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In this study, we investigated the antifungal properties of an acetone extract derived from the leaves of Swietenia mahagoni (SMAL) against two isolated fungi, Fusarium equiseti (OQ820153) and Rhizoctonia solani (OQ820152), from rice sheath. The extract was effective in inhibiting the growth of both fungi at the highest concentration tested, 3000 μg·mL−1. Laboratory tests on the LC20 of SMAL extract (49.86 mg·L−1) versus pyriproxyfen 10% EC (1.96 mg·L−1) were accomplished on Aphis gossypii Glover. The extract potently reduced the survival of the nymphs (49.58%) more than the other treatments. The longevity of nymphs treated with the extract had the highest prolongation at 9.67 days. The olfactory choice test exhibited the lowest aphid attraction percentage (23.33%). The HPLC of SMAL extract contained various phenolic compounds, and the most abundant found were catechin (752.64 µg·g−1), gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid, as well as flavonoids such as rutin (585.24 µg·g−1) and naringenin. A GC–MS analysis revealed n-hexadecanoic acid (37.1%) as the major compound, followed by oleic acid. These results suggest that SMAL extract has the potential to help plants fight against fungal and insect infections, making it a promising natural and renewable solution for long-term plant pest regulation.

The investigation on the n-hexane lipophilic extractives of Swietenia mahagoni, alongside the antifungal and antioxidant properties was conducted. The leaf sample was collected from 2- and 3-years-old trees in Perhutani enterprise of Temanggung, Central Java, Indonesia. In addition, the antifungal activity was tested using the white-rot of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, while the antioxidant property involved the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results show antifungal of 28.6% and 37.5% growth inhibition in 2- and 3 -years-old leaf, respectively, while 21.7% and 25.4% antioxidant activity were also recorded. Furthermore, the GC-MS results showed the domination of S. mahagoni leaf by fatty acids and hydo-carbons, while the terpenoids and steroids were in minor quantities. These components possibly exhibit growth inhibitory and antioxidant effects against P. chrysosporium and DPPH radicals, respectively.

The extraction and consequent application of natural colorants obtained from mahogany ( Swietenia mahagoni) seed pod powder is described here. The colored solution was extracted by facile boiling in an acidic medium. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the mahogany seed pod extract contained lignocellulosic substances. The typical strong broad band for -OH stretching vibration appeared at around the 3400 cm−1 region in the spectra indicating the presence of alcoholic groups in the substance. The acidic boiling of the mahogany seed pod extract showed the color bearing character at λmax 400–480 nm in the visible range of the ultra-violet spectrum. Subsequently, commercial single jersey-knitted nylon fabric was dyed with the mahogany seed pod extract. The effects of temperature, pH, and time were investigated meticulously for the above dyeing. The optimum conditions for nylon fabric dyeing with the mahogany seed pod extract were selected as the temperature of 100°C, dyeing time of 60 min, and dyebath pH 4.5. The results were interpreted in terms of color strength and fastness properties. The color fastness to wash and perspiration of nylon fabric dyed with mahogany seed pod extract was found to be moderate to good in the grey scale rating 3–4 to 4 grade in the case of optimum dyeing condition whereas color fastness to light was observed to be poor in the blue wool scale rating 2 grade. It was observed that dyeing time, temperature, and pH had profound influences on the color strength of the dyed material. The color strength was increased with the increase of dyeing period and dyebath temperature. The acidic dye liquor produced the darker hues while the alkaline condition had no effect on color yielding. The fabric was dyed uniformly, confirming the evenness of dyeing which is very important for successful commercial dyeing.

