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In this paper, we aim to promote the use of linear mixed models (LMMs) in eye-tracking research on subtitling. Using eye tracking to study viewers’ reading of subtitles often warrants controlling for many confounding variables. However, even assuming that these variables are known to researchers, such control may not be possible or desired. Traditional statistical methods such as t-tests or ANOVAs exacerbate the problem due to the use of aggregated data: each participant has one data point per dependent variable. As a solution, we propose the use of LMMs, which are better suited to account for a number of subtitle and participant characteristics, thus explaining more variance. We introduce essential theoretical aspects of LMMs and highlight some of their advantages over traditional statistical methods. To illustrate our point, we compare two analyses of the same dataset: one using a t-test; another using LMMs.

This collection of articles offers a comprehensive overview of some of the most current research approaches found in the field of audiovisual translation (AVT) and media accessibility across Europe. The authors, well-known experts in the field of AVT, reflect on new challenges and look into potential avenues for investigation in professional practices like subtitling, surtitling, dubbing and voiceover as well as audio description (AD), subtitling for the deaf and the hard-of-hearing (SDH) and audio subtitling. The book is divided into four sections. The first part discusses some of the cultural challenges encountered by professionals when dubbing and subtitling audiovisual productions and when surtitling live events. The second part focuses on AVT training, particularly on the teaching and learning of voiceover and subtitling. The third section is dedicated to AD and provides a detailed overview of some of the latest developments taking place in this area. The last section examines some of the most prevalent issues in SDH.

Experimental studies on AVT have grown incrementally over the past decade. This growing body of research has explored several aspects of AVT reception and production using behavioural measures such as eye tracking, as well as venturing into physiological measures such as electroencephalography (EEG), galvanic skin response, and heart rate. As a novel approach to the field of AVT, the experimental approach has borrowed heavily from other fields with established experimental traditions, such as psycholinguistics, psychology, and cognitive science. However, these methodologies are often not implemented with the same rigour as in the disciplines from which they were taken, making for highly eclectic and, at times, inconsistent practices. The absence of a common framework and best practice for experimental research in AVT poses significant risk in addition to the potential reputational damage. Some of the most important risks are: the duplication of efforts, studies that cannot be replicated due to a lack of methodological standardisation and rigour, and findings that are, at best, impossible to generalise from and, at worst, invalid. Given the growing body of work in AVT taking a quasi-experimental approach, it is time to consolidate our position and establish a common framework in order to ensure the integrity of our endeavours. This chapter analyses problems and discusses solutions specifically related to the multidisciplinary nature of experimental AVT research. In so doing, it aims to set the course for future experimental research in AVT, in order to gain credibility in the wider scientific community and contributes new insights to the fields from which AVT has been borrowing. Its conclusion lays out the foundation for a common core of measures and norms to regulate research in the growing field of AVT.

This book is the first monographic study on forms of address in Polish-English subtitling from a multidisciplinary perspective. It departs from a contrastive analysis of forms of address in Polish and in English, then discusses the methodological tools and, finally, presents the empirical study on the translation of Polish forms of address in English TV subtitles. The study corpus contains nearly 100,000 words from three popular Polish soap operas and their English translations. Drawing on the methodological tools from descriptive translation studies, audiovisual translation and corpus-based research, the author presents a comprehensive survey of the translation techniques used by the subtitlers in rendering forms of address and discusses their implications. The book can be used by translation teachers, students and professionals.

