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Phenolic rich 100% grape juice has been associated with many health benefits, but its place in dietary guidance is controversial relative to whole fruit. Direct comparisons of phenolic profiles and bioavailability between these food forms are needed. Phenolic bioaccessibility and metabolism from Concord (CG) and Niagara (NG) grapes and corresponding 100% juices were investigated using an

Increasing the density of micronutrients and phytochemicals in vegetable foods through plant breeding and processing is of value for consumers. However, the extent to which interactions between genetics and processing (G × P) can be leveraged for green leafy vegetables to improve the delivery of such compounds is unknown. Using spinach as a model, a three-phase in vitro digestion method with and without simulated oral processing (mastication) and coupling to a Caco-2 human intestinal cell culture model was used to determine whether bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake of carotenoids and chlorophylls can be modified from six spinach genotypes, fresh or processed as blanched, sterilized, and juiced products. Carotenoid and chlorophyll bioaccessibility varied significantly with the genotype (p < 0.001) and processing treatment (p < 0.001), with processing having a more profound influence on the bioaccessibility, decreasing micellarization of phytochemicals from juiced (25.8-29.3%), to fresh (19.5-27.9%), to blanched (14.9-20.5%), and sterilized spinach (10.4-13.0%). Oral mastication had a significant influence on the carotenoid bioaccessible content of sterilized spinach (0.3-0.5 μmoles per g DW) as compared to fresh spinach (0.1-0.3 μmoles per g DW), most likely due to the additive effect of thermal processing and mastication on facilitating digestive breakdown of the spinach matrix. Caco-2 accumulation of carotenoid and chlorophyll was modestly but significantly (

In the present study, we applied a novel high-throughput in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model to phenotype bioaccessibility of phenolics in a diverse germplasm collection representing cultivated highbush blueberries. Results revealed significant (P

This study assessed the impact of caffeic and ferulic acid complexation with maize amylopectin or potato starch on glycemic parameters. In comparison to starch-phenolic mixtures, starch-phenolic complexes resulted in significant modification of phenolic bioaccessibility and cellular uptake (

Increasing the density of micronutrients and phytochemicals in vegetable foods through plant breeding and processing is of value for consumers. However, the extent to which interactions between genetics and processing (G × P) can be leveraged for green leafy vegetables to improve the delivery of such compounds is unknown. Using spinach as a model, a three-phase in vitro digestion method with and without simulated oral processing (mastication) and coupling to a Caco-2 human intestinal cell culture model was used to determine whether bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake of carotenoids and chlorophylls can be modified from six spinach genotypes, fresh or processed as blanched, sterilized, and juiced products. Carotenoid and chlorophyll bioaccessibility varied significantly with the genotype (p0.001) and processing treatment (p0.001), with processing having a more profound influence on the bioaccessibility, decreasing micellarization of phytochemicals from juiced (25.8-29.3%), to fresh (19.5-27.9%), to blanched (14.9-20.5%), and sterilized spinach (10.4-13.0%). Oral mastication had a significant influence on the carotenoid bioaccessible content of sterilized spinach (0.3-0.5 μmoles per g DW) as compared to fresh spinach (0.1-0.3 μmoles per g DW), most likely due to the additive effect of thermal processing and mastication on facilitating digestive breakdown of the spinach matrix. Caco-2 accumulation of carotenoid and chlorophyll was modestly but significantly (0.001) lower in fresh spinach (2.4%) compared to other treatment samples (3.7-4.8%). These results suggest that the genotype, processing treatment, and genotype × processing (G × P) interaction may affect carotenoid and chlorophyll bioaccessibility in spinach and that food processing remains a dominant factor in modulating the bioavailability of these phytochemicals.

Some fruit phenolics are reported to attenuate intestinal glucose transport through inhibitory action at the luminal brush border membrane. This effect may contribute, in part, to the ability of flavonoid-rich food to regulate glucose homeostasis of meals rich in available carbohydrates. For the first time, the potential of green banana flours to inhibit transepithelial glucose transport was investigated in the context of a model starchy meal (wheat cake) using a simulated digestion/Caco-2 human intestinal cell model. A 10% replacement of wheat flour with any of the four banana flours (native and extruded oven-dried and freeze-dried) resulted in cakes with significantly higher total phenolics (68–198 μg per 100 g, p < 0.05), especially using extruded banana flour (197–198 μg per 100 g), as measured by LC/MS. Banana cakes, especially those containing oven-dried and/or extruded banana flours, exhibited from 45.0 to 54.5% higher glucose transport inhibition than the control cake. Interestingly, the digesta of cakes made with freeze-dried and extruded banana flour presented a significantly higher phenolic content (1116 μM, p < 0.05) than the other digesta (745–791 μM), while the phenolic content in control digesta was only 548 μM. These results suggested that the amounts of quercetin and myricetin, even in traces, were critical determinants of glucose transport inhibition.

Leveraging phenolic complexation to optimize starch functionality and digestibility is restrained by the obscurity of their physicochemical nature and molecular basis. To define starch-phenolic complexes under hydrothermal treatments, maize amylopectin and potato starch were complexed with caffeic acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid. Starch hydrothermal stability and digestibility were measured by differential scanning calorimeter and Englyst's method, respectively. While monosaccharide compositions and glycosidic linkages were analyzed by GC-MS, hydrodynamic radius and proton magnetic resonance of gelatinized complexes were measured by dynamic light scattering and NMR respectively. Compared with native starches, starch-phenolic complexes were not chemically modified and had modestly lower estimated glycemic indexes and significantly lower gelatinization temperatures (p 0.05). Starch-phenolic complexes also had significantly lower levels of phenolic proton intensities and hydrodynamic radii relative to the control starch-phenolic mixtures (p 0.05). These results suggested that phenolics may complex with starch through non-covalent CH-π bonds along α-(1 → 4) glycosidic chains.

OBJECTIVES: The inclusion of mineral rich African plants such as moringa (Moringa oleifera; MOR) and baobab (Adansonia Digitata; BB) into composite cereal porridges is a potentially sustainable strategy to providing key shortfall micronutrients including iron and zinc to at risk populations. However, only limited information is available on long term health effects of these materials including their potential to modify gut barrier function or their impact on absorption of other nutrients such as provitamin A carotenoids(pVAC). The present study investigated the impact of repeated exposure of MOR and BB to the human intestinal cell model (Caco-2) to assess changes in intestinal cell differentiation and subsequent pVAC uptake from model foods. METHODS: To study gut impacts from BB and MOR exposure at usage rate of 15% of a cereal porridge, Caco-2 cells were cultured and differentiated on 6 well plates for 10–14d with complete media containing digested BB (15%), moringa (15%) or saline (control) in a 1:8–12 ratio (v/v). Caco-2 cell differentiation was followed by (1)H NMR and pVAC transporter by QRT-PCR and Western blotting. Cellular uptake of pVACs in differentiated monolayers was assessed for 4 h from a final acute dose of digested carrots (3590 mg/100 g total proVAC) estimated to deliver ∼30% of the RDA for VA. RESULTS: Alterations in select Caco-2 cell differentiation biomarkers were observed by NMR from repeated exposure to all treatments. Specifically, glycerophosphocholine and taurine were observed to significantly increase with repeated exposure to all treatments. Significant reduction (P