Author: "T, Ido" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"T, Ido"' showing total 756 results

Start Over Author "T, Ido"

756 results on '"T, Ido"'

1. Overview of Large Helical Device experiments of basic plasma physics for solving crucial issues in reaching burning plasma conditions

Author: K. Ida, M. Yoshinuma, M. Kobayashi, T. Kobayashi, N. Kenmochi, F. Nespoli, R.M. Magee, F. Warmer, A. Dinklage, A. Matsuyama, R. Sakamoto, T. Nasu, T. Tokuzawa, T. Kinoshita, K. Tanaka, N. Tamura, K. Nagaoka, M. Nishiura, Y. Takemura, K. Ogawa, G. Motojima, T. Oishi, Y. Morishita, J. Varela, W.H.J. Hayashi, M. Markl, H. Bouvain, Y. Liang, M. Leconte, D. Moseev, V.E. Moiseenko, C.G. Albert, I. Allfrey, A. Alonso, F.J. Arellano, N. Ashikawa, A. Azegami, L. Bardoczi, M. van Berkel, M. Beurskens, M.W. Binderbaue, A. Bortolon, S. Brezinsek, R. Bussiahn, A. Cappa, D. Carralero, I.C. Chan, J. Cheng, X. Dai, D.J. Den Hartog, C.P. Dhard, F. Ding, A. Ejiri, S. Ertmer, T. Fornal, K. Fujita, Y. Fujiwara, H. Funaba, L. Garcia, J.M. Garcia-Regana, I. Garcia-Cortés, I.E. Garkusha, D.A. Gates, Y. Ghai, E.P. Gilson, H. Gota, M. Goto, E.M. Green, V. Haak, S. Hamaguchi, K. Hanada, H. Hara, D. Hartmann, Y. Hayashi, T. Henning, C. Hidalgo, J. Hillairet, R. Hutton, T. Ido, H. Igami, K. Ikeda, S. Inagaki, A. Ishizawa, S. Ito, M. Isobe, Y. Isobe, M. Ivkovic, Z. Jiang, J. Jo, S. Kamio, H. Kasahara, D. Kato, Y. Katoh, Y. Kawachi, Y. Kawamoto, G. Kawamura, T. Kawate, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Klumper, A. Knieps, W.H. Ko, S. Kobayashi, F. Koike, Yu.V. Kovtun, M. Kubkowska, S. Kubo, S.S.H. Lam, A. Langenberg, H. Laqua, S. Lazerson, J. Lestz, B. Li, L. Liao, Z. Lin, R. Lunsford, S. Masuzaki, H. Matsuura, K.J. McCarthy, D. Medina-Roque, O. Mitarai, A. Mollen, C. Moon, Y. Mori, T. Morisaki, S. Morita, K. Mukai, I. Murakami, S. Murakami, T. Murase, C.M. Muscatello, K. Nagasaki, D. Naujoks, H. Nakano, M. Nakata, Y. Narushima, A. Nagy, J.H. Nicolau, T. Nishizawa, S. Nishimoto, H. Nuga, M. Nunami, R. Ochoukov, S. Ohdachi, J. Ongena, M. Osakabe, N.A. Pablant, N. Panadero, B. Peterson, J. de la Riva Villén, J. Romazanov, J. Rosato, M. Rud, S. Sakakibara, H.A. Sakaue, H. Sakai, I. Sakon, M. Salewski, S. Sangaroon, S. Sereda, T. Stange, K. Saito, S. Satake, R. Seki, T. Seki, S. Sharapov, A. Shimizu, T. Shimozuma, G. Shivam, M. Shoji, D.A. Spong, H. Sugama, Z. Sun, C. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, T. Tajima, E. Takada, H. Takahashi, K. Toi, Y. Tsuchibushi, N. Tsujii, K. Tsumori, T.I. Tsujimurai, G. Ueno, H. Uehara, J.L. Velasco, E. Wang, K.Y. Watanabe, T. Wauter, U. Wenzel, M. Yajima, H. Yamada, I. Yamada, K. Yanagihara, H. Yamaguchi, R. Yanai, R. Yasuhara, M. Yokoyama, Y. Yoshimura, M. Zarnstorff, M. Zhao, G.Q. Zhong, Q. Zhou, S. Ziaei, LHD Experiment Group, and the W7-X Team
