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4. Urban Overheating and Impact on Health: An Introduction

Author

Mavrogianni, Anna, Tsoulou, Ioanna, Heaviside, Clare, Oikonomou, Eleni, Petrou, Giorgos, Symonds, Phil, Davies, Mike, Taylor, Jonathon, Milojevic, Ai, Wilkinson, Paul, Howlett, Robert J., Series Editor, Littlewood, John, Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Aghamohammadi, Nasrin, editor, and Santamouris, Mat, editor

Published
2022
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5. Heat-Related Mortality in London

Author

Mavrogianni, Anna, Taylor, Jonathon, Milojevic, Ai, Oikonomou, Eleni, Heaviside, Clare, Tsoulou, Ioanna, Petrou, Giorgos, Symonds, Phil, Davies, Mike, Wilkinson, Paul, Howlett, Robert J., Series Editor, Littlewood, John, Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Aghamohammadi, Nasrin, editor, and Santamouris, Mat, editor

Published
2022
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7. Cool Cities by Design: Shaping a Healthy and Equitable London in a Warming Climate

Author

Mavrogianni, Anna, Taylor, Jonathon, Symonds, Phil, Oikonomou, Eleni, Pineo, Helen, Zimmermann, Nici, Davies, Mike, McGregor, Glenn R., Series Editor, de Dear, Richard, Editorial Board Member, Ebi, Kristie L., Editorial Board Member, Scott, Daniel, Editorial Board Member, Sheridan, Scott, Editorial Board Member, Schwartz, Mark D., Editorial Board Member, Ren, Chao, editor, and McGregor, Glenn, editor

Published
2021
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11. Systemic Inequalities in Heat Risk for Greater London

Author

Cole, Rebecca Rose, primary, Ferguson, Laura, additional, Heaviside, Clare, additional, Murage, Peninah, additional, Macintyre, Helen L., additional, Taylor, Jonathon, additional, Simpson, Charles H., additional, Brousse, Oscar, additional, Symonds, Phil, additional, Davies, Michael, additional, and Hajat, Shakoor, additional

Published
2024
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15. Optimal retrofit solutions considering thermal comfort and intervention costs for the Mediterranean social housing stock

Author

Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas I (ETSA), Calama González, Carmen María, Symonds, Phil, León Rodríguez, Ángel Luis, Suárez Medina, Rafael Carlos, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas I (ETSA), Calama González, Carmen María, Symonds, Phil, León Rodríguez, Ángel Luis, and Suárez Medina, Rafael Carlos

Abstract

There is an impending need to retrofit the existing social housing stock to improve thermal comfort and to reduce energy demand. This research proposes calibrated building stock models to assess thermal comfort of the social housing stock of southern Spain (Mediterranean area). Several retrofit strategies are optimised using a genetic algorithm to obtain the best retrofit solutions, considering three objectives: annual overheating hours (%), annual undercooling hours (%) and investment costs (€/m2). Results are shown for four different climatic areas in southern Spain. This study finds that it is possible to retrofit the aforementioned stock considering investment costs from approximately 20–200 €/m2. The percent- age of improvements for each climatic area are as follows: in Sevilla (B4 climatic area), investments costs up to 50 €/m2 led to 40% and 20% annual overheating and undercooling hours. In Cádiz, (A3 climatic area), 15% and 22% overheating and undercooling hours were achieved with medium-cost solutions (50–100 €/ m2). In Almería (A4 climatic area), also medium-cost strategies reported approximately 15% and 30% overheating and undercooling hours. In Granada (C3 climatic area), 15% and 38% overheating and under- cooling hours were obtained with medium-cost measures. Yet, applying high-cost solutions (100–200 €/ m2) only significantly improved thermal comfort in Almería and Sevilla

Published
2022

19. The CUSSH programme: supporting cities’ transformational change towards health and sustainability

Author

Davies, Michael, primary, Belesova, Kristine, additional, Crane, Melanie, additional, Hale, Joanna, additional, Haines, Andy, additional, Hutchinson, Emma, additional, Kiesewetter, Gregor, additional, Mberu, Blessing, additional, Mohajeri, Nahid, additional, Michie, Susan, additional, Milner, James, additional, Moore, Gemma, additional, Osrin, David, additional, Pineo, Helen, additional, Pluchinotta, Irene, additional, Prasad, Aarathi, additional, Salvia, Giuseppe, additional, Symonds, Phil, additional, Taylor, Jonathon, additional, Turcu, Catalina, additional, Tsoulou, Ioanna, additional, Zimmermann, Nici, additional, and Wilkinson, Paul, additional

Published
2021
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22. Replacing Jeanneau SO 42 DS windows.

