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1. The role of the marine research infrastructures in the European marine observation landscape: present and future perspectives

Author: Juan José Dañobeitia, Sylvie Pouliquen, Nicolas Pade, Christos Arvanitidis, Richard Sanders, Adrian Stanica, Claire Gourcuff, George Petihakis, Valentina Tegas, and Paolo Favali
Subjects: European Marine Research Infrastructures (ERICs), European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI), United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, European Ocean Observing System (EOOS), European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The ocean regulates the exchange, storage of carbon dioxide, plays a key role in global control of Earth climate and life, absorbs most of the heat excess from greenhouse gas emissions and provides a remarkable number of resources for the human being. Most of the geo-hazards occur in oceanic areas. Thus, high-quality systematic observations are necessary tools for improving our understanding, and subsequent assimilation to provide early warning systems. A holistic scientific approach for the understanding of the ocean’s interrelated processes requires coordinated and complementary monitoring and observation programmes. Research Infrastructures (RIs) are large-scale facilities that provide resources and services for the scientific communities to conduct high-level research and foster innovation. RIs benefit from strong governance and multi-annual funding from their member states with operational life spans in decades. RIs promote knowledge, outreach and education to public, private, and policy stakeholders, and they play a key role in enabling and developing research in all scientific domains and currently represent a growing share of coordinated investment in research, and also in providing essential observations to operational services such as Copernicus. They are strategically important for Europe to lead a global movement towards a data-driven, interconnected, open digital twin that brings together different disciplines, clean technologies, public and private sectors and a broad scientific/technological community, as well as education and training. In Europe several marine RIs have been established, which are maintained by national and European Union (EU) resources. The aims of these infrastructures are aligned with the key priorities of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development; and with the new European Research Area (ERA) Policy Agenda annexed to the Council conclusions on the ERA governance1, which set out 20 concrete actions for 2022-2024 to contribute to the priority areas defined in the EU Pact for R&I2. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the combined expertise and assets of Europe’s marine RIs can form a comprehensive and holistic framework for long-term, sustainable integrated marine observation. Through this integration process the marine RIs can become better and better a significant pillar of the European Ocean Observing System (EOOS). Such a framework must be built as part of interfaces of interaction and promote not only scientific excellence but also innovation at all levels.
Published: 2023
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2. Ocean Integration: The Needs and Challenges of Effective Coordination Within the Ocean Observing System

Author: Adèle Révelard, Joaquín Tintoré, Jacques Verron, Pierre Bahurel, John A. Barth, Mathieu Belbéoch, Jérôme Benveniste, Pascal Bonnefond, Eric P. Chassignet, Sophie Cravatte, Fraser Davidson, Brad deYoung, Michelle Heupel, Emma Heslop, Cora Hörstmann, Johannes Karstensen, Pierre Yves Le Traon, Miguel Marques, Craig McLean, Raul Medina, Theresa Paluszkiewicz, Ananda Pascual, Jay Pearlman, George Petihakis, Nadia Pinardi, Sylvie Pouliquen, Ralph Rayner, Iian Shepherd, Janet Sprintall, Toste Tanhua, Pierre Testor, Jukka Seppälä, John Siddorn, Soeren Thomsen, Luis Valdés, Martin Visbeck, Anya M. Waite, Francisco Werner, John Wilkin, and Ben Williams
Subjects: integration, ocean observing, organizational silos, interdisciplinarity, collaboration, ocean science culture, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: Understanding and sustainably managing complex environments such as marine ecosystems benefits from an integrated approach to ensure that information about all relevant components and their interactions at multiple and nested spatiotemporal scales are considered. This information is based on a wide range of ocean observations using different systems and approaches. An integrated approach thus requires effective collaboration between areas of expertise in order to improve coordination at each step of the ocean observing value chain, from the design and deployment of multi-platform observations to their analysis and the delivery of products, sometimes through data assimilation in numerical models. Despite significant advances over the last two decades in more cooperation across the ocean observing activities, this integrated approach has not yet been fully realized. The ocean observing system still suffers from organizational silos due to independent and often disconnected initiatives, the strong and sometimes destructive competition across disciplines and among scientists, and the absence of a well-established overall governance framework. Here, we address the need for enhanced organizational integration among all the actors of ocean observing, focusing on the occidental systems. We advocate for a major evolution in the way we collaborate, calling for transformative scientific, cultural, behavioral, and management changes. This is timely because we now have the scientific and technical capabilities as well as urgent societal and political drivers. The ambition of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) and the various efforts to grow a sustainable ocean economy and effective ocean protection efforts all require a more integrated approach to ocean observing. After analyzing the barriers that currently prevent this full integration within the occidental systems, we suggest nine approaches for breaking down the silos and promoting better coordination and sharing. These recommendations are related to the organizational framework, the ocean science culture, the system of recognition and rewards, the data management system, the ocean governance structure, and the ocean observing drivers and funding. These reflections are intended to provide food for thought for further dialogue between all parties involved and trigger concrete actions to foster a real transformational change in ocean observing.
Published: 2022
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3. A Global Ocean Oxygen Database and Atlas for Assessing and Predicting Deoxygenation and Ocean Health in the Open and Coastal Ocean

Author: Marilaure Grégoire, Véronique Garçon, Hernan Garcia, Denise Breitburg, Kirsten Isensee, Andreas Oschlies, Maciej Telszewski, Alexander Barth, Henry C. Bittig, Jacob Carstensen, Thierry Carval, Fei Chai, Francisco Chavez, Daniel Conley, Laurent Coppola, Sean Crowe, Kim Currie, Minhan Dai, Bruno Deflandre, Boris Dewitte, Robert Diaz, Emilio Garcia-Robledo, Denis Gilbert, Alessandra Giorgetti, Ronnie Glud, Dimitri Gutierrez, Shigeki Hosoda, Masao Ishii, Gil Jacinto, Chris Langdon, Siv K. Lauvset, Lisa A. Levin, Karin E. Limburg, Hela Mehrtens, Ivonne Montes, Wajih Naqvi, Aurélien Paulmier, Benjamin Pfeil, Grant Pitcher, Sylvie Pouliquen, Nancy Rabalais, Christophe Rabouille, Virginie Recape, Michaël Roman, Kenneth Rose, Daniel Rudnick, Jodie Rummer, Catherine Schmechtig, Sunke Schmidtko, Brad Seibel, Caroline Slomp, U. Rashid Sumalia, Toste Tanhua, Virginie Thierry, Hiroshi Uchida, Rik Wanninkhof, and Moriaki Yasuhara
Subjects: oxygen, atlas, database, observing, mapping, data-products, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: In this paper, we outline the need for a coordinated international effort toward the building of an open-access Global Ocean Oxygen Database and ATlas (GO2DAT) complying with the FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). GO2DAT will combine data from the coastal and open ocean, as measured by the chemical Winkler titration method or by sensors (e.g., optodes, electrodes) from Eulerian and Lagrangian platforms (e.g., ships, moorings, profiling floats, gliders, ships of opportunities, marine mammals, cabled observatories). GO2DAT will further adopt a community-agreed, fully documented metadata format and a consistent quality control (QC) procedure and quality flagging (QF) system. GO2DAT will serve to support the development of advanced data analysis and biogeochemical models for improving our mapping, understanding and forecasting capabilities for ocean O2 changes and deoxygenation trends. It will offer the opportunity to develop quality-controlled data synthesis products with unprecedented spatial (vertical and horizontal) and temporal (sub-seasonal to multi-decadal) resolution. These products will support model assessment, improvement and evaluation as well as the development of climate and ocean health indicators. They will further support the decision-making processes associated with the emerging blue economy, the conservation of marine resources and their associated ecosystem services and the development of management tools required by a diverse community of users (e.g., environmental agencies, aquaculture, and fishing sectors). A better knowledge base of the spatial and temporal variations of marine O2 will improve our understanding of the ocean O2 budget, and allow better quantification of the Earth’s carbon and heat budgets. With the ever-increasing need to protect and sustainably manage ocean services, GO2DAT will allow scientists to fully harness the increasing volumes of O2 data already delivered by the expanding global ocean observing system and enable smooth incorporation of much higher quantities of data from autonomous platforms in the open ocean and coastal areas into comprehensive data products in the years to come. This paper aims at engaging the community (e.g., scientists, data managers, policy makers, service users) toward the development of GO2DAT within the framework of the UN Global Ocean Oxygen Decade (GOOD) program recently endorsed by IOC-UNESCO. A roadmap toward GO2DAT is proposed highlighting the efforts needed (e.g., in terms of human resources).
Published: 2021
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4. Preparing the New Phase of Argo: Scientific Achievements of the NAOS Project

Author: Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Fabrizio D’Ortenzio, Marcel Babin, Edouard Leymarie, Claudie Marec, Sylvie Pouliquen, Virginie Thierry, Cecile Cabanes, Hervé Claustre, Damien Desbruyères, Leo Lacour, Jose-Luis Lagunas, Guillaume Maze, Herle Mercier, Christophe Penkerc’h, Noe Poffa, Antoine Poteau, Louis Prieur, Virginie Racapé, Achim Randelhoff, Eric Rehm, Catherine Marie Schmechtig, Vincent Taillandier, Thibaut Wagener, and Xiaogang Xing
Subjects: profiling floats, deep ocean, biogeochemistry, Mediterranean Sea, Arctic, Atlantic, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: Argo, the international array of profiling floats, is a major component of the global ocean and climate observing system. In 2010, the NAOS (Novel Argo Observing System) project was selected as part of the French “Investissements d’Avenir” Equipex program. The objectives of NAOS were to consolidate the French contribution to Argo’s core mission (global temperature and salinity measurements down to 2000 m), and also to develop the future generation of French Argo profiling floats and prepare the next phase of the Argo program with an extension to the deep ocean (Deep Argo), biogeochemistry (BGC-Argo) and polar seas. This paper summarizes how NAOS has met its objectives. The project significantly boosted France’s contribution to Argo’s core mission by deploying more than 100 NAOS standard Argo profiling floats. In addition, NAOS deployed new-generation floats as part of three scientific experiments: biogeochemical floats in the Mediterranean Sea, biogeochemical floats in the Arctic Ocean, and deep floats with oxygen sensors in the North Atlantic. The experiment in the Mediterranean Sea, launched in 2012, implemented and maintained a network of BGC-Argo floats at basin scale for the first time. The 32 BGC-Argo floats deployed and about 4000 BGC profiles collected have vastly improved characterization of the biogeochemical and ecosystem dynamics of the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, experiments in the Arctic and in the North Atlantic, starting in 2015 and deploying 20 Arctic BGC floats and 23 deep floats, have provided unique observations on biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic and deep-water masses, as well as ocean circulation variability in the North Atlantic. NAOS has therefore paved the way to the new operational phase of the Argo program in France that includes BGC and Deep Argo extensions. The objectives and characteristics of this new phase of Argo-France are discussed in the conclusion.
Published: 2020
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5. Argo Data 1999–2019: Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats

Author: Annie P. S. Wong, Susan E. Wijffels, Stephen C. Riser, Sylvie Pouliquen, Shigeki Hosoda, Dean Roemmich, John Gilson, Gregory C. Johnson, Kim Martini, David J. Murphy, Megan Scanderbeg, T. V. S. Udaya Bhaskar, Justin J. H. Buck, Frederic Merceur, Thierry Carval, Guillaume Maze, Cécile Cabanes, Xavier André, Noé Poffa, Igor Yashayaev, Paul M. Barker, Stéphanie Guinehut, Mathieu Belbéoch, Mark Ignaszewski, Molly O'Neil Baringer, Claudia Schmid, John M. Lyman, Kristene E. McTaggart, Sarah G. Purkey, Nathalie Zilberman, Matthew B. Alkire, Dana Swift, W. Brechner Owens, Steven R. Jayne, Cora Hersh, Pelle Robbins, Deb West-Mack, Frank Bahr, Sachiko Yoshida, Philip J. H. Sutton, Romain Cancouët, Christine Coatanoan, Delphine Dobbler, Andrea Garcia Juan, Jerôme Gourrion, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Vincent Bernard, Bernard Bourlès, Hervé Claustre, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Serge Le Reste, Pierre-Yve Le Traon, Jean-Philippe Rannou, Carole Saout-Grit, Sabrina Speich, Virginie Thierry, Nathalie Verbrugge, Ingrid M. Angel-Benavides, Birgit Klein, Giulio Notarstefano, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Pedro Vélez-Belchí, Toshio Suga, Kentaro Ando, Naoto Iwasaska, Taiyo Kobayashi, Shuhei Masuda, Eitarou Oka, Kanako Sato, Tomoaki Nakamura, Katsunari Sato, Yasushi Takatsuki, Takashi Yoshida, Rebecca Cowley, Jenny L. Lovell, Peter R. Oke, Esmee M. van Wijk, Fiona Carse, Matthew Donnelly, W. John Gould, Katie Gowers, Brian A. King, Stephen G. Loch, Mary Mowat, Jon Turton, E. Pattabhi Rama Rao, M. Ravichandran, Howard J. Freeland, Isabelle Gaboury, Denis Gilbert, Blair J. W. Greenan, Mathieu Ouellet, Tetjana Ross, Anh Tran, Mingmei Dong, Zenghong Liu, Jianping Xu, KiRyong Kang, HyeongJun Jo, Sung-Dae Kim, and Hyuk-Min Park
Subjects: global, ocean, pressure, temperature, salinity, Argo, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.
Published: 2020
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6. Toward a Comprehensive and Integrated Strategy of the European Marine Research Infrastructures for Ocean Observations

