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Результаты исследований 2016 –2019 гг. показали, что в декоративных зеленых насаждениях Беларуси жимолости (Lonicera L.) и снежноягодники (Symphoricarpos Duhamel) повреждаются личинками 6 видов минирующих мух (Diptera: Agromyzidae): Aulagromyza cornigera (Griffiths, 1973), Aulagromyza hendeliana (Hering, 1926), Aulagromyza luteoscutellata (de Meijere, 1924), Chromatomyia aprilina (Goureau, 1851), Chromatomyia lonicerae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851), Chromatomyia periclymeni (Hendel, 1922). Представлены данные о трофических связях, основных особенностях биологии, распространенности агромизид в условиях Беларуси, а также о характере повреждений личинками листовых пластинок жимолостей и снежноягодников. According to the results of investigations, carried out in 2016–2019, it was found that in the conditions of green areas of Belarus, honeysuckles (Lonicera L.) and snowberries (Symphoricarpos Duhamel) has been damaged by larvae of 6 species of mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae): Aulagromyza cornigera (Griffiths, 1973), Aulagromyza hendeliana (Hering, 1926), Aulagromyza luteoscutellata (de Meijere, 1924), Chromatomyia aprilina (Goureau, 1851), Chromatomyia lonicerae (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1851), Chromatomyia periclymeni (Hendel, 1922). The basic data on trophic relations, the main characteristics of ecology, the distribution in the conditions of Belarus, and the pattern of damages causing by larvae to leaf plates of honeysuckles and snowberries are presented.

Based on the processing of literary sources, the history of the formation of green spaces of the Uman National University of Horticulture (UNUS) is investigated. The analysis of the taxonomic composition of autochthonous and introduced tree and shrub plants that are now chgrowing in this territory is carried out. It has been established that among gymnospermous plants, representatives of the genus Thuja and its shape variety predominate, the genus Picea is slightly less representative, and the genus Pinus is the third most numerous. Among shrub species of the order gymnosperms, the genera Juniperus and Taxus predominate. The order of angiosperms is represented by the tree genera Aesculus, Acer, Betula, Corylus, Juglans, Mahonia, Quercus, Ulmus, Tilia, Fraxinus, Salix and Sorbus. The largest representation of shrubs of this order are the genera Berberis, Caragana, Cornus, Philadelphus, Laburnum, Viburnum, Spiraea, Symphoricarpos, Syringa, Tamarix and Forsythia. To improve the aesthetic state of these stands, it is necessary to carry out forming pruning. The presence of a large number of fruit plants, which represent the genera Armeniaca, Cerasus, Malus, Morus, Pyrus, was noted. The total number of gymnosperms in the territory of UNUS is 28 % of the total, and angiosperms, respectively, 72 %. Behind the altitude parameters (structure), tree and shrubbery can be assigned to the group of plants of the first, second, and third tiers. As a result of a visual examination of the general condition of woody and shrubby plants growing on the territory of UNUS, proposals are made for their reconstruction, which is carried out by removing damaged and dry branches of 1-3 branching orders and pruning a certain amount of them in the lower part of the trunk – with the stem. If necessary, fertilize the plants. In order to increase the decorativeness of these stands, it is necessary to carry out additional group and single plantings of species and form diversity of the following genera: Thuja, Juniperus, Morus, Acer, Ulmus, Fagus, Berberis, Viburnum, Magnolia, Rosa, Spiraea, Weigela, Forsythia.

—The major aim of this paper was to investigate temporal diversification within Symphoricarpos (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacales). We used recently published molecular sequences, along with fossil data, to examine when Symphoricarpos may have arrived in the New World and if current distributional patterns can be explained by data based on biogeographic, climatological, and geological events. We simultaneously estimated the phylogeny and divergence times within Symphoricarpos and related Caprifolieae species using BEAST. Based on these phylogenetic and divergence time estimations we reconstructed ancestral areas using the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis (DEC) method implemented in Lagrange. For Symphoricarpos, our phylogenetic results inferred using BEAST were in strong agreement with previous studies, with a well-supported clade containing the North American species that was sister to the lone Asian species. Our divergence time results suggest that the North American species originated in the late Oligocene to mid Miocene (12‐25 million years ago) and quickly diversified. The DEC area reconstructions suggest that after entering the North American continent from Asia, species of Symphoricarpos became widespread across the continent, followed by range restrictions to that of what we see today. Although several recent studies have argued for the idea of phylogenetic niche conservatism as a general explanation for characterizing broad biogeographic patterns, our data suggest significant niche evolution within the North American species of Symphoricarpos, especially in regard to taxa found in the southwestern parts of the USA and Mexico. These observed biome shifts from mesic forest habitats to a much drier habitat appear to have happened across a highly diverse landscape in which species of Symphoricarpos occur. These results, along with results from other plant taxa, support the hypothesis that a climate shift in western North America played a role in the assemblage of the current flora via migration, as well as in situ adaptation in combination with diversification.

