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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious endocrine and metabolic disease that is highly prevalent and causes high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. This review aims to focus on the potential of probiotics in the management of T2DM and its complications and to summarise the various mechanisms of action of probiotics with respect to T2DM. In this review, experimental studies conducted between 2016 and 2022 were explored. The possible mechanisms of action are based on their ability to modulate the gut microbiota, boost the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and glucagon-like peptides, inhibit α-glucosidase, elevate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels while reducing fetuin-A levels, and regulate the level of inflammatory cytokines. This review recommends carrying out further studies, especially human trials, to provide robust evidence-based knowledge on the use of probiotics for the treatment of T2DM.IMPACT STATEMENTT2DM is prevalent worldwide causing high rates of morbidity and mortality.Gut microbiota play a significant role in the pathogenesis of T2DM.Probiotics can be used as possible therapeutic tools for the management of T2DM.The possible mechanisms of action of probiotics include modulation of the gut microbiota, production of SCFAs and glucagon-like peptides, inhibition of α-glucosidase, raising SIRT1, reducing fetuin-A levels, and regulating the level of inflammatory cytokines.

Fermentation can potentiate goat milk's beneficial properties or generate new bioactive ingredients. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge on the potential of fermented goat milk (FGM) products to improve different biomarkers of a modern epidemic: obesity and its comorbidities. In vitro studies have indicated functional properties of bioactive peptides or lipids obtained from FGM, showing potential to prevent Cardiovascular Disease development and anti-inflammatory activity. Probiotic strains derived from goat milk have prevented diet-induced obesity in animal models, and can represent a better techno-functional alternative to ferment this matrix than traditional starters. A small number of studies evaluated the functional properties of FGM in animal models of obesity. The observed in vitro effects of isolated compounds are generally in agreement with in vivo models' findings. Overall, reports showed a positive impact on the prevention of body weight gain and several metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative parameters. Nevertheless, evidence is limited and the mechanisms involved are fairly unknown. Comparisons between non-fermented and fermented products in vivo studies are lacking. Functional properties of FGM products aimed at improving the health of obese patients lack support from clinical trials. Considering the current evidence, the administration of complete FGM can be more beneficial to obese patients than the administration of its isolated compounds (lipids, peptides, or microorganisms). The addition of plant by-products with prebiotic or antioxidant properties is a promising strategy to enhance FGM functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although the effect of Vitamin D Supplementation (Vit D) on several chronic diseases has been well conceded, its role in diabetes remains ambiguous. The present study investigated the interactive effects of Aerobic Training (AT) and different Vit D doses on Protein Kinase B (Akt), Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPCK), and Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G6Pase) protein expressions in hepatocytes of type-2 diabetic rats. Methods: Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups SHAM (non-diabetic control; n = 8), and diabetic (n = 48). Then, diabetic rats were divided into six groups: AT with high doses of Vit D (D + AT + HD), AT with moderate doses of Vit D (D + AT + MD), high doses of Vit D (D + HD), moderate doses of Vit D (D + MD), AT receiving vehicle (sesame oil; D + AT + oil), and control (oil-receiving). D + AT + HD and D + HD groups received 10,000 IU of Vit D; while D + AT + MD and D + MD groups receive 5000 IU of Vit D once a week by injection; D + AT + oil and SHAM groups received sesame oil. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). After 2 months of intervention, serum insulin, glucose, and visceral fat were measured; protein expressions of Akt, PEPCK, and G6Pase were assessed by western blotting. The paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA), and the Tukey post hoc test were used at the signification level of P < 0.05. Results: Our data indicate that the diabeticization of rats increased the level of insulin, glucose, and PEPCK and G6Pase protein expressions and decreased the expression of the Akt (P < 0.05 for all variables). Combined AT and moderate or high Vit D significantly reduced body weight (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), body mass index (P = 0.001; P = 0.002), food intake (P = 0.001; P = 0.001) comparing the pre-test with the post-test, respectively. Also, AT and either high or moderate Vit D alone therapies lead to the improvement of the metabolic state, however, their combination had a more significant effect on the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Findings from the present study suggested that combined Vit D supplementation and AT successfully improve liver function and attenuate insulin resistance via upregulating Akt and downregulating PEPCK and G6Pase expressions, compared with monotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diosmetin, a natural occurring flavonoid, is primarily found in citrus fruits, beans, and other plants. Diosmetin demonstrates a variety of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, metabolic regulation, cardiovascular function improvement, estrogenic effects, and others. The process of literature search was done using PubMed, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials databases with search terms containing Diosmetin, content, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, pharmacological activity, pharmacokinetics, in vivo, and in vitro. The aim of this review is to summarize the in vivo, in vitro and clinical studies of Diosmetin over the last decade, focusing on studies related to its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. It is found that DIO has significant therapeutic effects on skin and cardiovascular system diseases, and its research in pharmacokinetics and toxicology is summarized. It provides the latest information for researchers and points out the limitations of current research and areas that should be strengthened in future research, so as to facilitate the relevant scientific research and clinical application of DIO., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The contribution of dysbiotic gut microbiota configuration is essential when making reference to the metabolic disorders by increasing energy. It is important to understand that the gut microbiota induced metabolic disease mechanisms and inflammations. Thus it is imperative to have an insight into the state of all chronic subclinical inflammations influencing disease outcomes. However, from the emerging studies, there still exist inconsistencies in the findings of such studies. While making the best out of the reasons for inconsistencies of the findings, this review is designed to make a clear spell out as to the inconsistence of gut microbiota with respect to diabetes. It considered gut-virome alterations and diabetes and gut-bacteriome-gut-virome-alterations and diabetes as confounding factors. The review further explained some study design strategies that will spontaneously eliminate any potential confounding factors to lead to a more evidence based diabetic-gut microbiota medicine. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pro-inflammatory, metabolic endotoxemia and diet/gut microbiota insulin-resistance and low-grade systemic inflammation induced by gut microbiota can trigger pro-inflammatory cytokines in insulin-resistance, consequently, leading to the diabetic condition. While diet influences the gut microbiota, the consequences are mainly the constant high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulatory system. Of recent, dietary natural products have been shown to be anti-diabetic. The effects of resveratrol on the gut showed an improved lipid profile, anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorated the endotoxemia, tight junction and glucose intolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both the epigenetic changes and gut microbiota (GM) have attracted a growing interest in establishing effective diagnostics and potential therapeutic strategies for a number of diseases. These disorders include metabolic, central nervous system-related diseases, autoimmune, and gastrointestinal infections (GI). Despite the number of studies, there is no extensive review that connects the epigenetics modifications and GM as biomarkers that could confer effective diagnostics and confer treatment options. To this end, this review hopes to give detailed information on connecting the modifications in epigenetic and GM. An updated and detailed information on the connection between the epigenetics factors and GM that influence diseases are given. In addition, the review showed some associations between the epigenetics to the maternal GM and offspring health. Finally, the limitations of the concept and prospects into this new emerging discipline were also looked into. Although this review elucidated on the maternal diet and response to offspring health with respect to GM and epigenetic modifications, there still exist various limitations to this newly emerging discipline. In addition to integrating complementary multi-omics data, longitudinal sampling will aid with the identification of functional mechanisms that may serve as therapeutic targets. To this end, this review gave a detailed perspective into harnessing disease diagnostics, prevention and treatment options through epigenetics and GM., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)