Author: Juan Jose Dañobeitia, Sylvie Pouliquen, Truls Johannessen, Alberto Basset, Mathilde Cannat, Benjamin Gerrit Pfeil, Maria Incoronata Fredella, Paola Materia, Claire Gourcuff, Giuseppe Magnifico, Eric Delory, Joaquin del Rio Fernandez, Ivan Rodero, Laura Beranzoli, Ilaria Nardello, Daniele Iudicone, Thierry Carval, Juan M. Gonzalez Aranda, George Petihakis, Jerome Blandin, Werner Leo Kutsch, Janne-Markus Rintala, Andrew R. Gates, and Paolo Favali
Subjects: European marine Research Infrastructures (RIs), multi- and inter-disciplinary ocean observing systems, global change, geo-hazards, marine ecosystem, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: Research Infrastructures (RIs) are large-scale facilities encompassing instruments, resources, data and services used by the scientific community to conduct high-level research in their respective fields. The development and integration of marine environmental RIs as European Research Vessel Operators [ERVO] (2020) is the response of the European Commission (EC) to global marine challenges through research, technological development and innovation. These infrastructures (EMSO ERIC, Euro-Argo ERIC, ICOS-ERIC Marine, LifeWatch ERIC, and EMBRC-ERIC) include specialized vessels, fixed-point monitoring systems, Lagrangian floats, test facilities, genomics observatories, bio-sensing, and Virtual Research Environments (VREs), among others. Marine ecosystems are vital for life on Earth. Global climate change is progressing rapidly, and geo-hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis, cause large losses of human life and have massive worldwide socio-economic impacts. Enhancing our marine environmental monitoring and prediction capabilities will increase our ability to respond adequately to major challenges and efficiently. Collaboration among European marine RIs aligns with and has contributed to the OceanObs’19 Conference statement and the objectives of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030). This collaboration actively participates and supports concrete actions to increase the quality and quantity of more integrated and sustained observations in the ocean worldwide. From an innovation perspective, the next decade will increasingly count on marine RIs to support the development of new technologies and their validation in the field, increasing market uptake and produce a shift in observing capabilities and strategies.
Published: 2020
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7. Challenges for Sustained Observing and Forecasting Systems in the Mediterranean Sea

Author: Joaquín Tintoré, Nadia Pinardi, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Eva Aguiar, Diego Álvarez-Berastegui, Marco Bajo, Rosa Balbin, Roberto Bozzano, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Vanessa Cardin, Benjamin Casas, Miguel Charcos-Llorens, Jacopo Chiggiato, Emanuela Clementi, Giovanni Coppini, Laurent Coppola, Gianpiero Cossarini, Alan Deidun, Salud Deudero, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Aldo Drago, Massimiliano Drudi, Ghada El Serafy, Romain Escudier, Patrick Farcy, Ivan Federico, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Christian Ferrarin, Cristina Fossi, Constantin Frangoulis, Francois Galgani, Slim Gana, Jesús García Lafuente, Marcos García Sotillo, Pierre Garreau, Isaac Gertman, Lluis Gómez-Pujol, Alessandro Grandi, Daniel Hayes, Jaime Hernández-Lasheras, Barak Herut, Emma Heslop, Karim Hilmi, Melanie Juza, George Kallos, Gerasimos Korres, Rita Lecci, Paolo Lazzari, Pablo Lorente, Svitlana Liubartseva, Ferial Louanchi, Vlado Malacic, Gianandrea Mannarini, David March, Salvatore Marullo, Elena Mauri, Lorinc Meszaros, Baptiste Mourre, Laurent Mortier, Cristian Muñoz-Mas, Antonio Novellino, Dominique Obaton, Alejandro Orfila, Ananda Pascual, Sara Pensieri, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Susana Pérez Rubio, Leonidas Perivoliotis, George Petihakis, Loic Petit de la Villéon, Jenny Pistoia, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Sylvie Pouliquen, Laura Prieto, Patrick Raimbault, Patricia Reglero, Emma Reyes, Paz Rotllan, Simón Ruiz, Javier Ruiz, Inmaculada Ruiz, Luis Francisco Ruiz-Orejón, Baris Salihoglu, Stefano Salon, Simone Sammartino, Agustín Sánchez Arcilla, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Gianmaria Sannino, Rosalia Santoleri, Rafael Sardá, Katrin Schroeder, Simona Simoncelli, Sarantis Sofianos, Georgios Sylaios, Toste Tanhua, Anna Teruzzi, Pierre Testor, Devrim Tezcan, Marc Torner, Francesco Trotta, Georg Umgiesser, Karina von Schuckmann, Giorgia Verri, Ivica Vilibic, Mustafa Yucel, Marco Zavatarelli, and George Zodiatis
Subjects: observing and forecasting systems, sustained observations, ocean variability, FAIR data, climate, operational services, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The Mediterranean community represented in this paper is the result of more than 30 years of EU and nationally funded coordination, which has led to key contributions in science concepts and operational initiatives. Together with the establishment of operational services, the community has coordinated with universities, research centers, research infrastructures and private companies to implement advanced multi-platform and integrated observing and forecasting systems that facilitate the advancement of operational services, scientific achievements and mission-oriented innovation. Thus, the community can respond to societal challenges and stakeholders needs, developing a variety of fit-for-purpose services such as the Copernicus Marine Service. The combination of state-of-the-art observations and forecasting provides new opportunities for downstream services in response to the needs of the heavily populated Mediterranean coastal areas and to climate change. The challenge over the next decade is to sustain ocean observations within the research community, to monitor the variability at small scales, e.g., the mesoscale/submesoscale, to resolve the sub-basin/seasonal and inter-annual variability in the circulation, and thus establish the decadal variability, understand and correct the model-associated biases and to enhance model-data integration and ensemble forecasting for uncertainty estimation. Better knowledge and understanding of the level of Mediterranean variability will enable a subsequent evaluation of the impacts and mitigation of the effect of human activities and climate change on the biodiversity and the ecosystem, which will support environmental assessments and decisions. Further challenges include extending the science-based added-value products into societal relevant downstream services and engaging with communities to build initiatives that will contribute to the 2030 Agenda and more specifically to SDG14 and the UN's Decade of Ocean Science for sustainable development, by this contributing to bridge the science-policy gap. The Mediterranean observing and forecasting capacity was built on the basis of community best practices in monitoring and modeling, and can serve as a basis for the development of an integrated global ocean observing system.
Published: 2019
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8. Ocean FAIR Data Services

Author: Toste Tanhua, Sylvie Pouliquen, Jessica Hausman, Kevin O’Brien, Pip Bricher, Taco de Bruin, Justin J. H. Buck, Eugene F. Burger, Thierry Carval, Kenneth S. Casey, Steve Diggs, Alessandra Giorgetti, Helen Glaves, Valerie Harscoat, Danie Kinkade, Jose H. Muelbert, Antonio Novellino, Benjamin Pfeil, Peter L. Pulsifer, Anton Van de Putte, Erin Robinson, Dick Schaap, Alexander Smirnov, Neville Smith, Derrick Snowden, Tobias Spears, Shelley Stall, Marten Tacoma, Peter Thijsse, Stein Tronstad, Thomas Vandenberghe, Micah Wengren, Lesley Wyborn, and Zhiming Zhao
Subjects: FAIR, ocean, data management, data services, ocean observing, standardization, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: Well-founded data management systems are of vital importance for ocean observing systems as they ensure that essential data are not only collected but also retained and made accessible for analysis and application by current and future users. Effective data management requires collaboration across activities including observations, metadata and data assembly, quality assurance and control (QA/QC), and data publication that enables local and interoperable discovery and access and secures archiving that guarantees long-term preservation. To achieve this, data should be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). Here, we outline how these principles apply to ocean data and illustrate them with a few examples. In recent decades, ocean data managers, in close collaboration with international organizations, have played an active role in the improvement of environmental data standardization, accessibility, and interoperability through different projects, enhancing access to observation data at all stages of the data life cycle and fostering the development of integrated services targeted to research, regulatory, and operational users. As ocean observing systems evolve and an increasing number of autonomous platforms and sensors are deployed, the volume and variety of data increase dramatically. For instance, there are more than 70 data catalogs that contain metadata records for the polar oceans, a situation that makes comprehensive data discovery beyond the capacity of most researchers. To better serve research, operational, and commercial users, more efficient turnaround of quality data in known formats and made available through Web services is necessary. In particular, automation of data workflows will be critical to reduce friction throughout the data value chain. Adhering to the FAIR principles with free, timely, and unrestricted access to ocean observation data is beneficial for the originators, has obvious benefits for users, and is an essential foundation for the development of new services made possible with big data technologies.
Published: 2019
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9. On the Future of Argo: A Global, Full-Depth, Multi-Disciplinary Array

Author: Dean Roemmich, Matthew H. Alford, Hervé Claustre, Kenneth Johnson, Brian King, James Moum, Peter Oke, W. Brechner Owens, Sylvie Pouliquen, Sarah Purkey, Megan Scanderbeg, Toshio Suga, Susan Wijffels, Nathalie Zilberman, Dorothee Bakker, Molly Baringer, Mathieu Belbeoch, Henry C. Bittig, Emmanuel Boss, Paulo Calil, Fiona Carse, Thierry Carval, Fei Chai, Diarmuid Ó. Conchubhair, Fabrizio d’Ortenzio, Giorgio Dall’Olmo, Damien Desbruyeres, Katja Fennel, Ilker Fer, Raffaele Ferrari, Gael Forget, Howard Freeland, Tetsuichi Fujiki, Marion Gehlen, Blair Greenan, Robert Hallberg, Toshiyuki Hibiya, Shigeki Hosoda, Steven Jayne, Markus Jochum, Gregory C. Johnson, KiRyong Kang, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Arne Körtzinger, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Yueng-Djern Lenn, Guillaume Maze, Kjell Arne Mork, Tamaryn Morris, Takeyoshi Nagai, Jonathan Nash, Alberto Naveira Garabato, Are Olsen, Rama Rao Pattabhi, Satya Prakash, Stephen Riser, Catherine Schmechtig, Claudia Schmid, Emily Shroyer, Andreas Sterl, Philip Sutton, Lynne Talley, Toste Tanhua, Virginie Thierry, Sandy Thomalla, John Toole, Ariel Troisi, Thomas W. Trull, Jon Turton, Pedro Joaquin Velez-Belchi, Waldemar Walczowski, Haili Wang, Rik Wanninkhof, Amy F. Waterhouse, Stephanie Waterman, Andrew Watson, Cara Wilson, Annie P. S. Wong, Jianping Xu, and Ichiro Yasuda
Subjects: Argo, floats, global, ocean, warming, circulation, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opportunistically from the combination of great scientific need and technological innovation. Through the data system, Argo provides fundamental physical observations with broad societally-valuable applications, built on the cost-efficient and robust technologies of autonomous profiling floats. Following recent advances in platform and sensor technologies, even greater opportunity exists now than 20 years ago to (i) improve Argo’s global coverage and value beyond the original design, (ii) extend Argo to span the full ocean depth, (iii) add biogeochemical sensors for improved understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon, nutrients, and ecosystems, and (iv) consider experimental sensors that might be included in the future, for example to document the spatial and temporal patterns of ocean mixing. For Core Argo and each of these enhancements, the past, present, and future progression along a path from experimental deployments to regional pilot arrays to global implementation is described. The objective is to create a fully global, top-to-bottom, dynamically complete, and multidisciplinary Argo Program that will integrate seamlessly with satellite and with other in situ elements of the Global Ocean Observing System (Legler et al., 2015). The integrated system will deliver operational reanalysis and forecasting capability, and assessment of the state and variability of the climate system with respect to physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems parameters. It will enable basic research of unprecedented breadth and magnitude, and a wealth of ocean-education and outreach opportunities.
Published: 2019
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10. An Integrated All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System in 2030

