A. Poldrack, Henning Tiemeier, Sten Linnarsson, Hannah Young, Emily Drabant Conley, Dan E. Arking, Jin Yu, Grant W. Montgomery, Danielle Posthuma, Dwight Dickinson, Elizabeth T. Cirulli, Gerome Breen, Gunter Schumann, Michael Gill, Erin Burke Quinlan, Robert Plomin, Kyoko Watanabe, Joey W. Trampush, John M. Starr, Katri Räikkönen, Narelle K. Hansell, Eliza Congdon, Olav B. Smeland, Jens Hjerling-Leffler, Richard E. Straub, Aiden Corvin, Chandra A. Reynolds, Astri J. Lundervold, Bradley T. Webb, Gonçalo R. Abecasis, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Srdjan Djurovic, Margaret J. Wright, Kjetil Sundet, Ivar Reinvang, Robert Karlsson, Deborah C. Koltai, Ina Giegling, Alex Hatzimanolis, David C. Liewald, William Ollier, Sophie van der Sluis, Edythe D. London, Tyrone D. Cannon, Thomas Espeseth, M. Arfan Ikram, Ian J. Deary, Christiaan de Leeuw, Daniel R. Weinberger, Neil Pendleton, Ornit Chiba-Falek, Jakob Kaminski, Danielle M. Dick, Panos Bitsios, Nikos C. Stefanis, Tonya White, Bettina Konte, Ida K. Karlsson, Mats Nagel, Derek W. Morris, Anke R. Hammerschlag, Swapnil Awasthi, Antony Payton, Julien Bryois, Nelson A. Freimer, Nancy L. Pedersen, Panos Roussos, Andreas Heinz, Johan G. Eriksson, Marianne Nygaard, Birgit Debrabant, Aarno Palotie, Elisabeth Widen, Aristotle N. Voineskos, Patrick Sullivan, Ingrid Melle, Dan Rujescu, Vidar M. Steen, Eva Krapohl, Katrina L. Grasby, Max Lam, Stephanie Le Hellard, Kenneth S. Kendler, Jeanne E. Savage, Sarah E. Medland, Sven Stringer, David C. Glahn, Gail Davies, Ahmad R. Hariri, Sara Hägg, and Dimitrios Avramopoulos
Subjects: Genetics, Nonsynonymous substitution, 0303 health sciences, Genome-wide association study, Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pleiotropy, Mendelian randomization, Expression quantitative trait loci, Neuron differentiation, Gene, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology, Genetic association
Abstract: Intelligence is highly heritable1 and a major determinant of human health and well-being2. Recent genome-wide meta-analyses have identified 24 genomic loci linked to intelligence3–7, but much about its genetic underpinnings remains to be discovered. Here, we present the largest genetic association study of intelligence to date (N=279,930), identifying 206 genomic loci (191 novel) and implicating 1,041 genes (963 novel) via positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, chromatin interaction mapping, and gene-based association analysis. We find enrichment of genetic effects in conserved and coding regions and identify 89 nonsynonymous exonic variants. Associated genes are strongly expressed in the brain and specifically in striatal medium spiny neurons and cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gene-set analyses implicate pathways related to neurogenesis, neuron differentiation and synaptic structure. We confirm previous strong genetic correlations with several neuropsychiatric disorders, and Mendelian Randomization results suggest protective effects of intelligence for Alzheimer’s dementia and ADHD, and bidirectional causation with strong pleiotropy for schizophrenia. These results are a major step forward in understanding the neurobiology of intelligence as well as genetically associated neuropsychiatric traits.
Published: 2017
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32. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 Loci Associated with Bipolar Disorder

Author: Eli A Stahl, Gerome Breen, Andreas J Forstner, Andrew McQuillin, Stephan Ripke, Vassily Trubetskoy, Manuel Mattheisen, Yunpeng Wang, Jonathan R I Coleman, Héléna A Gaspar, Christiaan A de Leeuw, Stacy Steinberg, Jennifer M Whitehead Pavlides, Maciej Trzaskowski, Tune H Pers, Peter A Holmans, Liam Abbott, Esben Agerbo, Huda Akil, Diego Albani, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Thomas D Als, Adebayo Anjorin, Verneri Antilla, Swapnil Awasthi, Judith A Badner, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Jack D Barchas, Nicholas Bass, Michael Bauer, Richard Belliveau, Sarah E Bergen, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Erlend Bøen, Marco Boks, James Boocock, Monika Budde, William Bunney, Margit Burmeister, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, William Byerley, Miquel Casas, Felecia Cerrato, Pablo Cervantes, Kimberly Chambert, Alexander W Charney, Danfeng Chen, Claire Churchhouse, Toni-Kim Clarke, William Coryell, David W Craig, Cristiana Cruceanu, David Curtis, Piotr M Czerski, Anders M Dale, Simone de Jong, Franziska Degenhardt, Jurgen Del-Favero, J Raymond DePaulo, Srdjan Djurovic, Amanda L Dobbyn, Ashley Dumont, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Valentina Escott-Price, Chun Chieh Fan, Sascha B Fischer, Matthew Flickinger, Tatiana M Foroud, Liz Forty, Josef Frank, Christine Fraser, Nelson B Freimer, Louise Frisén, Katrin Gade, Diane Gage, Julie Garnham, Claudia Giambartolomei, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Jaqueline