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In this paper, the design and simulation of rectangular microstrip antenna arrays for improving antenna gain is performed for point-to-point application. The proposed design is composed of four elements microstrip antenna with an array configuration operating at 5.8 GHz. Each element is constructed from four truncated arrays radiating elements and an inclined slot on each patch which capable to achieve circular polarized capability. The design of the 2x1 and 2x2 of rectangular microstrip array antenna was implemented from the designed of single rectangular patch antenna as the basic building element. The designed 2x1 and 2x2 array were fed by microstrip transmission line which applied a technique of quarter wave impedance matching. The antenna design was etched on Rogers RT 5880 substrate with 2.1 and 1.53 mm of dielectric constant and thickness respectively. All the designed structure were simulated in CST software. The main results of the designed antennas were compared in terms of gain, axial ratio and return loss. Based on the return loss simulation results, the designed antennas resonated exactly at the desired resonant frequency of 5.8 GHz which indicates good antenna designs. Compared to the single patch antenna having an antenna gain of 8.26 dB, the 2x1 and 2x2 arrays achieved a gain of 10.24 dB and 13.29 dB respectively. The results show that the designed rectangular microstrip antenna arrays have an improved gain performance over the single patch antenna.

During the global pandemic, we now live and work differently, forcing government decision-makers to find innovative, new ways to learn and train that will still be feasible during the pandemic. As we move slowly away from the Covid-19 shadow, upskilling and reskilling students are crucial for learning and professional development. Consequently, the pandemic has highlighted the necessity for transforming distance learning and opened new opportunities for immersive virtual exchanges. Nowadays, virtual reality (VR) has a significant role in fighting the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper proposes the potential of integrating VR technology in learning and training perspectives as an effective strategy or approach used to complete students experiences. The purpose of this study is to develop and design a virtual environment (VE) that guides students through the educational process at high levels of performance. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a VR simulation for students. In this study, we have designed a VR simulation using Unity 3D software connected with the Hp reverb G2 headset. We collected data by a survey which indicates 50 samples attending a soft skills training course. The results revealed that virtual learning (V-learning) in VR is much more interactive and effective than traditional learning methods like E-learning and classrooms. This study contributes a significant role that the adoption of VR technology can be extremely beneficial to educators in helping students enhance their skills and continue the educational process in universities.

Extended Reality (XR) technologies can play a significant role in proving huge value to education following the changed circumstances universities faced during pandemic. This study presents Virtual Reality (VR) as a means of enhancing learning in education and training field during outbreak. This paper represents the use of XR technologies in a wide variety of settings, including the context of the education, learning, and training. Considering the most significant papers with a total of 2,270 articles from conferences and journals were obtained through online search was conducted from databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Springer Link, Research Gate, and Academia. The number of papers released, and the number of references obtained in both databases have a substantial-high influence. Researchers performing literature searches using bibliographic databases as their initial and dominant resource to customized and filtered sort out the most relevant publications examined based on abstract and key words such as Extended reality, Virtual reality, VR training, COVID-19, Distance education, Virtual environments, Education, Virtual Laboratories. According to the findings, XR equips students to gain professional skills to their subject as well as to increase the performance of learning quality and improve training.

Nowadays technology development in real life will reflect on education inexorably. Today, the concept of Extended Reality (XR) technologies (XRs), such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), as very promising technological tools for education. The purpose of these technologies is to facilitate human life. In this context, educational technologies create new opportunities for students and teachers every day especially in education field. With various virtual environments (VE) and imaging systems, content that needs to be learned can be presented independently of school and classrooms in a low-cost and safe environment. As a result, teachers can create their own content with various applications, providing them with freedom of flexibility, and creativity. In this context, it is seen that XR has started to be used in various fields in education. When these fields and subjects are examined, it is observed that there is a concentration in the fields of education. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the accelerators of XR (VR, AR, MR) technology in education settings. This literature review was conducted by conducting a systematic search of relevant articles and literature reviews through the university's online library, Google Scholar, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and the ACM Digital Library. In this paper, the authors demonstrate the main components of XR technology in the educational process. A comprehensive review of XR technology including education, and learning was provided. The authors identify limitations and conclude with future work of XR in educational uses.

