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Since Morris the analysis of the relationships between signs, or syntax, and between signs and their meaning, or semantics, has been opposed to the analysis of the relationships between signs and their users, or pragmatics. Thus, pragmatics is the use communicators make of signs and of linguistic signs in particular. Therefore, the psychotherapeutic practices that consist in using signs to a therapeutic end belong to pragmatics with good reason. And since using signs to a therapeutic end amounts to acting in an interlocutory situation it could even be added that therapeutic practices are related to a limited field of pragmatics, that of conversational pragmatics. The analysis of conversational communication should thus constitute the base from which psychotherapeutic interactions should be thought of. This is all the more so for, as Heritage notices (1990: 45, note 6)

Since the 1970's, the study of contact-induced language change has been given new impulses by scholars who feel the need for a theoretical synthesis of the available data. The earlier lack of a systematization of the wide range of types and degrees of linguistic interference revealed in the large number of case studies, had led to several unwarranted generalizations on language changer geoetic affiliation and the impact of contact. In these generalizations, the assumption persisted that language contact is a rather exceptional phenomenon, or that in cases where it does occur it cannot have a really significant influence.2 While being based on too little evidence, this idea also follows from a standard structuralist belief in the stability and imperviousness of specific language systems. Thomason & Kaufman's Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics (1988) is without doubt one of the most valuable efforts to meet the mentioned need for an encompassing reconsideration of the data on language contact. In about the same period, but in a different corner of linguistics, a comparable kind of discomfort was felt. Mainly in the wake of the linguistic-philosophical tradition of speech act theory, linguists had turned to the study of language use, moving away from the dominant concentration on language as a structural system. The discipline they established was called 'pragmatics'. But 'pragmaticians' came to realize that pragmatics had developed into an extremely diversified tield of study, with a galaxy of phenomena within its scope. Indeed, pragmatics was expected to host all linguistic issues that could not be handled by tiaditional disciplines such as syntax and semantics. This wide diversity of phenomena to be covered inevitably went along with a high variety of methodological and terminological angles, with incomparability of the findings as

Some linguists did not accept the structural ideas in the 1920s–1950s. One of the serious critics of structural linguistics in the Soviet Union was Vasily I. Abaev (1900–2001). His works on general linguistics were ignored or criticized though some of Abaev’s ideas were interesting. He distinguished two sides of language: “language as ideology” and “language as techniques”. According to him, every “element of speech” has a “technical and empiric nucleus” and an “ideological envelope” consisting of unstable “notions, sentiments and associations”. He considered structural methods as convenient if this level of language is mainly systematic (phonology), however, did not see much use in them concerning syntax and semantics.

Apesar de as línguas portuguesas – assim como qualquer língua – terem certos registros alçados a variedades-padrão em cada país em que o português é língua oficial, as diferenças entre as suas variedades podem ser observadas não apenas nos aspectos formais dessas línguas (sintaxe e semântica, por exemplo) mas também nos modos de ser e de agir no mundo e de construir sentidos nessa língua (aspectos sociodiscursivos). Considerando a lógica semântica e pragmática de frases interrogativas polares e alternativas e seus padrões de respostas bem como a teoria sociodiscursiva da linguagem, o presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir algumas características do funcionamento sociopragmático de um português timorense, que o distinguem de outras variantes do português. Para isso, foram analisadas três vinhetas narrativas em dois níveis: semântico-pragmático e discursivo. Os aspectos linguísticos e discursivos analisados exemplificam práticas discursivas em que a cultura interacional em língua portuguesa propriamente timorense emerge, diferenciando essa das outras variantes do português.

A reading of many recent publications shows that theoretical concerns in the field of linguistics have declined, even though the founders of the discipline all emphasised the central importance of its role. This article aims to show how linguistic description has progressed thanks to the different theoretical tools that have been developed in the course of research. From this point of view, this article illustrates the following facts: lexicon, semantics and syntax are not separate instances but together form the units that are sentences. The elements of sentences must be described in terms of the set of properties that characterise them. This is the case for regular sequences. Finally, one of the promising objectives consists in finding a reasoned classification of fixed sequences. Linguistics, like any science, cannot do without theoretical tools.

