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Nuclear thermal propulsion is an evolving technology that can be utilized for long-distance space travel. This technology yields the advantage of a high thrust and specific impulse, but requires an examination of the potential design adjustments necessary to enhance its feasibility. The development of nuclear thermal propulsion requires a comprehensive understanding of the system-level behavior during transient and steady-state operation. This paper extends our previous research by including the proper handling of turbomachinery with multi-channel thermal hydraulic simulations only for steady-state solutions. The system-level approach presented here enables the treatment of the turbopump components through non-dimensional analysis that eliminates the assumption of constant efficiencies. All the other components within the system (e.g., reflector and core) can be discretized to multiple channels and layers, in which the full thermal hydraulic solution is established. The approach chosen here enables the realistic modeling of the propellant flow within the expander cycle by capturing the pressure losses, mass flow rate splits, and enthalpy gain for various operational conditions. The verification of the package is completed through point comparisons of previous investigations into similar system designs. Furthermore, sensitivity studies are used to benchmark the capabilities of the package and investigate solution variations due to the perturbation of operational conditions and regimes. The sensitivity studies performed here are important to capture variation in flow characteristics (e.g., temperature, pressure, mass flow rates) for different design objectives such as the thrust and specific impulse. This work demonstrates that system-level simulations lacking multi-channel capability and proper turbomachinery treatment may yield higher uncertainties in understanding the engine's response and characteristics to changing various requirements. This is extremely important when screening the design space of such propulsion systems and when transient simulations are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study of the seismic behavior of steel gravity frames with concrete on metal deck floor systems using multibay test specimens subjected to cyclic lateral loads. Fully bolted double-angle connections were used for the primary gravity connections under investigation. Key design variables and construction details under investigation include metal deck orientation, positioning of metal deck seams, and increased deck reinforcing ratios around the columns. Test specimens were simultaneously subjected to gravity loads and quasi-static displacement-controlled cyclic lateral loads. Results show that composite gravity connections exhibit substantial flexural stiffness, strength, and ductility, with some differences in response depending on connection design variables and construction details. Results from the system-level experiments using multibay test specimens demonstrate significant differences compared to previous subassembly tests, which indicates that the moment-resisting capacity of connections may potentially be underestimated in subassembly level tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organization model has shifted from treating the workforce as machines to improving human centricworking environments. The Learning Organization is conceptualized as an organism that evolves through continuous learning to adapt with a constantly changing environment. School is a typical organization and many scholars argued to reconceptualize school as a learning organization. The Integrated Model of School as a Learning Organization (Kools & Stoll, 2016)) has been widely studied and tested in European schools, particularly in Wales. However, there is a gap in the research needed to understand the prerequisites of SLO transformation and thus to better prepare for reform. To explore the prerequisites of SLO, a researcher applies a qualitative approach to purposely collect secondary data from the eight empirical studies in Wales, Greece, Latvia, Spain, Bulgaria, Türkiye, and Italy. To conduct data analysis, a data coding strategy is employed to create the prerequisites and assign them to the main themes- System Level and School Level. To achieve the SLO transformation, the researcher then recommends a systematic reform that involves the education stakeholders, both at system level and at school level - to put forward the practice of the SLO seven actionoriented dimensions. Further meta-analysis research is recommended to widen the scope of conceptualizing antecedents of SLO transformation.