Finding information from a large collection of resources is a tedious and time-consuming process. Due to information overload, searchers often need help and assistance to search and find the information. Recommender system is one of the innovative solutions to the problem related to information searching and retrieval. It helps and assist searchers by recommending the possible solution based on the previous search activities. These activities can be obtained from the web log, which requires a web log mining approach to extract all the keywords. In this study, keywords obtained from the library web log were analysed and the search keyword patterns were obtained. These keyword patterns were from several databases or resources that were subscribed by the library. The finding revealed some of the popular keywords and the most searchable databases among the searchers. This information was used to design and develop the recommender system that can be used to assist other searchers. The usability test of the recommender system showed that it is beneficial and useful to the searchers. These findings will also benefit the management in planning and managing the subscription of online databases at the university’s library.

In this paper, we design and investigate 10-channels of mode division multiplexer (MDM) over hybrid free-space optics (FSO) link in several weather conditions to achieve the maximum possible medium range and fiber to the home (FTTH) for high bandwidth access networks. System capacity can be effectively increased with the use of MDM over hybrid FSO-FTTH. In this study, a 10-channel MDM over FSO-FTTH system has been analyzed in different weather conditions that operate at 1550 nm wavelength. The simulated system has transmitted 100 Gbit/s up for a distance of 3200 meters FSO in superbly clear weather condition. It also transmitted 100 Gbit/s up for a distance of 650 meters FSO during heavy rain. The validation of this study is measures based on eye diagrams bit-error rates (BER) that have been analyzed.

Degraded images of documents typically contain several knowledge numbers. Therefore, a binarization technique must be used to extract it. Various reasons can lead document images to the degradation process, including document image quality of the inferior materials, environmental factors, and lack of interest in the handling of document images. Binarization is an image conversion process that consists of black and white pixels in pixels into a binary image. In this paper, starting process of an average red, green, and blue components of a pixel can be added to allow this transition to reach its grayscale value. Two parts of this proposed framework are primarily used in the MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI), respectively. The binarization technique for fuzzy C-Means and Deghost method amendments is used in the preliminary portion of the GUI for a document picture chosen by the purchaser. The binarization method involves IQA analysis (PSNR, accuracy, and F-measure for instance) to determine the feasibility of the methodology. In this section, the three IQA parameters will be explained in the GUI. The second part of the system offers a flexible mechanism for sending SMS over the telephone. Collectively, for the patron to accumulate the results of the photographic examination, there should be a warning framework on the cell phone. By using the GSM module coordinated with Arduino Uno, the word for the photographic examination will be sent to the phone.

Information and communication technology (ICT) is one of the advances utilized as a part of educational tools, and it has been played an effective integration between technology and the lecturer for good quality of teaching and learning. However, a number of researches have been conducted to examine the factors adoption and acceptance of technology, but there is limited on lecturers’ behavioral intention to use ICT in university. Therefore, previous literature has been addressed a series of issues and problem which affect the successful implementation of ICT in the education of Libya such as a lack of policy, poor recourse and lack of skill as well as good infrastructure. The aim of this paper is to examine the factors influencing the lecturers’ intention to use ICT among of the factors suggested by previous literature that may influence lecturers’ intention to use the attitude, behavioral control, Self-Efficacy and ease of use are presented in the following section. Technology acceptance model and theory of planned behavior were adopted to explain the behavioral intention of lecturers to use technology or ICT in universities. The model and theory of Technology acceptance model (TAM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) were used to explain the behavioral intention of the lecturer to use ICT in Libya universities. The behavioral intention to use technology has an impact on how lectures are delivered to the student, and subsequently expose them to the latest and updated information about education. Keywords: Behavioral intention, attitude, behavioral control, self-efficacy, ease of use.