Goldstein, Scott D Gordon, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Elaine K Green, Melissa J Green, Tiffany A Greenwood, Jakob Grove, Weihua Guan, JoséGuzman Parra, Marian L Hamshere, Martin Hautzinger, Urs Heilbronner, Stefan Herms, Maria Hipolito, Per Hoffmann, Dominic Holland, Laura Huckins, Stéphane Jamain, Jessica S Johnson, Anders Juréus, Radhika Kandaswamy, Robert Karlsson, James L Kennedy, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Sarah V Knott, James A Knowles, Manolis Kogevinas, Anna C Koller, Ralph Kupka, Catharina Lavebratt, Jacob Lawrence, William B Lawson, Markus Leber, Phil H Lee, Shawn E Levy, Jun Z Li, Chunyu Liu, Susanne Lucae, Anna Maaser, Donald J MacIntyre, Pamela B Mahon, Wolfgang Maier, Lina Martinsson, Steve McCarroll, Peter McGuffin, Melvin G McInnis, James D McKay, Helena Medeiros, Sarah E Medland, Fan Meng, Lili Milani, Grant W Montgomery, Derek W Morris, Thomas W Mühleisen, Niamh Mullins, Hoang Nguyen, Caroline M Nievergelt, Annelie Nordin Adolfsson, Evaristus A Nwulia, Claire O’Donovan, Loes M Olde Loohuis, Anil P S Ori, Lilijana Oruc, Urban Ösby, Roy H Perlis, Amy Perry, Andrea Pfennig, James B Potash, Shaun M Purcell, Eline J Regeer, Andreas Reif, Céline S Reinbold, John P Rice, Fabio Rivas, Margarita Rivera, Panos Roussos, Douglas M Ruderfer, Euijung Ryu, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Alan F Schatzberg, William A Scheftner, Nicholas J Schork, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Tatyana Shehktman, Paul D Shilling, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Claire Slaney, Olav B Smeland, Janet L Sobell, Christine Søholm Hansen, Anne T Spijker, David St Clair, Michael Steffens, John S Strauss, Fabian Streit, Jana Strohmaier, Szabolcs Szelinger, Robert C Thompson, Thorgeir E Thorgeirsson, Jens Treutlein, Helmut Vedder, Weiqing Wang, Stanley J Watson, Thomas W Weickert, Stephanie H Witt, Simon Xi, Wei Xu, Allan H Young, Peter Zandi, Peng Zhang, Sebastian Zollner, Rolf Adolfsson, Ingrid Agartz, Martin Alda, Lena Backlund, Bernhard T Baune, Frank Bellivier, Wade H Berrettini, Joanna M Biernacka, Douglas H R Blackwood, Michael Boehnke, Anders D Børglum, Aiden Corvin, Nicholas Craddock, Mark J Daly, Udo Dannlowski, Tõnu Esko, Bruno Etain, Mark Frye, Janice M Fullerton, Elliot S Gershon, Michael Gill, Fernando Goes, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Joanna Hauser, David M Hougaard, Christina M Hultman, Ian Jones, Lisa A Jones, RenéS Kahn, George Kirov, Mikael Landén, Marion Leboyer, Cathryn M Lewis, Qingqin S Li, Jolanta Lissowska, Nicholas G Martin, Fermin Mayoral, Susan L McElroy, Andrew M McIntosh, Francis J McMahon, Ingrid Melle, Andres Metspalu, Philip B Mitchell, Gunnar Morken, Ole Mors, Preben Bo Mortensen, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Richard M Myers, Benjamin M Neale, Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Merete Nordentoft, Markus M Nöthen, Michael C O’Donovan, Ketil J Oedegaard, Michael J Owen, Sara A Paciga, Carlos Pato, Michele T Pato, Danielle Posthuma, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Marta Ribasés, Marcella Rietschel, Guy A Rouleau, Martin Schalling, Peter R Schofield, Thomas G Schulze, Alessandro Serretti, Jordan W Smoller, Hreinn Stefansson, Kari Stefansson, Eystein Stordal, Patrick F Sullivan, Gustavo Turecki, Arne E Vaaler, Eduard Vieta, John B Vincent, Thomas Werge, John I Nurnberger, Naomi R Wray, Arianna Di Florio, Howard J Edenberg, Sven Cichon, Roel A Ophoff, Laura J Scott, Ole A Andreassen, John Kelsoe, and Pamela Sklar
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine.disease, European descent, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Genomewide association, medicine, Bipolar disorder, medicine.symptom, Psychiatry, business, Mania, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Depression (differential diagnoses), 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder that features episodes of mania and depression. We performed the largest genome-wide association study to date, including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 sentinel variants at loci with P-4 in an independent sample of 9,412 cases and 137,760 controls. In the combined analysis, 30 loci reached genome-wide significant evidence for association, of which 20 were novel. These significant loci contain genes encoding ion channels and neurotransmitter transporters (CACNA1C, GRIN2A, SCN2A, SLC4A1), synaptic components (RIMS1, ANK3), immune and energy metabolism components. Bipolar disorder type I (depressive and manic episodes; ~73% of our cases) is strongly genetically correlated with schizophrenia whereas bipolar disorder type II (depressive and hypomanic episodes; ~17% of our cases) is more strongly correlated with major depressive disorder. These findings address key clinical questions and provide potential new biological mechanisms for bipolar disorder.