The organization model has shifted from treating the workforce as machines to improving human centricworking environments. The Learning Organization is conceptualized as an organism that evolves through continuous learning to adapt with a constantly changing environment. School is a typical organization and many scholars argued to reconceptualize school as a learning organization. The Integrated Model of School as a Learning Organization (Kools & Stoll, 2016)) has been widely studied and tested in European schools, particularly in Wales. However, there is a gap in the research needed to understand the prerequisites of SLO transformation and thus to better prepare for reform. To explore the prerequisites of SLO, a researcher applies a qualitative approach to purposely collect secondary data from the eight empirical studies in Wales, Greece, Latvia, Spain, Bulgaria, Türkiye, and Italy. To conduct data analysis, a data coding strategy is employed to create the prerequisites and assign them to the main themes-System Level and School Level. To achieve the SLO transformation, the researcher then recommends a systematic reform that involves the education stakeholders, both at system level and at school level - to put forward the practice of the SLO seven actionoriented dimensions. Further meta-analysis research is recommended to widen the scope of conceptualizing antecedents of SLO transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear thermal propulsion is an evolving technology that can be utilized for long-distance space travel. This technology yields the advantage of a high thrust and specific impulse, but requires an examination of the potential design adjustments necessary to enhance its feasibility. The development of nuclear thermal propulsion requires a comprehensive understanding of the system-level behavior during transient and steady-state operation. This paper extends our previous research by including the proper handling of turbomachinery with multi-channel thermal hydraulic simulations only for steady-state solutions. The system-level approach presented here enables the treatment of the turbopump components through non-dimensional analysis that eliminates the assumption of constant efficiencies. All the other components within the system (e.g., reflector and core) can be discretized to multiple channels and layers, in which the full thermal hydraulic solution is established. The approach chosen here enables the realistic modeling of the propellant flow within the expander cycle by capturing the pressure losses, mass flow rate splits, and enthalpy gain for various operational conditions. The verification of the package is completed through point comparisons of previous investigations into similar system designs. Furthermore, sensitivity studies are used to benchmark the capabilities of the package and investigate solution variations due to the perturbation of operational conditions and regimes. The sensitivity studies performed here are important to capture variation in flow characteristics (e.g., temperature, pressure, mass flow rates) for different design objectives such as the thrust and specific impulse. This work demonstrates that system-level simulations lacking multi-channel capability and proper turbomachinery treatment may yield higher uncertainties in understanding the engine’s response and characteristics to changing various requirements. This is extremely important when screening the design space of such propulsion systems and when transient simulations are required.

Abstract This paper presents a compact thermal model for smartphones, Phone‐nomenon 2.0, to predict the thermal behavior of smartphones. In the beginning, non‐linearities of internal and external heat transfer mechanisms of smartphones and a compact thermal model for these non‐linearities have been studied and proposed. Then, an iterative simulation procedure to handle these non‐linearities was developed, and the basic simulation framework which is one option in Phone‐nomenon 2.0 was established and we call it Phone‐nomenon.Iter. Finally, the linearisation approach was applied, and model order reduction techniques to enhance and speed up the basic framework were employed, and these two options Phone‐nomenon.Lin and Phone‐nomenon.LinMOR were named. Compared with a commercial tool, ANSYS Icepak, Phone‐nomenon.Iter can achieve two orders of magnitude speedup with the maximum error being less than 1.90% for steady‐state simulations and three orders of magnitude speedup with the temperature difference being less than 0.65°C for transient simulations. In addition, the speedup of Phone‐nomenon.Lin over Phone‐nomenon.Iter can be at least 4.22× and 3.26× for steady‐state and transient simulations, respectively. Moreover, the speedup of Phone‐nomenon.LinMOR over Phone‐nomenon.Lin is at least 2.57×.