Effects of various organic manures on the growth, performance and biomass production of Mahogany seedlings, an experiment was carried out in the net house of the Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka. Nine types of manures, viz. Kazi, ACI, Payel, BGF-1, Mazim, SK, Supermill, Sebok, Sufola organic manures were used separately at the rate of 12 ton/ha. Another dose of NPK inorganic fertilizer was used at the rate of 5kg/ha N, 3 kg/ha P, 3 kg/ha K respectively. Height, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of leaf varied significantly (p≤ 0.5) and increased with time. Maximum leaf number (41.33 no./plant) and branch (6.33 no./plant) was found in Payel compost but maximum N concentration (2%) in leaf was obtained in Sebok treatment. Highest plant height (48.33 cm), leaf area (204.766 cm2/plant), girth (3.067 cm/plant), fresh weight (37.79g/plant), dry weight (9.16 g/plant), and length of petiole (6.33 cm) were recorded in Supermill treatment at harvest. Results showed that the overall best growth performance of seedlings was achieved in Supermill compost. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(2): 19-26

The effects of the moisture content, density, and striking direction of a hammer on the vibrational characteristics, i.e., the fundamental frequency and dynamic modulus of elasticity, of four wood species, i.e., poplar (Populus tomentosa), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), beech (Fagus orientalis), and ash (Fraxinus excelsior), commonly used in wood products were investigated, aiming to provide basic evidence for the nondestructive testing of wood materials. The results showed that the effect of the wood species on the fundamental frequency, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and static modulus of elasticity was statistically significant. The dynamic moduli of elasticity of the four wood species were higher than the corresponding static moduli of elasticity. The effect of the striking direction on the dynamic modulus of elasticity was not significant, indicating that no matter where the hammer struck, i.e., radial and tangential surfaces, the fundamental frequency was essentially constant. Negative relationships were found between the fundamental frequency and the density and moisture when the data of the four wood species were viewed as a population sample. The vibrational characteristics of each wood species varied, which can be applied to the nondestructive testing of wood.

Kedung Pedut is a natural waterfall located in Menoreh Highland, Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia at altitude of 529 masl. Kedung Pedut has special natural vegetation characteristics, but since 2015 tourism developments was changing the composition of vegetation in this area. This makes the ethnobotany and biobased economy study are important. Therefore, this study aims to determine the abundance and utilization of vegetation in Kedung Pedut area by Javanese community in Kulon Progo and potential utilization of various vegetation in the future. The study was carried out by grid lines method and interview. Location of vegetation sampling was along the banks of river. Identification of vegetation was carried out on tree growthform. Data analysis was done by literature studies. The results of study identified 25 species of standing vegetation in Kedung Pedut. Tree vegetation with the greatest abundance are Swietenia mahagoni (4048.05 ind/ha), Paraserianthes falcataria (1700.18 ind/ha), Cocos nucifera (1484.29 ind/ha), Bambusa blumeana (782.62 ind/ha), and Tectona grandis (701.66 ind/ha). Potential utilization of vegetation in Kedung Pedut area by Javanese community in Kulon Progo based on the development of technology and science are for medicines, agroforestry, food and beverage industry, natural dyes, furniture industry, germplasm conservation, and conservation of environment

This study aims to determine the types of natural dye plants, organs or plant parts used in the process of coloring woven cloth, and the processing of plants to produce colors as dyes of woven cloth, colors produced from plants dyed woven cloth dyes in Harona Kalla Village, West Laboya sub-district, West Sumba Regency. The method used is a qualitative method with semi-structural observation and interview techniques that refer to the list of questions that have been prepared. Based on the results of research in Harona Kalla Village, west Laboya sub-district, West Sumba Regency, three types of natural coloring plants were found, namely turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora), turmeric rhizome (Curcuma domestica L), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni L). In addition to coloring plants there are plants that are used as additives in coloring namely fence kedondong (Lannae nigritana), baiduri (Calotropis gigantea), betel lime and iron rust / vinegar. The organs in the coloring process are bark, rhizome and leaves. And the processing of plant organs is done pounding and boiling. The purpose of adding lime is to lock the color so that it does not fade easily. Based on the results of the study, the colors produced from plants in the village of Harona Kalla are turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora) which are pounded and produce a green color. Turmeric (Curcuma domestica L) which is pounded and boiled produces yellow, mahogany bark (Swietenia mahagoni L) which is boiled produces a black color. The conclusion of this research is that it is necessary to design efforts to cultivate color-producing plants which are non-wood forest products to support the sustainable industry in Harona Kalla Village, for the cultivation of species of color-producing plants.

