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BACKGROUND Arcade of Frohse (AF) is a tendinous superior margin of superficial layer of supinator muscle which was first described by Frohse and Frankel in 1908. Since then it has been studied by many authors and held accountable as one of the essential components for compression of deep branch of radial nerve (DBRN) which leads to radial tunnel syndrome. Considering AF as an important element of compression, we made an attempt to classify it on the basis of its shape and to find out if any particular shape has a predominant role in compression of the nerve. We also observed the structure of superior and inferior margin of the supinator muscle. METHODS This study was conducted among 80 (70 males and 10 females) formalin fixed upper limbs present in the Department of Anatomy. The limbs were maintained in supine with slightly flexed position and dissection was performed to expose the supinator muscle. The proximal and distal borders of supinator muscles were examined meticulously with the help of magnified lens. The morphometric measurements were taken with the help of a digital caliper. RESULTS The FA is classified into four categories as loop, high arc, low arch and linear shaped. The most frequent shape observed was arch shaped (high and low arch) about 66%, followed by loop shaped (30%) and least was linear shaped (2.5%). On the basis of structure, the proximal and distal margin of supinator muscle was reported to be tendinous in majority of the cases. The distance of the AF from the fixed reproducible anatomical landmark like inter epicondylar line (IEL) was measured and the average distance found was 3.36 cm. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of different shapes would aid surgeons and radiologists for better approach towards diagnosis and management of supinator syndrome. The morphometric finding can be useful for surgeons to locate the superior margin of supinator (AF) in surgical procedures for decompression of DBRN in supinator syndrome. KEY WORDS Arcade of Frohse, Inter Epicondylar Line, Supinator Muscle, Deep Branch of Radial Nerve and Radial Tunnel Syndrome

Background: The area of the cubital fossa contains the main superficial veins, including the basilic, cephalic, median cubital, and median antebrachial veins, and their innominate small tributaries. For this reason, it is the area most preferred by medical practitioners to access the circulatory system for various clinical applications. Objective: The aim of this study was to address the prevalence of different types of antecubital fossa superficial vein patterns observable among Saudi subjects by applying a tourniquet and using a VeinViewer®. Materials and methods: Over the period from September 2020 to April 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The 151 study subjects were randomly chosen from the emergency department of King Fahad University Hospital. A total of 302 venous patterns were obtained; 55 were excluded due to the presence of scar tissues over the antecubital fossa, obesity, or thick subcutaneous tissue. Four classes of cubital venous patterns were established according to other studies, and a VeinViewer® and a tourniquet were used to visualize the venous patterns. Results: Of the 151 people, 21 were female and 130 were male. Among the included 247 venous patterns, the predominant type was type 2 (52.2%), characterized by a branching off the median cubital vein from the cephalic vein and an upward progression to join the basilic vein. Conclusion: Type 2 appears to be the dominant pattern, with no significant relation to the origins of the parents, in the Saudi population. Gender does not influence the venous patterns. Further studies are needed outside the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic to obtain a larger sample.

Scabies is a common skin disorder. It is caused by a mite called Sarcoptes Scabiei. Sarcoptes scabiei is an arthropod that burrows into the skin and live and reproduce there. The class is Arachnida, subclass acari, family sarcoptidae. The mites are usually not seen with naked eye. The parasite burrows into the epidermis of the skin using it as a shelter and it leaves the eggs inside. Scabies is a disease transmitted by direct skin to skin contact with the infected person or with his items such as clothing or blankets used by the infected person and so on. After a while as an immune reaction this will cause an intense itching and skin rash especially in fingers, axilla, wrists, areola and genitalia. In this comprehensive review study, we are going to discuss the histopathology and life cycle of causative agent, disease transmission, sign and symptoms, prevention and psychosocial impact of an individual

Sexual dimorphic studies of various parameters of the femur play an important role in forensic studies. Various femur morphometric parameters help estimate an individual’s age, sex, and stature from unknown skeletal remains. This research was done to analyze maximum length, trochanteric oblique length, and diameter of the femur head for sexual dimorphism. The study was done on 200 (128 male & 72 female) Indian adult human femora, which were fully ossified, dry, and free from deformity. The maximum length of the femur (L), trochanteric oblique length (TOL), and vertical diameter of the head (VDH) were measured using an osteometric board and digital Vernier calipers. The mean length of the femur was 436.88 mm in males and 402.38 mm in females, respectively. The mean trochanteric oblique length of the femur was 423.78 mm in males and 387.18 mm in females, respectively. The mean vertical diameter of the femur head was 43 mm in males and 38.19 mm in females, respectively. Depending upon the results of this study, it was concluded that the mean values of maximum length, trochanteric oblique length, and vertical diameter of the femur head are significantly higher in males than females. These parameters are useful and reliable for sexual dimorphism in anthropometric and forensic studies, especially in identifying skeletal remains. These differences can also be considered in selecting or designing the exact ranges of the gender-specific prosthesis for Orthopedic surgeries.

Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common major public health problems having worldwide distribution. Depending on the etiology of diabetes mellitus, factors contributing to hyperglycemia may include; reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose usage and increased glucose production. Recently, there in increasing evidence that an ongoing cytokine induced acute phase response which is sometimes called low grade inflammation, but part of a widespread activation of the innate immune system, is closely involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated complications such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Elevated circulatory inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 predict the development of type 2 Diabetes mellitus and several drugs with anti-inflammatory properties both lower both acute phase reactants and glycemia and possible decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this mini review article, we aimed to systematically review the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) as inflammatory marker with increased risk of type 2 diabetes as well the relation with type 1 diabetes

Background. The complex architecture of the right atrium, crista terminalis (CT), and the musculi pectinati (MP) poses enormous challenges in electrophysiology and cardiac conduction. Few studies have been undertaken to substantiate the gross features of MP, in relation to the CT, but there is still scarcity of data regarding this. We tried to reinvestigate the gross arrangement of muscle bundles in the right atrium. Methods. Utilizing 151 human hearts and orientation of MP and its variations and relationship to the CT were investigated along with taenia sagittalis (TS). Patterns of MP were grouped in 6 categories and TS under three groups. Result. A plethora of variations were observed. Analysis of all the specimen revealed that 68 samples (45%) were of type 1 category and 27 (18%) fell into type 2 category. Prominent muscular columns were reported in 12 samples (8%). 83 samples (55%) presented with a single trunk of TS. Multiple trunks of TS were reported in 38 samples (25%). Conclusion. Samples with type 6 MP and type B/type C TS, which have a more complex arrangement of fibers, have a tendency to be damaged during cardiac catheterization. Nonetheless, the area as a whole is extremely significant considering the pragmatic application during various cardiac interventions.

Introduction: The mental foramen (MF) is a strategically important landmark during surgical interventions and anaesthetic blockage procedures involving the mental nerve. The purpose of this study was to assess various parameters pertaining to the morphology and morphometry of the mental foramen in 93 dry human mandibles. Methodology: Measurements were taken as the distance between alveolar margin and MF, distance between MF and base of the mandible, distance between symphysis menti and MF and distance between MF and posterior border of the ramus of the mandible. The study also included the relation of MF with the lower teeth (the position of the MF was recorded as lying in line with the long axis of a tooth or interdental space in one of the six types, 1 to 6). Results: The most common shape of the foramen was oval (70%). The most common position of the MF as related to the lower set of teeth was in line with the second premolar. The mean distance between symphysis menti and anterior margin of MF was 18.8mm (SD= 12.02) and 19.6mm (SD= 12.18), on the right and left sides respectively. Mean distance between posterior margin of MF and posterior border of ramus was 48.8 mm (SD=28.6) on the right side and 47.9 mm (SD=28.1) on the left side. Mean distance between alveolar crest and superior margin of MF was 10.2 mm (SD= 5.4) on right side and 10 mm (SD=5.2) on the left side. Mean distance between inferior margin of MF and lower border of the body of mandible was 9.9 mm (SD= 5.12) on the right side and 10.1 mm (SD= 5.2) on the left side. Conclusion: The study carries clinical credibility in ascertaining the accurate location of the MF and thus avoiding any unforeseen injury related to anaesthesia or dental surgeries.

This paper presents a rare anatomical variation in the form of accessory fallopian tube on right side. The duplication of fallopian tube was observed in a 34-year-old female during routine undergraduate dissection in our department. Fallopian tube is the part of uterus that carries the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. Accessory fallopian tube is the congenital anomaly attached to the ampullary part of main tube. This accessory tube is common site of pyosalpinx, hydrosalpinx, cystic swelling and torsion. The ovum released by the ovary may also be captured by the blind accessory tube leading to infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Hence, all patients of infertility or pelvic inflammatory disease should be screened to rule out the presence of accessory fallopian tube and if encountered should be removed.

Knowledge of variations in arteries and nerves of infratemporal fossa may be helpful in radical neck dissection and in dental procedures to avoid the complications. We present an unusual case in which maxillary artery was found deep (medial) to lateral pterygoid muscle. Lingual nerve originated from two roots: anterior and posterior. Anterior root originated from common trunk and the posterior root directly from mandibular nerve. Inferior alveolar nerve was a continuation of the common trunk. Branches of mandibular nerve formed a loop through which passed the second part of maxillary artery. The clinical significance of the present variations has been discussed.

During routine osteology tutorials for the first year medical students, we came across this skull which presented with various noteworthy findings. In total, 13 sutural bones were observed in the skull, out of which 11 were located at the commonly described lambda. Out of these 11, five were seen on the right side and six were present on the left side. One sutural bone (coronal ossicle) was seen 3.5 cm above the pterion, on the left side of the coronal suture. But, a very rare sutural bone- the parietal notch bone was observed at the posterior aspect of the temporo-parietal suture. This bone was present between the squamous & mastoid parts of the temporal bone and the parietal bone. It was situated 2 cm anterior to the asterion. Another interesting co- finding on the same skull was the presence of a complete metopic suture, which extended from the bregma to the nasion. It was a typical dentate suture. The report bestows an important anatomical insight into the region and has potential relevance for the radiologists and the surgical interventionists working on the area.