Published: 2017
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33. A NEURAL SIGNATURE OF MALLEABILITY: GENERAL INTELLIGENCE CORRELATES WITH VENTRAL STRIATAL ACTIVATION AND EPIGENETIC MARKERS OF DOPAMINE NEUROTRANSMISSION

Author: Andreas Heinz, Jakob Kaminski, Gunter Schumann, Swapnil Awasthi, Michael A. Rapp, Barbara Ruggeri, Stephan Ripke, Henrik Walter, and Florian Schlagenhauf
Subjects: Pharmacology, Social stress, Period (gene), Central nervous system, Biology, Psychiatry and Mental health, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Malleability, Genotype, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Neurology (clinical), Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance, Epigenetics, Association (psychology), Neuroscience, Biological Psychiatry
Abstract: Background General intelligence has a substantial genetic background in children, adolescents, and adults, but environmental factors also strongly correlate with cognitive performance as evidenced by a strong (up to one SD) increase in average intelligence test results in the second half of the previous century. This change occurred in a period apparently too short to accommodate radical genetic changes. It is highly suggestive that environmental factors interact with genotype by possible modification of epigenetic factors that regulate gene expression and thus contribute to individual malleability. This modification might as well be reflected in recent observations of an association between dopamine-dependent encoding of reward prediction errors and cognitive capacity, which was modulated by adverse life events. Methods In a cohort of 1475 young healthy human subjects of both sexes from the IMAGEN sample, general IQ was estimated based on a principal component analysis of WISC-IV scores. As predictors we used functional brain activation elicited by temporarily surprising reward-predicting cues (BOLD-signal) during performance of the MID-task, a polygenic score for intelligence based on previously reported results (Benyamin et al. 2014) and methylation count in cg rich islands relevant for dopaminergic neurotransmission. Results Here we show that general IQ in adolescents is positively associated with 1) functional activation elicited by temporarily surprising reward-predicting cues, 2) a polygenic score for intelligence in children, and negative with 3) epigenetic markers for dopamine neurotransmission. With respect to components of general IQ, fluid IQ was associated with striatal functional activation, and crystallized IQ more strongly correlated with the genetic score and epigenetic markers. Discussion Our results demonstrate a neurobiological correlate of the malleability of general IQ and point to the importance of epigenetic mechanisms influencing dopamine neurotransmission. Peripheral epigenetic markers are in need of confirmation in the central nervous system and should be tested in longitudinal settings specifically assessing individual and social stress factors that can modify epigenetic structure.
Published: 2019
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34. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder

Author: Euijung Ryu, Danfeng Chen, Allan H. Young, Olav B. Smeland, James McKay, Frank Bellivier, Qingqin S. Li, Yunpeng Wang, Tõnu Esko, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Weiqing Wang, Thomas W. Weickert, Joanna M. Biernacka, Ralph W. Kupka, Claire O'Donovan, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Marian L. Hamshere, Derek W. Morris, Douglas M. Ruderfer, Stephan Ripke, Nelson B. Freimer, Tatiana Foroud, Shaun Purcell, Ashley Dumont, Shawn Levy, Dominic Holland, Joanna Hauser, Anders D. Børglum, Liz Forty, Alan F. Schatzberg, Christine Fraser, Jennifer M. Whitehead Pavlides, William E. Bunney, Merete Nordentoft, Andres Metspalu, Gunnar Morken, Susanne Lucae, Roy H. Perlis, Anne T. Spijker, Richard A. Belliveau, Sarah E. Bergen, Fan Meng, Eduard Vieta, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, J. Raymond DePaulo, Martin Alda, Lina Martinsson, Melvin G. McInnis, Jacob Lawrence, Markus Leber, James A. Knowles, Franziska Degenhardt, Melissa J. Green, Jaqueline Goldstein, Amanda Dobbyn, Radhika Kandaswamy, Steve McCarroll, Katrin Gade, Jack D. Barchas, Christina M. Hultman, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Martin Hautzinger, Maria Hipolito, Louise Frisén, Kari Stefansson, Michael Conlon O'Donovan, Markus M. Nöthen, Eline J. Regeer, Jens Treutlein, Robert Karlsson, Ian Jones, Nicholas G. Martin, William A. Scheftner, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Marta Ribasés, Simone de Jong, Szabolcs Szelinger, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Michele T. Pato, Manuel Mattheisen, Maciej Trzaskowski, Urs Heilbronner, Diane Gage, Jakob Grove, Ingrid Melle, Ole A. Andreassen, Claudia Giambartolomei, Kimberly Chambert, Arne E. Vaaler, William Coryell, Peter R. Schofield, Preben Bo Mortensen, Roel A. Ophoff, Fabian Streit, Manolis Kogevinas, Ingrid Agartz, John Strauss, James L. Kennedy, Anders M. Dale, Stefan Herms, Douglas Blackwood, Torbjørn Elvsåshagen, Bernhard T. Baune, Grant W. Montgomery, Andreas Reif, Fabio Rivas, Andrew McQuillin, Jordan W. Smoller, Chun