Excellent healthcare services delivered to patients would not necessarily entail an excellent patient service fulfillment, fulfill patient expectations, and attain high satisfaction levels. Hence, patient satisfaction is multifactorial and difficult to measure. Appliance of satisfaction model, service dissatisfaction and satisfaction feedback are able to translate the non-linear attributes for a more accurate service dissatisfaction and satisfaction feedback assessment. Service recipients of experienced Inpatient and Outpatient (IOPs) can be translated into levels of compliments and complaints to describe degrees of patient satisfaction and dissatisfaction, respectively. Compliments and complaints voiced by patients should be taken seriously. As a result, the translation of service satisfaction and service dissatisfaction based on compliments and complaints from patients in the form of satisfaction index SCi and dissatisfaction index SCa introduced a new theoretical concept of concurrent and balance measurement in evaluating customer (VOC) or VOPs feedback. In normal practice, the service improvement is usually based on complaints or dissatisfaction aspect, but the compliments or satisfaction aspect on the same service delivery was always neglected. In this study, the formulation which was based on a non-linear assessment, not only amplified the effectiveness in communicating patients’ compliments and complaints in a more receptive manner but also corresponded with Kano model.

The use of ICT in education has caused substantial changes in learning and brought many benefits to higher learning institutions. However, the development of ICT in the institution of higher education in Indonesia is a minus value compared to other Southeast Asia countries (e.g., Singapore and Malaysia). This is due to several factors which are the lack of knowledge and lack of motivation, especially in Medan, North Sumatera. Medan as the fourth largest city in Indonesia has a low penetration of ICT utilization compared to the other cities which is smaller than it is. Previous studies have found that there is a positive relationship between variables, which are motivation towards ICT usage, knowledge level towards ICT usage, and ICT usage towards learning process quality. This paper addresses the issue by demonstrating a method of study to identify the impact of ICT usage towards learning process quality by lecturers in Medan, Indonesia. As a result, the application of the quantitative research design and data collection through survey questionnaire was considered as the most appropriate method to receive the outcome of the study. Statistical techniques which are the descriptive statistical analysis and regression analysis methods proposed as the means to analyze the data. Keywords: ICT, motivation, knowledge, learning process quality, higher education.

The development of communication technologies shows that fiber optics is in the main communication improvement in the last decade. Fiber optics is moved from laboratory to be a reality. Transmission of the data using the light as a signal carrier is a revolutionary improvement in the communication era. However, to enable this technology several obstacles should be addressed, such as achieving the longest distance transmission with less possible bit error rate (BER). One of the solutions was performed by careful selection of the optical modes profiles with the help of the nonlinear electrical equalizer (NLEE) to solve the problem of the mode coupling. This paper investigates on the compensation of different modes profiles in optical communication systems over few-mode fiber (FMF) based on Space Division Multiplexer (SDM) with an electrical non-linear equalizer utilized to equalize nonlinear distortions. The result shows that the LG mode achieved the best transmission distance comparing to the other modes which make it the best option to be used. Basically, the evaluation of the system has been done based on standard evaluation metrics such as BER and Eye Diagram. These results can optimize the data transmission quality.

Latest studies reported that systems success measure suffers from mix of results and limited models that help in success measurement and evaluation. Because of systems models are domain specific and context related, there is a dire need for taking the measure to other perspectives like using related external factors such as management support or using software engineering theories such as ISO 25010. This study aimed to move the measure from a business perspective to other perspectives. This study investigated NIAS-Mukalla student satisfaction based on security, management support, computer anxiety and usefulness. All these independent variables found to be positively and significantly affected the satisfaction of the users. NIAS-Mukalla students were satisfied with the web-based systems.

There are major concerns regarding the previous research that can be said as having poor measurements, lack of theoretical grounding, and concern heavily on investment justifies. Some are also considered as having weak survey instruments, inappropriate data collection approaches, and lack of agreement on the dependent variables measurement that resulted in its incompatibility. Several related issues pertaining to high rates of systems’ failure that justify the heavy investment costs and affect the systems’ success of measurement. This matter had raised a high concern, especially for the researchers, practitioners, organization managers and systems administrators. Thus, the successful measurement of any systems is vital. The purpose of this study is to provide a framework and a high-quality validated instrument based on the literature review and experts’ validation. Subsequently, it can be used in the future studies to efficiently assist in the systems’ success measurement. The statistical test of 344 users with the smart PLS for the instrument shows an excellent result.