We are investigating plant species from the Canadian prairie ecological zone by phenotypic cell assays to discover toxins of biological interest. We provide the first report of the effects of extracts prepared from the shrub Symphoricarpos occidentalis in several human cell lines. S. occidentalis (Caprifoliaceae) extracts are cytotoxic, and, strikingly, treated cells undergo light-dependent vacuolation near the nucleus. The range of irradiation is present in standard ambient light and lies in the visible range (400-700 nm). Vacuolization in treated cells can be induced with specific wavelengths of 408 or 660 nm at 1 J/cm2 energies. Vacuolated cells show a striking phenotype of a large perinuclear vacuole (nuclear associated vacuole, NAV) that is distinct from vesicles observed by treatment with an autophagy-inducing agent. Treatment with S. occidentalis extracts and light induces an intense lamin A/C signal at the junction of a nuclear vacuole and the nucleus. Further study of S. occidentalis extracts and vacuolation provide chemical tools that may contribute to the understanding of nuclear envelope organization and human cell biology. Key Contribution We provide the first description of the biological effects upon human cells of extracts from the toxic plant, Symphoricarpos occidentalis. Treated cells acquire striking nuclear associated vacuoles (NAVs), rarely observed in animal cell biology.

Symphoricarpos sinensis is an important ornamental plant in China. Due to the lack of efficient molecular markers, although recent studies supported that Symphoricarpos was phylogenetically closely related to Lonicera, Triosteum, Heptacodium, and Leycesteria, relationships among these taxa remained uncertain. To examine the phylogenetic position of Symphoricarpos within Caprifoliaceae, we characterized the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of S. sinensis. The results showed that S. sinensis shared a typical quadripartite structure as with most angiosperms. It was 155,738 bp in length, including two inverted repeat (IR) regions (24,010 bp), a small single-copy (SSC) region (18,942 bp) and a large single-copy (LSC) region (88,776 bp). Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Caprifoliaceae and Adoxaceae formed two distinct monophyletic clades, and S. sinensis was closely related to lonicera and Triosteum, albeit with low support. The whole cp genome of S. sinensis will be useful resources for future studies on phylogeny and conservation in Symphoricarpos.

Presence of the poisonous and allergenic plant species was observed in 8 primary schools and 6 preschools in Novi Sad, Serbia. The aim of this research was to determine the extent to which pre-school and school-age children are exposed to harmful plant species and also to gain insight does the present landscaping take into account the appropriateness in the use of certain ornamental species in arranging preschool's and school's greenery. In the analyzed locations 22 poisonous plant species were noticed, mainly belonging to genera Thuja, Symphoricarpos, Cotoneaster, Juniperus, Berberis and Taxus, represented with 367 specimens. Along with poisonous, 21 allergenic plant species mainly belonging to genera Acer, Tilia, Betula, Populus, Platanus, Celtis, Aesculus, Thuja, Ulmus, Robinia and Quercus, represented with 675 specimens, were determined. The calculated allergenic index grouped most of the investigated species into strongly allergenic (calculated A.I. = 7) due to their prolonged phenantesic period, high abundance and possible cross-reactivity with other species noticed in the greenery. Establishment and enhancement of the collaboration between schools and experts from relevant institutions would result in the removal of the very most allergenic and poisonous landscape plants and ultimately toxic-free and allergy-friendly school yards. Gradual removal might temper the public reluctance to this measurement, but finally only joint efforts and complete abandonment of pointed species can convert unhealthy school yards into ones that are safe and allergy-friendly.

Symphoricarpos sinensis is an important ornamental plant in China. Due to the lack of efficient molecular markers, although recent studies supported that Symphoricarpos was phylogenetically closely...