Chieh Fan, James B. Potash, Jun Li, Ketil J. Oedegaard, David Curtis, Martin Schalling, John R. Kelsoe, Valentina Escott-Price, Sascha B. Fischer, Tatyana Shehktman, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Stanley J. Watson, Donald J. MacIntyre, Tune H. Pers, Eystein Stordal, Richard M. Myers, Jose Guzman-Parra, Danielle Posthuma, John I. Nurnberger, William Lawson, Janet L. Sobell, Felecia Cerrato, Judith A. Badner, Elliot S. Gershon, Gerome Breen, Naomi R. Wray, Thomas Werge, Lilijana Oruc, Claire Slaney, Anil P.S. Ori, Alexander W. Charney, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Michael Boehnke, Marcella Rietschel, George Kirov, Aiden Corvin, Piotr M. Czerski, Peter Holmans, Michael Steffens, Margarita Rivera, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, René S. Kahn, Laura M. Huckins, Monika Budde, Michael Gill, Lili Milani, Christiaan de Leeuw, Peng Zhang, Nicholas Bass, Jana Strohmaier, John P. Rice, Wei Xu, Cristiana Cruceanu, Vassily Trubetskoy, Philip B. Mitchell, Helena Medeiros, Thomas Damm Als, Anna C. Koller, Huda Akil, Jessica S. Johnson, Toni-Kim Clarke, Janice M. Fullerton, Guy A. Rouleau, Fernando S. Goes, Weihua Guan, Wolfgang Maier, Pamela Sklar, Diego Albani, Laura J. Scott, Pamela B. Mahon, Anna Maaser, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Urban Ösby, Jurgen Del-Favero, Jolanta Lissowska, Howard J. Edenberg, Sven Cichon, Annelie Nordin Adolfsson, Julie Garnham, Josef Frank, Hoang T. Nguyen, Michael Bauer, Helmut Vedder, Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Thomas G. Schulze, Cristina Sánchez-Mora, Udo Dannlowski, Rolf Adolfsson, Benjamin M. Neale, Verneri Antilla, Andrea Pfennig, John B. Vincent, Niamh Mullins, Per Hoffmann, Peter McGuffin, Erlend Bøen, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Adebayo Anjorin, Fermín Mayoral, Arianna Di Florio, Claire Churchhouse, David M. Hougaard, Nicholas J. Schork, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Carlos N. Pato, Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson, Nicholas John Craddock, Stephanie H. Witt, Liam Abbott, Swapnil Awasthi, Miquel Casas, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Cathryn M. Lewis, Srdjan Djurovic, Bruno Etain, Margit Burmeister, Phil Lee, Elaine K. Green, Sara A. Paciga, Lena Backlund, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Patrick F. Sullivan, Amy Perry, Pablo Cervantes, Marco P. Boks, Catharina Lavebratt, Andrew M. McIntosh, Panos Roussos, Enda M. Byrne, Alexander Richards, Eli A. Stahl, Stéphane Jamain, Hreinn Stefansson, Ole Mors, Esben Agerbo, Susan L. McElroy, Wade H. Berrettini, Peter P. Zandi, Lisa Jones, Andreas J. Forstner, Alessandro Serretti, Céline S. Reinbold, Robert C. Thompson, Matthew Flickinger, William Byerley, Michael John Owen, Helena Gaspar, Francis J. McMahon, David St Clair, Mark A. Frye, Christine Søholm Hansen, Scott D. Gordon, Mikael Landén, Gustavo Turecki, Simon Xi, Evaristus A. Nwulia, Anders Juréus, James Boocock, Stacy Steinberg, Paul D. Shilling, David Craig, Mark J. Daly, Sarah E. Medland, Marion Leboyer, Chunyu Liu, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Sebastian Zöllner, APH - Mental Health, Psychiatry, Human genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), Stahl E.A., Breen G., Forstner A.J., McQuillin A., Ripke S., Trubetskoy V., Mattheisen M., Wang Y., Coleman J.R.I., Gaspar H.A., de Leeuw C.A., Steinberg S., Pavlides J.M.W., Trzaskowski M., Byrne E.M., Pers T.H., Holmans P.A., Richards A.L., Abbott L., Agerbo E., Akil H., Albani D., Alliey-Rodriguez N., Als T.D., Anjorin A., Antilla V., Awasthi S., Badner J.A., Baekvad-Hansen M., Barchas J.D., Bass N., Bauer M., Belliveau R., Bergen S.E., Pedersen C.B., Boen E., Boks M.P., Boocock J., Budde M., Bunney W., Burmeister M., Bybjerg-Grauholm J., Byerley W., Casas M., Cerrato F., Cervantes P., Chambert K., Charney A.W., Chen D., Churchhouse C., Clarke T.-K., Coryell W., Craig D.W., Cruceanu C., Curtis D., Czerski P.M., Dale A.M., de Jong S., Degenhardt F., Del-Favero J., DePaulo J.R., Djurovic S., Dobbyn A.L., Dumont A., Elvsashagen T., Escott-Price V., Fan C.C., Fischer S.B., Flickinger M., Foroud T.M., Forty L., Frank J., Fraser C., Freimer N.B., Frisen L., Gade K., Gage D., Garnham J., Giambartolomei C., Pedersen M.G., Goldstein J., Gordon S.D., Gordon-Smith K., Green E.K., Green M.J., Greenwood T.A., Grove J., Guan W., Guzman-Parra J., Hamshere M.L., Hautzinger M., Heilbronner U., Herms S., Hipolito M., Hoffmann P., Holland D., Huckins L., Jamain S., Johnson J.S., Jureus A., Kandaswamy R., Karlsson R., Kennedy J.L., Kittel-Schneider S., Knowles J.A., Kogevinas M., Koller A.C., Kupka R., Lavebratt C., Lawrence J., Lawson W.B., Leber M., Lee P.H., Levy S.E., Li J.Z., Liu C., Lucae S., Maaser A., MacIntyre D.J., Mahon P.B., Maier W., Martinsson L., McCarroll S., McGuffin P., McInnis M.G., McKay J.D., Medeiros H., Medland S.E., Meng F., Milani L., Montgomery G.W., Morris D.W., Muhleisen T.W., Mullins N., Nguyen H., Nievergelt C.M., Adolfsson A.N., Nwulia E.A., O'Donovan C., Loohuis L.M.O., Ori A.P.S., Oruc L., Osby U., Perlis R.H., Perry A., Pfennig A., Potash J.B., Purcell S.M., Regeer E.J., Reif A., Reinbold C.S., Rice J.P., Rivas