Departament responsable de la tesi: Departament de Traducció i d'Interpretació i d'Estudis de l'Àsia Oriental, L'audiodescripció (AD) ja no és considerada un servei exclusiu d'accessibilitat, dedicat a una petita fracció d'individus, sinó que s'entén com un servei inclusiu, dirigit no només a les persones amb discapacitats sensorials, sinó també a altres audiències, com els ancians o els nens. És probable que la demanda d'aquest servei creixi en un futur pròxim. Encara que en el mercat s'observa un interès en augmentar cada cop més la oferta de productes audiovisuals accessibles, no s'hauria de deixar de banda la qualitat de l'experiència de l'usuari. Emmarcada dins el model inclusiu d'accessibilitat, aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu explorar l'impacte de l'AD en la resposta emocional del seu públic objectiu - usuaris cecs i amb baixa visió (CiBV). Per a això, es van realitzar dos estudis de recerca, un centrat en l'estil de AD i l'altre en el el tipus de veu d'AD. La justificació darrere de la selecció d'aquests paràmetres es va relacionar amb els resultats de la investigació anterior. Es van establir dos objectius principals d'investigació. El primer, en relació amb l'estil d'AD, es va centrar en l'estudi de la recepció de dos estils d'AD - estàndard i creatiu - per als usuaris CiBV. El segon, vinculat al tipus de veu d'AD, va implicar l'estudi de la recepció de dos tipus de veu d'AD - humana i sintètica - per a usuaris CiBV per a dos gèneres: ficció i documental. L'aspecte innovador d'aquesta tesi doctoral és l'enfocament metodològic adoptat. La tesi segueix una metodologia centrada en l'usuari, però no es limita a informar sobre les opinions dels usuaris, sinó que pretén mesurar la seva resposta emocional als estímuls presentats. L'eina d'investigació que s'utilitza per mesurar l'experiència de l'usuari és el qüestionari "Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory", un dels cinc qüestionaris canònics utilitzats per mesurar la presència. Dos elements addicionals - interès i confusió - s'afegeixen perquè els usuaris expressin la seva resposta emoc, La audiodescripción (AD) ya no está considerada como un servicio exclusivo de accesibilidad, dedicado a una pequeña fracción de individuos, sino como un servicio inclusivo, dirigido no sólo a personas con discapacidades sensoriales, sino también a otras audiencias, como los ancianos o los niños. Es probable que la demanda de este servicio crezca en un futuro cercano. Aunque en el mercado se observa un interés en aumentar cada vez más la oferta de productos audiovisuales accesibles, no se debería dejar de lado la calidad de la experiencia del usuario. Enmarcada dentro del modelo inclusivo de accesibilidad, esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo explorar el impacto de la AD en la respuesta emocional de su público objetivo - usuarios ciegos y con baja visión (CyBV). Para ello, se realizaron dos estudios de investigación, uno centrado en el estilo de AD y el otro en la entrega vocal de AD. La justificación detrás de la selección de estos parámetros se relacionó con los resultados de investigación anterior. Se establecieron dos objetivos principales de investigación. La primera, en relación con el estilo de AD, se centró en estudiar la recepción de dos estilos de AD - estándar y creativo - por los usuarios CyBV. La segunda, vinculada a la entrega vocal de AD, implicó el estudio de recepción de dos tipos de voces de AD - humana y sintética - por usuarios CyBV para dos géneros: ficción y documental. El aspecto novedoso de esta tesis doctoral es el enfoque metodológico adoptado. La tesis sigue una metodología centrada en el usuario, pero no se limita a informar sobre las opiniones de los usuarios, sino que pretende medir su respuesta emocional a los estímulos presentados. La herramienta de investigación que se utiliza para medir la experiencia del usuario es el cuestionario de la Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory, que es uno de los cinco cuestionarios canónicos utilizados para medir la presencia. Dos elementos adicionales - interés y confusión, Audio description (AD) is no longer seen as an exclusive accessibility service dedicated to a small fraction of individuals, but as an inclusive service, addressing not only the needs of people with sensory impairments, but also those of other audiences, including the elderly or children. The demand for this service is likely to grow in the near future. Although a drive for quantity of accessible audiovisual products can be observed on the market, the issue of the quality of user experience should not be overlooked. Framed within the inclusive model of accessibility, this PhD thesis aims to explore the impact of AD on the emotional response of its target audiences - blind and visually impaired (B/VIP) users. To this end, two research studies were carried out: one focusing on AD style and the other on AD vocal delivery. The rationale behind selecting these parameters was related to the findings of previous research conducted in the field. Two main research objectives were set. The first one, concerning AD style, centred around studying the reception of two AD styles - standard and creative - by B/VIP users. The second one, linked to AD vocal delivery, involved studying the reception of two AD voice types - human and synthetic - by B/VIP users for two genres: fiction and documentary. The novel aspect of this PhD thesis is the methodological approach adopted. It follows a user-centric methodology, not limiting itself to reporting on users' opinions, but also aiming to measure their emotional response to a stimuli presented. The research tool that is used to gauge user experience is the Independent Television Commission Sense of Presence Inventory questionnaire, one of five canonical questionnaires used for measuring presence. Two additional items - interest and confusion - are added for users to report their emotional response to the stimuli shown. The results indicate that not only AD scripts - creative or standard - but also AD delivery voices have a direct effect on