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Rodents and insectivores are significant reservoirs of many zoonotic pathogens, contributing to the transmission of diseases affecting human and animal health. This study investigated the prevalence and diversity of vector-borne pathogens in small mammals within the High Tatras region of Slovakia, an area with substantial recreational activity and protected zones. A total of 156 small mammals, comprising ten species, were screened for pathogens such as Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Babesia spp. The prevalence of vector-borne pathogens in the studied animals reached 74.35%, with Bartonella spp. being the most common, identified in 57.7% of the animals, particularly in Apodemus flavicollis and Clethrionomys glareolus. Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) was detected in 11.5% of the rodents, with Borrelia afzelii identified as the predominant species. Babesia microti was found in A. flavicollis and Mus musculus, with a total prevalence of 3.2%. The lowest was the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum reaching 1.9%. This study provides evidence of the significant role of rodents as reservoirs of vector-borne pathogens in protected areas of the High Tatras region and Tatra National Park.

Objective: to conduct a retrospective analysis of scientific sources on the experience of using whole blood in case of massive blood loss in servicemen with injuries and to assess the benefits of administering red blood cell, plasma, platelet components at different degrees of hypovolemic shock due to traumatic injuries during combat operations, to analyze the time of onset of resuscitation from injury at the II and III MES. Purpose: to study the benefits of administration of red blood cells (RBCs), plasma (fresh frozen plasma (FFP)), platelet (PC) components; in different degrees of hypovolemic shock due to traumatic injuries during hostilities, taking into account the time from injury to the start of blood transfusion according to two surgical hospitals of the second level of MES and one military hospital of the third level. Methods: the study was conducted on the basis of two surgical hospitals (level II MES) in the hottest combat zone and a military hospital (level III) in January 2024. Blood transfusion analysis was performed at level II - n=100, at level III - n=50 servicemen. A retrospective review of 85 domestic and foreign scientific papers was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. After reviewing the articles and reading their full texts, 22 sources were selected on the use of WB and CT at different degrees of severity of injury and hemorrhagic shock during military conflicts. The depth of the search was for the period 2014-2024. The study used bibliosemantic, system analysis, and statistical methods. Results. In all wars and military conflicts, hemorrhagic shock is the main cause of 81.5% of military deaths. At the second MES, in critical bleeding due to combat injuries, 72.5% of red blood cells + plasma components and 27.5% of red blood cells were preferred in servicemen with 43.0% of limb injuries, 28.0% of abdominal injuries, 17.0% of thoraco-abdominal injuries, and 13.0% of pelvic injuries. The degree of hypovolemic shock in patients indicates the seriousness of their condition: 64.0% had grade II shock, 29.0% - grade III, 7.0% - grade IV. At the second stage of medical evacuation, 60.0% of patients received 1-2 doses of transfusion therapy, 17.0% - 3 and 23.0% - more than 4 doses. At the III stage of medical evacuation, preference was given to RBCC+PC - 50.0%; RBCC- 43.0%; platelet components - 7.0% in the amount of 1 dose - 28.0%, 2 doses - 40.0, 3 doses - 22.0% and 4 doses - 10.0. At the third MES, 4.0% of patients received an infusion within the first day, while the largest number of transfusions was performed on the ninth day - 40.0%, on the sixth day - 25.0%, and on the twelfth day - 21.0%. Hyperthermia was reported in 10.0% of patients, acute renal failure (ARF) in 4.0%, and Quincke's edema in another 4.0%. Conclusions. Time to start infusion: Timely infusion therapy, particularly within 1-2 hours after injury (78.0% of cases), played a key role in achieving positive clinical outcomes. The study shows that effective infusion therapy in the early stages (II MES) led to a significant reduction in the severity of hypovolemic shock at stage III and minimized the number of complications after resuscitation.