In this work, the effect of polyurethane binder and glass fiber as reinforcement on the physical and mechanical properties of mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) leaves waste as biocomposite was investigated. Mahogany leaves waste has been successfully synthesized into a strong and lightweight biocomposite material by using a polyurethane binder and glass fiber as reinforcement. The mass content of polyurethane was varied between 0.25?1.50 g to obtain the optimum conditions. The contents of glass fiber added were between 0.1?0.5 g for biocomposite reinforcement. The addition of polyurethane and glass fiber mass fraction on biocomposite from mahogany leaves waste affected the physical and mechanical properties. The optimum ratio of mahogany leaves waste and polyurethane binder to produce biocomposite showed a compressive strength of 41.59 MPa, a density of 1.060 g/cm3, water absorption of 6.98%, and a thickness development of 7.27%. The addition of glass fiber material was proven to increase the compressive strength of biocomposites to 57.68 MPa. The addition of glass fiber to biocomposites also succeeded in improving physical properties. The testing of glass fiber reinforced biocomposites resulted in a density of 1.140 g/cm3, water absorption of 5.42%, and thickness development of 8.18%.

Sinar ultraviolet (UV) yang pada sinar matahari dapat beresiko menyebabkan pigmentasi, penuaan dini, kerutan, hingga kanker kulit. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan ekstrak etanol 70% dan ekstrak terpurifikasi biji mahoni (Swietenia Mahagoni Jacq.). Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah menentukan kadar fenolik total dengan mereaksikan larutan sampel dengan reagen folin-ciocalteu dan mengukur nilai absorbansinya pada panjang gelombang maksimal 749 nm. Pengukuran nilai SPF dilakukan menurut persamaan Mansur yang diukur absorbansinya pada panjang gelombang 290-320 nm. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan skrining fitokimia yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui senyawa yang terdapat pada ekstrak dan ekstrak terpurifikasi biji mahoni. Hasil yang diperoleh dari menghitung TPC (Total Phenolic Content) pada ekstrak etanol adalah 1,849mg GEA/gram, dan 2,517 mg GEA/gram pada ekstrak terpurifikasi. Nilai SPF yang diperoleh dengan konsentrasi 200ppm pada ekstrak etanol adalah 0,66±0.008918, sedangkan nilai SPF ekstrak terpurifikasi adalah 1,18±0,009386. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak dan ekstrak terpurifikasi biji mahoni menunjukkan bahwa positif mengandung senyawa alkaloid, polifennol/tanin, flavonoid, terpenoid, dan saponin.Â

Mogno (Swietenia mahagoni, Meliaceae) e baru (Dipteryx alata, Fabaceae) são espécies arbóreas de grande importância econômica para produção de móveis de luxo, decoração, artesanato e alimentação. No entanto, a ação de patógenos associados s sementes pode causar redução em populações dessas espécies. Tratamentos com fungicidas constituem-se em uma medida segura e de baixo custo para o controle de fungos associados s sementes. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes doses de fungicidas na qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de mogno e baru. As sementes foram tratadas com três doses do fungicida Captaní® (0,1; 0,3 e 0,5 g/ 100 g de sementes). As avaliações sanitárias foram realizadas a partir de testes em caixas de poliestireno cristal (gerbox) forrado com papel filtro, mostrando os diferentes efeitos nas sementes das espécies analisadas. O tratamento quí­mico proporcionou uma redução na incidência de fungos associados s sementes de baru, recomendando-se o uso deste princí­pio ativo para o tratamento de sementes dessa espécie. Apesar de ser recomendado para o tratamento de sementes de baru, o tratamento quí­mico influenciou negativamente no desenvolvimento das sementes de mogno, prejudicando a germinação devido provavelmente a penetrância do produto através do tegumento, influenciando negativamente no desenvolvimento do embrião.