A mixture of behaviorally active volatiles was identified from the fruit of snowberry, Symphoricarpos albus laevigatus, for Rhagoletis zephyria flies reared from snowberry fruit. A nine-component blend containing 3-methylbutan-1-ol (3%), dimethyl trisulfide (1%), 1-octen-3-ol (40%), myrcene (8%), nonanal (9%), linalool (13%), (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT, 6%), decanal (15%), and β-caryophyllene (5%) was identified that gave consistent electroantennogram activity and was behaviorally active in flight tunnel tests. In other flight tunnel assays, snowberry flies from two sites in Washington state, USA, displayed significantly greater levels of upwind oriented flight to sources with the snowberry volatile blend compared with previously identified volatile blends from domestic apple (Malus domestica) and downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) fruit from the eastern USA, and domestic apple, black hawthorn (C. douglasii) and ornamental hawthorn (C. monogyna) from Washington state. Selected subtraction assays showed that whereas removal of DMNT or 1-octen-3-ol significantly reduced the level of upwind flight, removal of myrcene and β-caryophyllene, or dimethyl trisulfide alone did not significantly affect the proportion of upwind flights. Our findings add to previous studies showing that populations of Rhagoletis flies infesting different host fruit are attracted to unique mixtures of volatile compounds specific to their respective host plants. Taken together, the results support the hypothesis that differences among flies in their behavioral responses to host fruit odors represent key adaptations involved in sympatric host plant shifts, contributing to host specific mating and generating prezygotic reproductive isolation among members of the R. pomonella sibling species complex.

Background and aims Corner's rule states that thicker twigs bear larger leaves. The exact nature of this relationship and why it should occur has been the subject of numerous studies. It is obvious that thicker twigs should support greater total leaf area ([Formula: see text]) for hydraulical and mechanical reasons. But it is not obvious why mean leaf size ([Formula: see text]) should scale positively with [Formula: see text] We asked what this scaling relationship is within species and how variable it is across species. We then developed a model to explain why these relationships exist. Methods To minimize potential sources of variability, we compared twig properties from six co-occurring and functionally similar species: Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Betula occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Populus fremontii and Symphoricarpos oreophilus We modelled the economics of leaf display, weighing the benefit from light absorption against the cost of leaf tissue, to predict the optimal [Formula: see text] combinations under different canopy openings. Key results We observed a common [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] exponent of 0.6, meaning that [Formula: see text]and leaf number on twigs increased in a specific coordination. Common scaling exponents were not supported for relationships between any other measured twig properties. The model consistently predicted positive [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling when twigs optimally filled canopy openings. The observed 0·6 exponent was predicted when self-shading decreased with larger canopy opening. Conclusions Our results suggest Corner's rule may be better understood when recast as positive [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling. Our model provides a tentative explanation of observed [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] scaling and suggests different scaling may exist in different environments.

virginia’s Warbler (Oreothlypis virginiae) reaches the northeastern limit of its breeding range in the southern Black Hills of South Dakota, where it is considered a species of conservation concern. this population occurs in pine–juniper–shrub habitat in several canyons in extreme western Custer County. additional such habitat occurs in the southern Black Hills south and east of the documented breeding populations, but these areas have received few systematic surveys, and whether virginia’s Warbler occupies them was uncertain. therefore, to define the species’ distribution in the South Dakota Black Hills more precisely, we surveyed with the aid of broadcast song and reviewed other reports. virginia’s Warblers occurred in appropriate habitats all along the southwestern front (approximately 30 km total) of the Black Hills in Custer County but did not occur in similar habitat along the southeastern front, approximately 25 km distant. the species’ relative abundance in previously and newly identified pine–juniper–shrub habitats was similar. virginia’s Warbler occurrence was positively associated with shrub cover (primarily mountain-mahogany, Cercocarpus montanus), pine overstory, and slopes of >15°. its association with the Spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus) was negative, with the yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga coronata) tended toward positive, and with the Dusky flycatcher (Empidonax oberholseri) was variable (negative along the southwestern front but weakly positive across all sites). these data extend the documented breeding range of virginia’s Warbler in South Dakota by more than 20 km to the southeast. to clarify conservation priorities for this species at the northeastern limit of its range, future studies should delineate local and landscape-level characteristics of this population’s habitat more precisely and address its source–sink population dynamics. virginia’s Warbler (Oreothlypis virginiae) nests widely in mountainous regions of southwestern north america from southeastern idaho and southwestern Wyoming into southern arizona, new Mexico, and western texas (olson and Martin 1999). the species’ northeasternmost population is isolated in the southwestern Black Hills of South Dakota, separated by over 200 km from the next nearest breeding population in south-central Wyoming (Swanson et al. 2000). Breeding habitat occurs on mountain slopes and consists of dense, shrubby vegetation with taller plants interspersed or nearby (olson and Martin 1999). in various portions of the breeding range the shrubby vegetation may include chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), currant (Ribes spp.), serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), scrub oak (Quercus gambelii), or mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) (olson and Martin 1999). the taller vegetation may consist of pinyon pine (Pinus spp.), juniper (Juniperus spp.), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), taller scrub oak, or aspen (Populus tremuloides) (olson and Martin 1999). virginia’s Warbler was first definitively recorded in South Dakota in 1997