Author: Brad deYoung, Martin Visbeck, Moacyr Cunha de Araujo Filho, Molly O’Neil Baringer, CarolAnne Black, Erik Buch, Gabrielle Canonico, Paulo Coelho, Janice T. Duha, Martin Edwards, Albert Fischer, Jan-Stefan Fritz, Sandra Ketelhake, Jose-Henrique Muelbert, Pedro Monteiro, Glenn Nolan, Eleanor O’Rourke, Michael Ott, Pierre Y. Le Traon, Sylvie Pouliquen, Isabel Sousa-Pinto, Toste Tanhua, Filomena V. Velho, and Zdenka Willis
Subjects: ocean observation, Atlantic Ocean, ocean observing system, ocean governance, basin-scale, global ocean observing system, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The ocean plays a vital role in the global climate system and biosphere, providing crucial resources for humanity including water, food, energy, and raw materials. There is a compelling need to develop an integrated basin-scale ocean observing system to support of ocean management. We articulate a vision for basin-scale ocean observing – A comprehensive All-Atlantic Ocean Observing Systems that benefits all of us living, working and relying on the ocean. Until now, basin-scale ocean observation has been conducted through loosely-aligned arrangements of national and international efforts. The All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System (AtlantOS) is an integrated concept for a forward-looking framework and basin-scale partnership to establish a comprehensive ocean observing system for the Atlantic Ocean as a whole. The system will be sustainable, multi-disciplinary, multi-thematic, efficient, and fit-for-purpose. Platforms, networks, and systems do already exist that operate at various maturity levels. AtlantOS will go beyond the status quo by bringing together the observing communities and countries of the Atlantic basin, providing the opportunity to join and support the system. AtlantOS will build upon the coordinated work of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), two international bodies that support and coordinate global ocean observing. AtlantOS will complement those efforts and offers a new approach to organizing ocean observing at the basin-scale. AtlantOS will focus not only on the physics but also the biology, ecology and biogeochemistry of the ocean and seafloor and will enhance new partnerships among governments, science, civil society and the private sector.
Published: 2019
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11. Evolving and Sustaining Ocean Best Practices and Standards for the Next Decade

Author: Jay Pearlman, Mark Bushnell, Laurent Coppola, Johannes Karstensen, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Francoise Pearlman, Pauline Simpson, Michele Barbier, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Cristian Munoz-Mas, Peter Pissierssens, Cyndy Chandler, Juliet Hermes, Emma Heslop, Reyna Jenkyns, Eric P. Achterberg, Manuel Bensi, Henry C. Bittig, Jerome Blandin, Julie Bosch, Bernard Bourles, Roberto Bozzano, Justin J. H. Buck, Eugene F. Burger, Daniel Cano, Vanessa Cardin, Miguel Charcos Llorens, Andrés Cianca, Hua Chen, Caroline Cusack, Eric Delory, Rene Garello, Gabriele Giovanetti, Valerie Harscoat, Susan Hartman, Robert Heitsenrether, Simon Jirka, Ana Lara-Lopez, Nadine Lantéri, Adam Leadbetter, Giuseppe Manzella, Joan Maso, Andrea McCurdy, Eric Moussat, Manolis Ntoumas, Sara Pensieri, George Petihakis, Nadia Pinardi, Sylvie Pouliquen, Rachel Przeslawski, Nicholas P. Roden, Joe Silke, Mario N. Tamburri, Hairong Tang, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Pierre Testor, Julie Thomas, Christoph Waldmann, and Fred Whoriskey
Subjects: best practices, sustainability, interoperability, digital repository, peer review, ocean observing, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The oceans play a key role in global issues such as climate change, food security, and human health. Given their vast dimensions and internal complexity, efficient monitoring and predicting of the planet’s ocean must be a collaborative effort of both regional and global scale. A first and foremost requirement for such collaborative ocean observing is the need to follow well-defined and reproducible methods across activities: from strategies for structuring observing systems, sensor deployment and usage, and the generation of data and information products, to ethical and governance aspects when executing ocean observing. To meet the urgent, planet-wide challenges we face, methods across all aspects of ocean observing should be broadly adopted by the ocean community and, where appropriate, should evolve into “Ocean Best Practices.” While many groups have created best practices, they are scattered across the Web or buried in local repositories and many have yet to be digitized. To reduce this fragmentation, we introduce a new open access, permanent, digital repository of best practices documentation (oceanbestpractices.org) that is part of the Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS). The new OBPS provides an opportunity space for the centralized and coordinated improvement of ocean observing methods. The OBPS repository employs user-friendly software to significantly improve discovery and access to methods. The software includes advanced semantic technologies for search capabilities to enhance repository operations. In addition to the repository, the OBPS also includes a peer reviewed journal research topic, a forum for community discussion and a training activity for use of best practices. Together, these components serve to realize a core objective of the OBPS, which is to enable the ocean community to create superior methods for every activity in ocean observing from research to operations to applications that are agreed upon and broadly adopted across communities. Using selected ocean observing examples, we show how the OBPS supports this objective. This paper lays out a future vision of ocean best practices and how OBPS will contribute to improving ocean observing in the decade to come.
Published: 2019
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12. Successful Blue Economy Examples With an Emphasis on International Perspectives

Author: Lu Wenhai, Caroline Cusack, Maria Baker, Wang Tao, Chen Mingbao, Kelli Paige, Zhang Xiaofan, Lisa Levin, Elva Escobar, Diva Amon, Yin Yue, Anja Reitz, Antonio Augusto Sepp Neves, Eleanor O’Rourke, Gianandrea Mannarini, Jay Pearlman, Jonathan Tinker, Kevin J. Horsburgh, Patrick Lehodey, Sylvie Pouliquen, Trine Dale, Zhao Peng, and Yang Yufeng
Subjects: blue economy, macro-economic control policies, deep ocean stewardship, science-based products, data analysis and information delivery, ecological restoration, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: Careful definition and illustrative case studies are fundamental work in developing a Blue Economy. As blue research expands with the world increasingly understanding its importance, policy makers and research institutions worldwide concerned with ocean and coastal regions are demanding further and improved analysis of the Blue Economy. Particularly, in terms of the management connotation, data access, monitoring, and product development, countries are making decisions according to their own needs. As a consequence of this lack of consensus, further dialogue including this cases analysis of the blue economy is even more necessary. This paper consists of four chapters: (I) Understanding the concept of Blue Economy, (II) Defining Blue economy theoretical cases, (III) Introducing Blue economy application cases and (IV) Providing an outlook for the future. Chapters (II) and (III) summarizes all the case studies into nine aspects, each aiming to represent different aspects of the blue economy. This paper is a result of knowledge and experience collected from across the global ocean observing community, and is only made possible with encouragement, support and help of all members. Despite the blue economy being a relatively new concept, we have demonstrated our promising exploration in a number of areas. We put forward proposals for the development of the blue economy, including shouldering global responsibilities to protect marine ecological environment, strengthening international communication and sharing development achievements, and promoting the establishment of global blue partnerships. However, there is clearly much room for further development in terms of the scope and depth of our collective understanding and analysis.
Published: 2019
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13. From Observation to Information and Users: The Copernicus Marine Service Perspective

Author: Pierre Yves Le Traon, Antonio Reppucci, Enrique Alvarez Fanjul, Lotfi Aouf, Arno Behrens, Maria Belmonte, Abderrahim Bentamy, Laurent Bertino, Vittorio Ernesto Brando, Matilde Brandt Kreiner, Mounir Benkiran, Thierry Carval, Stefania A. Ciliberti, Hervé Claustre, Emanuela Clementi, Giovanni Coppini, Gianpiero Cossarini, Marta De Alfonso Alonso-Muñoyerro, Anne Delamarche, Gerald Dibarboure, Frode Dinessen, Marie Drevillon, Yann Drillet, Yannice Faugere, Vicente Fernández, Andrew Fleming, M. Isabel Garcia-Hermosa, Marcos García Sotillo, Gilles Garric, Florent Gasparin, Cedric Giordan, Marion Gehlen, Marilaure L. Gregoire, Stephanie Guinehut, Mathieu Hamon, Chris Harris, Fabrice Hernandez, Jørgen B. Hinkler, Jacob Hoyer, Juha Karvonen, Susan Kay, Robert King, Thomas Lavergne, Benedicte Lemieux-Dudon, Leonardo Lima, Chongyuan Mao, Matthew J. Martin, Simona Masina, Angelique Melet, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Glenn Nolan, Ananda Pascual, Jenny Pistoia, Atanas Palazov, Jean Francois Piolle, Marie Isabelle Pujol, Anne Christine Pequignet, Elisaveta Peneva, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Loic Petit de la Villeon, Nadia Pinardi, Andrea Pisano, Sylvie Pouliquen, Rebecca Reid, Elisabeth Remy, Rosalia Santoleri, John Siddorn, Jun She, Joanna Staneva, Ad Stoffelen, Marina Tonani, Luc Vandenbulcke, Karina von Schuckmann, Gianluca Volpe, Cecilie Wettre, and Anna Zacharioudaki
Subjects: ocean, observing systems, satellite, in situ, data assimilation, services, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) provides regular and systematic reference information on the physical and biogeochemical ocean and sea-ice state for the global ocean and the European regional seas. CMEMS serves a wide range of users (more than 15,000 users are now registered to the service) and applications. Observations are a fundamental pillar of the CMEMS value-added chain that goes from observation to information and users. Observations are used by CMEMS Thematic Assembly Centres (TACs) to derive high-level data products and by CMEMS Monitoring and Forecasting Centres (MFCs) to validate and constrain their global and regional ocean analysis and forecasting systems. This paper presents an overview of CMEMS, its evolution, and how the value of in situ and satellite observations is increased through the generation of high-level products ready to be used by downstream applications and services. The complementary nature of satellite and in situ observations is highlighted. Long-term perspectives for the development of CMEMS are described and implications for the evolution of the in situ and satellite observing systems are outlined. Results from Observing System Evaluations (OSEs) and Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) illustrate the high dependencies of CMEMS systems on observations. Finally future CMEMS requirements for both satellite and in situ observations are detailed.
Published: 2019
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14. Argo: The Challenge of Continuing 10 Years of Progress

Author: Brian King, Birgit Klein, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Kjell Arne Mork, W. Brechner Owens, Dean Roemmich, Mark Ignaszewski, Fiona Grant, W. John Gould, Sylvia Garzoli, Howard Freeland, Mathieu Belbéoch, Stephen Riser, Muthalagu Ravichandran, Pedro J. Vélez-Belchí, Toshio Suga, Andreas Sterl, Virginie Thierry, Sylvie Pouliquen, Jianping Xu, Susan Wijffels, Moon-Sik Suk, and Philip Sutton
Subjects: GODAE, Argo, global ocean observing system, ocean data assimilation, Oceanography, GC1-1581
Abstract: In only 10 years, the Argo Program has grown from an idea into a functioning global observing system for the subsurface ocean. More than 3000 Argo floats now cover the world’s ocean. With these instruments operating on 10-day cycles, the array provides 9000 temperature/salinity/depth profiles every month that are quickly available via the Global Telecommunications System and the Internet. Argo is recognized as a major advance for oceanography, and a success for Argo’s parent programs, the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment and Climate Variability and Predictability, and for the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. The value of Argo data in ocean data assimilation (ODA) and other applications is being demonstrated, and will grow as the data set is extended in time and as experience in using the data set leads to new applications. The spatial coverage and quality of the Argo data set are improving, with consideration being given to sampling under seasonal ice at higher latitudes, in additional marginal seas, and to greater depths. Argo data products of value in ODA modeling are under development, and Argo data are being tested to confirm their consistency with related satellite and in situ data. Maintenance of the Argo Program for the next decade and longer is needed for a broad range of climate and oceanographic research and for many operational applications in ocean state estimation and prediction.
Published: 2009

15. Data Assembly and Processing for Operational Oceanography: Ten Years of Achievements

Author: Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Gilles Larnicol, Stéphanie Guinehut, Sylvie Pouliquen, Abderrahim Bentamy, Dean Roemmich, Craig Donlon, Hervé Roquet, Gregg Jacobs, David Griffin, Fabrice Bonjean, Nicolas Hoeppfner, and Lars-Anders Breivik
Subjects: operational oceanography, data centers, GODAE, Global High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project, Oceanography, GC1-1581
Abstract: Data assembly and processing centers are essential elements of the operational oceanography infrastructure. They provide data and products needed by modeling and data assimilation systems; they also provide products directly useable for applications. This paper discusses the role and functions of the data centers for operational oceanography. It describes some of the main data assembly centers (Argo and in situ data, altimetry, sea surface temperature) developed during the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment. An overview of other data centers (wind and fluxes, ocean color, sea ice) is also given. Much progress has been achieved over the past ten years to validate, intercalibrate, and merge altimeter data from multiple satellites. Accuracy and timeliness of products have been improved, and new products have been developed. The same is true for sea surface temperature data through the Global High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project. A breakthrough in processing, quality control, and assembly for in situ data has also been achieved through the development of the real-time and delayed-mode Argo data system. In situ and remote-sensing data are now systematically and jointly used to calibrate, validate, and monitor over the long term the quality and consistency of the global ocean observing system. Main results are illustrated. There is also a review of the development and use of products that merge in situ and remote-sensing data. Future issues and main prospects are discussed in the conclusion.
Published: 2009