Author

Symonds, Phil

Subjects
ACRYLIC paint, YACHTS, PREFABRICATED houses, CLEANING compounds, VACUUM cleaners, SHIPYARDS, BEADS
Published
2024

23. Relationship-building around a policy decision-support tool for urban health

Author

Deloly, Clément, primary, Roué-Le Gall, Anne, additional, Moore, Gemma, additional, Bretelle, Lucy, additional, Milner, Jame, additional, Mohajeri, Nahid, additional, Osrin, David, additional, Salvia, Giuseppe, additional, Symonds, Phil, additional, Tsoulou, Ioanna, additional, Zimmermann, Nici, additional, Wilkinson, Paul, additional, and Davies, Michael, additional

Published
2021
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25. Bayesian calibration of building energy models for uncertainty analysis through test cells monitoring

Author

Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas I (ETSA), Universidad de Sevilla. TEP130: Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Sostenibilidad: Acústica, Iluminación, Óptica y Energía, Calama-González, Carmen María, Symonds, Phil, Petrou, Giorgos, Suárez Medina, Rafael Carlos, León-Rodríguez, Ángel Luis, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas I (ETSA), Universidad de Sevilla. TEP130: Arquitectura, Patrimonio y Sostenibilidad: Acústica, Iluminación, Óptica y Energía, Calama-González, Carmen María, Symonds, Phil, Petrou, Giorgos, Suárez Medina, Rafael Carlos, and León-Rodríguez, Ángel Luis

Abstract

Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings is a priority for meeting energy consumption and CO2 emission targets in buildings. Building simulation tools play a crucial role in evaluating the performance of energy retrofit options. In this paper, a Bayesian calibration approach is applied to reduce the discrepancies between measured and simulated temperature data. Through its application to a test cell case study, the incorporation of sensitivity analysis and Bayesian calibration techniques are proven to improve the level of agreement between on-site measurements and simulated outputs, whilst accounting for both experimental and simulation uncertainties. The accuracy of a building simulation model developed using EnergyPlus was evaluated before and after calibration. Uncalibrated models were within the uncertainty ranges specified by the ASHARE Guidelines, with hourly simulation data over-predicting measurements by 3.2 °C on average. After Bayesian calibration, the average maximum temperature difference was reduced to around 0.68 °C, an improvement of almost 80%.

Published
2021

26. A tool for assessing the climate change mitigation and health impacts of environmental policies: the Cities Rapid Assessment Framework for Transformation (CRAFT)

Author

Symonds, Phil, primary, Milner, James, additional, Mohajeri, Nahid, additional, Aplin, Juliette, additional, Hale, Joanna, additional, J Lloyd, Simon, additional, Fremont, Henry, additional, Younkin, Sam, additional, Shrubsole, Clive, additional, Robertson, Lawrie, additional, Taylor, Jonathon, additional, Zimmermann, Nici, additional, Wilkinson, Paul, additional, and Davies, Mike, additional

Published
2021
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28. The CUSSH programme: learning how to support cities’ transformational change towards health and sustainability

Author

Davies, Michael, primary, Belesova, Kristine, additional, Crane, Melanie, additional, Hale, Joanna, additional, Haines, Andy, additional, Hutchinson, Emma, additional, Kiesewetter, Gregor, additional, Mberu, Blessing, additional, Mohajeri, Nahid, additional, Michie, Susan, additional, Milner, James, additional, Moore, Gemma, additional, Osrin, David, additional, Pineo, Helen, additional, Pluchinotta, Irene, additional, Prasad, Aarathi, additional, Salvia, Giuseppe, additional, Symonds, Phil, additional, Taylor, Jonathon, additional, Turcu, Catalina, additional, Tsoulou, Ioanna, additional, Zimmermann, Nici, additional, and Wilkinson, Paul, additional

Published
2021
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31. A tool for assessing the climate change mitigation and health impacts of environmental policies: the Cities Rapid Assessment Framework for Transformation (CRAFT)

