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Aim: This study aims to evaluate the GP dissolving property of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel (Citrus limetta), peppermint oil, cedarwood oil, and an emulsion (equal volumes of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, peppermint, and cedarwood oils) compared to xylene and chloroform (CHCl3). Methods: Equal weight of GP were divided into 7 groups and immersed for 5 min and 10 min in the test and control groups. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Absolute weight loss (WL) was calculated. Results: Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's pairwise comparison with a significance value of P ≤ 0.05. The median WL of GP in the solvents shows a significant difference at 5 min (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.000). After 5 min, the order of WL was highest in sweet lime peel extract, CHCl3, and emulsion followed by xylene and peppermint oil. After 10 min, the highest WL was seen in emulsion, CHCl3 followed by sweet lime peel and peppermint oil. Cedarwood oil had no GP solvent effect at both time intervals. Conclusion: Sweet lime peel extract, emulsion, and peppermint oil showed a significant GP dissolving effect at 5 and 10 min and were comparable to CHCl3. Cedarwood oil showed no GP dissolving effect.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the GP dissolving property of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel (Citrus limetta), peppermint oil, cedarwood oil, and an emulsion (equal volumes of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel, peppermint, and cedarwood oils) compared to xylene and chloroform (CHCl3). Methods: Equal weight of GP were divided into 7 groups and immersed for 5 min and 10 min in the test and control groups. Distilled water was used as a negative control. Absolute weight loss (WL) was calculated. Results: Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's pairwise comparison with a significance value of P = 0.05. The median WL of GP in the solvents shows a significant difference at 5 min (P = 0.001) and 10 min (P = 0.000). After 5 min, the order of WL was highest in sweet lime peel extract, CHCl³, and emulsion followed by xylene and peppermint oil. After 10 min, the highest WL was seen in emulsion, CHCl3 followed by sweet lime peel and peppermint oil. Cedarwood oil had no GP solvent effect at both time intervals. Conclusion: Sweet lime peel extract, emulsion, and peppermint oil showed a significant GP dissolving effect at 5 and 10 min and were comparable to CHCl3. Cedarwood oil showed no GP dissolving effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles is now receiving great attention because of their numerous applications such as optics, catalysis, and biomedicine. In this work, gold nanoparticles were synthesized from peel extract of sweet lime (Citrus limetta Risso), which is usually discarded as a bio-waste. Bioactive components present in the fruit peel extract act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles from chloroauric acid (HAuCl4). The visual color change from light yellow to ruby red suggested the formation of gold nanoparticles, which was further confirmed by the maximum absorption peak at 530 nm of colloidal suspension measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. XRD spectra indicated the crystalline nature of prepared gold nanoparticles. The average crystallite size of gold nanoparticles measured from prominent peaks of XRD was found to be around 64 nm (size range: 50–80 nm), which was further supported by FESEM analysis. The components responsible for the reduction of chloroauric acid into gold nanoparticles were analyzed by FTIR, which suggested the presence of several phytochemicals e.g. phenol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkynes in the fruit peel extract. Green prepared gold nanoparticle was further evaluated for its antioxidant and catalytic activity. Green gold nanoparticles exhibited excellent antioxidant activity evident by scavenging/inhibition of free oxygen/nitrogen radical generation. Furthermore, green gold nanoparticles demonstrated excellent catalytic activity indicated by the reduction of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol. This study highlights the significance of bio-waste for the production of nanostructure of noble metals for numerous applications.