16. Serving GODAE Data and Products to the Ocean Community

Author: Jon D. Blower, Frederique Blanc, Mike Clancy, Peter Cornillon, Peter Hacker, Keith Haines, Steve C. Hankin, Sylvie Pouliquen, Martin Price, Tim Pugh, and Ashwanth Srinavasan
Subjects: GODAE, GODAE Data Services, GODAE Data Centers, GODAE products, Oceanography, GC1-1581
Abstract: The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE [http://www.godae.org]) has spanned a decade of rapid technological development. The ever-increasing volume and diversity of oceanographic data produced by in situ instruments, remote-sensing platforms, and computer simulations have driven the development of a number of innovative technologies that are essential for connecting scientists with the data that they need. This paper gives an overview of the technologies that have been developed and applied in the course of GODAE, which now provides users of oceanographic data with the capability to discover, evaluate, visualize, download, and analyze data from all over the world. The key to this capability is the ability to reduce the inherent complexity of oceanographic data by providing a consistent, harmonized view of the various data products. The challenges of data serving have been addressed over the last ten years through the cooperative skills and energies of many individuals.
Published: 2009

17. Supporting Cross-Domain System-Level Environmental and Earth Science.

Author: Alex Vermeulen, Helen M. Glaves, Sylvie Pouliquen, and Alexandra Kokkinaki
Published: 2020
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18. Recommendations on data harmonization for ocean observation networks

Author: Dominique Obaton, Abed El Rahman Hassoun, Begona Perez Gomez, Antonio Novellino, Thierry Carval, Julien Mader, Alessandra Giorgetti, Thomsen Soeren, Sylvie Pouliquen, Victor Turpin, and Laurant Coppola
Abstract: The ocean observing system needs to be ensured by high-level integration and coordination to guarantee its longterm sustainability, efficient accessibility and usability by a wide range of users. Enormous advancements and efforts toward these objectives have been already conducted in Europe, partly through the activities of the IOC-UNESCO's International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) and EuroGOOS DATAMEQ working group, although there is still room for additional progress and gaps to be addressed. During the past two decades, a series of standards for data and metadata formats as well as exchange protocols have been established within the marine community where projects, organizations and data integrators like JCOMM, RDA (Research Data Alliance), EuroGOOS, EMODnet, SeaDataNet and Copernicus played a significant role. Taking into consideration that harmonized data are a key element in maintaining a usable and interoperable ocean observing system, this paper aims to provide some recommendations for the harmonization of the marine in situ networks involved in EuroSEA, which would be a useful product for the European data integrators, particularly EMODnet, SeaDataNet and Copernicus Marine service. This document proposes recommendations to enhance the in situ networks based on the assessment of what has been previously done.
Published: 2022

19. Maps and metrics on observing systems and metadata

Author: Victor Turpin, Emma Heslop, Toste Tanhua, Thierry Carval, and Sylvie Pouliquen
Abstract: A review of the existing reporting tools about Regional Ocean Observing Systems and perspective toward future European Ocean Observing System monitoring and reporting services.
Published: 2022

20. European High Frequency Radar network governance

Author: Anna Rubio, Johannes Karstensen, Vicente Fernandez, George Peithakis, Emma Reyes, Lorenzo Corgnati, Lohitzune Solabarrieta, Carlo Mantovani, Pablo Lorente, Sylvie Pouliquen, Antonio Novellino, and Julien Mader
Subjects: business.industry, Corporate governance, 14. Life underwater, Radar network, Telecommunications, business
Abstract: This report describes the governance of the European HF radar network including: the landscape of the Ocean observation networks and infrastructures, the role and links between operators of observational systems and stakeholders, the role and activities of the EuroGOOS HF radar Task Team in building a sound community strategy, the roadmap of the community with current achievements and future work lines.
Published: 2021

21. New Tide Gauge Data Flow Strategy

Author: Elizabeth Bradshaw, Guy Westbrook, Laurent Testut, Marta de Alfonso, Fernando Manzano, Angela Hibbert, Claire Fraboul, Sylvie Pouliquen, Mathieu Belbeoch, Marta Marcos, Antonio Novellino, Silvia Chacon Barrantes, Guy Wöppelmann, Tarot Stephane, Andrew Matthews, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Francisco Hernandez, Long Jiang, Bart Vanhoorne, and Bernardo Aliaga
Subjects: Data flow diagram, Tide gauge, Geodesy, Geology
Published: 2021

22. EMODnet Chemistry new and consolidated large scale cooperation actions for 2020 and beyond

Author: Maria Eugenia Molina Jack, Neil Holdsworth, Matteo Vinci, Elena Partescano, Hans Mose Jensen, Sylvie Pouliquen, Alessandra Giorgetti, Dick Schaap, Georg Hanke, Benjamin Pfeil, Chiara Altobelli, D. Obaton, and François Galgani
Subjects: Scale (ratio), Systems engineering
Abstract: EMODnet Chemistry is one of the seven thematic portals of EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data Network), the long-term initiative aiming to ensure that European marine data are findable, accessible, interoperable and re-usable. EMODnet was launched by DG MARE in 2009 as the pillar of the Blue Growth strategy, Marine Knowledge 2020.Eutrophication (e.g. nutrients, oxygen and chlorophyll), contaminants (e.g. hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals, antifoulants) and marine litter (e.g. beach litter, seafloor litter and floating micro litter) are the main categories of quality assured marine data sets and data products made available through the EMODnet Chemistry portal.45 marine research and monitoring institutes and oceanographic data management experts from 30 countries comprise the EMODnet Chemistry network, including National Oceanographic Data Centres (NODC), National Environmental Monitoring Agencies and Marine Research Institutes actively involved in managing, processing and providing access to data sets from European marine waters and global oceans.During 2020 EMODnet Chemistry consolidated fundamental international collaborations and upgraded cooperation actions on the European and global level to share and harmonize data, knowledge and services, following decision-makers’ needs to implement EU directives, such as MSFD, MSPD, INSPIRE directive, and the Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of the United NationsMain EMODnet Chemistry 2020 transnational cooperation actions are:The MSFD Technical Group on Marine Litter used the EMODnet Chemistry Marine Litter Database to compute the EU beach litter quantitative Baselines and Threshold values. The European Environment Agency confirmed the use of EMODnet Chemistry data for three environmental state indicators relating to eutrophication and contaminants. Mercator Ocean International and EMODnet Chemistry set up the first joint portfolio of products in support of the MSFD implementation. The two partners are also exploring opportunities to support the aquaculture sector. EMODnet -Chemistry and the In Situ Thematic Assembly Centre of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS INSTAC) collaborated with ENVRI Marine European Research Infrastructures (Euro-Argo, EMSO, ICOS, Lifewatch and SeaDataNet) to enhance FAIRness of in situ data. Mercator Ocean international, UNDESA, SULITEST NGO and EMODnet Chemistry have been creating an awareness questionnaire to raise awareness on the Goal 14 of the UN Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. The EU asked EMODnet Chemistry to share its experience at the G20 workshop on harmonized monitoring and data compilation of marine plastic litter organized by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. The international Oxygen data portal and Ocean Acidification data portal received contributions from EMODnet Chemistry and CMEMS in situ TAC for their implementation. The National Marine Data and Information Service of China collaborates with EMODnet to strengthen international ocean data through the EMOD-PACE project.
Published: 2021

23. The CMEMS In Situ TAC multi-year and multi-variate products to monitor and understand the ocean variability

Author: Jérôme Gourrion, Stephane Tarot, Sylvie Pouliquen, Paz Rotllán-García, Joaquín Tintoré, Tanguy Szekely, and Mélanie Juza
Subjects: In situ, Random variate, Environmental science, Remote sensing
Abstract: The CMEMS In Situ TAC (INSTAC) integrates in situ observations from various platforms, (e.g. profiling floats, gliders, drifters, saildrones, research vessels, ferryboxes, fixed stations, tides gauges, sea mammals, high-frequency radar), providing physical and biogeochemical ocean data at local, regional and global scales, with an increasing data integration from the polar and coastal regions. The INSTAC quality-controlled data in both delayed mode and near-real time are contributing to support the operational oceanography (e.g. model forecasting, analysis and reanalysis, satellite calibration, downstream services) and to monitor the 4-dimensional ocean at various spatial and temporal scales. The INSTAC multi-year products provide an essential information on the ocean state, variability and changes and allow addressing long-term variations (climate) analysis as well as detecting remarkable events. Hence, the INSTAC group has contributed substantially to the elaboration of the annual CMEMS Ocean State Report (OSR, Von Schuckmann et al., 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). A general overview of the INSTAC contributions to the CMEMS OSR is presented, highlighting its capacity to describe, analyze and understand the ocean state and variability of both physical and biogeochemical components from the sea surface to the deep ocean, from the coastal to open sea waters, from tropical to polar regions, from semi-enclosed seas to the global ocean, from short-term to long-term temporal scales. The INSTAC team contributes to the CMEMS Ocean Monitoring Indicators reporting, investigates the ocean circulation variability, analyses the impact of climate change on marine ecosystem and ocean circulation, and develops operational applications and services. Maintaining the current observational network, integrating new platforms, enhancing the spatial and temporal resolutions, improving methodologies and developing new metrics (e.g. quality control, data assimilation), developing new products, INSTAC will continue to serve the overall need to understand and predict the ocean state and variability, in line with the present and future scientific, societal and environmental challenges.
Published: 2021

24. How CMEMS INSTAC contributes to the monitoring of the ocean?

Author: Mélanie Juza, Tanguy Szekely, Jérôme Gourrion, Inmaculada Ruiz-Parrado, Sylvie Pouliquen, and Joaquin Tintoré
Abstract: CMEMS IN SITU TAC (INSTAC) collects in situ observations from various platforms (e.g. Argo floats, gliders, drifters, ships, fixed stations, marine mammals, high-frequency radar). It provides free, open and quality-controlled physical and biogeochemical ocean data in both delayed mode and near-real time, in support to the operational oceanography, the ocean health and the climate change. Monitoring the 4-dimensional ocean at various spatial and temporal scales, the INSTAC multi-year products provide an essential information on the ocean state, variability and changes. Hence, the INSTAC group contributes substantially to the elaboration of the annual CMEMS Ocean State Report (Von Schuckmann et al., 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020), in collaboration with internal and external scientific experts, as well as with other CMEMS TACs and MFCs.A general overview of the INSTAC contributions to the CMEMS Ocean State Report is presented, highlighting its capacity to describe, analyze and understand the ocean state and variability of both physical and biogeochemical components from the sea surface to the deep ocean, from the coastal to open sea waters at both short-term (event) and long-term temporal scales. The INSTAC team contributes to the CMEMS Ocean Monitoring Indicators (e.g. temperature, salinity, ocean heat content, water mass and heat exchange, extreme event detection), investigates the ocean circulation variability (e.g. cold and fresh blob in North Atlantic, mesoscale eddy anomaly), analyses the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem and ocean circulation (e.g. water mass responses to climate warming, cyclones), and develops operational applications and services (pollution risk, search-and-rescue, storm and wave alerts, river discharges).
Published: 2020