Ultra reliable low latency communication (URLLC) is a use case of 5G which requires high reliability and low latency. We need to evaluate the capability of various physical layer technologies in achieving such high quality of services (QoS) in realistic channels, so as to devise novel technologies which can bridge the gaps identified. In this paper, we are using VIENNA 5G simulator to achieve 5G URLLC, by combining system and link level simulations, using the third generation partnership project (3GPP) specifications for 5G. Extensive simulation data is analyzed to evaluate the QoS and radio resource efficiency of various physical layer techniques to achieve 5G URLLC. We calculate the threshold signal to noise ratio (SNR) in additive white Gaussian channel (AWGN) which can be used for link adaptation in URLLC when using short packets. Closed loop link adaptation and macro-diversity are found to be more effective methods to achieve high reliability as compared to open loop micro-diversity. Relaxed error target per macro-diversity link is shown to provide better radio resource efficiency as compared to using same error target for all links. It is also shown that flexible subcarrier spacing and mini-slot level scheduling can support required transmission delay so as to meet the target end-to-end latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a compact thermal model for smartphones, Phone‐nomenon 2.0, to predict the thermal behavior of smartphones. In the beginning, non‐linearities of internal and external heat transfer mechanisms of smartphones and a compact thermal model for these non‐linearities have been studied and proposed. Then, an iterative simulation procedure to handle these non‐linearities was developed, and the basic simulation framework which is one option in Phone‐nomenon 2.0 was established and we call it Phone‐nomenon.Iter. Finally, the linearisation approach was applied, and model order reduction techniques to enhance and speed up the basic framework were employed, and these two options Phone‐nomenon.Lin and Phone‐nomenon.LinMOR were named. Compared with a commercial tool, ANSYS Icepak, Phone‐nomenon.Iter can achieve two orders of magnitude speedup with the maximum error being less than 1.90% for steady‐state simulations and three orders of magnitude speedup with the temperature difference being less than 0.65°C for transient simulations. In addition, the speedup of Phone‐nomenon.Lin over Phone‐nomenon.Iter can be at least 4.22× and 3.26× for steady‐state and transient simulations, respectively. Moreover, the speedup of Phone‐nomenon.LinMOR over Phone‐nomenon.Lin is at least 2.57×. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Laser wireless power transmission technology avoids the traditional cable transmission requirements regarding the territory and environment, and facilitates vehicle-mounted laser wireless power transmission to provide accompanying power supplies to multi-target unmanned clusters. This can reduce the dependence of unmanned equipment (especially unmanned aerial vehicles) on power storage batteries, providing broad application prospects for the battlefield. However, the current laser wireless power transmission technology lacks a standardized technical index system and mature test and evaluation method; this is not conducive to the application of this technology in diverse combat scenarios. Accordingly, this paper proposes specific indicators for the component-level and system-level performance testing of laser wireless power transmission technology and constructs a corresponding test system and evaluation method, providing a yardstick for selecting laser wireless power transmission systems adapted to the battlefield.

In this paper, we propose a copula‐based approach to study the allocation problem of hot standbys in series systems composed of two heterogeneous and dependent components. By assuming that the lifetimes of components and spares are dependent and linked via a general survival copula, optimal allocation strategies are presented for the case of one and two redundancies at the component level. Further, redundancies allocation mechanisms are also compared between the allocations at the component level and the system level. For the case of one hot standby, we find that the performance of the redundant system at the component level is always worse than that at the system level. For the case of two hot standbys, the reversed allocation principle (i.e., Barlow–Proschan principle) is valid. Numerical examples and applications are also provided as illustrations. A real application on improving tensile strength of cables in high voltage electricity transmission network systems is presented for showing the applicability of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A shake-table test of a 2-story full-scale low-damage concrete wall building was conducted on the multifunctional shake-table array at Tongji University to validate the system-level dynamic response of this type of building. The test building implemented state-of-art low-damage structural systems, including post-tensioned (PT) precast concrete walls, precast concrete frames with slotted beam connections, and a variety of energy-dissipating devices. The building was subjected to 39 separate earthquake tests, consisting of a range of structural design configurations and ground motions including different intensity records, far-field and near-fault records, and short- and long-duration records. The test data and documentation recorded throughout the project have provided a significant high-quality data set for improving understanding both global and local response of post-tensioning concrete wall buildings. The data set has been published and is publicly available. The methodology of the test documentation and data collection for each stage of the project are described, and a road map for navigating the archived data set is provided to support its future use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser wireless power transmission technology avoids the traditional cable transmission requirements regarding the territory and environment, and facilitates vehicle-mounted laser wireless power transmission to provide accompanying power supplies to multi-target unmanned clusters. This can reduce the dependence of unmanned equipment (especially unmanned aerial vehicles) on power storage batteries, providing broad application prospects for the battlefield. However, the current laser wireless power transmission technology lacks a standardized technical index system and mature test and evaluation method; this is not conducive to the application of this technology in diverse combat scenarios. Accordingly, this paper proposes specific indicators for the component-level and system-level performance testing of laser wireless power transmission technology and constructs a corresponding test system and evaluation method, providing a yardstick for selecting laser wireless power transmission systems adapted to the battlefield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated dispensing cabinet (ADC) overrides are used to access emergent or urgent medications when time delay from computerized