This article frames the poetry of William Wordsworth and the philosophical writings of Spinoza as mutually illuminating works exploring the ethical and ontological questions raised by bodies in states of passivity and immobility. Both writers, it argues, revise our idea of what a “powerful” body might be by developing the concept of “dynamic passivity”—a passivity that does not stand in simple opposition to states of activity, and that ought to be cultivated rather than overcome in the process of empowering the body. The article examines and contrasts the different ways in which Wordsworth and Spinoza conceive of this dynamic passivity, with particular attention paid to how the former embeds a cultivation of “wise passiveness” for the reader in the very form of his poems, through a variety of elements like syntax, metre, and acoustic effects.

This study tackles the representation of nature in poetry, mainly in Wordsworth’s and Al-Bohtory’s poems. This study is based on the theoretical and analytical approaches of Russian Formalism that focuses on studying the linguistic aspects of the literary texts. Russian Formalism studies texts through “structures, imagery, syntax, rhyme scheme, paradox, personification and other literary devices” (Bressler, 2011, p. 49). The significance of the study lies in its purpose to introduce a comparison between two different poets whose cultural backgrounds, languages, traditions and societies are different. Wordsworth sees nature as the perfect place for tranquility and pleasure. He emphasizes that man and nature as basically adapted to each other, and the mind of man as the machine of depicting nature. Wordsworth states that this pleasure comes from the human’s interaction with nature in its fascinating images of Spring, flowers, clouds, horses, rivers, castles, seas, gardens, and animals generally. Al-Bohtory also presents nature as a place of pleasure and peace; he accentuates the profound relationship between nature and man, and how nature is admired by humans in its beautiful views. He explains that the beautiful images of nature affect the human’s mind and soul. Al-Bohtory portrays most of his poems in marvelous images of nature, such as Spring, horses, clouds, rivers, animals, castles, seas, and flowers. These two poets seek to glorify nature and its magnificent impact on humans’ life and pleasure.

In this short note, we are concerned with the fairness condition "A and B hold almost equally often", which is important for specifying and verifying the correctness of non-terminating processes and protocols. We introduce the logic of temporal domination, in which the above condition can be expressed. We present syntax and semantics of our logic and show that it is a proper extension of linear time temporal logic. In order to obtain this result, we rely on the corresponding result for k-counting automata.

Şiirde görülen zaruret gereği yapılan durumlar hakkında nahivle uğraşan pek çok âlim farklı görüşler beyan etmiştir. Nitekim Sibeveyh ve İbn Mâlik gibi âlimler, şairin bu tür zaruretleri şiirinde kullanmasının kaçınılmaz olduğu görüşünü savunurken; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî gibi diğer âlimler ise konuyla ilgili zaruret durumları olmadan da şiirler söylenebileceğini öne sürmüşlerdir. Şiir zaruretleri hakkında Zarûratu’şşi ʿr adıyla ilk müstakil eseri kaleme alan kişi Müberred olmuş fakat onun bu eseri günümüze malesef ulaşamamıştır. Daha sonra Kazzâz el-Kayrevânî, Mâ yecûzu li’şşai ʿri fi’z-zarûrati adıyla günümüze ulaşan ilk müstakil eseri kaleme almıştır. Nahiv âlimleri, şairin vezin ve kafiye gereği dil kurallarının dışına çıkmasıyla oluşan şiir zaruretlerini genel olarak ziyade, naks (hazif), takdim-teʾhîr ve bedel olmak üzere dört başlıkta incelemiştir. Araştırmanın konusunu teşkil eden ziyade de söylenilen pek çok şiirde görülen bir zaruret türü olmuştur. Şairler şiirlerinde dil kurallarına aykırı olarak hareke, harf ya da kelime ziyadesi yapmışlardır. Nahiv âlimlerinin pek çoğu şiirin kendine has bir dili olduğunu ve gerekli durumlarda Arap dil geleneğinin sınırlarından çıkmamak ve dil ölçülerini yok saymamak şartıyla nahiv ya da sarf kurallarının dışına çıkılarak şiirlerde bazı ziyadelerin yapılabileceğini kabul etmişlerdir., Numerous nahiv scholars have asserted divergent opinions on the use of poetic zaruret or rules governing poetic language and syntax. Scholars such as Sibeveyh and İbn Malik defended the rigid necessities of poetry; other scholars such as Ebu Hilal al-Askeri claimed that poems can be articulated without any necessary rules being applied. The first independent treatise on poetic necessities was written by Müberred and titled Zarûrat aş-şiʿr; however, this book has not survived to the present time. Later, Kazzâz al-Kayrevânî, wrote Mâ yecûzu li aş-şaiʿri fi az-zarûrati a volume that remains extant. Nahiv scholars analyzed the poetic requirements to be heeded by poets according to four categories governed by the general rhythm and rhyme of a poetic genre. ziyade, naks (hazif), takdim-te'hir and bedel. Ziyade implies excess and typifies poetic language constituting themes that have long appeared in the tradition of Arabic poetry. Use such elaborate terms such as hareke, harf, or the use of additional words against strict language rules. Most nahiv scholars have acknowledged that poetic language is unique and that extra-syntactical usage of language that transgress the rules of nahiv and sarf should be allowed when required without upsetting the dimensions limits, and traditions of Arabic.