In recent decades, detection or segmentation has been one of the major interesting research subjects due to the analysis of the information. However, most of the historical document has degraded and low contrast problem. Recently, many binarization methods were proposed in order to segment the text region from the background region in the low-quality image. In this paper, an improved binarization method was inspired by Niblack method was presented. The modification focuses to find the optimum threshold value by using the Maximum-Minimum intensity technique. The main target is to reduce the unwanted detection image and increase the resultant performance compared to the original Niblack method. The proposed method was applied to the document images from H-DIBCO 2012 and H-DIBCO 2014 dataset. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the target was achieved by the F-Measure by F-measure (58.706), PSNR (10.778) and Accuracy (86.876). This finding will give a new benchmark to other researchers to propose an advance binarization method.

Disease diagnosis based on retinal image analysis is very popular in order to detect a few critical diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, high blood pressure, cancer and glaucoma. The important part of the retinal is a blood vessel. Besides, the blood vessel study plays an important part in different medical areas such as ophthalmology, oncology, and neurosurgery. The significance of the vessel analysis was helped by the continuous overview in clinical studies of new medical technologies intended for improving the visualization of vessels. In this paper, a new blood vessel detection based on a combination of Kirsch’s templates and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) was proposed. The main objective of this study is to improve the detection result of FCM and achieved more effective performance compared to the Kirsch’s templates result. The proposed method experimented on 20 images is utilized namely from Digital Retina Images for Vessel Extraction (DRIVE) dataset. The resulting images are compared with the benchmark images based on a few image quality assessment (IQA) such as accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The total average of accuracy is 92.64%, while sensitivity and specificity obtained was 95.73% and 60.45% respectively. The three parameters of the IQA will then be displayed in a column on the GUI. The second part of the system is for the mobile notification system to send SMS to a mobile phone. In order for the user to obtain the image analysis results, there must be a notification system on the mobile phone. By using the GSM module integrated with Arduino Uno, notification regarding image analysis will be sent to the mobile phone.

In this paper, we design and investigate 10-channels of mode division multiplexer (MDM) over hybrid free-space optics (FSO) link in several weather conditions to achieve the maximum possible medium range and fiber to the home (FTTH) for high bandwidth access networks. System capacity can be effectively increased with the use of MDM over hybrid FSO-FTTH. In this study, a 10-channel MDM over FSO-FTTH system has been analyzed in different weather conditions that operate at 1550 nm wavelength. The simulated system has transmitted 100 Gbit/s up for a distance of 3200 meters FSO in superbly clear weather condition. It also transmitted 100 Gbit/s up for a distance of 650 meters FSO during heavy rain. The validation of this study is measures based on eye diagrams bit-error rates (BER) that have been analyzed.

Forecasting is an approach that has been used widely for ages. However, forecasting stock market price is a challenging task to be completed as the data fluctuates rapidly along the time and can be influenced by a variety of factors. Hence, this study aims to forecast the stock market price of gold, silver, crude oil and platinum by using Double Exponential Smoothing, Holt’s Linear Trend and Random Walk. Then, measures the forecast model obtained by using Sum Square Error, Mean Square Error and Root Mean Square Error which later can be used in determining the best forecasting method. Based on the analysis done, the result shows that Holt’s Linear Trend is the better forecasting method compared to Double Exponential Smoothing and Random Walk.

In most sports today, the decisions taken by referees are supported by the use of electronic technology. The detection and monitoring system of the woodball lines serves the same function, helping the referee to take decisions and modernise woodball sports. The modern sport of wood balls depends entirely on out decisions. The line detection technology helps inform the judge whether the ball is OB (out of Bounds), while the monitoring system notifies players, judges, and the crowd whether or not the gating is effective. But the referee's manual assistance is always necessary to start the game after a good gating, since the player cannot touch the wood ball the whole time. Finally, the percentage of precision and error was achieved.

High blood pressure or hypertension is a global public health issue. High blood pressure can lead to cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes and others. The diet problem of high blood pressure patients has always been concerned by the field of operational research. Some previous and recent research have proposed that diet plays an important role in affecting the condition of high blood pressure. A balanced diet will provide essential nutrients for high blood pressure patients that help to control and lower blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to construct a diet menu that meet the nutritional requirements of high blood pressure patient as well as minimize the food cost by developing a mathematical model using linear and integer programming approaches. The model of this study involved 10 type of food groups with 413 types of food variables based on the Malaysian recipes. The findings show that integer programming is a good alternative for linear programming. Integer programming leads to an optimal and effective solutions for the diet problem of high blood pressure patients.