Citrus limettioides (Rutaceae), popularly known as "sweet lime" or "sweet lemon", is rich in essential oil. Citrus sp. essential oils present a wide spectrum of biological activities, including insecticidal and larvicidal. In this sense, we aimed to investigate the larvicidal potential of Citrus limettioides peel essential oil on the main urban vector of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses Aedes aegypti. The chemical characterization of the material revealed a monoterpene-rich essential oil (mainly limonene – 48.28% – and linalool – 32.17%). The C. limettioides peel essential oil presented a good larvicidal activity on A. aegypti (LC 50 = 18.14 µg mL−1). Moreover, the compounds linalyl acetate and isopropyl tiglate, identified in the investigated essential oil, presented a predicted insecticide activity on A. aegypti. Finally, the safety of the C. limettioides peel essential oil was demonstrated on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. These results support the idea of using the C. limettioides peel essential oil to the development of an economically viable larvicidal product. [Display omitted] • The C. limettioides peel essential oil presented a good larvicidal activity. • The essential oil is rich in monoterpenes, mainly limonene and linalool. • Linalyl acetate and isopropyl tiglate presented a predicted insecticide activity. • The essential oil is safe for murine macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet lime (Citrus limetta) is one of the citrus species and it is generally consumed fresh or processed to fruit juice. The squeezing method of fruit is an important factor affecting the quantity and composition of phenolic compounds of the juice. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds and determine the antioxidant activities of sweet lime peel and juices. For this purpose, sweet lime juices were prepared using two different methods. Firstly, sweet lime fruits were hand-squeezed without peeling. Secondly, fruits were hand-squeezed after the manual removal of the peel. The phenolic compounds of the peel and the two types of juices were analyzed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Twenty phenolic compounds were determined in all extracts, 18 of which were flavonoids and two were phenolic acids. The major compound was hesperidin both in the peel and juices. The procyanidin B dimer and luteolin were detected for the first time in sweet lime peel and juices in the present study. The amount of phenolic compounds of the peel was significantly higher than those of the juices. The total phenolic contents of the sweet lime juice increased about 13% from 444.55 to 502.54 mg/L due to the effect of the peel. The antioxidant capacity of the peel was found to be higher than those of the juices resulting from its high phenolic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks at using partially purified peroxidase extracted from peels of sweet lime (Citrus limetta) for decolorizing textile industry effluent. The ideal pH and thermal conditions of the enzyme were 7 and 35°C. The Km and Vmax for guaiacol were 0.66 mM and 6666 μmol/mL/min, respectively. We found that sweet lime peroxidase was very effective in decolorizing textile industry effluent. Almost complete decolorization (>99 %) of effluent was attained at a pH of 5.0, temperature of 55°C, H2O2 concentration of 2 mM, and enzyme dose of 40 U/mL within 60 minutes of incubation. The effluent was also analysed in terms of physicochemical parameters before and after treatment with sweet lime peroxidase. The reduction in toxicity after the enzymatic treatment was evidenced by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays use of the edible coatings has been increased because customers tend to buy horticultural products that retain their freshness. The benefits of edible coatings are biodegradability, inhibition of respiratory gas exchange, inhibition of exchange of aromatic and flavorful compounds, and product protection against mechanical damage. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of chitosan on preservation of quality and storage life of sweet lime by measuring physic-chemical properties of fruits. The measured parameters in the study were firmness, TSS, titrable acid, pH, vitamin C, weight loss and chlorophyll content. The experiment consisted four treatments of chitosan solution (control, 0.5, 1 and 2%). The results showed that chitosan had significant effects on all measured parameters (p

Aloe vera based RTS formulation was prepared in this study which provides the health benefits of this wonder plant and was also appealing in terms of sensory qualities. In the present study four formulations of A. vera RTS drink with ginger, sweet lime and amla (V1, V2, V3 and V4 were developed). The developed products were subjected to physico-chemical, organoleptic and microbial analysis. The formulation V3 was found to be the most preferred variant with respect to the sensory quality. Further the blends were found to be a good source of vitamin C and other nutritional parameters. The storage stability studies carried out on the formulations showed that the physico-chemical and the sensory qualities of the RTS blends were acceptable after 60 days of storage. Microbial analysis of the RTS blends during the storage period revealed that it was free from any microbial spoilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of dengue fever in a 9-years old Indian child. She was given "anti-hyper thermic" drug paracetamol and anti-biotic amoxicillin for 5 days. The patient was detected with dengue infection (NS1 positive) with a 5 days history of high fever and headache. After scrutinizing the haematology data, the medications (paracetamol & amoxicillin) were stopped and only diet which was continued is fruit juices (pomegranate and sweet lime juices along with green coconut water) as nutritional supplement. After 48 hours of continuous administration of nutritional supplements, blood parameters showed immense change. From this case study it can be stated that, infection with dengue and subsequent decline in the platelet and leukocyte count can well be restored with pomegranate, sweet lime and green coconut water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles is now receiving great attention because of their numerous applications such as optics, catalysis, and biomedicine. In this work, gold nanoparticles were synthesized from peel extract of sweet lime (Citrus limetta Risso), which is usually discarded as a bio-waste. Bioactive components present in the fruit peel extract act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles from chloroauric acid (HAuCl 4). The visual color change from light yellow to ruby red suggested the formation of gold nanoparticles, which was further confirmed by the maximum absorption peak at 530 nm of colloidal suspension measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. XRD spectra indicated the crystalline