25. On the Future of Argo: A Global, Full-Depth, Multi-Disciplinary Array

Author: Jonathan D. Nash, Andreas Sterl, Diarmuid Ó. Conchubhair, Mathieu Belbeoch, Toste Tanhua, Lynne D. Talley, Thierry Carval, Stephanie Waterman, Yueng-Djern Lenn, Kenneth S. Johnson, Ariel Troisi, Virginie Thierry, Sarah G. Purkey, Satya Prakash, Damien Desbruyères, Giorgio Dall'Olmo, Katja Fennel, Robert Hallberg, Gregory C. Johnson, James N. Moum, Ilker Fer, Brian A. King, Gael Forget, Emily L. Shroyer, Toshio Suga, Peter R. Oke, Rik Wanninkhof, Fei Chai, Are Olsen, Emmanuel Boss, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Markus Jochum, Sandy J. Thomalla, N. V. Zilberman, Amy F. Waterhouse, Guillaume Maze, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Catherine Schmechtig, Thomas W. Trull, Andrew J. Watson, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Haili Wang, Kjell Arne Mork, Pedro Vélez-Belchí, Paulo H. R. Calil, Philip Sutton, Jianping Xu, Steven R. Jayne, Tetsuichi Fujiki, Howard J. Freeland, Henry C. Bittig, Cara Wilson, Hervé Claustre, Ichiro Yasuda, Annie P. S. Wong, John M. Toole, Claudia Schmid, Megan Scanderbeg, Marion Gehlen, Raffaele Ferrari, Arne Körtzinger, Toshiyuki Hibiya, Dean Roemmich, Susan Wijffels, Tamaryn Morris, Sylvie Pouliquen, Matthew H. Alford, Takeyoshi Nagai, Waldemar Walczowski, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Molly O. Baringer, Blair J. W. Greenan, W. Brechner Owens, KiRyong Kang, Jon Turton, Fiona Carse, Shigeki Hosoda, Rama Rao E. Pattabhi, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Stephen C. Riser, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship [Brisbane], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), University of California, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO), University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Unité de recherche Géosciences Marines (Ifremer) (GM), Oregon State University (OSU), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Oceanography [Halifax] (DO), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Cancer Genetics Branch, National Institute of Health (NIH)-National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Montreal, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Observatoire des sciences de l'univers Ecce Terra [Paris] (ECCE TERRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, CSIR, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Evolution Paris-Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC), McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], University of California (UC), Géosciences Marines (GM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire des sciences de l'univers Ecce Terra [Paris] (OSU ECCE TERRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), and Observatoire des sciences de l'univers Ecce Terra (ECCE TERRA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, warming, Computer science, Data management, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Oseanografi: 452 [VDP], Sede Central IEO, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, VDP::Oseanografi: 452, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, salinity, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Oceanography: 452 [VDP], Basic research, Multidisciplinary approach, Profiling (information science), 14. Life underwater, VDP::Oceanography: 452, lcsh:Science, Argo, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Multi disciplinary, Oseanografi / Oceanography, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, temperature, Ocean depth, floats, global, ocean, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Systems engineering, circulation, lcsh:Q, business, Oseanografi
Abstract: The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opportunistically from the combination of great scientific need and technological innovation. Through the data system, Argo provides fundamental physical observations with broad societally-valuable applications, built on the cost-efficient and robust technologies of autonomous profiling floats. Following recent advances in platform and sensor technologies, even greater opportunity exists now than 20 years ago to (i) improve Argo’s global coverage and value beyond the original design, (ii) extend Argo to span the full ocean depth, (iii) add biogeochemical sensors for improved understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon, nutrients, and ecosystems, and (iv) consider experimental sensors that might be included in the future, for example to document the spatial and temporal patterns of ocean mixing. For Core Argo and each of these enhancements, the past, present, and future progression along a path from experimental deployments to regional pilot arrays to global implementation is described. The objective is to create a fully global, top-to-bottom, dynamically complete, and multidisciplinary Argo Program that will integrate seamlessly with satellite and with other in situ elements of the Global Ocean Observing System (Legler et al., 2015). The integrated system will deliver operational reanalysis and forecasting capability, and assessment of the state and variability of the climate system with respect to physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems parameters. It will enable basic research of unprecedented breadth and magnitude, and a wealth of ocean-education and outreach opportunities., Sí
Published: 2019

26. An Integrated All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System in 2030

Author: Pedro M. S. Monteiro, Martin Edwards, Albert S. Fischer, Sylvie Pouliquen, Jose-Henrique Muelbert, Erik Buch, Pierre Yves Le Traon, Sandra Ketelhake, Eleanor O’Rourke, Zdenka Willis, Michael Ott, Filomena Vaz Velho, Jan-Stefan Fritz, Martin Visbeck, Molly O. Baringer, Moacyr Cunha de Araujo Filho, Toste Tanhua, Isabel Sousa-Pinto, Glenn Nolan, Brad deYoung, Janice T. Duha, Gabrielle Canonico, Paulo G. Coelho, and CarolAnne Black
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ocean observations, Civil society, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, framework for ocean observing, Status quo, media_common.quotation_subject, ocean observation, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Biology, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, ocean governance, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Atlantic Ocean, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, media_common, Global and Planetary Change, Atlantic hurricane, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, ocean observing system, global ocean observing system, Environmental resource management, basin-scale, Biosphere, Private sector, 13. Climate action, General partnership, lcsh:Q, business, Group on Earth Observations
Abstract: The ocean plays a vital role in the global climate system and biosphere, providing crucial resources for humanity including water, food, energy and raw materials. There is a compelling need to develop an integrated basin-scale ocean observing system to support of ocean management. We articulate a vision for basin-scale ocean observing - A comprehensive All-Atlantic Ocean Observing Systems that benefits all of us living, working and relying on the ocean. Until now, basin-scale ocean observation has been conducted through loosely-aligned arrangements of national and international efforts. The All-Atlantic Ocean Observing System (AtlantOS) is an ntegrated concept for a forward-looking framework and basin-scale partnership to establish a comprehensive ocean observing system for the Atlantic Ocean as a whole. The system will be sustainable, multi-disciplinary, multi-thematic, efficient, and fit-for-purpose. Platforms, networks, and systems do already exist that operate at various maturity levels. AtlantOS will go beyond the status quo by bringing together the observing communities and countries of the Atlantic basin, providing the opportunity to join and support the system. AtlantOS will build upon the coordinated work of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), two international bodies that support and coordinate global ocean observing. AtlantOS will complement those efforts and offers a new approach to organizing ocean observing at the basin-scale. The new SystemAtlantOS will focus not only on the physics but also the biology, ecology and biogeochemistry of the ocean and seafloor and will enhance new partnerships among between governments, science, civil society and the private sector.
Published: 2019

27. Evolving and Sustaining Ocean Best Practices and Standards for the Next Decade

Author: Peter Pissierssens, Rene Garello, Mark Bushnell, Pier Luigi Buttigieg, Nadia Pinardi, Reyna Jenkyns, Eric P. Achterberg, Roberto Bozzano, Miguel Charcos Llorens, Ana Lara-Lopez, George Petihakis, Eric Moussat, Andres Cianca, Adam Leadbetter, Fred Whoriskey, Pierre Testor, Manuel Bensi, Julie Bosch, Sylvie Pouliquen, Francoise Pearlman, Emma Heslop, Bernard Bourlès, Christoph Waldmann, E. Delory, Simon Jirka, Mario N. Tamburri, Jay Pearlman, Manolis Ntoumas, Giuseppe Manzella, Rachel Przeslawski, Caroline Cusack, Henry C. Bittig, Vanessa Cardin, Eugene Burger, Laurent Coppola, Juliet Hermes, Toste Tanhua, Joan Masó, Valerie Harscoat, Julie Thomas, Cristian Munoz-Mas, Jerome Blandin, Gabriele Giovanetti, Maciej Telszewski, Justin J. H. Buck, Daniel Cano, Hua Chen, C. L. Chandler, Johannes Karstensen, Robert Heitsenrether, Hairong Tang, Nicholas P. Roden, Andrea McCurdy, Joe Silke, Sara Pensieri, Pauline Simpson, Frank E. Muller-Karger, Susan E. Hartman, Nadine Lanteri, Michele Barbier, IEEE, Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Mediterranean Science Commission, University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS BREST), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR065, Centre de Télédétection et d'Analyse des Milieux Naturels (CTAMN), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Wuhan Technology and Business University, Lab-STICC_TB_CID_TOMS, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 52North Initiative for Geospatial Open Source Software GmbH (52°N), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Marine Institute [Oranmore], ETT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Consortium for Ocean Leadership, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARM), University of Bremen, European Project: 633211,H2020,H2020-BG-2014-2,AtlantOS(2015), European Project: 654310,H2020,H2020-INFRASUPP-2014-2,ODIP 2(2015), European Project: 730960, SeaDataCloud(2016), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Pearlman J., Bushnell M., Coppola L., Karstensen J., Buttigieg P.L., Pearlman F., Simpson P., Barbier M., Muller-Karger F.E., Munoz-Mas C., Pissierssens P., Chandler C., Hermes J., Heslop E., Jenkyns R., Achterberg E.P., Bensi M., Bittig H.C., Blandin J., Bosch J., Bourles B., Bozzano R., Buck J.J., Burger E.F., Cano D., Cardin V., Llorens M.C., Cianca A., Chen H., Cusack C., Delory E., Garello R., Giovanetti G., Harscoat V., Hartman S., Heitsenrether R., Jirka S., Lara-Lopez A., Lanteri N., Leadbetter A., Manzella G., Maso J., McCurdy A., Moussat E., Ntoumas M., Pensieri S., Petihakis G., Pinardi N., Pouliquen S., Przeslawski R., Roden N.P., Silke J., Tamburri M.N., Tang H., Tanhua T., Telszewski M., Testor P., Thomas J., Waldmann C., and Whoriskey F.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, Best practice, Interoperability, Ontologie, interoperability, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Market fragmentation, Documentation, Ontologies, best practices, ontologies, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, digital repository, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], ocean observing, Global and Planetary Change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Scale (chemistry), Methodologie, sustainability, Ocean observing, Data science, Digital repository, Sustainability, 13. Climate action, Software deployment, Semantic technology, lcsh:Q, Methodologies, methodologies
Abstract: The oceans play a key role in global issues such as climate change, food security, and human health. Given their vast dimensions and internal complexity, efficient monitoring and predicting of the planet’s ocean must be a collaborative effort of both regional and global scale. A first and foremost requirement for such collaborative ocean observing is the need to follow well-defined and reproducible methods across activities: from strategies for structuring observing systems, sensor deployment and usage, and the generation of data and information products, to ethical and governance aspects when executing ocean observing. To meet the urgent, planet-wide challenges we face, methods across all aspects of ocean observing should be broadly adopted by the ocean community and, where appropriate, should evolve into “Ocean Best Practices.” While many groups have created best practices, they are scattered across the Web or buried in local repositories and many have yet to be digitized. To reduce this fragmentation, we introduce a new open access, permanent, digital repository of best practices documentation (oceanbestpractices.org) that is part of the Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS). The new OBPS provides an opportunity space for the centralized and coordinated improvement of ocean observing methods. The OBPS repository employs user-friendly software to significantly improve discovery and access to methods. The software includes advanced semantic technologies for search capabilities to enhance repository operations. In addition to the repository, the OBPS also includes a peer reviewed journal research topic, a forum for community discussion and a training activity for use of best practices. Together, these components serve to realize a core objective of the OBPS, which is to enable the ocean community to create superior methods for every activity in ocean observing from research to operations to applications that are agreed upon and broadly adopted across communities. Using selected ocean observing examples, we show how the OBPS supports this objective. This paper lays out a future vision of ocean best practices and how OBPS will contribute to improving ocean observing in the decade to come.
Published: 2019

28. The CORA 5.2 dataset: global in-situ Temperature and Salinity measurements dataset. Data description and validation

Author: Jérôme Gourrion, Sylvie Pouliquen, Tanguy Szekely, and Gilles Reverdin
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atlantic hurricane, Observational error, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Temperature salinity diagrams, Sampling (statistics), 01 natural sciences, CORA dataset, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Data quality, Climatology, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Argo, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We present the Copernicus in-situ ocean dataset of temperature and salinity (version V5.2). The ocean subsurface sampling varied widely from 1950 to 2017, as a result of changes in the instrument technology and development of in-situ observational networks (in particular, tropical moorings, ARGO program). The global ocean temperature data coverage on an annual basis grows thus from 10 % in 1950 (30 % for the North Atlantic basin) to 25 % in 2000 (60 % for the North Atlantic basin) and reaches a plateau exceeding 80 % (95 % for the North Atlantic Ocean) after the deployment of the ARGO program. The average depth reached by the profiles also increases from 1950 to 2017. The validation framework is presented, and an objective analysis-based method is developed to assess the quality of the dataset validation process. Analyses of the ocean variability are calculated without taking into account the data quality flags (raw dataset OA), with the near real time quality flags (NRT dataset OA) and with the delayed time mode quality flags (CORA dataset OA). The comparison of the objective analysis variability shows that the near real time dataset managed to detect and to flag most of the large measurement errors, reducing the analysis error bar compared to the raw dataset error bar. It also shows that the ocean variability of the delayed time mode validated dataset is almost exempt from the random error induced variability.
Published: 2019

29. Sustainability of the new Argo mission

Author: Sylvie Pouliquen
Abstract: This deliverable describes how Euro-Argo aims at sustaining the European contribution to Argo and extending its capacities taking into account both the overall Argo International Strategy and also the European Strategy for an Atlantic Ocean Observing System – AtlantOS by 2030.
Published: 2019