F., Rivera M., Roussos P., Ruderfer D.M., Ryu E., Sanchez-Mora C., Schatzberg A.F., Scheftner W.A., Schork N.J., Shannon Weickert C., Shehktman T., Shilling P.D., Sigurdsson E., Slaney C., Smeland O.B., Sobell J.L., Soholm Hansen C., Spijker A.T., St Clair D., Steffens M., Strauss J.S., Streit F., Strohmaier J., Szelinger S., Thompson R.C., Thorgeirsson T.E., Treutlein J., Vedder H., Wang W., Watson S.J., Weickert T.W., Witt S.H., Xi S., Xu W., Young A.H., Zandi P., Zhang P., Zollner S., Adolfsson R., Agartz I., Alda M., Backlund L., Baune B.T., Bellivier F., Berrettini W.H., Biernacka J.M., Blackwood D.H.R., Boehnke M., Borglum A.D., Corvin A., Craddock N., Daly M.J., Dannlowski U., Esko T., Etain B., Frye M., Fullerton J.M., Gershon E.S., Gill M., Goes F., Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M., Hauser J., Hougaard D.M., Hultman C.M., Jones I., Jones L.A., Kahn R.S., Kirov G., Landen M., Leboyer M., Lewis C.M., Li Q.S., Lissowska J., Martin N.G., Mayoral F., McElroy S.L., McIntosh A.M., McMahon F.J., Melle I., Metspalu A., Mitchell P.B., Morken G., Mors O., Mortensen P.B., Muller-Myhsok B., Myers R.M., Neale B.M., Nimgaonkar V., Nordentoft M., Nothen M.M., O'Donovan M.C., Oedegaard K.J., Owen M.J., Paciga S.A., Pato C., Pato M.T., Posthuma D., Ramos-Quiroga J.A., Ribases M., Rietschel M., Rouleau G.A., Schalling M., Schofield P.R., Schulze T.G., Serretti A., Smoller J.W., Stefansson H., Stefansson K., Stordal E., Sullivan P.F., Turecki G., Vaaler A.E., Vieta E., Vincent J.B., Werge T., Nurnberger J.I., Wray N.R., Di Florio A., Edenberg H.J., Cichon S., Ophoff R.A., Scott L.J., Andreassen O.A., Kelsoe J., Sklar P., eQTLGen Consortium, BIOS Consortium, Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, and Complex Trait Genetics
Subjects: Male, Bipolar Disorder, Bipolar I disorder, Schizophrenia/genetics, LD SCORE REGRESSION, Genome-wide association study, VARIANTS, Bipolar II disorder, 0302 clinical medicine, SCHIZOPHRENIA, GWAS, Psychotic Disorders/genetics, Non-U.S. Gov't, RISK, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, HERITABILITY, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Systems Biology, Major/genetics, Single Nucleotide, 3. Good health, Schizophrenia, Major depressive disorder, Female, Case-Control Studie, Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics, Human, Psychosis, GENES, Biology, Psychotic Disorder, Research Support, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, Bipolar Disorder/classification, N.I.H, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, medicine, Journal Article, POLYGENICITY, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Bipolar disorder, Polymorphism, METAANALYSIS, 030304 developmental biology, Intramural, Depressive Disorder, Major, Depressive Disorder, Genetic heterogeneity, Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural, medicine.disease, INDIVIDUALS, Psychotic Disorders, Genetic Loci, Case-Control Studies, Human medicine, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Genome-Wide Association Study, Meta-Analysis
Abstract: This paper is dedicated to the memory of Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) founding member and Bipolar disorder working group co-chair Pamela Sklar. We thank the participants who donated their time, experiences and DNA to this research, and to the clinical and scientific teams that worked with them. We are deeply indebted to the investigators who comprise the PGC. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of any funding or regulatory body. Analyses were carried out on the NL Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org ) hosted by SURFsara, and the Mount Sinai high performance computing cluster (http://hpc.mssm.edu)., Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder. We performed a genome-wide association study including 20,352 cases and 31,358 controls of European descent, with follow-up analysis of 822 variants with P, This work was funded in part by the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, Stanley Medical Research Institute, University of Michigan, Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Fund L.L.C., Marriot Foundation and the Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, the NIMH Intramural Research Program; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; the UK Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR, NRS, MRC, Wellcome Trust; European Research Council; German Ministry for Education and Research, German Research Foundation IZKF of Münster, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, ImmunoSensation, the Dr. Lisa-Oehler Foundation, University of Bonn; the Swiss National Science Foundation; French Foundation FondaMental and ANR; Spanish Ministerio de Economía, CIBERSAM, Industria y Competitividad, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Generalitat de Catalunya, EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme; BBMRI-NL; South-East Norway Regional Health Authority and Mrs. Throne-Holst; Swedish Research Council, Stockholm County Council, Söderström Foundation; Lundbeck Foundation, Aarhus University; Australia NHMRC, NSW Ministry of Health, Janette M O'Neil and Betty C Lynch.