Визначається, що процес співпраці в рам­ках Європейського Союзу збільшив потребу у виявленні та обміні правовою інформацією, що надходить від регіональних і національних органів влади на європейському рівні. Ця по­треба частково задовольняється доступною в цифровому вигляді правовою інформацією та широким використанням Інтернету. Однак об­мін правовою інформацією значною мірою об­межений відмінностями, які існують у різних національних правових системах, а також від­мінностями в їхніх технічних системах, які ви­користовуються для зберігання та відображен­ня законодавства на відповідних веб-сайтах. Це перешкоджає взаємодії між інформаційни­ми системами національних та європейських установ, незважаючи на збільшення доступно­сті документів в електронному форматі. У той же час, взаємозв’язок національної та міжна­родної правової інформації з різних джерел і представлення їх у вигляді зв’язаних даних правових знань безперечно покращить про­цес пошуку правової інформації, розширивши можливості запитів, які наразі неможливі. До того ж, у суспільстві, яке стає все більш циф­ровим, де стрімко зростає кількість транскор­донних цивільних і кримінальних судових про­цесів, і враховуючи складну різноманітність різних правових систем у державах-членах ЄС, спрощення та полегшення транскордонної судової співпраці є важливим вкрай важливою для забезпечення ефективного доступу грома­дян і бізнесу до правосуддя. При цьому, систе­ма ідентифікації та метаданих має бути добре відома громадянам та фахівцям у сфері права. Крім того, щоб підвищити шанси знайти прецедентне право, яке забезпечене ідентифіка­тором і метаданими, ці судові рішення повинні бути доступними для пошуку - за ідентифіка­тором і мінімальним набором метаданих - че­рез загальний інтерфейс. Важливим аспектом є також обмін цифровими доказами в ЄС. В даний час країни співпрацюють за допомогою міжнародного приватного права у транскор­донних кримінальних справах і обмінюються цифровими доказами на основі цих інструмен­тів. Вибір інструменту залежить від залучених країн і типу необхідної інформації.

The fluke Clinostomum complanatum, a parasite of piscivorous birds, but also reptiles and rarely mammals, has established several foci in the western Palaearctic regions. Previous studies pointed out the complicated taxonomy of the genus, but broader population genetic analysis of C. complanatum has not yet been carried out. The aim of this study was to determine the structure, intraspecific variability, and diversity of mitochondrial cox1 haplotypes of C. complanatum from different localities in Slovakia (Danube floodplain forests) and Italy (Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany), as well as to evaluate the interrelationships among populations from Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. The genetic structure of C. complanatum from Slovakia and Italy was represented by a great number of haplotypes, showing stable populations with high intraspecific diversity. The haplotypes of samples from other localities (Romania, Turkey, Egypt, and Iran) showed possible gene flow among the populations from Central Europe down to the Mediterranean region, North Africa, and the Middle East. The genetic homogeneity of these samples can be linked to the distribution and migratory routes of the definitive hosts, aquatic piscivorous birds, mainly herons and cormorants, that spread parasite eggs among the continents.

Вступ. На сьогодні актуальною проблемою в Україні є вивчення закордонного досвіду по побудові універсальної організації лабораторної служби аналітичної токсикології, яка потребує постійного професійного розвитку відповідних фахівців, позаяк, стикається з цілим рядом викликів в тому числі з збільшенням навантаження на відповідні лабораторії за рахунок обстежень та досліджень військовослужбовців Збройних Сил України. Метою роботи було вивчення організації роботи служби судово-медичної токсикології Сполучених Штатів Америки та порівняння з відповідною службою України. Матеріали та методи. Матеріалами дослідження слугували законодавчі та нормативно‐правові документи по організації служби судово-медичної токсикології США та України. Методи дослідження: бібліографічний, аналітичний, бібліографічний, аналітичний, системного підходу, узагальнення, прогностичний Результати. На основі комплексного аналізу нормативних документів, наукових публікацій обґрунтовані заходи по створенню єдиної системи критеріїв щодо виконання судово – токсикологічних досліджень. Висновки. Вивчено досвід організації служби судово-медичної токсикології США та використання стандартів які розроблені Радою стандартів академії (ASB) при Токсикологічному Органі Ради стандартів AAFS в США. Порівняно деякі організаційно-методичні заходи які забезпечують роботу відповідних установ в Україні за спеціальністю аналітична токсикологія.