The present study was designed to investigate the chemical composition of Swietenia mahagoni seeds , identification of phenolic compounds in acetone extract in mahagoni seeds, studying the fatty acids composition, and evaluation of mahagoni extracts and oil on the glucose level of diabetes rats. The chemical composition of seeds were moisture (3.6 %), crude fiber (14 %), ash (3%), crude protein (13 %), crude fat (7.4 %) and total carbohydrate (62.6 %). The fatty acids composition were lignoceric acid (C24) 38.23% followed by stearic acid (C18) 35.69%, meanwhile the unsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid (C18:2), which accounted for ( 26.08 %). The phenolic compound in acetone extract showed that menthol and nerolidol are the major phenolic ( 12.32 and 10.06 % respectively ). Ttreatment with Swietenia mahagoni seed extracts and oil decreased significantly glucose level , also decreased significantly GOT , GPT , ALP , urea , creatinine and malondialdehyde level as compared with hyperglycemic group .

Mahogany seeds (Swietenia mahagoni Jacq .) Have many benefits as drugs such as febrifuge, diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus), high blood pressure, fat decay, colds, colitis, diarrhea, wounds, and ulcers. Swietenia mahagoni Jacq Contain steroid compounds. This study aims to determine the characterization of steroid compounds isolated from mahogany seed extract (Swietenia mahagoni Jacq .). Extracts were obtained from maceration processes using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol 70% solvents with percent of rendament of 6.34%, 7.34%, and 8% respectively. The test results for the chemical content of ethyl acetate extract positively contained steroids. 5 grams of extract was carried out using conventional column chromatography to produce 6 fractions. F raction 6 were selected and continued with preparative thin layer chromotography and produced 2 isolates. I solates P2b which showed one tonggal stain on the TLC profile with a value of Rf 0.50 were continued to be analyzed by UV-Vis and FT-IR spectrophotometry. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometric isolates P 2 b had maximal absorption at a wavelength of 253.50 nm. FT-IR data shows the presence of functional groups C-H, C-O, C = O, C = C, and O-H which are thought to be steroid compounds .

Ogan ethnic population in Indralaya, Ogan Ilir District, South Sumatra was known to have used several types of plants, there are Swietenia mahagoni, Averrhoa carambola , Syzygium samarangense, Musa acuminata , Nymphaea rubra , Syzygium polyanthum, and Andrographis paniculata for the treatment of hypertension. But, scientific information has not yet been found secondary metabolites that are responsible for providing these activities. The study began with the extraction of methanol from the seven types of plants using methanol as a solvent. Each thick extract was tested for its activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picryllhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The extract which showed the highest activity (methanol extract) was subsequently carried out in vitro antihypertension test using the Angiotencyn Converting Enzyme (ACE) method. Antioxidant test results showed that the methanol extract from S. samarangense stem bark had the highest antioxidant activity with IC 50 was 83.06 μg/mL. Antihypertension test of methanol extract from S. samarangense stem bark obtained IC 50 ACE was 61.56 μg/mL. Based on the IC 50 value, it shows that S. samarangense stem bark has potential as a source of antioxidant compounds as well as a source of antihypertension compounds. Keywords: Syzygium samarangense, stem bark, antioxidant, antihypertension

Natural dyes from mahogany are usually obtained by conventional extraction. This extraction process requires a large solvent, a long duration of the process so that the energy requirements are also higher. Therefore, the use of "green techniques" to extract natural dyes with a minimum of energy and solvent should be considered. One extraction method that has been developed is the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. In this work, the effects of microwave power, material to solvent ratio, and the heating time on the extraction results and the pigment components of the extract were examined. A comparison of the time required for reflux extraction and Soxhlet was also made. In microwave extraction, the highest yield was obtained at optimum extraction conditions such as microwave power of 600 W, the ratio of material to solvent of 0.02 g/mL, extraction time of 30 min. While for reflux and Soxhlet extraction, the extraction time needed to obtain optimum yield was 120 min and 720 min, respectively. Identification of compound components by the phytochemical test. Descriptions of the effects of microwave and conventional extraction are shown by damage to the surface structure of solid materials using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