My main interest here is to look at pain as a sign of the body that something is wrong. I will argue that there is a meaning of pain before and after an illness is diagnosed. An illness contains its own semantic paradigm, but the pain before the diagnosis affects the pace of life, not only by limiting our interactions, but also as a struggle with its meaning and a reminder of mortality.My main approach is what I call bio-hermeneutics, an extension of medical hermeneutics branching out from the Continental hermeneutical tradition. As such, I will explore the connection between pain and language, temporality, dialectics, and ontology. Given the centrality of language in constructing the meaning of pain, my analysis is informed by the semantics (looking at pain metaphors), syntax (pain as incoherence), and pragmatics (pain as companion) of expressing pain.The last section explores the meaning of pain in connection with death, as memento mori. Revisiting an old definition of philosophy as melete thanatou, or ‘rehearsal of death’, I will reflect on the difficulty of finding meaning not only for pain, but also for death as cessation of all existential possibilities.

The article presents the concept of the “grammar of sense” proposed by A. Awdiejew and G. Habrajska in their latest monograph. The article addresses the following issues: redefinition of text as a paraphrase, natural and analytical approach in communication studies, relations between discourse and interpretative mechanisms, procedures of sense transcription, the structure of a “communicative dictionary”, methods of journalistic text analysis, the question of non-lexical linguistic units as entities indicating meaning. The author of the article criticizes the idea of negating the conceptual vertex of the semiotic triangle put forward in the monograph, points out the need to consider confabulatory processes in the interpretation of paraphrasing experiments, and draws attention to the necessity to consistently separate the plane of content from the plane of expression in the procedure of sense transcription, for example by means of A. Kiklewicz and M. Korystkowska’s explicative syntax.

We implement a recent characterization of metaphysical indeterminacy in the context of orthodox quantum theory, developing the syntax and semantics of two propositional logics equipped with determinacy and indeterminacy operators. These logics, which extend a novel semantics for standard quantum logic that accounts for Hilbert spaces with superselection sectors, preserve different desirable features of quantum logic and logics of indeterminacy. In addition to comparing the relative advantages of the two, we also explain how each logic answers Williamson’s challenge to any substantive account of (in)determinacy: For any proposition p, what could the difference between “p” and “it’s determinate that p” ever amount to?