Only a few comprehensive studies have been carried out on parasites in amphibians and reptiles in Ukraine. This has resulted in identifying over 100 helminth species across these vertebrate groups. However, most of the studies were performed in the 20th century and the taxonomy of many parasites and their hosts has changed ever since, in addition to the discovery of new species and registrations of species that had not been previously known for Ukraine. In recent decades, there have been very few publications on helminths from amphibian or reptile hosts in this region. Notably, just one of these recent studies is a faunistic study, providing a list of helminths found in two species of green frogs – Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) and Pelophylax esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758). Therefore, it is clear that publishing datasets of modern records of helminths in these vertebrate groups, based on modern taxonomy, is an essential step in further studies of their parasitic diversity. Additionally, such study is important in terms of global climate change, the growing number of possibilities of invasion of alien species (both hosts and parasites) that might potentially become a threat to native biota and growing anthropogenic pressure on local populations of hosts that affect the parasites as well. In future, this study is planned to be used for the creation of a checklist of helminths of the herpetofauna of Ukraine. The present dataset is an inventory of various species of helminths parasitising common species of the herpetofauna in central, northern, western and southern Ukraine recorded during field studies in the 2021-2023 period.The dataset is the first one to represent the up-to-date and unified data on helminths of reptiles and amphibians of Ukraine. Previously, records of this group of organisms with reference to their hosts were presented as several separate records within the country. Currently, this is the largest dataset presenting geocoded records of non-human-related helminths in the fauna of Ukraine. It reports helminth species from 15 hosts (205 individuals), including eight amphibians and seven reptilian species found in various Ukrainian regions. A total of 47 helminth species have been documented in the research and during 2021-2023 period on the territory of northern (Kyiv and Zhytomyr), western (Lviv, Zakarpattia Ivano-Frankivsk), central (Vinnytsia, Dnipropetrovsk, Cherkasy, Zaporizhzhia and Poltava) and southern (Odesa) regions of Ukraine. The identified helminth species belong to the following phyla: Acanthocephala (Centrorhynchidae (2), Echinorhynchidae (2)); Nematoda (Acuariidae, Anisakidae, Cosmocercidae (3), Dioctophymatidae, Gnathostomatidae (1), Kathlanidae (1), Molineidae (7), Onchocercidae (1), Pharyngodonidae (1), Rhabdiasidae (6), Strongyloididae); Platyhelminthes (Diplodiscidae (1), Diplostomidae (2), Encyclometridae (1), Haematoloechidae (1), Leptophallidae (2), Macroderidae (1), Mesocestoididae, Opisthorchiidae (2), Plagiorchiidae (3), Pleurogenidae (2), Polystomatidae (3), Proteocephalidae (1), Strigeidae (1) and Telorchiidae (3)). Only some helminths in the dataset were not identified to species level. Material is stored in the collection of the department of Parasitology of the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine.

A major issue with spark-ignition engines is their fuel inefficiency and negative environmental effects, especially in urban driving situations. This topic is of utmost importance considering the increasing apprehension over environmental contamination and the need for enhanced energy efficiency. The research’s originality resides in its strategy to tackling this issue without necessitating intricate engine changes, a manner not commonly used. The research uses a dual strategy that integrates both theoretical and experimental approaches. The theoretical component entails developing models to forecast the effects of different cylinder deactivation strategies on fuel consumption and emissions. Important factors to address in this theoretical model are the introduction of air into cylinders that are not in use and the stopping of fuel supply. The experimental component involves conducting bench experiments on a modified spark-ignition engine to verify the theoretical conclusions. These tests assess performance metrics, such as fuel economy and environmental effect, under different load situations. The study’s findings are encouraging. The study reveals that disabling a specific group of cylinders while permitting unrestricted air intake might result in significant improvements in fuel economy, anywhere from 1.5% to 10.5%, depending on the engine’s workload. Bench testing revealed a maximum improvement of 10.8%, which demonstrates the efficacy of this strategy. The study’s findings indicate that the use of the integrated power regulation approach greatly improves fuel efficiency and decreases the impact of the environmental consequences of spark-ignition engines, especially in situations of low load and idling. This technology demonstrates its feasibility as a solution that can be seamlessly incorporated into current engine designs with few adjustments, providing a practical and environmentally responsible option for enhancing vehicle performance. The results indicate that this approach has wide-ranging potential uses in the automotive sector, particularly for urban cars that often function in situations with modest levels of demand. By using this approach, manufacturers may attain enhanced fuel efficiency and diminish emissions, this contributing to the development of more sustainable urban transportation options.