Subjects: Large Helical Device, basic plasma physics, burning plasma, wave–particle interaction, ion mixing, turbulence spreading, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Recently, experiments on basic plasma physics issues for solving future problems in fusion energy have been performed on a Large Helical Device. There are several problems to be solved in future devices for fusion energy. Emerging issues in burning plasma are: alpha-channeling (ion heating by alpha particles), turbulence and transport in electron dominant heating helium ash exhaust, reduction of the divertor heat load. To solve these problems, understanding the basic plasma physics of (1) wave–particle interaction through (inverse) Landau damping, (2) characteristics of electron-scale (high- k ) turbulence, (3) ion mixing and the isotope effect, and (4) turbulence spreading and detachment, is necessary. This overview discusses the experimental studies on these issues and turbulent transport in multi-ion plasma and other issues in the appendix.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Electron cyclotron current start-up using a retarding electric field in the QUEST spherical tokamak

Author: T. Onchi, H. Idei, K. Hanada, O. Watanabe, R. Miyata, Y. Zhang, Y. Koide, Y. Otsuka, T. Yamaguchi, A. Higashijima, T. Nagata, I. Sekiya, S. Shimabukuro, I. Niiya, K. Kono, F. Zennifa, K. Nakamura, R. Ikezoe, M. Hasegawa, K. Kuroda, Y. Nagashima, T. Ido, T. Kariya, A. Ejiri, S. Murakami, A. Fukuyama, and Y. Kosuga
Subjects: spherical tokamak, electron cyclotron heating, plasma current start-up, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The plasma current start-up experiment is conducted through electron cyclotron (EC) heating in the QUEST spherical tokamak. During the EC heating, the application of a toroidal electric field in the opposite direction to the plasma current effectively inhibits the growth of energetic electrons. Observations show rapid increases in plasma current and hard x-ray count immediately following the cancellation of the retarding electric field. When a compact tokamak configuration maintains equilibrium on the high field side, along with the retarding field, it leads to effective bulk electron heating. This heating achieved an electron temperature of T _e ≈ 1 keV at electron density n _e > 1.0 × 10 ^18 m ^−3 . Ray tracing of the EC wave verifies that more power absorption into plasma through a single-pass occurs around the second resonance layer with higher values of electron density and temperature.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Hydrogen isotope effect on self-organized electron internal transport barrier criticality and role of radial electric field in toroidal plasmas

Author: T. Kobayashi, A. Shimizu, M. Nishiura, T. Ido, S. Satake, T. Tokuzawa, T. Ii Tsujimura, K. Nagaoka, and K. Ida
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract Self-organized structure formation in magnetically confined plasmas is one of the most attractive subjects in modern experimental physics. Nonequilibrium media are known to often exhibit phenomena that cannot be predicted by superposition of linear theories. One representative example of such phenomena is the hydrogen isotope effect in fusion plasmas, where the larger the mass of the hydrogen isotope fuel is the better the plasma confinement becomes, contrary to what simple scaling models anticipate. In this article, threshold condition of a plasma structure formation is shown to have a strong hydrogen isotope effect. To investigate the underlying mechanism of this isotope effect, the electrostatic potential is directly measured by a heavy ion beam probe. It is elucidated that the core electrostatic potential transition occurs with less input power normalized by plasma density in plasmas with larger isotope mass across the structure formation. This observation is suggestive of the isotope effect in the radial electric field structure formation.