30. The CORA 5.2 dataset for global in situ temperature and salinity measurements: data description and validation

Author: Gilles Reverdin, Sylvie Pouliquen, Jérôme Gourrion, Tanguy Szekely, Société Coopérative OceanScope, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, Atlantic hurricane, Observational error, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Temperature salinity diagrams, Sampling (statistics), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, CORA dataset, Sea surface temperature, lcsh:G, Data quality, Climatology, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Argo, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We present the Copernicus in situ ocean dataset of temperature and salinity (version 5.2). Ocean subsurface sampling varied widely from 1950 to 2017 as a result of changes in instrument technology and the development of in situ observational networks (in particular, tropical moorings for the Argo program). Thus, global ocean temperature data coverage on an annual basis grew from 10 % in 1950 (30 % for the North Atlantic basin) to 25 % in 2000 (60 % for the North Atlantic basin) and reached a plateau exceeding 80 % (95 % for the North Atlantic Ocean) after the deployment of the Argo program. The average depth reached by the profiles also increased from 1950 to 2017. The validation framework is presented, and an objective analysis-based method is developed to assess the quality of the dataset validation process. Objective analyses (OAs) of the ocean variability are calculated without taking into account the data quality flags (raw dataset OA), with the near-real-time quality flags (NRT dataset OA), and with the delayed-time-mode quality flags (CORA dataset OA). The comparison of the objective analysis variability shows that the near-real-time dataset managed to detect and to flag most of the large measurement errors, reducing the analysis error bar compared to the raw dataset error bar. It also shows that the ocean variability of the delayed-time-mode validated dataset is almost exempt from random-error-induced variability.
Published: 2019

31. Challenges for Sustained Observing and Forecasting Systems in the Mediterranean Sea

Author: Emma Heslop, Javier Ruiz, François Galgani, Pablo Lorente, Ferial Louanchi, Pierre Testor, Susana Pérez Rubio, Romain Escudier, Alejandro Orfila, Roberto Bozzano, Georg Umgiesser, George Petihakis, Marc Torner, Sara Pensieri, Patrick Raimbault, George Zodiatis, Mélanie Juza, Patrick Farcy, Baris Salihoglu, David March, Simona Simoncelli, Daniel J. Hayes, Simón Ruiz, Paolo Lazzari, Giorgia Verri, Francesco Trotta, Loic Petit De La Villeon, Emanuela Clementi, Benjamín Casas, Joaquín Tintoré, D. Obaton, Constantin Frangoulis, Marco Bajo, Miguel Charcos-Llorens, Gianandrea Mannarini, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Vlado Malačič, Patricia Reglero, Edgar G. Pavia, Elena Mauri, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Rosalia Santoleri, Paz Rotllan, Svitlana Liubartseva, Toste Tanhua, Sylvie Pouliquen, Laurent Coppola, Gianpiero Cossarini, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Cristian Munoz-Mas, Diego Álvarez-Berastegui, Laurent Mortier, Antonio Novellino, Isaac Gertman, Luis F. Ruiz-Orejón, Slim Gana, Jacopo Chiggiato, Gerasimos Korres, Aldo Drago, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Inmaculada Ruiz, Eva Aguiar, Marcos García Sotillo, Katrin Schroeder, Gianmaria Sannino, Anna Teruzzi, Jesús García Lafuente, Baptiste Mourre, Ivica Vilibić, Karina von Schuckmann, Lorinc Meszaros, Emma Reyes, Marco Zavatarelli, Lluís Gómez-Pujol, Simone Sammartino, George Kallos, Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras, Vanessa Cardin, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Rosa Balbin, Karim Hilmi, Massimiliano Drudi, Devrim Tezcan, Alan Deidun, Pierre Garreau, Sarantis Sofianos, Alessandro Grandi, Barak Herut, Cristina Fossi, Stefano Salon, Ghada El Serafy, J. Pistoia, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Giovanni Coppini, Salvatore Marullo, Rafael Sardá, Mustafa Yücel, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Laura Prieto, Salud Deudero, Agustín Sánchez Arcilla, Rita Lecci, Georgios Sylaios, Ivan Federico, Ananda Pascual, Christian Ferrarin, Nadia Pinardi, Tintore, J., Pinardi, N., Alvarez-Fanjul, E., Aguiar, E., Alvarez-Berastegui, D., Bajo, M., Balbin, R., Bozzano, R., Nardelli, B. B., Cardin, V., Casas, B., Charcos-Llorens, M., Chiggiato, J., Clementi, E., Coppini, G., Coppola, L., Cossarini, G., Deidun, A., Deudero, S., D'Ortenzio, F., Drago, A., Drudi, M., El Serafy, G., Escudier, R., Farcy, P., Federico, I., Fernandez, J. G., Ferrarin, C., Fossi, C., Frangoulis, C., Galgani, F., Gana, S., Garcia Lafuente, J., Sotillo, M. G., Garreau, P., Gertman, I., Gomez-Pujol, L., Grandi, A., Hayes, D., Hernandez-Lasheras, J., Herut, B., Heslop, E., Hilmi, K., Juza, M., Kallos, G., Korres, G., Lecci, R., Lazzari, P., Lorente, P., Liubartseva, S., Louanchi, F., Malacic, V., Mannarini, G., March, D., Marullo, S., Mauri, E., Meszaros, L., Mourre, B., Mortier, L., Munoz-Mas, C., Novellino, A., Obaton, D., Orfila, A., Pascual, A., Pensieri, S., Perez Gomez, B., Perez Rubio, S., Perivoliotis, L., Petihakis, G., de la Villeon, L. P., Pistoia, J., Poulain, P. -M., Pouliquen, S., Prieto, L., Raimbault, P., Reglero, P., Reyes, E., Rotllan, P., Ruiz, S., Ruiz, J., Ruiz, I., Ruiz-Orejon, L. F., Salihoglu, B., Salon, S., Sammartino, S., Sanchez Arcilla, A., Sanchez-Roman, A., Sannino, G., Santoleri, R., Sarda, R., Schroeder, K., Simoncelli, S., Sofianos, S., Sylaios, G., Tanhua, T., Teruzzi, A., Testor, P., Tezcan, D., Torner, M., Trotta, F., Umgiesser, G., von Schuckmann, K., Verri, G., Vilibic, I., Yucel, M., Zavatarelli, M., Zodiatis, G., Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Cyprus Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears [Palma, Spain] (COB), Instituto Espagňol de Oceanografia (IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), University of Bologna, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), University of Cyprus (UCY), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Civil i Ambiental, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Tintore J., Pinardi N., Alvarez-Fanjul E., Aguiar E., Alvarez-Berastegui D., Bajo M., Balbin R., Bozzano R., Nardelli B.B., Cardin V., Casas B., Charcos-Llorens M., Chiggiato J., Clementi E., Coppini G., Coppola L., Cossarini G., Deidun A., Deudero S., D'Ortenzio F., Drago A., Drudi M., El Serafy G., Escudier R., Farcy P., Federico I., Fernandez J.G., Ferrarin C., Fossi C., Frangoulis C., Galgani F., Gana S., Garcia Lafuente J., Sotillo M.G., Garreau P., Gertman I., Gomez-Pujol L., Grandi A., Hayes D., Hernandez-Lasheras J., Herut B., Heslop E., Hilmi K., Juza M., Kallos G., Korres G., Lecci R., Lazzari P., Lorente P., Liubartseva S., Louanchi F., Malacic V., Mannarini G., March D., Marullo S., Mauri E., Meszaros L., Mourre B., Mortier L., Munoz-Mas C., Novellino A., Obaton D., Orfila A., Pascual A., Pensieri S., Perez Gomez B., Perez Rubio S., Perivoliotis L., Petihakis G., de la Villeon L.P., Pistoia J., Poulain P.-M., Pouliquen S., Prieto L., Raimbault P., Reglero P., Reyes E., Rotllan P., Ruiz S., Ruiz J., Ruiz I., Ruiz-Orejon L.F., Salihoglu B., Salon S., Sammartino S., Sanchez Arcilla A., Sanchez-Roman A., Sannino G., Santoleri R., Sarda R., Schroeder K., Simoncelli S., Sofianos S., Sylaios G., Tanhua T., Teruzzi A., Testor P., Tezcan D., Torner M., Trotta F., Umgiesser G., von Schuckmann K., Verri G., Vilibic I., Yucel M., Zavatarelli M., and Zodiatis G.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Science with and for society, Service (systems architecture), lcsh:QH1-199.5, Nature observation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, SDG's, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Operations research -- Case studies, sustained observations, 11. Sustainability, observing and forecasting system, Observing and forecasting systems, lcsh:Science, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Enginyeria agroalimentària::Ciències de la terra i de la vida::Climatologia i meteorologia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], SDG', observing and forecasting systems, ocean variability, FAIR data, climate, operational services, science with and for society, Prediction theory, Climatology -- Data processing, Environmental resource management, Seawater -- Mediterranean Region, operational service, Operational services, Variety (cybernetics), Mediterranean Sea--Climate, Ocean variability, Quantitative research -- Evaluation, Mediterrània, Mar -- Aspectes ambientals, Ocean observations, SDG’s, Best practice, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Sustained observations, 12. Responsible consumption, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Downstream (petroleum industry), Sustainable development, Ensemble forecasting, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, observing and forecasting systems, sustained observations, ocean variability, FAIR data, climate, operational services, science with and for society, SDG’s, Business
Abstract: Este artículo contiene 30 páginas, 14 figuras., The Mediterranean community represented in this paper is the result of more than 30 years of EU and nationally funded coordination, which has led to key contributions in science concepts and operational initiatives. Together with the establishment of operational services, the community has coordinated with universities, research centers, research infrastructures and private companies to implement advanced multi-platform and integrated observing and forecasting systems that facilitate the advancement of operational services, scientific achievements and mission-oriented innovation. Thus, the community can respond to societal challenges and stakeholders needs, developing a variety of fit-for-purpose services such as the Copernicus Marine Service. The combination of state-of-the-art observations and forecasting provides new opportunities for downstreamservices in response to the needs of the heavily populatedMediterranean coastal areas and to climate change. The challenge over the next decade is to sustain ocean observations within the research community, to monitor the variability at small scales, e.g., the mesoscale/submesoscale, to resolve the sub-basin/seasonal and inter-annual variability in the circulation, and thus establish the decadal variability, understand and correct the model-associated biases and to enhance model-data integration and ensemble forecasting for uncertainty estimation. Better knowledge and understanding of the level ofMediterranean variability will enable a subsequent evaluation of the impacts and mitigation of the effect of human activities and climate change on the biodiversity and the ecosystem, which will support environmental assessments and decisions. Further challenges include extending the science-based added-value products into societal relevant downstream services and engaging with communities to build initiatives that will contribute to the 2030 Agenda and more specifically to SDG14 and the UN’s Decade of Ocean Science for sustainable development, by this contributing to bridge the science-policy gap. The Mediterranean observing and forecasting capacity was built on the basis of community best practices in monitoring and modeling, and can serve as a basis for the development of an integrated global ocean observing system.
Published: 2019

32. Monitoring the Atlantic Ocean, an international and innovative effort

Author: Barbier, Michèle, Claustre, Hervé, Obolensky, Grigor, and Sylvie Pouliquen
Published: 2019

33. The In situ component of the CMEMS – Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service

Author: Loic Petit De La Villeon, Sylvie Pouliquen, and Cmems Instac, Partners
Published: 2018

34. Towards an integrated EU data system within AtlantOS

Author: Sylvie Pouliquen, Valérie Harscoat, and Wp, Atlantos Partners
Abstract: The H2020 AtlantOS project started in June 2015 and aims to optimise and enhance the Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing Systems (IAOOS). One goal is to ensure that data from different and diverse in-situ observing networks are readily accessible and useable to the wider community, international ocean science community and other stakeholders in this field. To achieve that, the strategy is to move towards an integrated data system within AtlantOS that harmonises work flows, data processing and distribution across the in-situ observing network systems, and integrates in-situ observations in existing European and international data infrastructures (Copernicus marine service, SeaDataNet NODCs, EMODnet, OBIS, GEOSS) so called Integrators. The targeted integrated system will deal with data management challenges for efficient and reliable data service to users: (1) Quality control commons for heterogeneous and nearly real time data, (2) Standardisation of mandatory metadata for efficient data exchange, and (3) Interoperability of network and integrator data management systems Presently the situation is that the data acquired by the different in situ observing networks contributing to the AtlantOS project are processed and distributed using different methodologies and means. Depending on the network data management organization, the data are either processed following recommendations elaborated y the network teams and accessible through a unique portal (FTP or Web), or are processed by individual scientific researchers and made available through National Data Centres or directly at institution level. Some datasets are available through Integrators, such as Copernicus or EMODnet, but connected through ad-hoc links. To facilitate the access to the Atlantic observations and avoid “mixing apples and oranges”, it has been necessary to agree on (1) the EOVs list and definition across the Networks, (2) a minimum set of common vocabularies for metadata and data description to be used by all the Networks, and (3) a minimum level of Near Real Time Quality Control Procedures for selected EOVs. Then a data exchange backbone has been defined and is being setting up to facilitate discovery, viewing and downloading by the users. Some tools will be recommended to help Network plugging their data on this backbone and facilitate integration in the Integrators. Finally, existing services to the users for data discovery, viewing and downloading will be enhanced to ease access to existing observations. An initial working phase relying on existing international standards and protocols, involving data providers, both Networks and Integrators, and dealing with data harmonisation and integration objectives, has led to agreements and recommendations on: (1) a list of EOVs across the Networks, (2) a minimum set of metadata common vocabularies to be used by all networks, (3) a minimum level of Near Real Time Quality Control Procedures for selected EOVs (T, S , Current, O2, Chl, Nitrate, Sea Level, Carbon), and (4) basic services (discovery, viewing and downloading) to distribute the data The setup phase has started, both on Networks and Integrators sides, to adapt the existing systems in order to move toward this integrated EU data system within AtlantOS.
Published: 2018