provider order entry may result in patient harm. [1] Although necessary, ADC overrides bypass the safety features of order entry and verification which increase the risk of an error occurring and potential patient harm. To protect patient safety, national organizations such as The Joint Commission and Institute for Safe Medication Practices have called for hospitals to review overriding trends and available medications on override. AdventHealth Central Florida Division – South (CFD-S) met the recommendations to track overrides but there was limited understanding of the data. A quality improvement project was necessary to investigate the division's risk of error and identify interventions to proactively limit patient risk. The initial task of the quality improvement project was to create a standardized ADC override report that could be shared with pharmacy and nursing leaders within AdventHealth CFD-S monthly. As the project progressed, multiple interventions were identified such as standardizing the information reflected in the report, improving education about ADC overrides across multi-disciplinary departments, and critically reviewing the data to identify needed changes within the division. The efforts to share the ADC override metrics across all levels has improved understanding of ADC override goals and intentions of monitoring ADC overrides. This has paved the path to improving ADC override unit culture and identify gaps within the system that allows overrides to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the vast inland areas of China, more than 3 million bridges have been built to connect the remote mountainous areas and also to make up the urban transportation networks. For these bridges, reinforced concrete is the most widely adopted material in construction. Unlike the offshore bridges subjected to chloride-induced corrosion, the inland bridges have been constantly threatened by atmospheric carbonation-induced corrosion. The inland areas of China are earthquake-prone regions where several major seismic events occurred in recent years. To investigate the seismic vulnerability of inland bridges subjected to atmospheric carbonation-induced corrosion, the time-dependent characteristics of carbonation were analyzed based on an illustrative cable-stayed bridge, and the time-dependent damage states of bridge components during earthquakes were identified through the material strains of reinforcing steel and concrete. A life-cycle fragility assessment method was proposed and was used to establish the time-dependent seismic fragility curves of the illustrative cable-stayed bridge at the component and system levels. Based on the time-dependent fragility analysis, the macro identification for the seismic damage to bridge system under each damage state and its influence on traffic and repair levels were discussed, the damage sequences of bridge components for different damage states were predicted, and the application strategies of the prediction for components' damage sequences at various service periods were introduced. The research shows that the stirrups tend to be corroded first, leading to rapid decreases of the characteristic strain values of the confined core concrete; and the longitudinal reinforcement experiences very slight corrosion during the bridge's service life. The atmospheric carbonation-induced corrosion increases significantly the damage probabilities of the various bridge components, and consequently change their damage sequences at different damage states. However, the carbonation-induced corrosion does not change the CDPs (complete damage points) and MDPs (maximum damage points) of various bridge components. The bridge system is vulnerable during earthquakes and significantly affected by material degradation. Within the design service life, the damage probabilities of the bridge system can be increased by 0.5620 by the carbonation-induced corrosion, the PGAs (peak ground accelerations) corresponding to CDPs can be decreased by 0.1 g, and the MDPs of the failure state can gradually convert to the CDPs. It is possible to predict the damage sequences of the bridge components during earthquakes on the basis of seismic fragility analysis for different service periods of the bridge, based on which the corresponding maintenance and retrofit strategies can then be determined to protect the bridge against possible earthquakes, and the costs can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing need to reduce damage and downtime in modern buildings has led to the development of a low‐damage design philosophy, where the earthquake loads can be resisted with damage confined to easily replaceable components. Post‐tensioned (PT) concrete walls have emerged as a popular low‐damage structural system that have been implemented in a range of buildings. In order to provide essential evidence to support the development of low‐damage concrete structures, a system‐level shake‐table test was conducted on a two‐storey low‐damage concrete wall building implementing state‐of‐art design concepts. The test building included PT rocking walls that provide the primary lateral‐load resistance in both directions, a frame that utilized slotted beam connections, and a range of alternative energy dissipation devices that were installed at wall base or/and beam‐column joints. The building was subjected to 39 tests with a range of intensity ground motions, incorporating both unidirectional and bidirectional ground motions on the structure with different combinations of wall strength and energy dissipating devices. The building performed exceptionally well during the intense series of tests, confirming the suitability of both the design methods and the connection detailing implemented. The building achieved an immediate occupancy performance objective even when subjected to maximum considered earthquake hazard shaking. The building exhibited only minor damage at the conclusion of testing, with distributed cracking in the floors and cosmetic spalling in the wall toes that did not compromise structural capacity or integrity and could be easily repaired with minimal disruption. The test has provided a rich dataset that is available for further analysis of the building response and validation of design methods and numerical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Area and power consumption of an integrated circuit chip is strongly related to its operating frequency. Using the switching principle of the gate-level circuit under different frequencies and keeping the original design, a system level chip area and power consumption optimization method based on dynamic frequency adjustment is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the relationships of area vs. frequency and power consumption vs. frequency are established by choosing the multiple test sets which satisfy the restricting constraints. Secondly, the mathematical models of area vs. frequency and power consumption vs. frequency are derived. Then, the optimal operating frequency is obtained by resolving the models. With a tape out design, the proposed method achieved about 0.59% area shrink and about 9.01% reduction in power consumption.