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Demonstration of transient CHI startup using a floating biased electrode configuration

Author: K. Kuroda, R. Raman, T. Onchi, M. Hasegawa, K. Hanada, M. Ono, B.A. Nelson, J. Rogers, R. Ikezoe, H. Idei, T. Ido, M. Nagata, O. Mitarai, N. Nishino, Y. Otsuka, Y. Zhang, K. Kono, S. Kawasaki, T. Nagata, A. Higashijima, S. Shimabukuro, I. Niiya, I. Sekiya, K. Nakamura, Y. Takase, A. Ejiri, and S. Murakami
Subjects: coaxial helicity injection, solenoid-free current drive, spherical tokamak, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Results from the successful solenoid-free plasma startup using the method of transient coaxial helicity injection (transient CHI) in the QUEST spherical tokamak (ST) are reported. Unlike previous applications of CHI on HIT-II and on NSTX which required two toroidal insulating breaks to the vacuum vessel, QUEST uses a first of its kind, floating single biased electrode configuration, which does not use such a vacuum break. Instead, the CHI electrode is simply insulated from the outer lower divertor plate support structure. This configuration is much more suitable for implementation in a fusion reactor than the previous configurations. Transient CHI generated toroidal currents of 135 kA were obtained. The toroidal current during the formation of a closed flux configuration was over 50 kA. These results bode well for the application of transient CHI in a new generation of compact high-field STs and tokamaks in which the space for the central solenoid is very restricted.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Spectroscopic measurement of increases in hydrogen molecular rotational temperature with plasma-facing surface temperature and due to collisional-radiative processes in tokamaks

Author: N. Yoneda, T. Shikama, F. Scotti, K. Hanada, H. Iguchi, H. Idei, T. Onchi, A. Ejiri, T. Ido, K. Kono, Y. Peng, Y. Osawa, G. Yatomi, A. Kidani, M. Kudo, R. Hiraka, K. Takeda, R.E. Bell, A. Maan, D.P. Boyle, R. Majeski, V.A. Soukhanovskii, M. Groth, A.G. McLean, R.S. Wilcox, C. Lasnier, K. Nakamura, Y. Nagashima, R. Ikezoe, M. Hasegawa, K. Kuroda, A. Higashijima, T. Nagata, S. Shimabukuro, I. Niiya, I. Sekiya, and M. Hasuo
Subjects: emission spectroscopy, hydrogen molecule, rotational temperature, plasma–surface interaction, QUEST, LTX-β, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Spatially resolved rotational temperature of ground state hydrogen molecules desorbed from plasma-facing surface was measured in QUEST, LTX-β, and DIII-D tokamaks, and the increases of the rotational temperature with the surface temperature and due to collisional-radiative processes in the plasmas were evaluated. The increase due to collisional-radiative