Author

Symonds, Phil, Milner, James, and Rayeni, Nahid Mohajeri Pour

Abstract

Supplementary File 1. This file contains assumptions; Calculation steps; Central estimates of percentage changes in GHGs emissions, indoor and outdoor air pollutants, housing-related risks, and travel-related physical activity due to ten current policy actions in London

Published
2020
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32. Use of Beta Regression to investigate the link between home air infiltration rate and self-reported health

Author

Lu, S, Symonds, Phil, Verschoor, Nanda, Chalabi, Zaid, Taylor, Jonathon, Davies, Michael, Tampere University, and Civil Engineering

Subjects
212 Civil and construction engineering, History, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract

The UK has introduced ambitious legislation for reaching net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. Improving the energy efficiency of homes is a key priority in achieving this target and solutions include minimising unwanted heat losses and decarbonising heating and cooling. Making a dwelling more airtight and applying insulation can result in a lower energy demand by reducing unwanted heat loss through fabric and openings. However, the supply of sufficient outdoor air is required to dilute indoor airborne pollutants. This research investigates the relationship between dwelling air infiltration and self-reported health at population neighbourhood level for Greater London. This paper links data from a variety of sources including Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs), the Greater London Authorities’ Large Super Output Area (LSOA) Atlas and the Access to Healthy Assets and Hazards (AHAH) database at LSOA level. Beta regression has been performed to assess the influence of air infiltration rate on self-reported health, whilst controlling for other socioeconomic factors. All factors have been ranked in order of their association with self-reported health. Findings indicate that air infiltration rate has a positive association with the percentage of people reporting themselves to be in “good or very good” health.

Published
2021

33. A tool for assessing the climate change mitigation and health impacts of environmental policies: the Cities Rapid Assessment Framework for Transformation (CRAFT)

Author

Symonds, Phil, primary, Milner, James, additional, Mohajeri, Nahid, additional, Aplin, Juliette, additional, Hale, Joanna, additional, J Lloyd, Simon, additional, Fremont, Henry, additional, Younkin, Sam, additional, Shrubsole, Clive, additional, Robertson, Lawrie, additional, Taylor, Jonathon, additional, Zimmermann, Nici, additional, Wilkinson, Paul, additional, and Davies, Mike, additional

Published
2020
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36. Application of an indoor air pollution metamodel to a spatially-distributed housing stock

Author

Taylor, Jonathon, Shrubsole, Clive, Symonds, Phil, Mackenzie, Ian, and Davies, Mike

Subjects
complex mixtures
Abstract

Estimates of population air pollution exposure typically rely on the outdoor component only, and rarely account for populations spending the majority of their time indoors. Housing is an important modifier of air pollution exposure due to outdoor pollution infiltrating indoors, and the removal of indoor-sourced pollution through active or passive ventilation. Here, we describe the application of an indoor air pollution modelling tool to a spatially distributed housing stock model for England and Wales, developed from Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) data and containing information for approximately 11.5 million dwellings. First, we estimate indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios and total indoor concentrations of outdoor air pollution for PM2.5 and NO2 for all EPC dwellings in London. The potential to estimate concentration from both indoor and outdoor sources is then demonstrated by modelling indoor background CO levels for England and Wales pre- and post-energy efficient adaptation, including heating, cooking, and smoking as internal sources. In London, we predict a median I/O ratio of 0.60 (99% CIs; 0.53–0.73) for outdoor PM2.5 and 0.41 (99%CIs; 0.34–0.59) for outdoor NO2; Pearson correlation analysis indicates a greater spatial modification of PM2.5 exposure by housing (ρ = 0.81) than NO2 (ρ = 0.88). For the demonstrative CO model, concentrations ranged from 0.4–9.9 ppm (99%CIs)(median = 3.0 ppm) in kitchens and 0.3–25.6 ppm (median = 6.4 ppm) in living rooms. Clusters of elevated indoor concentration are found in urban areas due to higher outdoor concentrations and smaller dwellings with reduced ventilation potential, with an estimated 17.6% increase in the number of living rooms and 63% increase in the number of kitchens exceeding recommended exposure levels following retrofit without additional ventilation. The model has the potential to rapidly calculate indoor pollution exposure across large housing stocks and estimate changes to exposure under different pollution or housing policy scenarios.