Published: 2019
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35. Genome-wide association study of borderline personality disorder reveals genetic overlap with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia

Author: Stephan Ripke, A. Di Florio, Gustavo Turecki, N Bass, Ian Jones, Laura J. Scott, Lisa Hall, Martin Hautzinger, Tracy Air, Sarah Knott, Marcella Rietschel, Christel M. Middeldorp, Patrick J. Brennan, John Strauss, Nicholas G. Martin, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Tony Davis, Andreas Reif, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Céline S. Reinbold, Urs Heilbronner, Anders Juréus, Stefan Kloiber, Andrew McQuillin, Dan Rujescu, N. Dahmen, Fermin Mayoral-Cleries, Richard M. Myers, Abdel Abdellaoui, Franck Bellivier, Gunnar Morken, Sarah E. Bergen, Manolis Kogevinas, Dorret I. Boomsma, Thomas G. Schulze, Arian Mobascher, Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach, Sascha B. Fischer, Christine Fraser, Y. Milaneschi, Michael Conlon O'Donovan, Susan L. McElroy, Klaus Lieb, B.W.J.H. Penninx, Helmut Vedder, Fabian Streit, Piotr M. Czerski, Swapnil Awasthi, Lilijana Oruc, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Michael Bauer, Jana Strohmaier, Qingqin S. Li, Bernhard T. Baune, Roel A. Ophoff, S. E. Medland, Marco P. Boks, Gulja Babadjanova, Mark A. Frye, Christian Schmahl, M. M. Nöthen, Nicholas John Craddock, John B. Vincent, Douglas Blackwood, Marion Leboyer, Franziska Degenhardt, C. E. Schwarze, Henriette N. Buttenschøn, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Ole A. Andreassen, Toni-Kim Clarke, Loes M. Olde Loohuis, Scott D. Gordon, Björn H. Schott, Stephanie H. Witt, Stefan Roepke, John I. Nurnberger, S Van der Auwera, Lisa Jones, James D. McKay, André Tadić, Mikael Landén, Guy A. Rouleau, Monika Budde, Grant C.B. Sinnamon, Enda M. Byrne, Bruno Etain, Darja Schendel, Andreas J. Forstner, Cristiana Cruceanu, Srdjan Djurovic, Sara A. Paciga, Ney Alliey-Rodriguez, Joanna Hauser, Enrico Domenici, Peter Hoffmann, Elaine K. Green, Stéphane Jamain, Markus Schwarz, Marian L. Hamshere, Christian Witt, E.J.C. de Geus, Andrew M. McIntosh, Sven Cichon, Ole Mors, Jolanta Lissowska, Josef Frank, Pablo Cervantes, G. Kirov, Howard J. Edenberg, Ina Giegling, Grant W. Montgomery, Lydie Dietl, Martin Preisig, M. J. Owen, Martin Alda, David Curtis, Eli A. Stahl, Gonneke Willemsen, Udo Dannlowski, Rolf Adolfsson, Janice M. Fullerton, Jose Guzman-Parra, Elliot S. Gershon, Peter Holmans, Hans-Jörgen Grabe, Hualin S. Xi, Jens Treutlein, Fabio Rivas, James B. Potash, Martin Bohus, Naomi R. Wray, René S. Kahn, Katrin Gade, Sarah Kittel-Schneider, Anders D. Børglum, Susanne Lucae, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Joanna M. Biernacka, Liz Forty, Margitta Borrmann-Hassenbach, Martin Jungkunz, Andrea Pfennig, Jutta Kammerer-Ciernioch, Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu, Peter R. Schofield, Stefan Herms, Amy Perry, Shashi Hitturlingappa, Markus Leber, Thomas W. Mühleisen, Philip B. Mitchell, Andrew Bethell, Huda Akil, Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, APH - Mental Health, APH - Methodology, Environmental Policy Analysis, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, APH - Personalized Medicine, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Complex Trait Genetics, APH - Digital Health, Bipolar Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Variabilité de réponse aux Psychotropes (VariaPsy - U1144), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hopital Saint-Louis [AP-HP] (AP-HP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre International de Recherche contre le Cancer - International Agency for Research on Cancer (CIRC - IARC), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Faculté de médecine (UPEC Médecine), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR10-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), and Duchange, Nathalie
Subjects: Netherlands Twin Register (NTR), Male, Linkage disequilibrium, Multifactorial Inheritance, Bipolar Disorder, FEATURES, [SDV.MHEP.PSM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Psychiatrics and mental health, Genome-wide association study, 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit, MESH: Genotype, 0302 clinical medicine, Borderline Personality Disorder, MESH: Bipolar Disorder, Borderline personality disorder, Genetics, RISK, Psychiatry, MESH: Aged, MESH: Middle Aged, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, MESH: Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Middle Aged, MESH: Case-Control Studies, 3. Good health, FAMILY, Psychiatry and Mental health, Schizophrenia, MESH: Young Adult, Female, Original Article, medicine.symptom, Psychology, SET, TRAITS, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bipolar Disorder/genetics, Borderline Personality Disorder/genetics, Case-Control Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genotype, Humans, Schizophrenia/genetics, Young Adult, Clinical psychology, MESH: Depressive Disorder, Major, TWIN, BF, Impulsivity, Psykiatri, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, medicine, Journal Article, ddc:610, Bipolar disorder, Biological Psychiatry, METAANALYSIS, MESH: Borderline Personality Disorder, MESH: Adolescent, Depressive Disorder, Major, MESH: Humans, MESH: Adult, medicine.disease, Comorbidity, MESH: Male, MESH: Schizophrenia, 030227 psychiatry, [SDV.MHEP.PSM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Psychiatrics and mental health, MESH: Genome-Wide Association Study, PATTERNS, RC0321, DPYD, MESH: Multifactorial Inheritance, COMORBIDITY, MESH: Female, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Borderline personality disorder (BOR) is determined by environmental and genetic factors, and characterized by affective instability and impulsivity, diagnostic symptoms also observed in manic phases of bipolar disorder (BIP). Up to 20% of BIP patients show comorbidity with BOR. This report describes the first case–control genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BOR, performed in one of the largest BOR patient samples worldwide. The focus of our analysis was (i) to detect genes and gene sets involved in BOR and (ii) to investigate the genetic overlap with BIP. As there is considerable genetic overlap between BIP, major depression (MDD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) and a high comorbidity of BOR and MDD, we also analyzed the genetic overlap of BOR with SCZ and MDD. GWAS, gene-based tests and gene-set analyses were performed in 998 BOR patients and 1545 controls. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to detect the genetic overlap between BOR and these disorders. Single marker analysis revealed no significant association after correction for multiple testing. Gene-based analysis yielded two significant genes: DPYD (P=4.42 × 10−7) and PKP4 (P=8.67 × 10−7); and gene-set analysis yielded a significant finding for exocytosis (GO:0006887, PFDR=0.019; FDR, false discovery rate). Prior studies have implicated DPYD, PKP4 and exocytosis in BIP and SCZ. The most notable finding of the present study was the genetic overlap of BOR with BIP (rg=0.28 [P=2.99 × 10−3]), SCZ (rg=0.34 [P=4.37 × 10−5]) and MDD (rg=0.57 [P=1.04 × 10−3]). We believe our study is the first to demonstrate that BOR overlaps with BIP, MDD and SCZ on the genetic level. Whether this is confined to transdiagnostic clinical symptoms should be examined in future studies.