processes was calculated by solving rate equations considering electron and proton collisional excitation and deexcitation and spontaneous emission. The calculation results suggest a high sensitivity for the rotational temperature to electron and proton densities, but a negligible sensitivity to the electron, proton, and surface temperatures. In the three tokamaks with different plasma parameters and plasma-facing surface materials, the spatial profile of the rotational temperature was estimated using Fulcher-α emission lines (600–608 nm). In QUEST, the spatial profile of the rotational temperature was estimated from spatially resolved spectra. In the other tokamaks, the rotational temperature was evaluated assuming a single point emission with a location determined from the Fulcher-α emission profile as measured with a filtered camera. In metal-walled devices QUEST and LTX-β, the rotational temperature increased with the surface temperature, and the calculated collisional-radiative increase is consistent with measured increase assuming that the rotational temperature at the surface is approximately 500–600 K higher than the surface temperature. In DIII-D with carbon walls, a larger collisional-radiative increase than the other tokamaks was observed because of the higher density leading to a large difference from the calculated increase compared to the other smaller tokamaks. Measurement of the Fulcher-α emission profile with higher spatial resolution in DIII-D may reduce the difference and reveal the effect of the surface temperature on the rotational temperature. These results show the increases in the rotational temperature with the surface temperature and due to the collisional-radiative processes.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Investigation of radial distribution of atomic hydrogen flux to the plasma facing components in steady state discharges in QUEST tokamak

Author: A. Kuzmin, M. Kobayashi, K. Hanada, H. Idei, T. Onchi, S. Mori, N. Yoneda, T. Shikama, M. Hasuo, T. Ido, Y. Nagashima, R. Ikezoe, M. Hasegawa, K. Kuroda, K. Kono, S. Matsuo, T. Nagata, S. Shimabukuro, A. Higashijima, I. Niiya, and H. Zushi
Subjects: Hydrogen, Atomic hydrogen, Steady state tokamak operation, PdCu, Permeation, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: To study radial distribution of hydrogen flux in peripheral plasma in long duration tokamak discharges, permeation and Langmuir reciprocate probes are used. The atomic hydrogen flux to the walls at several radial positions is deduced from the permeation flux. Contribution of the ions to the hydrogen flow is deduced from the Langmuir probe ion saturation current. It is found, that the atomic hydrogen has the most contribution to the hydrogen flow behind the plasma facing components (PFCs), while the ion flux there is negligible. The atomic flux behind the PFCs drops to the value of F~4.3×1015H/m2/s, which is ~6 % of that just in front of PFCs, F~7.7×1016H/m2/s.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Toroidal flow measurements of impurity ions in QUEST ECH plasmas using multiple viewing chords emission spectroscopy