Modelling and simulation of a high voltage-level modular multilevel converter (MMC) is challenging due to large amount of semiconductor switches, various submodule (SM) circuits, and different operating conditions. Several equivalent models have been proposed for modelling and simulation in system level, which did not consider an industrial or digital controller. To accelerate MMC station design, a highly efficient model is needed with considering control parameters/strategies and accurate dynamics of voltage/current. In this study, an improved equivalent circuit model (ECM) is developed for large-scale system simulation and MMC station design. The proposed ECM considered the MMCs based on various SM circuits under different operating conditions. It can generate bipolar arm voltage and simulate static compensator under dc fault condition. Based on the proposed ECM, the influences of simulation time step on accuracy/efficiency are investigated by considering the sample period and voltage balancing strategies. This research is conducted based on an MMC-HVDC system in the PSCAD/EMTDC software. The study results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ECM and show the relationship between simulation accuracy/efficiency and control/simulation parameters for determining simulation time step. Based on study results, the computational efficiency of proposed model is not significantly affected by the complexity of SM circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA methylation plays a critical role in tumorigenesis through regulating oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene silencing. Although extensively analyzed, the implication of DNA methylation in gene regulatory network is less characterized. To address this issue, in this study we performed an integrative analysis on the alteration of DNA methylation patterns and the dynamics of gene regulatory network topology across distinct stages of stomach cancer. We found the global DNA methylation patterns in different stages are generally conserved, whereas some significantly differentially methylated genes were exclusively observed in the early stage of stomach cancer. Integrative analysis of DNA methylation and network topology alteration yielded several genes which have been reported to be involved in the progression of stomach cancer, such as IGF2, ERBB2, GSTP1, MYH11, TMEM59, and SST. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibition of SST promotes cell proliferation, suggesting that DNA methylation-associated SST suppression possibly contributes to the gastric cancer progression. Taken together, our study suggests the DNA methylation-associated regulatory network analysis could be used for identifying cancer-related genes. This strategy can facilitate the understanding of gene regulatory network in cancer biology and provide a new insight into the study of DNA methylation at system level.