Ticks are ectoparasites of a wide range of animals and are important vectors of numerous pathogens affecting humans, livestock, and pets. This study investigates possible correlations between selected factors, altitude, soil pH, and a factor called ‘amount’ (number of ticks examined in pooled samples) on the occurrence of I. ricinus ticks positive for selected tick-borne microorganisms. Questing I. ricinus ticks were collected in 2016 and 2017 across various altitudes, at two mountain ranges in central Slovakia. Tick pools were screened for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl), Babesia/Theileria spp., Rickettsia spp., and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) using molecular methods. Regression analysis was employed to evaluate relationships between selected factors and the occurrence of vector-borne microorganisms. This study revealed a statistically significant influence of altitude on the occurrence of A. phagocytophilum; increasing altitude of the sampling site was associated with increased probability of pathogen occurrence. For Babesia/Theileria spp., neither altitude nor soil pH significantly affected pathogen occurrence. The occurrence of Bbsl was notably impacted by both altitude and soil pH; higher altitudes were associated with a decreased probability of pathogen presence, whereas higher soil pH increased the likelihood of pathogen occurrence. The presence of Rickettsia in a pooled sample was not affected by altitude and soil pH, but the ‘amount’ factor was a significant predictor, increasing the probability of pathogen detection. Neither altitude nor soil pH had a significant impact on TBEV occurrence. The regression models showed moderate goodness-of-fit levels to the data, underscoring their utility in examining the role of altitude and soil pH on pathogen occurrence. However, they explained only a small portion of the overall variance in pathogen occurrence, indicating the presence of other significant factors not covered in this study.

The hepatic nematode Calodium hepaticum is a zoonotic parasite primarily parasitising small mammals, but it can infect a wide range of mammal species, including humans. Due to its specific life cycle and transmission pattern, it is one of the least studied helminths in the world. The only documented findings of C. hepaticum from Slovakia (former Czechoslovakia) come from the 60s and 70s of the 20th Century, including nine human cases of the infection reported post-mortem. The present study was conducted in the area of these original records in the Tatra National Park (TANAP) and the Košice Zoo. In TANAP, 484 small mammals of six shrew species (Insectivora: Soricidae) and eight rodent species (Rodentia: Muroidea) were collected. In the Košice Zoo, 163 rodents from 10 species were sampled. All specimens were examined for the presence of C. hepaticum eggs using the artificial digestion method. The parasite was recorded in two shrew species (Sorex araneus and Neomys fodiens) and five rodent species (Arvicola amphibius, Microtus agrestis, Clethrionomys glareolus, Apodemus flavicollis, and Rattus norvegicus) from TANAP, while in the Košice Zoo only a single individual of R. norvegicus was found to be infected.

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a serious parasitic disease caused by larval stages of Echinococcus multilocularis. Between January 2000 and October 2023, 137 AE cases were confirmed in Slovakia. The average annual incidence increased from 0.031 per 100,000 inhabitants between 2000 and 2011, to an average of 0.187 since 2012, i.e. about six times. Among patients, 45.3% were men and 54.7% were women; the mean age at the time of diagnosis was 52.8 years. Most cases were diagnosed in the age groups 51-60 years and 61-70 years (33 cases each), and eight patients fell into the age category ≤ 20 years. To better recognize the gene diversity in clinical samples, metacestodes from 21 patients collected between 2013 and 2021 were subjected to DNA sequencing of four mitochondrial genes. Using concatenated sequences of cob (603 bp), nad2 (882 bp) and cox1 (789 bp) gene fragments, 14 isolates (66.7%) were assigned to the European E5 profile of E. multilocularis, two isolates (9.5%) to the E5a subtype, four isolates (19%) to the E4 profile, and one isolate (4.8%) to haplogroup E1/E2. The E5-type profiles and E4 profiles were distributed throughout the country, whereas the E1/E2 profile was found in the patient from western Slovakia. According to the data obtained and GenBank sequences, the E5-type dispersal is so far limited to central-eastern Europe and the variant seems to be indigenous to that region. The admixture with the haplotypes E4 and E1/E2 could have taken place from a historical endemic focus during the fox expansion in the last decades. By employing the nad1 fragment, a typical European haplotype was observed in all 21 resolved Slovak samples. The acceleration in the AE incidence in the last decade suggests the emergence of the disease and the need for further research on human and animal isolates.