Author: N. Yoneda, T. Shikama, K. Hanada, S. Mori, T. Onchi, K. Kuroda, M. Hasuo, A. Ejiri, K. Matsuzaki, Y. Osawa, Y. Peng, Y. Kawamata, S. Sakamoto, H. Idei, T. Ido, K. Nakamura, Y. Nagashima, R. Ikezoe, M. Hasegawa, A. Higashijima, T. Nagata, and S. Shimabukuro
Subjects: Spherical tokamak, ECH, Magnetic configuration, Toroidal flow, Emission spectroscopy, Inversion, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: A spectroscopic system with multiple viewing chords was developed for QUEST (Q-shu University Experiment with Steady-State Spherical Tokamak) to measure the spatial distribution of ion toroidal velocities in discharges sustained by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECH). Twenty-four viewing chords were aligned in the midplane and C III emission line spectra were measured for three types of ECH discharge under different magnetic field configurations. By applying an inversion method to the measured spectra, we evaluated the radial distributions of C2+ ion emissivity, temperature, and toroidal velocity. The error in the evaluated velocity was estimated to be less than 5 km/s. It was found that the velocity depends on the magnetic field configuration.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. Core plasma confinement during detachment transition with RMP application in LHD

Author: M. Kobayashi, S. Masuzaki, K. Tanaka, T. Tokuzawa, M. Yokoyama, Y. Narushima, I. Yamada, T. Ido, and R. Seki
Subjects: Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract: The core plasma confinement during detachment phase is investigated in the discharges with application of resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) field in LHD. The RMP application creates a remnant magnetic island in the edge stochastic layer, which largely changes the plasma parameter profiles including impurity radiation. The electron temperature and pressure profiles are flattened at the island, while the electron density is slightly peaked at the edge of the island. The estimated impurity radiation profile is enhanced and fixed around the magnetic island during the detached phase, where the discharge is stably sustained with controlled level of radiation. Without RMP, the radiation penetrates the confinement region, leading to radiation collapse. It is found that in the case of the RMP application the plasma stored energy increases discontinuously at the detachment transition. In spite of the reduced effective plasma volume caused by the edge magnetic island and by the enhanced radiation there, the central plasma pressure finally exceeds the case without RMP. This is caused by the pressure profile peaking at the central region in the case with RMP. These results indicate clear change of core plasma confinement during the detached phase with RMP.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry

Author: Jitendra PS. Sawhney, Veerappa A. Kothiwale, Vikas Bisne, Rajashekhar Durgaprasad, Praveen Jadhav, Manoj Chopda, Velam Vanajakshamma, Ramdhan Meena, Govindan Vijayaraghavan, Kamaldeep Chawla, Jagan Allu, Karen S. Pieper, A. John Camm, Ajay K. Kakkar, Jean-Pierre Bassand, David A. Fitzmaurice, Samuel Z. Goldhaber, Shinya Goto, Sylvia Haas, Werner Hacke, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Frank Misselwitz, Alexander G.G. Turpie, Martin van Eickels, Freek W.A. Verheugt, Gloria Kayani, Keith A.A. Fox, Bernard J. Gersh, Hector Lucas Luciardi, Harry Gibbs, Marianne Brodmann, Frank Cools, Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto, Stuart J. Connolly, Alex Spyropoulos, John Eikelboom, Ramon Corbalan, Dayi Hu, Petr Jansky, Jørn Dalsgaard Nielsen, Hany Ragy, Pekka Raatikainen, Jean-Yves Le Heuzey, Harald Darius, Matyas Keltai, Sanjay Kakkar, Jitendra Pal Singh Sawhney, Giancarlo Agnelli, Giuseppe Ambrosio, Yukihiro Koretsune, Carlos Jerjes Sánchez Díaz, Hugo Ten Cate, Dan Atar, Janina Stepinska, Elizaveta Panchenko, Toon Wei Lim, Barry Jacobson, Seil Oh, Xavier Viñolas, Marten Rosenqvist, Jan Steffel, Pantep Angchaisuksiri, Ali Oto, Alex Parkhomenko, Wael Al Mahmeed, David Fitzmaurice, D.Y. Hu, K.N. Chen, Y.S. Zhao, H.Q. Zhang, J.Z. Chen, S.P. Cao, D.W. Wang, Y.J. Yang, W.H. Li, Y.H. Yin, G.Z. Tao, P. Yang, Y.M. Chen, S.H. He, Ying Wang, Yong Wang, G.S. Fu, X. Li, T.G. Wu, X.S. Cheng, X.W. Yan, R.P. Zhao, M.S. Chen, L.G. Xiong, P. Chen, Y. Jiao, Y. Guo, L. Xue, F.Z. Wang, H. Li, Z.M. Yang, C.L. Bai, J. Chen, J.Y. Chen, X. Chen, S. Feng, Q.H. Fu, X.J. Gao, W.N. Guo, R.H. He, X.A. He, X.S. Hu, X.F. Huang, B. Li, J. Li, L. Li, Y.H. Li, T.T. Liu, W.L. Liu, Y.Y. Liu, Z.C. Lu, X.L. Luo, T.Y. Ma, J.Q. Peng, X. Sheng, X.J. Shi, Y.H. Sun, G. Tian, K. Wang, L. Wang, R.N. Wu, Q. Xie, R.Y. Xu, J.S. Yang, L.L. Yang, Q. Yang, Y. Ye, H.Y. Yu, J.H. Yu, T. Yu, H. Zhai, Q. Zhan, G.S. Zhang, Q. Zhang, R. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W.Y. Zheng, B. Zhou, Z.H. Zhou, X.Y. Zhu, S. Kakkar, J.P.S. Sawhney, P. Jadhav, R. Durgaprasad, A.G. Ravi Shankar, R.K. Rajput, K. Bhargava, R. Sarma, A. Srinivas, D. Roy, U.M. Nagamalesh, M. Chopda, R. Kishore, G. Kulkarni, P. Chandwani, R.A. Pothiwala, M. Padinhare Purayil, S. Shah, K. Chawla, V.A. Kothiwale, B. Raghuraman, G. Vijayaraghavan, V.M. Vijan, G. Bantwal, V. Bisne, A. Khan, J.B. Gupta, S. Kumar, D. Jain, S. Abraham, D. Adak, A. Barai, H. Begum, P. Bhattacharjee, M. Dargude, D. Davies, B. Deshpande, P. Dhakrao, V. Dhyani, S. Duhan, M. Earath, A. Ganatra, S. Giradkar, V. Jain, R. Karthikeyan, L. Kasala, S. Kaur, S. Krishnappa, A. Lawande, B. Lokesh, N. Madarkar, R. Meena, P. More, D. Naik, K. Prashanth, M. Rao, N.M. Rao, N. Sadhu, D. Shah, M. Sharma, P. Shiva, S. Singhal, S. Suresh, V. Vanajakshamma, S.G. Panse, Y. Koretsune, S. Kanamori, K. Yamamoto, K. Kumagai, Y. Katsuda, K. Sadamatsu, F. Toyota, Y. Mizuno, I. Misumi, H. Noguchi, S. Ando, T. Suetsugu, M. Minamoto, Hiroshi Oda, K. Shiraishi, S. Adachi, K. Chiba, H. Norita, M. Tsuruta, T. Koyanagi, H. Ando, T. Higashi, K. Okada, S. Azakami, S. Komaki, K. Kumeda, T. Murayama, J. Matsumura, Y. Oba, R. Sonoda, K. Goto, K. Minoda, Y. Haraguchi, H. Suefuji, H. Miyagi, H. Kato, Tadashi Nakamura, Tsugihiro Nakamura, H. Nandate, R. Zaitsu, Yoshihisa Fujiura, A. Yoshimura, H. Numata, J. Ogawa, H. Tatematsu, Y. Kamogawa, K. Murakami, Y. Wakasa, M. Yamasawa, H. Maekawa, S. Abe, H. Kihara, S. Tsunoda, Katsumi Saito, Kazuyuki Saito, T. Fudo, K. Obunai, H. Tachibana, I. Oba, T. Kuwahata, S. Higa, M. Gushiken, T. Eto, H. Yoshida, D. Ikeda, Yoshitake