Published: 2017
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36. F26'GWAS QUALITY SCORE' (GQS) FOR ASSOCIATED REGIONS IN GWAS META-ANALYSES

Author: Stephan Ripke, Swapnil Awasthi, and C. Anthony Altar
Subjects: Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental health, Neurology, business.industry, Quality Score, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Genome-wide association study, Neurology (clinical), Computational biology, business, Biological Psychiatry
Published: 2019
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37. Patient safety risk assessment and risk management: A review on Indian hospitals

Author: Gaurav Sharma, Anuj Dixit, Garima Sharma, and Swapnil Awasthi
Subjects: Government, business.industry, lcsh:RM1-950, medicine.disease, Iatrogenesis, Patient safety, medication errors, technological iatrogenesis, lcsh:Therapeutics. Pharmacology, Health facility, Nursing, Adverse events, Accountability, Medicine, General Materials Science, Medical emergency, business, Risk assessment, Risk management, Corporal punishment
Abstract: This paper is intended to discuss a critical need expressed by present healthcare system of India, and how to provide a better health facility and diluting the medication errors caused by inappropriate management of the hospitals. Adverse events related to medication occur due to pathetic infrastructures, corporal punishment by the patient if unsatisfied, doctors on strike and working only for riches, trivial financial aid, and lack of basic amenities in the government-run hospitals of India. Government should reduce the barriers of awareness, accountability, ability, and action into accelerators of patient safety in the government organizations. Physicians, nurses, and pharmacists are truly the critical ingredient to rapid safety practice adoption. Various approaches like Technological Iatrogenesis, Computerized Provider Order Entry, and Electronic Health Record should be used. Although patient safety is recognized as a serious issue in health system, there is an urgent need for development and implementation of strategies for prevention and early detection of errors.
Published: 2011

38. O25. Variance in Dopaminergic Markers: A Possible Marker of Individual Differences in IQ?

Author: Herta Flor, Henrik Walter, Erin Burke Quinlan, Vincent Frouin, Stephan Ripke, Michael N. Smolka, Swapnil Awasthi, Jakob Kaminski, Laura S. Daedelow, Tobias Banaschewski, Gunter Schumann, Barbara Ruggeri, Jean-Luc Martinot, Tomáš Paus, Lorenz Deserno, Sylvane Desrivières, Bernd Ittermann, Arun L.W. Bokde, Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Hugh Garavan, Luise Poustka, Penny A. Gowland, Andreas Heinz, Robert Whelan, Michael A. Rapp, Frauke Nees, Florian Schlagenhauf, Uli Bromberg, Christian Büchel, Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot, and Juliane H. Fröhner
Subjects: Epigenetic biomarkers, Dopamine, Dopaminergic, medicine, Polygenic risk score, Variance (accounting), Biology, Bioinformatics, Biological Psychiatry, medicine.drug
Published: 2018
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39. F170. SCHIZOPHRENIA POLYGENIC RISK SCORE ASSOCIATED WITH LEFT TEMPORAL GYRIFICATION

Author: Kerstin Langbein, Swapnil Awasthi, Christian Gaser, Markus M. Noethen, Franziska Degenhardt, Maren Dietzek, Igor Nenadic, Stephanie Gräger, Bianca Besteher, Stephan Ripka, and Heinrich Sauer
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Poster Session II, business.industry, Brain morphometry, Genome-wide association study, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, computer.software_genre, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, Abstracts, Voxel, Schizophrenia, Internal medicine, mental disorders, medicine, Bipolar disorder, business, computer, Gyrification, Genetic association
Abstract: Background Brain structural changes in schizophrenia are thought to arise in part from genetic liability, as shown in studies of twins and siblings. Polygenic risk scores (PGRS) derived from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have allowed to use measures of genetic liability calculated from large numbers of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Initial studies on PGRS and structural imaging have, however, failed to provide clear associations. We used three separate measures of brain morphometry (voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness, and gyrification) in a sample of healthy subjects to associate them with PGRS for schizophrenia in order to test the hypothesis that gyrification, a putative indicator of early brain development. Methods We analysed high-resolution MRI scans (3 Tesla, T1-weighted MPRAGE, 1x1x1mm resolution) from n=153 healthy subjects with not current or previous psychiatric condition recruited from the local community. DNA from each subject was analysed using the PsychChip, and polygenic risk scores were calculated for schizophrenia, as well as bipolar disorder and major depression (for assessment of relative specificity of the schizophrenia PGRS). MRI data were pre-processed with the CAT12 toolbox (dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/cat12) for analysis using a) voxel-based morphometry (VBM), b) cortical thickness, and c) gyrification (calculated using the absolute mean curvature approach (Luders et al., NeuroImage 2006). We initially used p
Published: 2018

40. Genome-Wide Association Study Of Borderline Personality Disorder Reveals Genetic Overlap With Bipolar Disorder And Schizophrenia

Author: Stephanie Witt, Martin Jungkunz, Fabian Streit, Josef Frank, Jens Treutlein, Franziska Degenhardt, Andreas J. Forstner, null Bipolar Disorder Working Group, Céline Reinbold, Sven Cichon, Markus Nöthen, Swapnil Awasthi, Stephan Ripke, Arian Mobascher, null Dan Rujescu, Klaus Lieb, Stefan Roepke, Christian Schmahl, Martin Bohus, and Marcella Rietschel