The important condition of the environmental improvement is mobilization and wide introduction of introduced trees and shrubs, which have already had successful preliminary investigation in the botanical gardens and dendrological parks and have shown characteristics of high ornamentality. The snowberries are such perspective but not so widespread plants now, which have very high decorativeness and attractiveness during almost the whole vegetative period, which is especially important when creating urban landscape compositions. Observations on the development of snowberries in the street landscapes ofKievhave shown quite high resistance of plants to the megapolis conditions, which made us to conduct the study of their functional state in the places with the most intensive traffic. The purpose of the study was to determine the functional state and photosynthetic potential of plants of the genus snowberry ( Symphoricarpos Duhamel) different species in the megapolis conditions. Seasonal inductive changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves of 9 species of the genus snowberry ( Symphoricarpos Duhamel): S. albus (L.) S.F.Blake, S. × chenaultii Rehder, S. × doorenbosii Krűssm., S. hesperius G.N.Jones, S. mollis Nutt., S. occidentalis Hook., S. orbiculatus Moench, S. oreophilus A.Gray, S. rivularis Suksd. are studied. For the assessment of the functional state of green plants a method based on the study of correlation of changes of intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence induction (CFI) with photosynthetic reactions in chloroplasts of leaves was used. To measure parameters of fluorescence and its inductive changes in the field conditions we used a portable device – a fluorometer "Floratest" (developed by the Engineering Center of V. M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of National Academy of Sciences ofUkraine). The study of seasonal changes in the parameters of CFI of the leaves has revealed very small seasonal variability of the parameters of CFI in the leaves of snowberries: on average, the intensity of fluorescence at the maximum F p 1 and F p 2 decreased by 4,0 and 1,5 %, and the coefficient К 1 by 3,4 %, indicating on the high stability of electron transport processes near the reaction centers of photosystem II (FSII). The analysis of normalized inductive changes of fluorescence intensity in the time range of the slow decline of fluorescence showed slight decrease in the intensity of dark photochemical processes: К 2 ( Rfd ) ratio decreased only by 6,0 %. Thus, by means of the comprehensive analysis of functional indicators we found the high stability of photosynthetic processes in snowberry leaves, which allow the plants to maintain their ornamental features for the long periods of time. The analysis of the content of metal pollutants in the different parts of common snowberry plants ( S. albus ) was carried out using an atomic absorption spectroscopy method. Preparation of the bioprobes was carried out by such method as ozonation in a muffle furnace, followed by extraction in nitric acid. Determination of the content of metals in the prepared filtrates was carried out with the use of flame atomization (in the case of determination of large quantities) on the «C115-M1» spectrophotometer and electrothermal atomization (in the case of determination of trace quantities) on the «Saturn-3» spectrophotometer with the complex «Graphite-2». The comparative analysis of the accumulation of metal pollutants and the parameters of CFI of S. albus leaves in the park zone and near the transport line at Sevastopolska square has established the negative influence of the complex of factors on the activity of reaction centers and the effectiveness of dark photochemical processes. So, according to the «coefficient of plateau» K pL , which controls the number of inactive reactive centers of FSII, their growth is determined by 50–60%. Also, within the limits of 30–50%, the reduction of the Rfd parameter is registered, indicating a decrease in the activity of dark photochemical processes, that is the Calvin cycle. At the same time, the effectiveness of the light phase of photosynthesis in the leaves of S. albus on the experimental plots of Sevastopolska square in relation to similar indices obtained for plants of the park zone of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, does not change significantly, within 4,0–6,5%. The latest information obtained indicates that there is significant stability of the light phase of photosynthesis in the relation to the dark photochemical processes in snowberry plants and their high adaptive potential in the conditions of the urban environment. The results of the research allow us to recommend previously tested in Kyiv city conditions introduced snowberry species for the further usage in the plantations in the megacity conditions, and in particular in the places with the high level of contamination.