Fujiura, M. Ishizawa, M. Nakatsuka, K. Murata, C. Ogurusu, M. Shimoyama, M. Akutsu, I. Takamura, F. Hoshino, N. Yokota, T. Iwao, K. Tsuchida, M. Takeuchi, Y. Hatori, Y. Kitami, Yoichi Nakamura, R. Oyama, M. Ageta, Hiroyuki Oda, Y. Go, K. Mishima, T. Unoki, S. Morii, Yuhei Shiga, H. Sumi, T. Nagatomo, K. Sanno, K. Fujisawa, Y. Atsuchi, T. Nagoshi, T. Seto, T. Tabuchi, M. Kameko, K. Nii, K. Oshiro, H. Takezawa, S. Nagano, N. Miyamoto, M. Iwaki, Yuichiro Nakamura, M. Fujii, M. Okawa, Masahiko Abe, Masatake Abe, Mitsunori Abe, T. Saito, T. Mito, K. Nagao, J. Minami, T. Mita, I. Sakuma, T. Taguchi, S. Marusaki, H. Doi, M. Tanaka, T. Fujito, M. Matsuta, T. Kusumoto, S. Kakinoki, K. Ashida, N. Yoshizawa, J. Agata, O. Arasaki, M. Manita, M. Ikemura, S. Fukuoka, H. Murakami, S. Matsukawa, Y. Hata, T. Taniguchi, T. Ko, H. Kubo, M. Imamaki, M. Akiyama, M. Inagaki, H. Odakura, T. Ueda, Y. Katsube, A. Nakata, H. Watanabe, M. Techigawara, M. Igarashi, K. Taga, T. Kimura, S. Tomimoto, M. Shibuya, M. Nakano, K. Ito, T. Seo, S. Hiramitsu, H. Hosokawa, M. Hoshiai, M. Hibino, K. Miyagawa, Hajime Horie, N. Sugishita, Yukio Shiga, A. Soma, K. Neya, Tetsuro Yoshida, Tomoki Yoshida, M. Mizuguchi, M. Ishiguro, T. Minagawa, M. Wada, H. Mukawa, F. Okuda, S. Nagasaka, Y. Abe, Sen Adachi, Susumu Adachi, T. Adachi, K. Akahane, T. Amano, K. Aoki, T. Aoyama, H. Arai, S. Arima, T. Arino, H. Asano, T. Asano, J. Azuma, T. Baba, T. Betsuyaku, H. Chibana, H. Date, J. Doiuchi, Y. Emura, M. Endo, Y. Fujii, R. Fujiki, A. Fujisawa, Y. Fujisawa, T. Fukuda, T. Fukui, N. Furukawa, T. Furukawa, W. Furumoto, T. Goto, M. Hamaoka, N. Hanazono, K. Hasegawa, T. Hatsuno, Y. Hayashi, K. Higuchi, K. Hirasawa, H. Hirayama, M. Hirose, S. Hirota, M. Honda, Hideki Horie, T. Ido, O. Iiji, H. Ikeda, K. Ikeda, K. Ikeoka, M. Imaizumi, H. Inaba, T. Inoue, F. Iseki, A. Ishihara, N. Ishioka, N. Ito, T. Iwase, H. Kakuda, J. Kamata, H. Kanai, H. Kanda, M. Kaneko, H. Kano, T. Kasai, T. Kato, Y. Kato, Y. Kawada, K. Kawai, K. Kawakami, S. Kawakami, T. Kawamoto, S. Kawano, J. Kim, T. Kira, H. Kitazawa, H. Kitazumi, T. Kito, T. Kobayashi, T. Koeda, J. Kojima, H. Komatsu, I. Komatsu, Y. Koshibu, T. Kotani, T. Kozuka, Y. Kumai, T. Kumazaki, I. Maeda, K. Maeda, Y. Maruyama, S. Matsui, K. Matsushita, Y. Matsuura, K. Mineoi, H. Mitsuhashi, N. Miura, S. Miyaguchi, S. Miyajima, H. Miyamoto, A. Miyashita, S. Miyata, I. Mizuguchi, A. Mizuno, T. Mori, O. Moriai, K. Morishita, O. Murai, Sho Nagai, Shunichi Nagai, E. Nagata, H. Nagata, A. Nakagomi, S. Nakahara, M. Nakamura, R. Nakamura, N. Nakanishi, T. Nakayama, R. Nakazato, T. Nanke, J. Nariyama, Y. Niijima, H. Niinuma, Y. Nishida, Y. Nishihata, K. Nishino, H. Nishioka, K. Nishizawa, I. Niwa, K. Nomura, S. Nomura, M. Nozoe, T. Ogawa, N. Ohara, M. Okada, K. Okamoto, H. Okita, M. Okuyama, H. Ono, T. Ono, Y. Onuki Pearce, S. Oriso, A. Ota, E. Otaki, Y. Saito, H. Sakai, N. Sakamoto, Y. Sakamoto, Y. Samejima, Y. Sasagawa, H. Sasaguri, A. Sasaki, T. Sasaki, Kazuki Sato, Kiyoharu Sato, M. Sawano, S. Seki, Y. Sekine, Y. Seta, K. Sezaki, N. Shibata, Y. Shiina, H. Shimono, Y. Shimoyama, T. Shindo, H. Shinohara, R. Shinohe, T. Shinozuka, T. Shirai, T. Shiraiwa, Y. Shozawa, T. Suga, C. Sugimoto, Kazuo