Automotive collision avoidance system is a system that avoid collision when danger occur. It is also very helpful in order to alert the drivers and passengers. The system also reacts to danger automatically, faster, and more efficient. The system is implemented on a remote control car. The remote control car can automatically brake when the difference between front ultrasonic sensor and obstacle is less than 35cm. While the system applies automatic braking system a red LED will light on. Furthermore, the system is also surrounded with another 3 ultrasonics which is on both sides and at the back of the prototype. In this project, this system is using 2 controllers which is Raspberry Pi 4B and Arduino Uno. A camera module is connected to Rasberry Pi which detects the corresponding object. Next, the ultrasonic sensor is used to detect distance and send the reading to Arduino Uno to calculate distance. LCD is used to display the calculated distance. This system also uses dc motor to control the movement of the remote control car through the Arduino Uno controller LED’s and a buzzer is used as alerting devices for the prototype.

Laboratory laboratories are essential to the education process in all fields of engineering, technology has changed the scientific laboratory landscape. The role of using Extended Reality (XR) technology after the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented, the virus had affecting almost all countries concurrently, resulting in an economic crisis, the education sector was the most affected as students could not go to the laboratory to conduct experiments due to the containment of the disease. From this point on, the use of virtual laboratories became a great and effective role for students and the university, as it cost little in the budget compared to the real laboratory. In this paper, the role of virtual laboratories, using extended reality technology, and its impact on education and the future of virtual training in increasing students’ efficiency will be discussed in this paper.

This project implemented the role of 5G technologies for vehicle application. 5G connectivity will give added value to a vehicle, to be able to connect to the networks and also talk to each other without any interference in very low latency. Implementing such kind of this technology will leverage disruptive new applications that will allow to improve driving efficiency and enhance road safety. With the increasing demand for mobile traffic and the delay and security of VANET based on IEEE 802.11p, the key technology of the fifth-generation mobile communication (5G) is combined with the functional characteristics of vehicle networking. And analyzes the application of D2D technology, cognitive radio to improve vehicle communication delay, flexibility, spectrum utilization efficiency and 5G technology in automatic driving. Finally, the potential application of 5G vehicular network is pointed out. This project used microstrip antenna because it has several advantages that did not feature on conventional microwave antenna such as light weight, low volume and thin profile configurations, which can be made conformal. The fabrication process might not cost the budget and mass production is also possible in a period. This research work is focusing on design, simulate, fabricate and analyze a 5G wireless antenna that operates at 26 GHz to 28 GHz by using Rogers RT/Duroid 5880, where this range of frequencies is one of the standard frequencies of the 5G communication. The development of wireless device prototype is also focused in this project as it will be install on a vehicle to enable 5G. This project consist of three major parts which are calculation, simulation and hardware design. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio software used to simulate the designed antenna, it prompt the optimization of the antenna designed to achieved desired result before proceed with fabrication. The comparison between theoretical result and practical result was made to analyze margin error and trace the probable cause of the error. The measure of the antenna performance (basic antenna parameter) between array antenna and single patch antenna also studied in this project to conclude the most compatible antenna for vehicle application. 40 GHz Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) had been used to measure the fabricated antenna.

Detection of blood vessel plays an important stage in different medical areas, such as ophthalmology, oncology, neurosurgery and laryngology. The significance of the vessel analysis was helped by the continuous overview in clinical studies of new medical technologies intended for improving the visualization of vessels. In this paper, a new blood vessel detection using a simple method of image processing was proposed. The main objective is to propose new method in order to detect the blood vessel on the degraded retinal input image (DRIVE dataset). A few Image Quality Assessment (IQA) such as sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was obtained to prove the effectiveness of detection methods.

