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The article presents case reports of transfusion-transmitted HIV in HIV-infected transfusion recipients in Missouri and Colorado in 2008. The blood donating history and sex practice of the donor is presented. The result of the serum test done on a recipient in Missouri is presented. Information on the antiretroviral therapy given to a recipient in Colorado is provided.

The identification of endogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) and endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV) in chick cell-derived measles and mumps vaccines in current use has raised concern about transmission of these retroviruses to vaccine recipients. We used serologic and molecular methods to analyze specimens from 206 recipients of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine for evidence of infection with ALV and EAV. A Western blot assay for detecting antibodies to endogenous ALV was developed and validated. All serum samples were negative for antibodies to endogenous ALV by Western blot analysis. Peripheral blood lymphocyte samples from 100 vaccinees were further tested by polymerase chain reaction for both ALV and EAV proviral sequences; all were negative. Matching serum samples were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for ALV and EAV RNA, and all 100 samples were negative, providing no evidence of viremia. These findings do not indicate the presence of either ALV or EAV infection in MMR vaccine recipients and provide support for current immunization policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 differs from HIV-1 in its relative lower transmissibility and pathogenicity. To understand the virologic basis of these differences, the nef gene from HIV-2-seropositive persons was analyzed because of its importance for disease progression in the genetically related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV[MAC]). Proviral nef sequences from 60 HIV-2-infected persons were amplified from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and nef open-reading frames were screened by a transcription and translation assay for the presence of full-length (32- to 36-kDa) or truncated (<32 kDa) Nef proteins. Overall, 6 (10%) of 60 persons had truncated Nef proteins; of these, 5 were among the 36 asymptomatic subjects (13.9%) and only 1 was among the 24 symptomatic subjects (4.2%) (P =.23). The results of this study document the presence of defective nef genes in HIV-2 infections with a prevalence higher than that previously seen in HIV-1-infected cohorts of long-term nonprogressors or patients with AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes an experimental integration of lecture and laboratory in Geography I at the Southwestern College in Chula Vista, California. The main goals of the laboratory course are allowing students enough time to explore basic aspects of each topical area and letting them explore the characteristics if geographic relationships. It also includes field excursions to further explore geography.

Thedisablingdisorderknownaschronicfatiguesyndromeormyalgicencephalomyelitis(CFS/ME)hasbeenlinkedin two independent studies to infection with xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and polytropic murine leu- kemia virus (pMLV). Although the associations were not confirmed in subsequent studies by other investigators, patients con- tinue to question the consensus of the scientific community in rejecting the validity of the association. Here we report blinded analysis of peripheral blood from a rigorously characterized, geographically diverse population of 147 patients with CFS/ME and 146 healthy subjects by the investigators describing the original association. This analysis reveals no evidence of either XMRV or pMLV infection., Version of Record

Murine leukemia viruses (MLV), including xenotropic-MLV-related virus (XMRV), have been controversially linked to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). To explore this issue in greater depth, we compiled coded replicate samples of blood from 15 subjects previously reported to be XMRV/ MLV-positive (14 with CFS) and from 15 healthy donors previously determined to be negative for the viruses. These samples were distributed in a blinded fashion to nine laboratories which performed assays designed to detect XMRV/MLV nucleic acid, virus replication, and antibody. Only two laboratories reported evidence of XMRV/MLVs; however, replicate sample results showed disagreement and reactivity was similar among CFS subjects and negative controls. These results indicate that current assays do not reproducibly detect XMRV/MLV in blood samples and that blood donor screening is not warranted., Accepted Manuscript

The article discusses a report concerning the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a living organ donor in New York City in 2009 which was published in a 2011 issue of "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report" (MMWR). It relates the case of a hemodialysis-dependent renal failure patient who was tested HIV-positive within the year that the patient was transplanted with a kidney from a living donor. The donor has been tested negative for HIV infection, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis prior to the surgery yet has had a history of syphilis and sex with fellow men. A public health investigation has been conducted in response to concerns over the possibility of transplant-transmitted HIV infection. INSETS: CDC recommendations for prevention and screening of HIV...;What is already known on this topic?.

The article describes two cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through blood transfusion in Missouri and Colorado in 2008. The blood donor was a man in his forties who donated whole blood at a blood center in Missouri. The investigation that was conducted identified two recipients of his blood. One unit of his packed red blood cells was transfused into a patient in Arkansas during a cardiac surgery, who died after 2 days. One unit of his fresh frozen plasma was transfused to a patient receiving kidney transplant in Colorado.