The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh, 1867) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an introduced quarantine pest of apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen (Rosaceae), in Washington State, U.S.A. A morphologically similar native fly, Rhagoletis zephyria Snow, 1894, infests snowberries, Symphoricarpos spp. (Caprifoliaceae), and is also present in Washington. Although it is not a pest of apples, R. zephyria is caught on sticky yellow rectangles baited with ammonia deployed for R. pomonella, which could have implications for apple maggot surveys and understanding differences in the ecology of the flies. Here, we report the relative abundance of R. zephyria and R. pomonella on traps placed in apple maggot host trees during surveys, including in the dry apple-growing regions of central and eastern Washington. Rhagoletis zephyria outnumbered R. pomonella on traps from 3 to 1102 times to one, increasing times required for accurate species identifications and implying that traps that are more specific for R. pom...

Species of Dothiorella are common plant pathogens or saprobes found mainly on a variety of woody hosts, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Strains of Dothiorella were isolated from the stems of Symphoricarpos sp. and Cornus sanguinea in Italy. Morphological characters, as well as phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS4, ITS5) and partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha genes were used to characterize and distinguish the two isolates. One is conspecific to D. sarmentorum previously from Menispermum canadense collected in Sweden, and a description for this species is provided. The second species could not be assigned to any known species of Dothiorella. Dothiorella symphoricarposicola sp. nov. from Symphoricarpos is described and illustrated herein, and compared with similar Dothiorella taxa.

Symphoricarpos (sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Er zijn de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen, onder andere vanuit de snijheesterteelt. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn door Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving (PPO) getest voor gebruik als tuin- en openbaargroenplant.

In Washington state, identification of the quarantine apple pest Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) is complicated by the presence of the cryptic species Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae). Distinguishing the two flies is important because there is a zero tolerance policy for R. pomonella in apple production for export. Here, we attempt to distinguish the two species by scoring R. pomonella and R. zephyria populations from western and south-central Washington for a set of 11 nuclear markers, including four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed for rapid and inexpensive genotyping using Taqman real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction. We show that the four SNPs may be adequate in most cases for distinguishing whether a fly originated from apple or black hawthorn (the two major host plants for R. pomonella representing an economic risk) versus snowberry (the major host for R. zephyria, and not a commercial threat). However, directional introgression of R. zephyria alleles into R. pomonella can complicate the identification of flies of mixed ancestry based only on the four SNPs. Moreover, this problem is more acute in the sensitive apple-growing regions of central Washington where our results imply hybridization is common. Consequently, application of the four SNP quantitative-polymerase chain reaction assay can immediately assist ongoing apple maggot monitoring, while the development of additional genetic markers through next-generation sequencing would be valuable for increasing confidence in species identification and for assessing the threat posed by hybridization as R. pomonella further spreads into the more arid apple-growing regions of central Washington.

Symphoricarpos (sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Er zijn de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen, onder andere vanuit de snijheesterteelt. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn door Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving (PPO) getest voor gebruik als tuin- en openbaargroenplant.

Symphoricarpos (Sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen en - op wat beperkter schaal - in particuliere tuinen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Het gewas is de afgelopen jaren ook uitgegroeid tot één van de populairste snijheesters. Vooral voor dit gebruik zijn er de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen. Inmiddels zijn er ruim 60 verschillende cultivars bekend. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn op twee verschillende locaties getest. De planten zijn door PPO beschreven en beoordeeld op gebruik als tuin- en plantsoenplant. De KVBC voerde een sterrenkeuring uit.

Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) and Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae) both occur in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and are frequently confused with one another due to their morphological similarity. The apple maggot, R. pomonella, is a threat to commercial apples [Malus domestica (Borkh.) Borkh.] in the Pacific Northwest, whereas R. zephyria attacks snowberry (Symphoricarpos Dill. ex Juss) and is not considered a threat. Configuration of the surstyli in males is used to discriminate between species, but this character shows overlap. In this study, we reexamined surstyli configurations in the two species. We then used geometric morphometrics to test the hypotheses that shapes of surstyli and of aculei between the two species differ and that combining aculeus shape and size measures improves discrimination. We found that all R. pomonella had an inwardly curved surstyli configuration (based on a ratio of width across bases of prensisetae to width between the outer edges of the surstyli near their ends), whereas R. zephyria included specimens having either a parallel or divergent configuration. Using canonical variates analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and an assignments test, we found that surstylus shape classified 99.8% of males correctly to species. Aculeus shape accurately classified 85.3% of females to species. Combining aculeus shape and length increased classification accuracy to 94.5%. Within species, surstylus and aculeus shape did not discriminate among fly populations from different host fruit, collection areas, or both. Use of surstylus shape would benefit regulatory agencies that depend on accurate identifications of R. pomonella for quarantine and management measures.

Although recent molecular phylogenetic studies of Dipsacales support a Caprifolieae clade containing Leycesteria, Triosteum, Symphoricarpos, and Lonicera, relationships among these taxa remain uncertain. Likewise, phylogenetic studies sampling more than just a handful of the species of Symphoricarpos has not been pursued. Here I present evidence based on both chloroplast and nuclear DNA to help resolve the phylogenetic relationships of both the Caprifolieae, as well as Symphoricarpos. For nuclear markers, I sequenced the ITS region in addition to the geranylgeranyl reductase (Chlp) gene, which appears to be present in only a single copy in Caprifolieae. Although Chlp does not provide a great deal of resolution by itself, it does provide additional phylogenetically informative characters. From these data, there appears to be strong congruence between both the genomes with respect to the relationships within Symphoricarpos, however, statistical support for any given hypothesis is weak. These additional data do not further support or clarify our understanding about the relationships among members of the Caprifolieae, showing conflicting results between the chloroplast and nuclear genomes.

Biology and ecology of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) on Lonicera and Symphoricarpos (Caprifoliaceae) The biology of leaf mining Agromyzidae living on Lonicera periclymenum L., Lonicera xylosteum L. and Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksdorf was studied in the surroundings of Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein, FRG). An identification key is given for the 5 Agromyzid species occurring in the investigation area, Paraphytomyza cornigera Griffiths, P. hendeliana (Hering), P. luteoscutellata (De Meij.), Phytomyza periclymeni De Meij. and P. lonicerae (Rob.-Desv.). Observations were made on the phenology and feeding behaviour of these species, their abundances, host and biotope specificity, as well as temporal and spatial segregation. Ecological segregation is particularly discussed in relation to host-plant chemistry. In P. luteoscutellata, occurring in high densities, intraspecific competition was observed. When 4 or more larvae mined the same leaf, a reduction of feeding time and premature pupation was obvious. Further, density dependent parasitism was found to regulate larval mortality in P. luteoscutellata. 13 parasitic Hymenoptera species of the families Braconidae and Eulophidae were reared from the 5 Agromyzid hosts investigated. Zusammenfassung In der Umgebung von Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein, BRD) wurden die an Lonicera periclymenum L., Lonicera xylosteum L. und Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksdorf lebenden, blattminierenden Agromyziden untersucht. Fur die 5 vorgefundenen Arten Parapyhtomyza cornigera Griffiths, P. hendeliana (Hering), P. luteoscutellata (De Meij.), Phytomyza periclymeni De Meij. und P. lonicerae (Rob.-Desv.) wird ein Bestimmungsschlussel gegeben. Es werden Beobachtungen uber Phanologie und Frasverhalten dieser Arten, ihre Haufigkeiten, Wirts- und Standortspezifitat sowie zeitliche und raumliche Einnischung wiedergegeben. Die Einnischung wird besonders im Zusammenhang mit dem Chemismus der Wirtspflanze diskutiert. Bei P. luteoscutellata, die in hohen Dichten vorkam, wurde intraspezifische Konkurrenz festgestellt. Minierten 4 oder mehr Larven gleichzeitig in einem Blatt, reagierten sie mit einer Verkurzung der Frasdauer und mit vorzeitiger Verpuppung. Als weiterer Faktor, der die Mortalitat von P. luteoscutellata beeinfluste, konnte eine dichteabhangige Parasitierung beobachtet werden. Aus den Agromyziden wurden 13 parasitische Hymenopteren-Arten aus den Familien Braconidae und Eulophidae gezogen.