Defined by its lack of differentiation and uniformity, everyday life has been understood as the opposite of the extraordinary. In a series of walks through Buenos Aires, Frankfurt and Montevideo, Los lugares, the novel by the Argentine writer Elvio Gandolfo, explores the power of everyday spaces to create unforgettable experiences that question this supposed triviality. Following the work of Georges Perec, the novel is written by using rules to explore the creative potential of walking and to reorient the gaze on everything that goes unnoticed in daily life. Thus, this article analyses the ways in which Gandolfo’s novel deconstructs this traditional sense of everyday through the spatial practice, in order to vindicate the mystery and exceptionality of the everyday experience. By examining the monotony of the daily rhythm, a spacetime analysis will be applied to understand the sensations and moods of the everyday landscapes. Moreover, from the point of view of the narrative, the article discusses how the free association of ideas generates a textual wandering in accordance with the rhythm of the walk.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo realizar um estudo sobre as estratégias adaptativas empregadas no processo de remidiação do conto “In the tall grass” (2012), de Stephen King e Joe Hill, para a linguagem cinematográfica do streaming. Para tanto, nos propomos a realizar uma leitura imanente pautada nos aspectos formais e temáticos das duas obras: alterações e permanências de elementos narrativos, rupturas e continuidades formais e simbólicas, além das escolhas e recursos da linguagem cinematográfica empregados pelo adaptador Vincenzo Natali, bem como suas (possíveis) motivações. Para tanto, nos embasamos nas teorias acerca do processo de adaptação propostas por Stam (2000), Bolter e Grusin (2000), Ondaatje (2002) e Hutcheon (2013). A partir da análise, concluimos que, com a tarefa de não apenas reconfigurar uma obra literária para o modo de engajamento audiovisual mas, além disso, expandir uma narrativa curta para a duração de um filme longa-metragem, Natali lança mão de estratégias voltadas para a adaptabilidade do material-fonte e para a aceitabilidade mercadológica de seu filme, a saber: ampliação da participação dos personagens secundários e terciários; adição de um herói arquetípico como protagonista; ampliação dos cenários do conto, inserção de elementos sci-fi e do horror slasher. Ademais, muitos elementos da sintaxe cinematográfica são utilizados para transportar para a tela a tensão e a opressão do locus horribilis retratado no conto, tais como: tomadas aéreas do matagal; planos-detalhe em elementos da natureza; quadros abertos para estabelecer a localização dos personagens.

Vendler’s (Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale 84(2):161–173, 1979) puzzle about imagination is that the sentences ‘Imagine swimming in that water’ and ‘Imagine yourself swimming in that water’ seem at once semantically different and semantically the same. They seem semantically different, since the first requires you to imagine ’from the inside’, while the second allows you to imagine ’from the outside.’ They seem semantically the same, since despite superficial dissimilarity, there is good reason to think that they are syntactically and lexically identical. This paper sets out the puzzle and offers a novel solution. Our proposal is that, just as there is knowledge-wh (know-how, know-what etc), there is also imagining-wh (imagining-how, imagining-what etc) and that the inside/outside distinction Vendler points to is properly understood as a distinction within imagining-wh. In particular, to imagine swimming from the inside is to imagine what it feels like to swim, while to imagine swimming from the outside is to imagine what it looks like to swim. We show that this proposal is well grounded in both the semantics and syntax of ‘imagine.’ We also argue it makes better sense than its rivals of the data Vendler found so puzzling.

Many deem James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake an untranslatable novel. Despite this, the characteristics that appear to obscure its meaning, such as semantic multiplicity and experimental syntax, also make it particularly open to interpretation and resignification—thus, to translation. The present paper proposes a flexible, creative, playful, and free approach to its translation. I discuss the possibilities derived from such an approach through the analysis and translation of fragments of Finnegans Wake into Spanish, and I support this approach to the translation process with some of the most prominent research on the translations of Joyce’s works, up to date scholarship from Translation Studies, and relevant testimonies from Joyce himself and from translators and writers who have studied his literary production. I argue that Finnegans Wake is a text that tries to capture language itself, transcends linguistic barriers by resisting rigidity of meaning, and achieves an “openness” and freedom that, paradoxically, have somewhat limited the efforts to translate it. Therefore, I propose that if Joyce did not limit himself in his creative process, it is necessary that we, as readers and translators, accept without fear the challenges presented to us by Finnegans Wake and dare to create new art from it.