35. CORA 5.0: Global in situ temperature and salinity dataset

Author: Szekely, Tanguy, Gourrion, Jerome, Sylvie Pouliquen, and Reverdin, Gilles
Published: 2018

36. Data flow and Data integration - WP7. 5th meeting – Implementation phase, 20th November 2017 at PLOCAN, Gran Canaria

Author: Valérie Harscoat, Sylvie Pouliquen, and Wp, Atlantos Partners
Abstract: The objectives of this 5th AtlantOS WP7 meeting were - review progress on the implementation (Task 7.3) of the recommendations and enhancements at Network and Integrator level based on actions decided at the 4th meeting mid-December 2016, - progress on monitoring and traceability services that aims to assess Atlantic Ocean Observation performance and to feedback data providers with statistics for acknowledgement of their contribution to the systems, - follow-up of the Transatlantic workshop held in June 2017 and the actions identified - present the GEOSS workshop on 24th November 2017, starting point for the integration in GEOSS, - review activities on-going in the further tasks of WP7 that aim (1) to assess the impact of AtlantOS observations in models through Copernicus (Task 7.4) and (2) to develop and deliver ocean products derived from these observations both for research and for applications (Task 7.5).
Published: 2017

37. Potential for an underwater glider component as part of the Global Ocean Observing System

Author: Laurent Mortier, Karen J. Heywood, Pekka Alenius, Simón Ruiz, Sylvie Pouliquen, Daniel Hayes, Taavi Liblik, Pierre Testor, Johannes Karstensen, Elena Mauri, European Commission, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Marine Systems Institute (MSI), Tallinn Technical University, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Oceanography Centre, University of Cyprus = Université de Chypre, Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Norwich] (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)-University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), and Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Global ocean observing system, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Underwater glider, Ocean Engineering, Context (language use), Aquatic Science, Sustained observations, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Range (aeronautics), Component (UML), Earth Science, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, GOOS, Mode (statistics), Glider, Sampling (statistics), Data flow diagram, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Marine engineering
Abstract: The contributions of autonomous underwater gliders as an observing platform in the in-situ global ocean observing system (GOOS) are investigated. The assessment is done in two ways: First, the existing in-situ observing platforms contributing to GOOS (floats, surface drifters, moorings, research/commercial ships) are characterized in terms of their current capabilities in sampling key physical and bio-geochemical oceanic processes. Next the gliders’ capabilities are evaluated in the context of key applications. This includes an evaluation of 140 references presented in the peer-reviewed literature. It is found that GOOS has adequate coverage of sampling in the open ocean for several physical processes. There is a lack of data in the present GOOS in the transition regions between the open ocean and shelf seas. However, most of the documented scientific glider applications operate in this region, suggesting that a sustained glider component in the GOOS could fill that gap. Glider data are included for routine product generation (e.g. alerts, maps). Other noteworthy process-oriented applications where gliders are important survey tools include local sampling of the (sub)mesoscale, sampling in shallow coastal areas, measurements in hazardous environments, and operational monitoring. In most cases, the glider studies address investigations and monitoring of processes across multiple disciplines, making use of the ease to implement a wide range of sensors to gliders. The maturity of glider operations, the wide range of applications that map onto growing GOOS regional needs, and the maturity of glider data flow all justify the formal implementation of gliders into the GOOS. Remaining challenges include the execution of coordinated multinational missions in a sustained mode as well as considering capacity-building aspects in glider operations as well as glider data use., Comments from two anonymous reviewers and the Associate Editor G. Griffiths are appreciated. This work was supported by the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7 2007–2013), under grant agreement number 284321 GROOM (www.groom-fp7.eu); and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement number 633211 AtlantOS.
Published: 2016

38. Fifteen years of ocean observations with the global Argo array

Author: Pierre Yves Le Traon, Jon Turton, M. Ravichandran, Denis Gilbert, Isabelle J. Ansorge, Brian A. King, Toshio Suga, Philip Sutton, Ariel Troisi, Dean Roemmich, Susan Wijffels, Stephen C. Riser, Byunghwan Lim, Sylvie Pouliquen, Pedro Vélez-Belchí, Howard J. Freeland, Birgit Klein, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Guillaume Maze, Kjell Arne Mork, Steven R. Jayne, Fiona Grant, Jianping Xu, Molly O. Baringer, Andreas Sterl, Mathieu Belbeoch, and Ann Thresher
Subjects: Ocean observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Climate Change, Temperature salinity diagrams, Initialization, Climate change, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Climate model, Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project, Ocean Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Ocean heat content, Medio Marino, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Argo, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: More than 90% of the heat energy accumulation in the climate system between 1971 and the present has been in the ocean. Thus, the ocean plays a crucial role in determining the climate of the planet. Observing the oceans is problematic even under the most favourable of conditions. Historically, shipboard ocean sampling has left vast expanses, particularly in the Southern Ocean, unobserved for long periods of time. Within the past 15 years, with the advent of the global Argo array of pro ling oats, it has become possible to sample the upper 2,000 m of the ocean globally and uniformly in space and time. The primary goal of Argo is to create a systematic global network of pro ling oats that can be integrated with other elements of the Global Ocean Observing System. The network provides freely available temperature and salinity data from the upper 2,000 m of the ocean with global coverage. The data are available within 24 hours of collection for use in a broad range of applications that focus on examining climate-relevant variability on seasonal to decadal timescales, multidecadal climate change, improved initialization of coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models and constraining ocean analysis and forecasting systems., SI
Published: 2016

39. Argo: The Challenge of Continuing 10 Years of Progress

Author: Dean Roemmich, Susan Wijffels, Andreas Sterl, Howard J. Freeland, W. John Gould, W. Brechner Owens, Birgit Klein, Suk, Thierry, Sylvie Pouliquen, PJ Valez-Belch, Mark Ignaszewski, Philip Sutton, M Belboch, Silvia L. Garzoli, P. Y. Le Traon, Kjell Arne Mork, Fiona Grant, M. Ravichandran, Brian A. King, Stephen C. Riser, Toshio Suga, and J. Xu
Subjects: Meteorology, global ocean observing system, Ocean current, ocean data assimilation, GODAE, Oceanography, Data set, lcsh:Oceanography, Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Data assimilation, Argo, Climatology, Global Telecommunications System, Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Environmental science, Satellite, lcsh:GC1-1581, Medio Marino, Predictability
Abstract: In only 10 years, the Argo Program has grown from an idea into a functioning global observing system for the subsurface ocean. More than 3000 Argo floats now cover the world ocean. With these instruments operating on 10-day cycles, the array provides 9000 temperature/salinity/depth profiles every month that are quickly available via the Global Telecommunications System and the Internet. Argo is recognized as a major advance for oceanography, and a success for Argo’s parent programs, the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment and Climate Variability and Predictability, and for the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. The value of Argo data in ocean data assimilation (ODA) and other applications is being demonstrated, and will grow as the data set is extended in time and as experience in using the data set leads to new applications. The spatial coverage and quality of the Argo data set are improving, with consideration being given to sampling under seasonal ice at higher latitudes, in additional marginal seas, and to greater depths. Argo data products of value in ODA modeling are under development, and Argo data are being tested to confirm their consistency with related satellite and in situ data. Maintenance of the Argo Program for the next decade and longer is needed for a broad range of climate and oceanographic research and for many operational applications in ocean state estimation and prediction., Sí
Published: 2009

40. Data Assembly and Processing for Operational Oceanography: Ten Years of Achievements

Author: Sylvie Pouliquen, N. Hoepffner, Gilles Larnicol, Abderrahim Bentamy, F. Bonjean, H. Roquet, P. Y. Le Traon, L A Breivick, Gregg A. Jacobs, D. Griffin, Craig Donlon, Dean Roemmich, and Stephanie Guinehut
Subjects: geography, Data processing, geography.geographical_feature_category, Global High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project, operational oceanography, Oceanography, GODAE, Sea surface temperature, data centers, lcsh:Oceanography, Data assimilation, Ocean color, Sea ice, Information system, Environmental science, Altimeter, lcsh:GC1-1581, Argo, Remote sensing
Abstract: Data assembly and processing centers are essential elements of the operational oceanography infrastructure. They provide data and products needed by modeling and data assimilation systems; they also provide products directly useable for applications. This paper discusses the role and functions of the data centers for operational oceanography. It describes some of the main data assembly centers (Argo and in situ data, altimetry, sea surface temperature) developed during the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment. An overview of other data centers (wind and fluxes, ocean color, sea ice) is also given. Much progress has been achieved over the past ten years to validate, intercalibrate, and merge altimeter data from multiple satellites. Accuracy and timeliness of products have been improved, and new products have been developed. The same is true for sea surface temperature data through the Global High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project. A breakthrough in processing, quality control, and assembly for in situ data has also been achieved through the development of the real-time and delayed-mode Argo data system. In situ and remote-sensing data are now systematically and jointly used to calibrate, validate, and monitor over the long term the quality and consistency of the global ocean observing system. Main results are illustrated. There is also a review of the development and use of products that merge in situ and remote-sensing data. Future issues and main prospects are discussed in the conclusion.
Published: 2009

41. European marine observation data network — EMODnet physics

Author: Sylvie Pouliquen, Antonio Novellino, Giacomo Benedetti, Paolo D'Angelo, Dick Schaap, Patrick Gorringe, Giuseppe Manzella, and Lesley Rickards
Subjects: Physics, Engineering, Database, business.industry, Interoperability, computer.software_genre, Wind speed, Metadata, Software, SensorML, 13. Climate action, Wave height, 14. Life underwater, Web service, business, computer, Argo, Remote sensing
Abstract: The EMODnet — Physics is a Marine Observation and Data Information System that provides a single point of access to near real time and historical achieved data. It is includes systems for physical data from the whole Europe (wave height and period, temperature of the water column, wind speed and direction, salinity of the water column, horizontal velocity of the water column, light attenuation, and sea level) as monitored by fixed stations, ARGO floats, drifting buoys, gliders, and ferry-boxes. It does provide discovering of data sets (both near real time and historical data sets), viewing and free and open downloading of the data from more than 4400 platforms. Moreover, the system provides full interoperability with third-party software through WMS service, Web Service and Web catalogue in order to exchange data and products according to the most recent interoperability standards. Recent developments ensure the compatibility to the OGS-SWE (Sensor Web Enablement) standard for the description of sensors and related observations using OpenGIS specifications (SensorML, O&M, SOS).
Published: 2015

42. European marine observation data network — EMODnet Physics

Author: Patrick Gorringe, Dick Schaap, Antonio Novellino, Lesley Rickards, Sylvie Pouliquen, and Giuseppe Manzella
Subjects: Thematic map, Geographic information system, Oceanography, Meteorology, business.industry, Data quality, Wind wave, Information system, Bathymetry, Wind direction, business, Wind speed, Geology
Abstract: Recently the European Commission undertook steps towards a European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) in order to standardize method for observing and assessing the grade of the Member States seas and improve access to high quality data. Since 2008-2009, European Commission, represented by the Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (DG MARE), is running several service contracts for creating pilot thematic components of the ur-EMODNET: Biology, Bathymetry, Chemistry, Geology, Habitats, and Physics. The existing EMODnet-Physics portal (www.emodnet-physics.eu) is based on a strong collaboration between EuroGOOS member institutes and its regional operational oceanographic systems (ROOSs), and the National Oceanographic Data Centres (NODCs), and it is a marine observation information system, it includes systems for physical data from the whole Europe (wave height and period, temperature of the water column, wind speed and direction, salinity of the water column, horizontal velocity of the water column, light attenuation, and sea level) provided mainly by fixed stations and ferry-box platforms, discovering related data sets (both near real time and historical data sets), viewing and downloading of the data from about 500 platforms. (www.emodnet-physics.eu/map) and it contributes towards the definition of an operational European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet).
Published: 2014