Modern challenges in microservice architecture requires autoscaling (upscaling and down-scaling). As an example Black Friday can be considered when load to system increases significantly and obviously more computing capabilities are need to serve it. Automatic up-scaling can allow devops team work as normal even in situations of extreme load to the system. Up-scaling and spinning up of new instance can take a while and make user wait for better system’s performance until new instance is be up and running. That is why up-scaling activities should be started as early as possible. The only solution is to use prediction on load and start up-scaling earlier having prediction of future load trend. In this article automatic up-scaling is for Kubernetes in focus as Kubernetes is defacto a standard for container orchestration. Authors propose solution, providing git-reference to source code. Solution is implemented as Java-based application which uses time-series database (InfluxDB in this case) to understand microservice load. Solution utilizes two prediction models - Exponential Smoothing (ES) and Double Exponential Smoothing (DES). Two models are used to compare with each other. Performance tests are conducted to analyze two main use-cases – use case of slow load growth and case of rapid load growth. Based on experiments it is found that for all cases pro-active up-scaling works better than reactive one. Value from pro-active approach is more visible for case of rapid load growth. If to compare ES and DES between each other, in both cases DES showed better results. Future improvement of the solution could be to make a solution as extension to Kubernetes eco-system for easy plugging-in to Kubernetes infrastructure. Also one of the improvement could be supporting of Prometheus as timeseries database. Ref. 20, pic. 3, tabl. 2

In recent decades, opportunistic infections are a serious medical and social problem due to their spread and significant impact on the quality of life of HIV-infected people. Due to the significant spread of HIV infection, the importance of opportunistic infections is increasing, and diseases that did not play a significant role before are gaining fundamental importance. Therefore, the issue of detection and timely treatment of opportunistic infections is very relevant. Increasing depletion of the CD4+ subpopulation is characteristic of HIV infection, which should be considered as a manifestation of the increasing destruction of the immune system and its morphological structures. This disease is transmitted through blood, sexually and from HIV-infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. A person living with HIV can feel well for many years and not know that he is infected, and later he becomes vulnerable to pathogens of infectious diseases and seeks medical help already at the late stage of the disease — the fourth. The only way to detect the presence of HIV in the body is to conduct a special blood test for HIV. The world is trying to stop the HIV epidemic. At the regular session of the UN General Assembly, the participating countries agreed to do everything possible so that by 2030 the disease stopped spreading, and people living with HIV were not discriminated against.

Relevance. The outbreak of new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the biggest medical problem of the 21st century. Every year, humanity is faced with new diseases of viral etiology, the unpredictable occurrence and severe manifestations of which often lead to the stupor of scientists and physicians around the world. Although the virus primarily affects the lungs, and the clinical manifestations of the disease are dominated by respiratory symptoms, but it significantly affects the risk of development and clinical course of cardiovascular disease. It should be noted that heart disease with COVID-19 can be observed in patients with chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as in patients who had no signs of heart disease before this infection. Objective: to consider current data on cardiovascular disease in patients with COVID-19. Methods. Analysis of latest data presented in PubMed by keywords "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "pandemic", "cardiovascular disease", "myocardial infarction". Search depth – 2 years (2020-2022), with retrospective deepening of some positions until 2003. Results. Coronavirus interacts with the cardiovascular system on many levels, increasing the incidence of patients with concomitant cardiovascular disease and provoking myocardial damage and dysfunction. In addition, cardiovascular disease in patients with coronavirus disease may pose an increased risk of mortality. Therefore, an understanding of the damage to SARS-CoV-2 to the cardiovascular system and its underlying mechanisms is of the utmost importance to ensure that the treatment of these patients is timely and effective and that mortality is reduced. Conclusions. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global pandemic that is evolving in real time. Concomitant cardiovascular disease is common in patients on COVID-19, and these patients have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, in addition to routine examinations for coronavirus disease, patients with cardiovascular disease should receive ancillary studies of the heart and blood vessels, such as cardiac biomarkers, cardiac imaging, electrocardiography, echocardiography and angiography.

Aim. To analyze and summarize the synthetic potential of 1,2,3-triazole-4(5)-amines as efficient building blocks in the synthesis of triazolo-annulated pyridine, azine and azepine systems. Results and discussion. Original literature sources revealing the synthetic potential of 4(5)-amino functionalized 1,2,3-triazoles as convenient and available building blocks for the preparation of triazolo-annulated pyridines, azines and azepines were analyzed and systematized. Condensation of 1,2,3-triazole-4(5)-amines with methylene active compounds was shown to be a powerful tool for the synthesis of versatile triazolo[4,5-b]pyridines. In turn, the cyclocondensation based on 5-amino-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acids and their structurally modified derivatives was proven to be a general way for obtaining a number of triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine systems. Few representatives of triazolo-annulated pyridazines, 1,3-oxazines and 1,3-thiazines were synthesized by the intramolecular cyclization of the corresponding 4-aryl(carboxy-, aminomethyl)-5-amino-1,2,3-triazoles. The cyclocondensation involving 4,5-diamino-, 4-carbofunctionalized 5-amino-1,2,3-triazoles and 4-amino-5-thiocarboxamido-1,2,3-triazoles was successful for the construction of di-, oxa- and thiazepino-annulated triazoles. Conclusions. The analysis, systematization and summary of the literature regarding the synthetic potential of 1,2,3-triazole-4(5)-amines conclusively demonstrate that these structures are easily available and convenient molecular blocks for the construction of triazolo-annulated pyridine, azine and azepine systems that are important for synthetic and biomedical research.