Digital marketplace provides a convenient place for farmers to market farm’s products sales anywhere anytime. If this platform is fully utilized by farmers, it can improve the sustainability of farmers in agriculture industry because it can improve sales volume and fair price for farmers and consumers. However, the current AgroBazaar Online has a few enhancements that can be proposed to improve the acceptance from farmers and consumers. Therefore, there is a need to design the system that can encourage target users to use the system and make the system easy to be used by farmers who relatively have lower ICT literacy. The main requirement to develop intelligent marketing is data to provide intelligent information and services for both farmers and consumers. This project aims to explore data strategies to provide intelligent digital agricultural marketplace based on cloud data platform. This research proposes to develop cloud data platform for e-marketplace based cloud data platform approach. The proposed methodology consists of six phases: problem identification and motivation, definition of the objectives for a solution, design and development, demonstration, evaluation, and communication. This paper proposes an architectural model of agriculture marketplace cloud based on cloud data platform. The architectural model will be used for development of e-marketplace that fulfil the Malaysia’s IR 4.0 policy and National Agro-Food Policy (NAFP).

This paper deals with optical code division multiple access (optical-CDMA) and provides a general analysis of multi-mode fiber (MMF). The purpose of this work is to classify the works in the literature that are related to Optical-CDMA based on MMF and to find the limitation of the researches done in this field. Several challenges that occur in the medium such as multiple-access interference (MAI), pulse dispersion (PD) and nonlinearity in optical fibers deteriorate system performances and become a major performance-limiting factor.

For long haul coherent optical fiber communication systems, it is significant to precisely monitor the quality of transmission links and optical signals. The channel capacity beyond Shannon limit of Single-mode optical fiber (SMOF) is achieved with the help of Multi-mode optical fiber (MMOF), where the signal is multiplexed in different spatial modes. To increase single-mode transmission capacity and to avoid a foreseen “capacity crunch”, researchers have been motivated to employ MMOF as an alternative. Furthermore, different multiplexing techniques could be applied in MMOF to improve the communication system. One of these techniques is the Optical Code Division Multiple Access (Optical-CDMA), which simplifies and decentralizes network controls to improve spectral efficiency and information security increasing flexibility in bandwidth granularity. This technique also allows synchronous and simultaneous transmission medium to be shared by many users. However, during the propagation of the data over the MMOF based on Optical-CDMA, an inevitable encountered issue is pulse dispersion, nonlinearity and MAI due to mode coupling. Moreover, pulse dispersion, nonlinearity and MAI are significant aspects for the evaluation of the performance of high-speed MMOF communication systems based on Optical-CDMA. This work suggests a hybrid algorithm based on nonlinear algorithm (Dynamic evolving neural fuzzy inference (Dy-NFIS)) and linear algorithm (Recursive least squares (RLS)) equalization for ZCC code in Optical-CDMA over MMOF. Root mean squared error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE) and Structural Similarity index (SSIM) are used to measure performance results.

The housing affordability issue has seriously occurred in Kuala Lumpur recently as the property price increased significantly from time to time. Several factors may influence the decision making of the buyers. The factors were the interesting topic for this study which can assist the consumers to purchase a suitable residence in Kuala Lumpur. The Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used to determine the best alternative for the housing selection. The priority weight for seven factors were determined and the AHP structure simultaneously. As the result showed, the best alternative is the medium property price where the consumer should purchase a residential property with medium property price. This research may limit to the opinions of the consumers, the recommendation for further researchers was to gather more thoughts from the policymaker or the developer to understand the overall situation for this issue.

Various optical communication technologies use Optical-Code Division Multiple Access (Optical-CDMA) as a channel access technique, which allows transmission of different users simultaneously over the optical communication channel. Therefore, Optical-CDMA permits free undue interference transmission of several users. Whereas Wavelength-division multiple access (WDMA) is a technique that can be implemented on how the optical channel can be divided into subchannels. This paper proposes a Hybrid WDMA-Optical-CDMA over multi-mode fiber (MMF) transmission system for short haul-local area network. The WDMA system is carried out by using four Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes that operate over four main wavelengths (1551 nm, 1550 nm, 1549 nm and 1548 nm). Additionally, the Optical-CDMA system is carried out by using one dimension Zero Cross-Correlation (ZCC) code to overcome multiple access interference (MAI) between the four ZCC codes. The performance of our system is evaluated based on eye diagrams, Q-Factor and bit-error rates (BER) measurements.