The natural fungicide has been successfully extracted from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves and mahagony (Swietenia Mahagoni) fruit bark by a solvent extraction method. The antifungal efficacy was evaluated by the application of extract to the fungal-killing on cultured-fungus in Petri-plate and shoes. The fungus was isolated from the shoe and cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plate of 100 mm size petri dish. Different dosing of neem and mahagony extract was applied on the fungus culture and measured the area of fungus killing as an antifungal efficacy of the extracts by “Leaf Area Counter” software. The maximum fungus killing efficacy was optimized. The optimum dosing of neem leaves and mahagony bark extracts were found 0.6 gm/5ml and 0.8 gm/5ml, respectively. After that, the optimum doses of natural fungicide were mixed with commercial shoe shiner and cultured the fungus in SDA plate with and without fungicides. Fungicides containing shoe shiner was an inhibitor to grow the fungus, whereas fungus was grown in fungicides-free shoe shiner within three days. We observed the fungicides-containing shoe-shiner treated dish for a period of one month and found that there was no fungus growth at all. The present findings indicated the possible use of neem and mahagony fruits-bark extract as a natural antifungal agent against post-harvest fungal infestation of shoe commodities and prevented the fungus contamination. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(3), 257-262, 2019

Thermal and structural properties of historical woods from apparatuses of the Historical Collection of the Physics Instruments of the University of Palermo have been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy coupled with thermogravimetric analysis. Specifically, the wooden portions of apparatuses from XIX century have been studied. The investigated woods belong to different taxa (Swietenia mahagoni, Picea abies and Juglans regia). The thermal behavior of the wooden materials has been successfully interpreted on the basis of specific indexes determined by the quantitative analysis of the FTIR spectra. The kinetics of the wood pyrolysis have been investigated by using a non-isothermal approach based on model-free isoconversional procedures, such as Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Friedman methods. Interestingly, the activation energy of the pyrolysis process reflects both the peculiar composition (related to the specific wooden taxon) and the conservation state of the historical woods. In this regards, we estimated that the average activation energies obtained from KAS analysis are 203, 156 and 43 kJ mol−1 for Swietenia mahagoni, Picea abies and Juglans regia woods, respectively. The thermogravimetric parameters have been correlated to the lignin index of the woods by proper experimental equations, which can be considered as a novel protocol to estimate the preservation conditions of historical woods from different taxon.

Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq) is one of the plants that is often used by the community as traditional medicine. One of them is antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and eczema. This study aims to obtain standardized extracts from mahogany seeds and leaves. Standardization of purified extract of mahogany has been carried out according to the monographs of extract standardization guidelines, which include testing of specific and non-specific parameters. The results of the specific parameter testing showed that the purified extract of mahogany seeds is a thick extract, brown to reddish, smells distinctive and has a bitter taste. While the purified extract of mahogany leaves is a thick extract, greenish-brown in color, distinctive smell and has a bitter taste. The chemical content of purified extract of mahogany seeds and leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and saponins. Water-soluble essence levels in mahogany seeds and leaves was 14.84% and 10.28%. While the ethanol-soluble essence levels in mahogany seeds and leaves were 15.38% and 12.43%. Testing of non-specific parameters on mahogany seeds and leaves showed the results of drying shrinkage levels of 0.22% and 8.84%, moisture content of 2.60% and 4.04%, total ash content of 1.71% and 1.93%, levels acidic insoluble ash 0.38% and 0.32%, Total Plate Number (ALT) of mahogany seed bacteria 1x102 colonies/g, Number of mahogany mold seeds 4x10 colonies/g, heavy metal lead contamination and cadmium in mahogany seeds 0.0607µg/g and