This article explores French neoclassical tragedian Pierre Corneille’s Polyeucte martyr (1643) as a theoretical reflection on religious toleration. To argue that Corneille stages what modern theorist Rainer Forst calls a ‘general concept’ of toleration, I locate and analyze its key components within the play: the ‘objection’, ‘acceptance’, and ‘rejection’ components. My analysis serves to show that Corneille develops and stages a working theory of religious toleration in his seventeenth-century martyr play; and moreover, that Polyeucte martyr can and should be read in dialogue with toleration discourse past and present. By reading Corneille’s Polyeucte martyr through the lens of toleration, this article offers new avenues of inquiry into a canonical work.

This article starts off with the observation that in certain cases, presuppositions triggered by an element inside a question nucleus may fail to project. In fact, in what looks like coordinated structures involving polar questions, presupposition projection patterns are exactly parallel to what is observed when the corresponding assertions are coordinated. The article further shows that these facts do not fall out straightforwardly from existing theories of polar questions, (apparent) coordinations of questions, and presupposition projection. It then proposes a trivalent extension of inquisitive semantics such that the observed pattern can be understood in terms of existing theories of presupposition projection. The proposal has the following properties: (a) apparent coordinations of questions are indeed coordinations of questions, and (b) the semantic denotation of polar questions is asymmetric with respect to the “yes” and “no” answers.

Whenever I hear complaints that Arundhati Roy hasn’t written enough novels, I invoke the case of an Argentinean writer – Jorge Louis Borges – who wrote about half a novel, but is regarded as a towe...

Since the era of Greece and Rome in the 4-2 century BC, until this Postmodern one, language has been one of the most central and core issues of philosophical studies. Language and Philosophy both focus on issues related to structure and meaning in natural language, as discussed in the philosophy of language and other disciplines, among others; philosophical theories about meaning and truth, presuppositions, implicatures, speech acts, etc. This article discusses several case studies that illustrate the relationship between the philosophy of language through three branches of linguistics; syntax (Stanley, 2000), semantics (von Fintel, 2001), and pragmatics (Potts, 2005). The results of the study reveal a significance and interdependence between philosophy and language. Philosophy requires language as a means of communicating ideas and also as an object of study in philosophy. Meanwhile, language also badly needs philosophy as a means or method to analyze systematically to get solutions to solving linguistic problems.Keywords: linguistics, philosophy, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics

Mondializarea și apartenența la blocul juridic european promiteau parcă mai multă ardoare pentru studiul comparat al dreptului. Nu s-a întâmplat acest fapt, cel puțin în ultimul deceniu, dar aceasta nu a împiedicat afirmarea unor cercetători pasionați de comparația juridică. În rândurile de mai jos trecem în revistă o lucrare aparte, importantă și demnă de a fi reținută. „Șapte dileme în teoria comparației” este o culegere de texte a drei Raluca BERCEA centrate pe fenomenul comparatist, pe categoriile acestuia și pe ambientul său de desfășurare. Înțelegerea dreptului ca fenomen cultural, dincolo de orizontul pozitivist, permite autorului să atace chestiuni dintre cele mai dificile – adevărul textual al dreptului, mecanismele comparatismului și metodologia acestuia, structura discursului comparatist ș.a. Invitația noastră la lectură e justificată de calitatea scriiturii și de bogăția ideilor înfățișate.

Este trabalho se insere em nosso projeto de tradução da poesia ausoniana. Neste momento, apresentamos as primeiras traduções para a língua portuguesa da obra Genethliacos de Décimo Magno Ausônio (séc. IV d.C.), as quais foram efetuadas a partir da edição crítica estabelecida pelo filólogo latinista Roger Green (1991). Dedicada ao aniversário de seu neto, essa composição possui 28 versos supérstites, que são objeto de nossa dupla empreitada tradutória. Inicialmente, engendra-se tradução acadêmica que busca valorizar a sintaxe e os casos latinos, permitindo acesso mais fluido ao conteúdo temático do escrito de partida. Em seguida, realiza-se proposta de tradução poética, partindo-se do modelo de Carlos Alberto Nunes, analisado por João Angelo Oliva Neto (2016, 2014) e Everton Natividade (2013). Sublinhe-se que nossa tradução poética é a primeira que se tem notícia a emular os hexâmetros da obra Genethliacos. This work is part of my project of translating Ausonius’ poems. These are the first translations into Portuguese of the work Genethliacos by Decimius Magnus Ausonius (4th century), which were made from the Latin critical edition fixed by the Latinist philologist Roger Green (1991). Dedicated to the birthday of his grandson, this composition has 28 verses, which have been translated in two ways. Academic translation emphasizes Latin syntax and cases, facilitating access to text content. Then, a poetic translation proposal was made, which consists of the first news to emulate its hexameter verses. Finally, the poetic translation was based on the Carlos Alberto Nunes’ model, which was analyzed by João Angelo Oliva Neto (2016; 2014) and Everton Natividade (2013). This is believed to be the first translation to emulate the Genethliacos’ hexameter verses.