Published
2019

37. Estimating the Influence of Housing Energy Efficiency and Overheating Adaptations on Heat-Related Mortality in the West Midlands, UK

Author

Taylor, Jonathon, Symonds, Phil, Wilkinson, Paul, Heaviside, Clare, Macintyre, Helen, Davies, Michael, Mavrogianni, Anna, and Hutchinson, Emma

Subjects
indoor temperature, dwellings, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, adaptation, heat, lcsh:QC851-999, mortality
Abstract

Mortality rates rise during hot weather in England, and projected future increases in heatwave frequency and intensity require the development of heat protection measures such as the adaptation of housing to reduce indoor overheating. We apply a combined building physics and health model to dwellings in the West Midlands, UK, using an English Housing Survey (EHS)-derived stock model. Regional temperature exposures, heat-related mortality risk, and space heating energy consumption were estimated for 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s medium emissions climates prior to and following heat mitigating, energy-efficiency, and occupant behaviour adaptations. Risk variation across adaptations, dwellings, and occupant types were assessed. Indoor temperatures were greatest in converted flats, while heat mortality rates were highest in bungalows due to the occupant age profiles. Full energy efficiency retrofit reduced regional domestic space heating energy use by 26% but increased summertime heat mortality 3–4%, while reduced façade absorptance decreased heat mortality 12–15% but increased energy consumption by 4%. External shutters provided the largest reduction in heat mortality (37–43%), while closed windows caused a large increase in risk (29–64%). Ensuring adequate post-retrofit ventilation, targeted installation of shutters, and ensuring operable windows in dwellings with heat-vulnerable occupants may save energy and significantly reduce heat-related mortality.

Published
2018

43. The impact of home energy efficiency interventions and winter fuel payments on winter- and cold-related mortality and morbidity in England: a natural equipment mixed-methods study

Author

Armstrong, Ben, primary, Bonnington, Oliver, additional, Chalabi, Zaid, additional, Davies, Michael, additional, Doyle, Yvonne, additional, Goodwin, James, additional, Green, Judith, additional, Hajat, Shakoor, additional, Hamilton, Ian, additional, Hutchinson, Emma, additional, Mavrogianni, Anna, additional, Milner, James, additional, Milojevic, Ai, additional, Picetti, Roberto, additional, Rehill, Nirandeep, additional, Sarran, Christophe, additional, Shrubsole, Clive, additional, Symonds, Phil, additional, Taylor, Jonathon, additional, and Wilkinson, Paul, additional

Published
2018
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48. Can the choice of building performance simulation tool significantly alter the level of predicted indoor overheating risk in London flats?

Author

Petrou, Giorgos, Mavrogianni, Anna, Symonds, Phil, Mylona, Anastasia, Virk, Dane, Raslan, Rokia, and Davies, Mike

Subjects
BUILDING performance, THERMAL properties of buildings, RISK assessment at building sites, THERMAL comfort, COMPUTER algorithms
Abstract

The accurate prediction of building indoor overheating risk is critical in order to mitigate its possible consequences on occupant health and wellbeing. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers issued Technical Memorandum 59 (TM59) with the aim of achieving consistency in the modelling processes followed for the prediction of overheating risk in new dwellings. However, as each tool's prediction may depend on its inherent assumptions, an inter-model comparison procedure was used to assess whether the choice of building performance simulation tool influences the overheating assessment. The predictions of two popular tools, IES VE and EnergyPlus, were compared for nine variations of a naturally ventilated, purpose built, London flat archetype, modelled under the default algorithm options. EnergyPlus predicted a high overheating risk according to TM59 criteria in seven out of the nine model variants, contrary to the low risk of all the IES VE variants. Analysis of heat transfer processes revealed that wind-driven ventilation and surface convection algorithms were the main sources of the observed discrepancies. The choice of simulation tool could thus influence the overheating risk assessment in flats, while the observed discrepancies in the simulation of air and heat transfer could have implications on other modelling applications.Practical application:Technical Memorandum 59 issued by the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers may be widely adopted within the industry to assist the prediction of overheating risk in new dwellings. This work suggests that the choice of building performance simulation tool can greatly influence the predicted overheating risk. Furthermore, the differences identified in the modelling of heat transfer processes could also impact other modelling applications. Following these results, the need for detailed empirical validation studies of naturally ventilated homes has been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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