43. The CORA dataset: validation and diagnostics of in-situ ocean temperature and salinity measurements

Author: V. Turpin, Cecile Cabanes, K. von Schuckmann, Sylvie Pouliquen, Thierry Carval, Christine Coatanoan, P. Y. Le Traon, M. Hamon, A. Grouazel, N. Ferry, Stephanie Guinehut, C. Boone, F. Paris, C. de Boyer Montégut, Gilles Reverdin, Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Oéanographie Spatiale [Plouzané] (LOS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), SISMER, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Spatiale (LOS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The publication of this article is financed by CNRS-INSU, European Project: 218812,EC:FP7:SPA,FP7-SPACE-2007-1,MYOCEAN(2009), Systèmes d'Information Scientifique pour la Mer (SISMER), Infrastructures de Recherche et Systèmes d'Information (IRSI), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, 010505 oceanography, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Temperature salinity diagrams, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Diagnostic tools, 01 natural sciences, CORA dataset, Salinity, Sea surface temperature, lcsh:G, Homogeneous, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: The French program Coriolis, as part of the French operational oceanographic system, produces the COriolis dataset for Re-Analysis (CORA) on a yearly basis. This dataset contains in-situ temperature and salinity profiles from different data types. The latest release CORA3 covers the period 1990 to 2010. Several tests have been developed to ensure a homogeneous quality control of the dataset and to meet the requirements of the physical ocean reanalysis activities (assimilation and validation). Improved tests include some simple tests based on comparison with climatology and a model background check based on a global ocean reanalysis. Visual quality control is performed on all suspicious temperature and salinity profiles identified by the tests, and quality flags are modified in the dataset if necessary. In addition, improved diagnostic tools have been developed – including global ocean indicators – which give information on the quality of the CORA3 dataset and its potential applications. CORA3 is available on request through the MyOcean Service Desk (http://www.myocean.eu/).
Published: 2013

44. EGO : towards a global glider infrastructure for the benefit of marine research and operational oceanography

Author: Testor, Pierre, Mortier, Laurent, Karstensen, Johannes, Mauri, Elena, Heywood, Karen J., Hayes, Dan, Alenius, Pekka, Alvarez, Alberto, Barrera, Carlos, Beguery, Laurent, Bernardet, Karim, Bertino, Laurent, BESZCZYNSKA-MOLLER AGNIESZKA, Thierry Carval, Counillon, François, Dumont, Estelle, Griffiths, Gwyn, Haugan, Peter M., Kaiser, Jan, Kasis, Dimitri, Krahmann, Gerd, Llinas, Octavio, Merckelbach, Lucas, Mourre, Baptiste, Nittis, Kostas, Onken, Reiner, Ortenzio Fabrizio, D., Sylvie Pouliquen, Proelss, Alexander, Riethmuller, Rolf, Ruiz, Simon, Sherwin, Toby, Smeed, David, Stemmann, Lars, Tikka, Kimmo, and Tintore, Joaquin
Published: 2012

45. The CORA dataset: validation and diagnostics of ocean temperature and salinity in situ measurements

Author: Cecile Cabanes, K. von Schuckmann, Stephanie Guinehut, N. Ferry, M. Hamon, Antoine Grouazel, C. Boone, Sylvie Pouliquen, Christine Coatanoan, P. Y. Le Traon, V. Turpin, and Gilles Reverdin
Subjects: Salinity, Sea surface temperature, Meteorology, Homogeneous, Temperature salinity diagrams, Environmental science, Diagnostic tools, CORA dataset, Remote sensing
Abstract: The French program Coriolis as part of the French oceanographic operational system produces the COriolis dataset for Re-Analysis (CORA) on a yearly basis which is based on temperature and salinity measurements on observed levels from different data types. The latest release of CORA covers the period 1990 to 2010. To qualify this dataset, several tests have been developed to improve in a homogeneous way the quality of the raw dataset and to fit the level required by the physical ocean re-analysis activities (assimilation and validation). These include some simple tests, climatological tests and a model background check based on a global ocean reanalysis. Visual quality control (QC) is performed on all suspicious temperature (T) and salinity (S) profiles identified by the tests and quality flags are modified in the dataset if necessary. In addition, improved diagnostic tools were developed – including global ocean indicators – which give information on the potential and quality of the CORA dataset for all applications. This Coriolis product is available on request through the MyOcean Service Desk (http://www.myocean.eu/).
Published: 2012

46. Le projet Equipex NAOS : l'observation globale des océans Préparation de la nouvelle décennie d'Argo

Author: Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Michel Guigue, Hervé Claustre, Patrice Brault, Marc Le Menn, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Virginie Thierry, Sylvie Pouliquen, Serge Le Reste, and Marcel Babin
Subjects: cyclone tropical, océan mondial, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, température de l'eau, mousson, prévision climatique, circulation générale océanique, tempête, climatologie océanographique, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, modèle couplé océan-atmosphère, altimètre radar, 13. Climate action, CO2, 14. Life underwater, modèle climatique, réchauffement climatique, salinité de l'eau, El-Niño, méthode d'observation océanographique, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: NAOS (Novel Argo Ocean observing System) is one of the 52 projects selected as part of the Equipex call for proposals from the French programme d'investissements d'avenir. The overall objective of the project is to consolidate and improve the French and European contribution to the international Argo observing system and to prepare the next decade of Argo. The challenge is to set up an effective monitoring of the world ocean and to strengthen French leadership in ocean and climate research and prediction., NAOS (Novel Argo Ocean observing System) est l'un des 52 lauréats de l'appel à projets Equipex du programme d'investissements d'avenir. L'objectif de NAOS est de consolider la participation française et européenne au réseau international Argo de flotteurs profilants et d'anticiper les évolutions du réseau pour la prochaine décennie. L'enjeu est de mettre en place une véritable surveillance de l'ensemble des océans et de renforcer l'excellence française dans l'observation et la prévision de l'océan et du climat.
Published: 2012

47. The EuroSITES open ocean observatory network: Results and future vision

Author: Richard Lampitt (1), Kate Larkin (1), Sue Hartman (1), Athanasois Gkritzalis (1), Maureen Pagnani (1), Corinne Pebody (1), Henry Ruhl (1), David Billett (1), Veit Hühnerbach (1), Doug Masson (1), Sven Østerhus (2), Kostas Nittis (3), Vasilis Lykousis (3), George Petihakis (3), Vanessa Cardin (4), Manuel Bensi (4), Fabio Brunetti (4), Roberto Bozzano (5), Sara Pensieri (5), Doug Wallace (6), Johannes Karstensen (6), Christian Berndt (6), Imants Priede (7), Anne Holford (7), Tomasz Niedzielski (7), Lee Hastie (7), Alan Jamieson (7), Laurent Coppola (8), Christian Tamburini (8), Dominique Lefèvre (8), Anne Robert (8), Sylvie Pouliquen (9), Thierry Carval (9), Sylvain Ghiron (10), Octavio Llinás-González (11), Andrés Cianca (11), Oscar Melicio (12), Carlos Santos (12), Anibal Medina (12), Pericles Silva (12), Ivanice Monteiro (12), Melchor González-Dávila (13), and Magdalena Santana-Casiano (13)
Abstract: The EuroSITES project is a network of open ocean reference stations around Europe (www.eurosites.info). Using moorings and other infrastructure the EuroSITES observatories currently deliver a unique set of climate sensitive atmospheric and oceanographic datasets in near real-time from key open ocean sites. Starting with nine core observatories in 2008, the network has expanded to 10 key sites within the Norwegian and Mediterranean Seas and the North Atlantic Ocean. The significant investment by both National and EU agencies has greatly developed Europe's capability for in situ ocean biogeochemistry so that O2, pCO2, chlorophyll, and nitrate are measured at several observatories with data transmitted in near real-time from the upper 1000 m. EuroSITES has also supported the development of technologies for autonomous long-term measurement of oxygen consumption in the mesopelagic, pH and mesozooplankton abundance, and seafloor missions including tsunami detection and pore water pressure (fluid flow) in the Eastern Mediterranean. The current EU funding for the EuroSITES network (3.5 Million Euros; 2008-2011) has been crucial for developing the integration of the observatories with a common management and coordinated open access to data and metadata. As a result, the EuroSITES network is at a mature stage of development and is moving towards an integrated operational European infrastructure. As the European contribution to the international OceanSITES network (www.oceansites.org) the standardised datasets (OceanSITES NetCDF) are uploaded daily to the OceanSITES ftp site, the GMES MyOcean project and the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) for wider utilisation by the modelling communities and other users. Examples of ongoing activity include ocean modelling reanalysis studies with the expectation of use in the future by operational forecasting services. These developments have led to EuroSITES becoming considered as a key ocean data provider for the joint EC and ESA initiative Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES). Outreach and knowledge transfer of EuroSITES activities and results are also a key component to the project with a dedicated outreach website. Educational tools produced include a Fact Sheet, cruise diaries reporting science missions as they happen and two educational films about the network and links with other relevant projects including ESONET and HERMIONE. Despite the progress and the clear need for in situ open ocean datasets, there is currently no future EU funding committed to maintaining the EuroSITES observatory network beyond April 2011. However, significant interaction with relevant projects including ESONET, EMSO, HERMIONE, GISC, EMODNET and OOI has been very productive and is ongoing. As a result, it is intended that the EuroSITES observatories will be a key component of a future integrated in situ ocean observing system around Europe linking with other in situ and remote infrastructures including gliders, floats, ships and satellites. Since 2008, EuroSITES has been a registered contributor to the ocean component of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), particularly through task AR-09-03c 'Global Ocean Observing Systems', data management and related societal benefit areas including climate and biodiversity. Following presentations at science and technology meetings, GEO workshops and the 2010 GEO Ministerial Summit in Beijing, it is anticipated that EuroSITES will continue to develop its contribution to the future 2012-2015 GEO Workplan, the implementation of the Data Sharing Action Plan and the development of a European Strategy for GEO. In situ atmospheric and ocean time-series from fixed-point observatories will continue to be critical to monitor and detect longer-term trends as distinct from natural variability, validate ocean and climate models and reduce uncertainty in future predictions. The EuroSITES network is a key component of the in-situ infrastructure needed to achieve this.
Published: 2011

48. Argo - A Decade of Progress

Author: Mathieu Belbeoch, M. Ravichandran, Brian A. King, John Gould, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Jianping Zu, Breck Owens, Birgit Klein, Fiona Grant, Pedro Vélez-Belchí, Howard J. Freeland, Stephen C. Riser, Dean Roemmich, Susan Wijffels, Ariel Troisi, Sylvie Pouliquen, Mark Ignazewski, Toshio Suga, Virginie Thierry, Silvia L. Garzoli, Andeas Sterl, Moon-Sik Suk, Kjell Arne Mork, and Philip Sutton
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, media_common.quotation_subject, Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Art history, Art, Medio Marino, 01 natural sciences, Argo, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: Howard J. Freeland , Dean Roemmich , Silvia L. Garzoli , Pierre-Yves Le Traon , Muthalagu Ravichandran , Stephen Riser , Virginie Thierry , Susan Wijffels , Mathieu Belbeoch , John Gould , Fiona Grant , Mark Ignazewski , Brian King , Birgit Klein , Kjell Arne Mork , Breck Owens , Sylvie Pouliquen , Andreas Sterl , Toshio Suga , Moon-Sik Suk , Philip Sutton , Ariel Troisi , Pedro Joaquin Velez-Belchi , and Jianping Xu (24)
Published: 2010

49. Ocean Data Dissemination: New Challenges for Data Integration

Author: M.C. Gregg, Robert Keeley, Janet J. Fredericks, Derrick Snowden, E. Vanden Berghe, Sylvie Pouliquen, J. F. de La Beaujardiere, S. Hankin, Frederique Blanc, G. Reed, and J. D. Blower
Subjects: Ocean observations, Engineering, Geographic information system, business.industry, Emerging technologies, computer.software_genre, Data science, World Wide Web, Open standard, Data exchange, The Internet, business, Dissemination, computer, Data integration
Abstract: In the decade since OceanObs `99, great advances have been made in the field of ocean data dissemination. The use of Internet technologies has transformed the landscape: users can now find, evaluate and access data rapidly and securely using only a web browser. This paper describes the current state of the art in dissemination methods for ocean data, focussing particularly on ocean observations from in situ and remote sensing platforms. We discuss current efforts being made to improve the consistency of delivered data and to increase the potential for automated integration of diverse datasets. An important recent development is the adoption of open standards from the Geographic Information Systems community; we discuss the current impact of these new technologies and their future potential. We conclude that new approaches will indeed be necessary to exchange data more effectively and forge links between communities, but these approaches must be evaluated critically through practical tests, and existing ocean data exchange technologies must be used to their best advantage. Investment in key technology components, cross-community pilot projects and the enhancement of end-user software tools will be required in order to assess and demonstrate the value of any new technology.
Published: 2010

50. Coriolis Ocean database for Re-Analyses

Author: Cecile Cabanes, Clement de Boyer Montegut, Coatanoan, Christine, Ferry, N., Cecile Pertuisot, Schuckmann, Karina, Loic Petit De La Villeon, Thierry Carval, Sylvie Pouliquen, and Le Traon, Pierre-Yves
Subjects: ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS
Published: 2010

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