According to the nineteenth-century polymath William Stanley Jevons, natural phenomena were a series of combinations and permutations. The similarity between Jevons’s account and other instances of...

Poetry Translation is a high-quality open access translation of classical texts by famous poets, the characteristics of poetry can be based on sound, syntax, structure or pragmatics. In addition to text transformation, poetic translation is concerned with the perception, discourse and action of and between people and textual agents in a material and social context. A public poetry translation project generally aims to feature one or more poets. Poetry translators are interested in interpreting the meaning layers of the source poem, they rely on reliability to judge this and produce a poem in the target language that is readable and pleasing to the literary text. They are responsible for making their writing easy to understand. The reader is also responsible for understanding the translator's translation. The possible solutions to these problems are collaboration between authors and translators. This article highlights the challenges associated with translating poetry. Although poetry makes up only a small percentage of the world's translation output, case studies and examples from poetry have dominated theoretical construction in translation studies to the detriment of genres translated more often.

The problem of the metalanguage attitude (in the development of the concept of D. N. Uznadze) and the specifics of the implementation of the metalanguage attitude in parody as a secondary text at the syntactic level are considered. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the development of the metalanguage aspect of speech activity in modern linguistics requires the concept of a metalanguage attitude. In addition, now it is necessary to understand how the metalanguage attitude is realized in the syntactic organization of secondary texts of a particular genre (in this case, parody). The novelty of the research lies in the creation of the general theory of the metalanguage attitude foundations, in substantiating the inclusion of the metalanguage attitude in the speech structure of parody, in the reconstruction of the elements of the parodist’s creative work on the syntax of both the original (primary) and his own (secondary) text. The poetic parodies of A. A. Ivanov were taken as material for the study, in which the metalanguage attitude, realized in the syntax, is placed at the service of the genre-stylistic conventions of parody, on the one hand, and the parodist’s aesthetic goal-setting, on the other. When analyzing poetic parodies of A. A. Ivanov, it was found that the syntactic realization of the metalanguage attitude is carried out on the basis of principles, operations and means. Four poetic parodies of A. A. Ivanov were subjected to detailed analysis.

The heyday of discussions initiated by Searle's claim that computers have syntax, but no semantics has now past, yet philosophers and scientists still tend to frame their views on artificial intelligence in terms of syntax and semantics. In this paper I do not intend to take part in these discussions; my aim is more fundamental, viz. to ask what claims about syntax and semantics in this context can mean in the first place. And I argue that their sense is so unclear that that their ability to act as markers within any disputes on artificial intelligence is severely compromised; and hence that their employment brings us nothing more than an illusion of explanation.

Pretendo, com este estudo, por meio do cotejo, sobretudo, dos textos de Michel Pêcheux, Metáfora e Interdiscurso ([1984] 2011) e Observações para uma Teoria Geral das Ideologias ([1967] 1995), verificar como os conceitos de metáfora e de metonímia são concebidos pelo autor francês, compreender como é pensada a interrelação estabelecida entre eles, tematizar a imbricação, de um lado, entre metáfora, semântica e ideologia empírica e, de outro, entre metonímia, sintaxe e ideologia especulativa, abordar estas questões com exemplos que sirvam como dados e compreender como elas, pautando-se, respectivamente, na concepção de linguagem como sistema de signos ou como meio de comunicação, recalcam, num caso, a gênese da ordem do simbólico e, no outro, o efeito da sociedade sobre o efeito da linguagem.