Due to military actions, there is destruction of Ukraine's ecosystems, deterioration of sanitary and hygienic indicators of drinking water, air, and soil. With the onset of full-scale war, the negative impact of harmful and dangerous substances (the use of chemical, phosphorus bombs, and other weapons) prohibited by the Geneva Convention leads to unforeseen consequences for the environment of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to analyze injuries resulting from the action of white phosphorus of various types of phosphorus weapons, namely explosive weapons with a wide area of effect, mines, ammunition, long-range missiles; artillery, mortar shells, various types of grenades in the conditions of russian aggression against Ukraine. The following methods were used in the work: content analysis, comparative analysis, and systematization of the researched material. Research of scientific publications by domestic and foreign scientists using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the period 2001-2023 was conducted. Phosphorus munitions such as WP are known for their high effectiveness in combat operations, but also lead to serious injuries, both traumatic and post-traumatic psychological changes. White phosphorus (explosive bombs) causes burns of human body tissues upon contact with burning material, as well as burns of the upper respiratory tract due to inhalation of smoke or gases emitted during combustion. The article analyzes the regulatory framework prohibiting the use of phosphorus munitions in armed conflicts. Clinical cases of gunshot combined injuries of limbs with massive soft tissue defects, gunshot fractures, and the presence of multiple foreign bodies of metal density due to the use of phosphorus munitions are considered. An analysis of scientific research by foreign scientists on this issue was conducted. The article provides algorithms for providing first aid due to the action of phosphorus munitions, as well as methodological recommendations of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 506 of March 20, 2022) for providing medical assistance at the prehospital stage in case of phosphorus munition injuries, burns, enteral poisoning, exposure to white phosphorus in the eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Nowadays, it is difficult to imagine a person who would not use a smartphone. The main direction in creating many applications are such operating systems as iOS and Android. One of the essential stages of the life cycle of cross-platform applications for iOS and Android is building architecture. It is important not only to be able to build an architecture using well-known «tools», but also to understand to which extent this should be implemented and what impact it will have on the software product in the future. The aim of the work is to analyze approaches to development with excessive or insufficient use of design principles and templates, as well as analysis of the results of the final product, cross-platform software for iOS and Android operating systems. Methodology. To improve the existing software, a static analyzer has been designed and implemented, which is focused on the development of architecture in software of different sizes and types. Only the necessary templates and design approaches which allowed implementing the necessary functionality without complicating the system and guarantee easy support, testing and extension of functionality if it is needed, were used to create the software product. Findings. During the experiments, it was found that when designing cross-platform software for iOS and Android operating systems, not only neglect of patterns and common design approaches, but also their excessive use complicates the development, expansion, maintenance and testing of software. Originality. The extent and consequences of using the design templates, the benefits and examples of using the patterns and approaches in the design of cross-platform applications were determined. For the first time, the necessary degree of use of design templates for mobile applications of different sizes and purposes was analyzed. Practical value. The results of the work will allow the programmer to better understand the principles of designing the applications for iOS and Android operating systems, as well as the conditions of use of the known design templates. The information obtained can be used by teachers of higher education institutions as a means of providing practical examples and demonstrations for higher education students in performing practical work and programmers on real commercial projects.

The article presents the records and brief descriptions of trematodes Brachylaima fuscata (Rudolphi, 1819), Prosthogonimus cuneatus (Rudolphi, 1809), Prosthogonimus ovatus (Rudolphi, 1803), and a nematode Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi Ström, 1937 based on the specimens collected from four corncrakes, Crex crex Linnaeus examined on the territory of Ukraine. In the country, P. cuneatus, P. ovatus, and C. pavlovskyi are reported for the first time in this host-species. Brachylaima fuscata, Cardiofilaria pavlovskyi, Prosthogonimus cuneatus, Prosthogonimus ovatus, bird, Ukraine.