Highlights • A modeling approach is proposed to capture the behavior of a RCM shear wall building subjected to Quasi-Static cyclic lateral load. • Macro-models are developed for individual walls and refined to match experimental results. • Values for the factors controlling the behavior of wall models under cyclic lateral loads are proposed. • Non-linear torsional behavior of flanged walls has a considerable effect on the behavior of a building subjected to rotation under lateral load. • An approach for modeling of structures taking into account the global behavior of the building and the interaction between its components is presented. Abstract This paper presents numerical modeling of a two-story third-scale reinforced concrete masonry building composed of walls in orthogonal directions and subjected to quasi-static cyclic lateral loading up to failure. OpenSees and Response-2000 were used to capture the behavior at the section level as well as that at the element and system levels. The results of ten experimentally tested individual walls were used to verify the modeling approach that was used to generate the building model. The models were able to accurately capture the response of individual walls and that of the tested building. Force based elements were used to represent the walls and values for the factors controlling the cyclic behavior of masonry and steel material models used were recommended. The maximum error obtained for the strength of all wall models and for the building model was 4% and 12% respectively. Numerical results showed that overall ductility of the building was higher than that of its constituent walls especially under eccentric load which was consistent with experimental results. The torsional response of flanged walls was found to be essential for the accurate representation of the building behavior under eccentric lateral loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA methylation plays a critical role in tumorigenesis through regulating oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene silencing. Although extensively analyzed, the implication of DNA methylation in gene regulatory network is less characterized. To address this issue, in this study we performed an integrative analysis on the alteration of DNA methylation patterns and the dynamics of gene regulatory network topology across distinct stages of stomach cancer. We found the global DNA methylation patterns in different stages are generally conserved, whereas some significantly differentially methylated genes were exclusively observed in the early stage of stomach cancer. Integrative analysis of DNA methylation and network topology alteration yielded several genes which have been reported to be involved in the progression of stomach cancer, such as IGF2 , ERBB2 , GSTP1 , MYH11 , TMEM59 , and SST. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibition of SST promotes cell proliferation, suggesting that DNA methylation-associated SST suppression possibly contributes to the gastric cancer progression. Taken together, our study suggests the DNA methylation-associated regulatory network analysis could be used for identifying cancer-related genes. This strategy can facilitate the understanding of gene regulatory network in cancer biology and provide a new insight into the study of DNA methylation at system level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainties associated with technology‐specific and geography‐specific degradation rates make it difficult to calculate the levelized cost of energy, and thus the economic viability of solar energy. In this regard, millions of fielded photovoltaic modules may serve as a global testbed, where we can interpret the routinely collected time series maximum power point (MPP) data to assess the time‐dependent "health" of solar modules. The existing characterization methods, however, cannot effectively mine/decode these datasets to identify various degradation pathways. In this paper, we propose a new methodology called the Suns‐Vmp method, which offers a simple yet powerful approach to monitoring and diagnosing time‐dependent degradation of solar modules by using the MPP data. The algorithm reconstructs "IV" curves by using the natural illumination‐dependent and temperature‐dependent daily MPP characteristics as constraints to fit physics‐based circuit models. These synthetic IV characteristics are then used to determine the time‐dependent evolution of circuit parameters (eg, series resistance), which in turn allows one to deduce the dominant degradation modes (eg, solder bond failure) of solar modules. The proposed method has been applied to a test facility at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Our analysis indicates that the solar modules degraded at a rate of ~0.7%/year because of discoloration and weakened solder bonds. These conclusions are validated by independent outdoor IV measurements and on‐site imaging characterization. Integrated with physics‐based degradation models or machine learning algorithms, the method can also serve to predict the lifetime of photovoltaic systems. Inspired by the well‐known Suns‐Voc method, we have developed a novel technique called the Suns‐Vmp method that can interpret the routinely collected maximum power point (MPP) data of PV systems to produce insightful information regarding the underlying degradation mechanisms. The method can be applied to analyze solar modules installed across the globe to establish a comprehensive database of PV degradation. The resulting database will eventually facilitate geographic‐ and technology‐specific reliability‐aware design to improve module lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to describe the authors' efforts to accomplish the green vehicular ad hoc network (GVANET) project. The goal is to realise the concept of a self 'renewably' powered communication infrastructure appropriate for intelligent transportation systems. The work in this project was started in 2009 with the intention of representing the necessary steps must be taken to achieve such system and to declare the usefulness of adopting environmental energy resources in building mission critical systems. The other objectives of this project are presenting a reasonably cost, reliable, secured and easy to install communication infrastructure. Their plan to implement the GVANET was achieved after passing two design levels: device level and system level. In the device level, they suggest that the architecture of a road side unit (RSU) must be enhanced to maintain its robustness and availability against the different failure events which may occur due to many reasons such as power supply shortage or denial of service attacks. The design philosophy in the system level concentrates on building a sustainable, secured, reliable and scalable communication infrastructure to solve the different systematic problems raised when implementing the RSU as a member of the GVANET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]