Standard epistemic modal logic is unable to adequately deal with the FrauchigerRenner paradox in quantum physics. We introduce a novel justification logic CTJ, in which the paradox can be formalized without leading to an inconsistency. Still CTJ is strong enough to model traditional epistemic reasoning. Our logic tolerates two different pieces of evidence such that one piece justifies a proposition and the other piece justifies the negation of that proposition. However, our logic disallows one piece of evidence to justify both a proposition and its negation. We present syntax and semantics for CTJ and discuss its basic properties. Then we give an example of epistemic reasoning in CTJ that illustrates how the different principles of CTJ interact. We continue with the formalization of the Frauchiger–Renner thought experiment and discuss it in detail. Further, we add a trust axiom to CTJ and again discuss epistemic reasoning and the paradox in this extended setting.

It has been observed (Heim in Semantik: Ein internationales Handbuch der zeitgenossischen Forschung, 487–535, 1991) that when there is competition between alternative sentences with different presuppositional strength, use of the weaker alternative triggers an inference, sometimes called an antipresupposition, to the effect that the presupposition of the stronger alternative is not satisfied. Furthermore, it has been argued that in order to account for antipresuppositions, it is necessary to postulate an independent pragmatic principle called Maximize Presupposition!, which states that the sentence with the stronger presupposition should be preferred whenever its presupposition is satisfied. In parallel, presuppositional theories of slurs (Cepollaro, PhD thesis. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01508856/document , 2017; Cepollaro and Stojanovic in Grazer Philosophische Studien 93(3): 458–488, 2016; Schlenker in Theoretical Linguistics 33(2): 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1515/TL.2007.017 , 2007) maintain that while these expressions encode the same truth-conditional content as their neutral counterparts, they trigger a presupposition that accounts for their derogatory potential. In this article, I argue that presuppositional theories of slurs together with Maximize Presupposition! predict that the use of a neutral counterpart triggers an antipresupposition to the effect that the presupposition of the corresponding slur is not satisfied. As a result, this view incorrectly predicts (i) that it is infelicitous to use the neutral counterpart in contexts where the slur’s presupposition is satisfied, and (ii) that felicitous use of the neutral counterpart in a context that is unspecific w.r.t. the pejorative presupposition typically triggers the inference that the presupposition of the corresponding slur is not satisfied.

The word taʿărōg, which appears three times in the Hebrew Bible, has been traditionally interpreted as a third-person feminine form. This article proposes that it instead be treated as a second-person masculine form, and that the two verses in which it appears be re-analysed accordingly.

O valor da ciência passou a ser alvo de disputa política nos discursos governamentais nestes últimos dois anos. Documentos oficiais, manifestos de cientistas e matérias jornalísticas têm evidenciado esses conflitos. Neste contexto, objetivo deste artigo é, então, discutir, a partir da teoria semiótica de linha francesa, os modos como o valor da ciência estão construídos nos discursos, considerando os percursos temáticos e figurativos e sua inter-relação, inserindo-o num universo cognitivo específico, inscritos em objetos ora materiais, utilitários e breves, ora imateriais, universais, democráticos e longevos. Além disso, mostraremos que o emprego das operações tensivas, graduais e dinâmicas, ajudam a explicar o valor do valor da ciência: a sintaxe extensiva da triagem e mistura e a sintaxe intensiva da tonificação e atonia demonstram como se dão as restrições excessivas de campo ou a mistura indiferenciadora dos domínios cognitivos e pragmáticos que envolvem a noção de ciência. Para a análise, levaremos em conta os sites, documentos e editais governamentais (CAPES e CNPq), manifestos, artigos e sites de pesquisadores e entidades científicas e reportagens publicadas nos anos de 2019-2020. Observamos que as discrepâncias e tensões que envolvem os valores difundidos nos discursos governamentais em relação aos dos discursos dos pesquisadores e organizações científicas impedem um diálogo produtivo.