Disease outbreak due to infection by protozoan parasites is a limiting factor behind successful aquaculture. A parasitological survey of most economically important Carassius auratus ornamental fish farms of West Bengal, India, revealed the invasion of different ectoparasites belonging to the group myxozoa and ciliophora. During the study, parasites like Myxobolus sp., Thelohanellus sp., Trichodina sp. and Tripartiella sp. were found at the body surface, tail fin and gill regions of the fish. The parasitic infections were prevalent mostly during the post-monsoon season. Use of a wide variety of drugs and chemicals not only makes the environment unfavourable for aquaculture but also renders the pathogen resistance towards them over time. Hence, alternative therapeutic strategies for controlling the parasitic ciliates were made in this study by using herbal extracts of Swietenia mahagoni (Mahogany) and Cinnamomum tamala (bay leaf). After determining its toxicity level (LC50 value—11.39 g for mahogany and 15.05 g for bay leaf), 8 g/Kg extract of Swietenia mahagoni was found to reduce the trichodinid ciliates burden of ornamental fish significantly (P

Mixed stands can be more productive if growth facilitation via niche segregation occurs. Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, a tropical tree species endemic to Hainan Island with great economic values, belongs to the family Leguminosae. However, selecting mixed species with suitable ecological niches to efficiently construct mixed forests of D. odorifera in the context of abiotic stress [drought, nitrogen (N) deposition] remained obscure. In the present study, the target plant D. odorifera was planted with the same species D. odorifera, heterogeneous but the same family Delonix regia and non-Leguminous Family Swietenia mahagoni in the root interaction and isolated models under two watering regimes [100% and 30% field capacity (FC)] and two N applications (application, non-application), respectively. Principle component analysis based on the performances of growth, phenotype, and physiology was performed to identify the main factors affected by the treatments and the most discriminatory effects of water, N level, and species interaction models. Both comprehensive evaluation values and comprehensive index values were calculated to evaluate the influences of different niche neighbors on D. odorifera. Results showed that D. odorifera was benefited from S. mahagoni but inhibited from D. odorifera in all treatments under root system interaction. Drought stress aggravated the inhibitory effects on D. odorifera from D. odorifera. N application stimulated the promoted effects on D. odorifera from S. mahagoni but enhanced competition intensity of D. odorifera from D. regia under the 100% FC condition. N application alleviated the inhibitory effect of drought stress on D. odorifera from D. odorifera and S. mahagoni. Furthermore, the responses of D. odorifera to different niche neighbors were dominated by belowground interaction rather than the negligible aboveground one. Therefore, the feasibility of niche segregation as the criterion for selecting neighbors to construct D. odorifera mixed stands was confirmed. In addition, water level and N application could alter responses of D. odorifera to different niche neighbors under the root system interaction. Appropriate N application could alleviate the inhibitory effect of drought stress on D. odorifera in its mixed forests. A mixture with S. mahagoni under appropriate N application could be the optimal planting model.

Nitration of methyl ester from mahogany oil (Swietenia mahagoniLinn) can be produced by Methyl Ester Nitrate (MEN), an additive that is useful for increasing Cetane Numbers in diesel fuel. This study aims to determine the yield of MEN that can be produced from mahogany seed oil after esterification, trans-esterification, and nitration and to identify the MEN compounds produced. Mahogany oil is obtained by pressing mahogany seeds and then degumming to remove the gum. Mahogany oil-free gum is esterified using methanol with the mole ratio of oil: methanol (1: 6), then trans-esterified, also using methanol with mole ratio (1:15) and a methyl ester is obtained. Then the methyl ester was nitrated with HNO3, sulfuric acid, and acetic anhydride to obtain a translucent reddish colored MEN product with a yield of 24.99%. The success of the synthesis was shown by the FTIR spectrophotometer in the presence of absorption at 1550 cm-1 which indicated the presence of the C-ONO2 group, the absorption at 1365 cm-1 indicated the presence of the NO2 group, and at 1118 cm-1 indicated the presence of the C-N group. The reaction mechanism that occurs during the predicted nitration reaction is an electrophilic substitution reaction and nucleophilic addition.