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Candidate gene, Population, Genome-wide association study, Impulsivity, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, mental disorders, medicine, SNP, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Pharmacology (medical), Bipolar disorder, Psychiatry, education, Borderline personality disorder, Biological Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Genetics, education.field_of_study, 05 social sciences, medicine.disease, Comorbidity, Psychiatry and Mental health, Neurology, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by mood lability and impulsivity – symptoms which overlap with symptoms of Bipolar Disorder (BD) – a disorder showing a substantial comorbidity. Research suggests that its etiology involves both environmental and genetic factors. Formal genetic studies indicate a heritability of up to 65%. However, to date genetic research into BPD has been limited to candidate gene studies, and no case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS) has yet been performed. Systematic genome-wide screening for BPD personality features has been performed in individuals from the general population. Here, we present the first case-control GWAS of BPD, which was performed in one of the largest BPD patients samples worldwide. Given the heritability estimates for BPD, no significant single marker results were expected. Rather, we were interested in findings pointing to genes, gene-sets, and potential overlap with other psychiatric disorders. Methods GWAS was performed in 1,034 BPD patients and 1,545 controls recruited at four German academic institutions (Mannheim, Berlin, Mainz, Munich). After quality control and imputation, association was tested under an additive logistic regression model using PLINK and the derived principal components as covariates. Gene-based tests were performed using VEGAS and MAGMA. Gene set analyses were performed with GSEA for GWAS using GO. Further gene set analyses are currently being performed. The LD regression score method was used to calculate genetic overlap between BPD, BD, and Schizophrenia (SCZ). Results The top hit of the SNP-based analysis was Developmental Pluripotency Associated 3 (DPPA3, p=1.65x10-7). The top hit of the gene-based analysis was Plakophilin4 (PKP4) which reached genome-wide significance using MAGMA (p=5.26x10-7). The gene set analysis also yielded a significant finding after correction for multiple testing, i.e., exocytosis (GO:0006887; p=0.001). The genetic correlation between BPD and BD was rg=0.34 (p=4.37x10-5), and that between BPD and SCZ was rg=0.28 (p=2.99x10-3). Discussion The present study is the first case-control GWAS of BPD. As expected, no significant association was found with any single marker or gene. The top SNP was in the gene DPPA3, which is implicated in epigenetic mechanisms. The top gene of the gene-based test – PKP4 – was also one of the top hits of the single marker analysis. PKP4 is involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization, processes which have been linked to BD and SCZ. The most promising gene of the previously reported GWAS on BPD personality features - SERINC5 - showed nominally significant association. Previous research has implicated the top hit of the gene set analysis in the molecular mechanisms of BD and SCZ, and may now represent a promising starting point for further research into BPD. The most interesting finding of the present study was the genetic overlap between BPD and BD as well SCZ. Our study is the first to demonstrate on the genetic level that BPD is not a discrete entity but overlaps with major psychoses not only on the clinical level. Future studies are warranted to determine commonalities and specificities.
Published: 2017
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41. Genome Wide Association Results of Alcoholic Use Disorder Patients And Healthy Controls

Author: Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, Stephan Ripke, Eva Friedel, Henrik Walter, Andreas Heinz, and Swapnil Awasthi
Subjects: Pharmacology, Genetics, Imaging genetics, Genome-wide association study, Biology, Explained variation, Population stratification, Identity by descent, Psychiatry and Mental health, Neurology, Statistics, Pharmacology (medical), Neurology (clinical), 1000 Genomes Project, Biological Psychiatry, Imputation (genetics), Genetic association
Abstract: Background Recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) of alcoholic use disorder (AUD) have estimated a 40-60% variance explained by common genetic variants. Since GWAS require large sample sizes this study aims at combining genetics and imaging data to help finding genetics risk variants in smaller datasets (referred to as imaging genetics data). In this presentation we will focus on the genetic results of this study Methods We had genotypic data of 115 cases of AUD according to DSM-IV-TR and 286 healthy controls. We used Ricopili pipeline for quality control (QC), principal component analysis (PCA), imputation, association analysis and polygenic risk scoring. Standard thresholds during QC were applied: call rate for individuals 98%, call rate for SNPs 98%, missing differences between cases and controls 2%, Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium for controls 10e-06, HWE for case 10e-10. We also checked for sex inconsistencies between reported sex and empirical sex as well as for related individuals between all the individuals by using identity by descent on a set of LD-pruned SNPs. After removing the related and overlapping individuals, PCA results were checked for hidden population stratification. Pre-phasing was done using Shapeit and imputation using Impute2 (using 1000 Genomes phase 1 as reference). We clumped GWAS summary statistics from the biggest currently available AUD dataset (n=16,087) and scored the individuals of our study. We also inspected for genetic correlation between Schizophrenia by using the largest available data sets from the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC). Results All cases passed QC but four controls were excluded due to call rate. Out of 603,132 SNPs, 42% (253,361) were excluded, most of which were invariant (39%). PCA revealed slight population stratification without strong outliers; overlap testing could reveal one related and one completely overlapping case, of which one each was excluded from downstream analysis. After imputation 8,696,851 SNPs, 115 cases and 280 controls were chosen for the analysis. As expected, we did not find any genome wide significant SNPs. The QQ plots showed only slight inflation from expectation (lambda=1.054). Polygenic risk score with four alcoholism phenotypes (two Discovery sample for alcohol dependent and ordinal trait and two SAGE sample with alcohol dependent and ordinal trait) (Gelernter J, et al, 2014) could not show significant separation of cases and controls in our study for any of the p-value thresholds. We also found no significant correlation with schizophrenia as the training dataset. Discussion QC, imputation of this study was straightforward and as expected could not identify new genome wide significant SNPs. The genetic data is now ready to use to understand more about genetic aetiology of AUD using imaging genetics. Polygenic risk scoring with the biggest data available for AUD GWAS showed no signal, which might be due to low power of the training data (Gelernter J, et al, 2014). Newer and much more powerful PGC results will soon give more insight. As expected this study also showed no genetic association with schizophrenia.
Published: 2017
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