This study demonstrates the implementation of multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) transmission donut modes in space wavelength division multiplexing (SWDM) over multi-mode optical fiber (MMOF) and simulating the effect of mode coupling of the transmitted signal. However, during the data transmitted over MMF by using SWDM an issue is encountered, which is the inter symbol interference (ISI) due to mode coupling. ISI has been recognized as a major obstacle to high-speed data transmission. The signal processing in SDM of donut modes over MMOF with electrical feedback equalizer is used to improve the performance for increasing the bandwidth. A data rate 80 Gbit/s up for a distance of 1600 meters is achieved. SWDM topology was designed emitted from a spatial vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) through MMOF in conjunction with the configurations of electrical feedback equalizer. The parameters and values used in Opt-Sim simulation topology were listed. The performance measurement of this study based on bit-error rates (BER) and eye diagram before and after electrical feedback equalization were analysed.

The optical vortex has recently attracted scholars to implement it in optical tweezers, microscopy, optical communications, quantum information processing, optical trapping, and laser machining. Optical vortex beam applied classically that can be transferred to the transverse amplitude of a heralded single-photon, and optical vortex possesses a helical wavefront and carries orbital angular momentum. In this study, Optical vortex is applied in optical-CDMA (optical code-division multiple-access) in conjunction with WDM (wavelength division multiplexing). This mechanism aims to increase the capacity and security in optical communication significantly. The implementation of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes with optical vortex based on one dimension zero cross-correlation (ZCC) code shows that mode coupling reduces effectively. Consequently, a positive increase in channel performance and response. Accordingly, the LG modes based on the 1D-ZCC code are investigated and propagated over multi-mode fiber (MMF) based on an optical vortex, which also substantially reduces channel effects. Consequently, all these attributes combined will result in a hybrid WDM-Optical-CDMA with an optical vortex system over MMF.

Arm rehabilitation activities need to be monitored continuously in terms of analysis by experts within sufficient information to discover arm dysfunction and disorders such as stroke early. Although there are numerous previous researches about the home-based rehabilitation procedures and arm performance, some drawbacks still exist. For example, current rehabilitation devices are too complicated and required supervision by qualified therapists rather than their high prices. Moreover, data from these devices take much time to be sent to doctors for monitoring purpose. Therefore, this paper proposes a home-based online multisensory arm rehabilitation monitoring system. This system is designed through three main stages which are data acquisition, data processing, and data logging respectively. Data acquisition is by three different types of sensors; flex sensor (for arm’s bending), force-sensitive resistors (for hand fingers’ forces) and accelerometer (for arm movement directions). In data processing, Arduino Mega Controller and ESP Wi-Fi shield are used to design Internet of Things (IoT) web-based system (ThingSpeak) for data logging that allows doctors to diagnose stroke recovery and give feedbacks for patients. Overall, this project showed a robust system for arm rehabilitation using portable, user-friendly, and low power consumption devices at a low cost.

The housing affordability issue was bothered the B40 and M40 buyers where the income level of the buyers cannot afford the higher housing price in Kuala Lumpur. To understand the factors that contribute to the housing price can improve the planning for the buyers. The planning for purchasing the residential property should be construct by the buyers to analyze the financial ability. Analytical Hierarchical Process can show the hierarchical diagram for the factors interested which have the higher priority is define as the important factor towards the housing price.

Diversification is a strategic method that investors use to optimize risk of portfolio. It is an opportunity by which investors move from micro-firm into macro-firm. The investors’ aim is to make an optimal choice that leads to minimization of risk and maximization of return, but the methods that lead to these objectives are not easily achieved. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to minimize risk of portfolio. Firstly, this paper investigates the risk reduction strength of each asset and secondly, it explores the impact of each asset in minimizing risk of portfolio. The assets allocations divulge by Black Litterman model are used to estimate risk of both portfolios and assets. We explore DataStream (Yahoo finance) of Gold, Oil and Natural gas which spans from January, 2010 to September, 2016. It is observed that investing on Gold minimizes higher risk and achieve more benefits than other assets in the portfolio. In view of these facts, it means diversifying in gold acts as hedge/safe haven for investors during economic crisis.