The largest income for Southeast Asian countries comes from the export activities of wood production. The potential for timber exports in Indonesia continues to increase each year. This soaring potential needs to be continually improved by maintaining quality so that trust and good cooperation can continue to be established with partner countries. Wood quality is closely related to wood defects. The faster the detection of wood defects is, the faster the quality of the wood will be determined. The wood industry which is still manual is also very susceptible to human eye fatigue. Technology is currently developing rapidly to help human productive activities and image processing is a breakthrough to detect wood defects. This study aims to identify swietenia mahagoni wood defects using the euclidean distance method from the extraction of 6 texture and shape features GLCM (Gray Level Co-Occurance Method) including metric, eccentricity, contrast, correlation, energy, and homogeneity, which was previously segmented with the best segmentation from the comparison results of thresholding and k-means segmentation and produced an average accuracy of 95.33% with an F1 score value of 0.95. The dataset used is the primary dataset with a total of 54 images on 3 types of wood defects, namely growing skin defects on wood ends, rotten wood eye on the body, and healthy wood eye on the body. Cross validation is also applied to test the reliability of the proposed model. By using 3-fold cross validation, the optimal average accuracy is 88.90%. Validation with other similar datasets was also carried out by identifying potato leaf defects resulting in an average accuracy of 92.86% with the most optimal 3-fold cross validation value achieved an average accuracy of 83.33%. Image augmentation is also carried out in order to reproduce the image so that the reliability test of the proposed method can be carried out, namely by rotating the image 45 degrees,90 degrees,120 degrees,180 degrees which produces 84 images of augmentation, so that the total image is 138 images and gets an average accuracy from the image augmentation is 80%., Swietenia mahagoni; Wood defects; Euclidean distance; GLCM; K-means; Thresholding

In this study, host plant - lichen specificity was investigated. Data was collected from 1000m2sampling plots at each of four locations with an established 50m x 20m plot at each site. Forty-one trees from across five species were examined using (10cm by 50cm) ladder quadrats on tree trunks (N, S, E, W) at 150cm height. A total of 14978 individual lichens were identified that yielded 10 families, 13 genera and 18 species.Swietenia mahagonishowed the highest average corticolous lichen species composition, followed byTerminalia catappaandMelicoccus bijugalesrespectively.Cocos nuciferahad a higher average species recorded thanMangifera indica. Crustose lichens were the most prominent corticolous lichens observed (61%) with the most individuals in Graphidaceae and Arthoniaceae. Foliose lichens (28%) showed the most abundance in Parmeliaceae, Caliciaceae and Collemataceae. Of the taxa recorded, 22.2% were restricted to specific trees.C. parasitica,H. laevigata,U. cornutawere restricted toS. mahagoni.D. applanatawas restricted toC. nucifera. 22.2% of recorded species were found on all of the tree hosts that were examined.Bacidia laurocerasi,Flavoparmelia caperata,Flavoparmelia sorediansandGraphina anguina.S. mahagonihosted 88.9% of all recorded species.Swietenia mahagonishowed the highest average of recorded corticolous lichen species of all host trees with 7.58.Mangifera indicashowed the lowest average with 4. The maximum number of species (10) was recorded on oneS. mahagonitree