nature of prepared gold nanoparticles. The average crystallite size of gold nanoparticles measured from prominent peaks of XRD was found to be around 64 nm (size range: 50–80 nm), which was further supported by FESEM analysis. The components responsible for the reduction of chloroauric acid into gold nanoparticles were analyzed by FTIR, which suggested the presence of several phytochemicals e.g. phenol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkynes in the fruit peel extract. Green prepared gold nanoparticle was further evaluated for its antioxidant and catalytic activity. Green gold nanoparticles exhibited excellent antioxidant activity evident by scavenging/inhibition of free oxygen/nitrogen radical generation. Furthermore, green gold nanoparticles demonstrated excellent catalytic activity indicated by the reduction of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol. This study highlights the significance of bio-waste for the production of nanostructure of noble metals for numerous applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this work were to study the impact of aromatization by sweet lemon and sweet orange peels on olive oil quality, chemical composition and heat stability. Flavored olive oils were prepared by maceration of sweet lime and sweet orange zests at 1, 3 and 5 %. The oil samples were kept at 60 °C for 40 days. Physicochemical tests (FFA, PV, oxidative stability, polyphenols and pigments contents) were carried out. The antioxidant activity (β-carotene-linoleate bleaching assay, DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power) was also tested. Results indicated that the addition of citrus zests contributed to the increase in polyphenols and carotenoids contents. Moreover, it led to an increase in the DPPH-radical scavenging activity (99.50 % for flavored olive oil with sweet orange zests at 5 %). Flavored olive oils with sweet orange zests were more stable to heat treatment than those flavored with sweet lemon zests. The degradation rate of bioactive compounds was lower for virgin olive oil comparing to flavored oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil of citrus fruit contains components pleasant sensory characteristics that are appreciated in food. pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. In the case of sweet lime (Citrus limetta Risso), is necessary to characterize the essential oil components, to identify potential uses of this fruit. The essential oil of sweet lime was obtained from lime flavedo in four different maturation stages. Steam distillation was employed and then compared with hexane extraction. The identification of the components in the essential oil was carried out by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A total of 46 components were found in the essence of lime, among which the highest concentration of compounds present were aldehydes such as limonene. Linalool, sabinene. and bergamol were more abundant than in other varieties. The best extraction method was steam distillation, and the concentrations in stage III from the main terpenic portion were d-limonene with 74.4%, bergamol with 8.23%, and (3-pinene with 7.62%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general surveys were conducted in Mazandaran citrus groves for the presence of Phytophthora species causing citrus gummosis. Soil samples and infected citrus tissues were collected and assayed using baiting and selective medium. Phytophthora citrophthora and P. nicotianae were detected in all of the citrus orchards and their distribution was mapped. The soil population of each species was also determined. Eighty two and 86% of the orchards were infested respectively with P. citrophthora and P. nicotianae with average over 10 propagules /g soil. The virulence of five isolates of each species to root of 1-year-old citrange, citromelo, Shahsavar orange, and sweet lime was examined. Data analysis of fresh weight of root and stem, and disease index in citrange revealed three groups including control, P. nicotianae, and P. citrophthora isolates, which the that third group was significantly more virulent than the second group. Data analysis of fresh weight of root and stem in citromelo and Shahsavar orange did not show significant differences between P. nicotianae, and P. citrophthora isolates. On the basis of disease index data of citromelo and Shahsavar orange, P. citrophthora isolates were more virulent than P. nicotianae isolates. Data analysis of fresh weight of root and stem and disease index in sweet lime did not show significant differences between P. nicotianae, and P. citrophthora isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus fruits accumulate high levels of sucrose and hexoses, although most photoassimilates arrive in the form of sucrose. In sweet limes, faster rates of sugar accumulation take place early in development when sucrose catabolic enzymes are most active. The present investigation was aimed at providing information on the mechanisms of sucrose (and hexose) uptake into the vacuole of cells containing high levels of sucrose hydrolytic activity. Tonoplast vesicles of high purity were isolated in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The vesicles were capable of forming a pH gradient in the presence of ATP. Both bafilomycin and NO3- (but not vanadate) inhibited ATP hydrolysis and prevented the formation of the pH gradient, confirming the tonoplast origin. Energized vesicles (either by addition of ATP or by artificial pH gradient) did not accumulate sucrose or hexoses against a concentration gradient. In the presence of either sucrose or hexoses, the established ΔpH was not disrupted as was the case with tonoplast vesicles from red beet hypocotyl. Therefore, a sucrose/H+ (hexose) antiport may not be the mechanism of sucrose and hexose transport into the vacuoles of sweet lime juice cells. The data indicated that sucrose uptake into vacuoles of sweet lime occurs by facilitated diffusion. Hexoses originate from the hydrolytic action of acid invertase on sucrose within the vacuole, and by the action of cytosolic sucrose synthase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of salinity on population densities of Tylenchulus semipenetrans was measured on 3-month-old salt-tolerant Rangpur lime growing on either loamy sand, sand, or organic mix and on 4-month-old salt-sensitive Sweet lime in organic mix. Salinity treatments were initiated by watering daily with 25 mol/m(3) NaCl + 3.3 mol/m(3) CaCl for 3 days and every other day with 50 mol/m(3) NaC1 + 6.6 mol/m(3) CaC1 for one week, with no salt (NS) treatments as controls. Salinity was discontinued in one treatment (DS) by leaching with tap water prior to inoculation with nematodes, whereas the continuous salinity (CS) treatment remained unchanged. Overall, in Rangpur lime organic soil supported the highest population densities of T. semipenetrans, followed by loamy sand and sand. The DS treatment resulted in the highest (P