This paper entails the incorporation of electronics in the sports of woodball. The decisions made by the referees in most sports nowadays are with the use of electronic technologies to assist them. For instance, the goal-line technology in football and the electronic line judge in tennis is some of the recent advances in electronic technologies that have revolutionized sports as we know it. The woodball line detection and monitoring system serves a similar purpose where it assists the referee in making decisions and modernize the sports of woodball. The current woodball sports depend entirely on referees to give out decisions. The line detection technology helps to notify the referee if the woodball is Out of Bounds (OB) whereas the monitoring system notifies the player, referee and the audience whether the gating is successful or not. However, manual assistance from the referee is still needed for starting the play after a successful gating because the player is not allowed to touch the woodball during the entire game.

Circular polarized microstrip antenna have been proposed to establish connection among distributed solar farms. The base station antenna of each solar farm permits more precise on the targeting the radio signal and usually is placed at the open area or at a height place so that the radio waves to be transmitted will not be interrupted. For this paper, circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna (CPMSA) is designs and being reviewed. The patch antenna is based on low-cost, but lossy, and the substrate is made of Rogers RT 5880 (lossy). It consists of a rectangular radiator patch, which is fed by microstrip transmission line. In order to realized circularly polarized antenna, the patch has undergone some design modification to achieve circular rotation. Some technique is proposed to achieve CP antenna. The results indicate that the antenna that uses micro strip feed line technique yields 8.55 dB directive gain, return loss and axial ratio at -24.4 dB and 2.05 dB respectivel. The resonance frequency of 5.8 GHz is being selected since it is suitable used for point to point communication among distributed solar farms that located far from each others.

Conventionally, the evaluation of cognitive and psychomotor ability performance is typically based on self-writing reports. However, such assessment was unable to measure the actual performance during the task execution. Furthermore, the performance results perceived by the instructor is mainly subjective. For an alternative solution, a new approach is proposed to acquire brainwave signals (i.e. electroencephalogram (EEG)) during task performance. The application of EEG offers a promising approach in evaluating skill abilities at physiological level. Hence, a task related to the assessed skill needs to properly design to ensure the induced EEG signal is reliable for performance evaluation. With the aid of Graphical User Interface (GUI), the time frame of each response can be capture and recorded. Therefore, this paper presents the development of task assessment in evaluating the performance of cognitive and psychomotor abilities based on EEG signal.

With the future technology and architecture, the digital musical instruments have been designed into a pack of electronic hardware and software with no strings or animal skins for producing an instruments sound. One of the musical instruments with high interest to learn by a beginner is piano. To solve this problem, this research aimed to design and development of basic digital piano keyboard using FPGA for rapid prototyping. The core of this project is keynotes which is a common input peripheral device that is connected with FPGA which is DE1-SoC-MTL2 and speaker to complete a basic learning system of piano. The architecture is designed using Verilog HDL through the Altera Quartus Prime software. Verilog has been designed to export every 13 keys to 13 certain note then implemented on DE1-SoC-MTL2. The basic system process is a keynote press is needed to activate or produce the certain piano sound. MTL2 used to display a pressed keynote. There are 13 keys in total of piano keynotes for this design where each key represents a different note or frequency to match the existing piano at the present day. The 13 different notes are low octave C, C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G#, A#, B and high octave C basically for beginner user knowledge. All the components of the system are verified using oscilloscope. This digital piano keyboard designed on FPGA has been implemented for user beginner needs, who want to learn to play piano at very basic stage.

Natural rubber (NR) price is easily affect by the long term and short term exchange rate of developments on supply and demand sides, as well as the effects of exchange rates. Due to the fact that monthly, quarterly, and annually data have underwent the smoothing technique, it may has missed out some of the important characteristics or information describing the rubber price. Since the NR price is changing daily, therefore, this study focuses on the predicting the future daily prices. A combination models of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is proposed in order to capture the future value of NR prices. The experimental results show that the proposed model performs the best whereby it has under predicted by 6.31% with the r value of 0.9976 compared to single ARIMA and SVM models. As the results, the combination model shows to be an effective tools in improving the forecasting accuracy by reducing the model forecast error.