Background Natural resources provide more efficient and safer alternatives in managing diabetes compare to the synthetic oral anti diabetes (OAD). The plants not only have hypoglycemic effect, but also prevent its complications; in which no synthetic drugs provide of both properties. Among antidiabetes plants, mahogany seed (Swietenia macrophylla) has been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia and India, though most popular utilized as timber wood. Methods The present study was performed of chemotaxonomic approach to review its phytochemical and anti-diabetic properties of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq seed/bark/leaves. The qualitative systematic review (SR) was carried out by analysing indexed journals and peer reviewed of Swietenia and Swietenia spp from Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. Data selection criteria are accordance to botany, phytochemistry, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical test of related subject. The keywords used for the search in the databases were Swietenia, Swietenia mahagony, diabetes, and diabetes plants. Results Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. extracts have shown in vitro, in vivo and limited clinically test of its anti-diabetic properties. Ethanolic/methanolic/aqueous/petroleum/n-hexane extracts of mahagonis's seed/bark or leaves have anti-diabetic activities comparable to the synthetic drug and observed no to relatively mild toxic effect. The hypoglycemic mechanism suggested via reducing blood glucose level, restoring liver and β-cells islet function (might) blocking epinephrine function, inhibiting of α-amylase and β-glucosidase, antioxidant and antihiperlipidemia. Phytochemical compounds of S. mahagoni consist of the phenolics (flavonoids (swietemacrophyllanin, catechins and epichatechins) and tannins), triterpenoids and tetranortriterpenoids (limonoids: mahonin, secomahoganin, swietmanins, swiemahogins, swietenine and swietenolide), saponins and alkaloids which are known as anti-diabetic bioactive principles. Conclusion S. mahagoni was potentially used and developed as an antidiabetes source. To use it as an antidiabetic further, more extensive clinical trials and biomarkers of active compounds determination are needed., Toxicology; Diabetes; Hypoglycemic; Mahogany; Meliaceae; Swietenia sp

Diabetes and its complication was major causes of death in most countries compared HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. One approach in the treatment of diabetes is by slowing down the glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, its can be achieved by inhibition of hydrolizing enzymes such as α-amylase so the absorption of glucose becomes slow. This research aim was to determine the α-amylase inhibitor activity from aqueous extract from some tradicional medicine plant such as daun insulin (Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H.Rob), kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray), bodhi leaf (Ficus religiosa L.), and Mahogany seeds (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.). Extraction was done by reflux method using aquadest as a solvent. Extracts were obtained by freeze drying and tested for α-amylase inhibitory activities. The IC50 value of daun insulin (EADI), kembang bulan leaf (EADKB), bodhi leaf (EADB) mahogany seeds (EABM) aqueous extract and acarbose as reference were 282,53; 473,85; 423,01; 220,91; and 3,42 μg / mL, respectively. Keywords: alfa-amylase, traditional medicine plant, diabetes, IC50 and aqueous extract.

Swietenia mahagoni or known as tunjuk langit is a widely known plant to possess good properties in treating diseases as well as a wound treatment. The purpose of this work was to examine the wound healing ability of the seed extracts in term of its ability to promote cell proliferation and migration. The extracts from two extraction methods, i.e. supercritical carbon dioxide and Soxhlet, were evaluate using cytotoxicity and scratch assays on human skin fibroblast cells. The findings showed that the extraction yield using supercritical fluid extraction was lower than Soxhlet method with 48.9% yield recovery. In addition, the seed extracts were able to stimulate cell growth and migratory effect. This information can be used as a basis to performed subsequent study to report wound healing activity of this plant material.

This work investigates the effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction conditions (pressure and temperature) on the oil yield and β-sitosterol content extracted from Swietenia mahagoni seeds by using response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental data obtained were fitted to a second-order polynomial model and the obtained oil yields were 1.49-14.45%, while β-sitosterol content obtained were 3.12-9.20 mg/g. The best conditions within the ranges studied were 30 MPa and 40°C to extract β-sitosterol in the highest amount. The present findings show that S. mahagoni seeds extract has a high concentration of β-sitosterol.

A preliminary study to determine the group of compound contained in the ethanolic extract of mahagony (Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq.) seeds and its inhibitory activity to a-glucosidase enzyme has been done. The information from this study will be used in the further investigation about the specific constituents related to the bioactivity. The seed was grounded and then extracted with ethanol by maceration technique. The crude extract was separated with liquid-liquid extraction by using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as the solvents. The best eluent for isolation, chloroform:ethanol (1:1), was determined by thin layer chromatography while alumina as stationary phase. The isolation step with column chromatography gave two types of isolates, yellow and colorless isolate. In order to get information about the compound, the crude extract was subjected to phytochemical assignment and the isolate with the better activity was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. 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