Suzuki, Keita Suzuki, Shu Suzuki, Shunji Suzuki, Susumu Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, M. Tada, A. Taguchi, T. Takagi, Y. Takagi, K. Takahashi, S. Takahashi, H. Takai, C. Takanaka, S. Take, H. Takeda, K. Takei, K. Takenaka, T. Tana, G. Tanabe, K. Taya, H. Teragawa, S. Tohyo, S. Toru, Y. Tsuchiya, T. Tsuji, K. Tsuzaki, H. Uchiyama, O. Ueda, Y. Ueyama, N. Wakaki, T. Wakiyama, T. Washizuka, M. Watanabe, T. Yamada, T. Yamagishi, H. Yamaguchi, Kenichi Yamamoto, Kentaro Yamamoto, Kunihiko Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, M. Yamaura, M. Yamazoe, K. Yasui, Y. Yokoyama, K. Yoshida, T.W. Lim, C.K. Ching, C.G. Foo, J.H. Chow, D.D. Chen, F.R. Jaufeerally, Y.M. Lee, G. Lim, W.T. Lim, S. Thng, S.Y. Yap, C. Yeo, S. Oh, H.N. Pak, J.-B. Kim, J.H. Kim, S.-W. Jang, D.H. Kim, D.R. Ryu, S.W. Park, D.-K. Kim, D.J. Choi, Y.S. Oh, M.-C. Cho, S.-H. Kim, H.-K. Jeon, D.-G. Shin, J.S. Park, H.K. Park, S.-J. Han, J.H. Sung, J.-G. Cho, G.-B. Nam, Y.K. On, H.E. Lim, J.J. Kwak, T.-J. Cha, T.J. Hong, S.H. Park, J.H. Yoon, N.-H. Kim, K.-S. Kim, B.C. Jung, G.-S. Hwang, C.-J. Kim, D.B. Kim, J.J. Ahn, H.J. An, H. Bae, A.L. Baek, W.J. Chi, E.A. Choi, E.H. Choi, H.K. Choi, H.S. Choi, S. Han, E.S. Heo, K.O. Her, S.W. Hwang, E.M. Jang, H.-S. Jang, S. Jang, H.-G. Jeon, S.R. Jeon, Y.R. Jeon, H.K. Jeong, I.-A. Jung, Hyeon Jeong Kim, Hyun Ju Kim, Ji Seon Kim, Jung Sook Kim, J.A. Kim, K.T. Kim, M.S. Kim, Sang Hee Kim, Sang Hyun Kim, Y.-I. Kim, C.S. Lee, E.H. Lee, G.H. Lee, H.Y. Lee, H.-Y. Lee, K.H. Lee, K.R. Lee, M.S. Lee, M.-Y. Lee, R.W. Lee, S.E. Lee, S.H. Lee, S. Lee, W.Y. Lee, I.K. Noh, A.R. Park, B.R. Park, H.N. Park, J.H. Park, M. Park, Y. Park, S.-Y. Seo, J. Shim, J.H. Sim, Y.M. Sohn, W.S. Son, Y.S. Son, H.J. Song, H.K. Wi, J.J. Woo, S. Ye, K.H. Yim, K.M. Yoo, E.J. Yoon, S.Y. Yun, P. Angchaisuksiri, S. Chawanadelert, P. Mongkolwongroj, K. Kanokphatcharakun, S. Cheewatanakornkul, T. Laksomya, S. Pattanaprichakul, T. Chantrarat, S. Rungaramsin, S. Silaruks, W. Wongcharoen, K. Siriwattana, K. Likittanasombat, P. Katekangplu, W. Boonyapisit, D. Cholsaringkarl, B. Chatlaong, P. Chattranukulchai, Y. Santanakorn, P. Hutayanon, P. Khunrong, T. Bunyapipat, S. Jai-Aue, P. Kaewsuwanna, P. Bamungpong, S. Gunaparn, S. Hongsuppinyo, R. Inphontan, R. Khattaroek, K. Khunkong, U. Kitmapawanont, C. Kongsin, B. Naratreekoon, S. Ninwaranon, J. Phangyota, A. Phrommintikul, P. Phunpinyosak, K. Pongmorakot, S. Poomiphol, N. Pornnimitthum, S. Pumprueg, S. Ratchasikaew, K. Sanit, K. Sawanyawisuth, B. Silaruks, R. Sirichai, A. Sriwichian, W. Suebjaksing, P. Sukklad, T. Suttana, A. Tangsirira, O. Thangpet, W. Tiyanon, Y. Vorasettakarnkij, T. Wisaratapong, W. Wongtheptien, A. Wutthimanop, S. Yawila, A. Oto, A. Altun, I. Ozdogru, K. Ozdemir, O. Yilmaz, A. Aydinlar, M.B. Yilmaz, E. Yeter, Z. Ongen, M. Cayli, H. Pekdemir, M. Ozdemir, M. Sucu, T. Sayin, M. Demir, H. Yorgun, M. Ersanli, E. Okuyan, D. Aras, H. Abdelrahman, O. Aktas, D. Alpay, F. Aras, M.F. Bireciklioglu, S. Budeyri, M. Buyukpapuc, S. Caliskan, M. Esen, M.A. Felekoglu, D. Genc, B. Ikitimur, E.B. Karaayvaz, S. Kılıç Karataş, S. Okutucu, E. Ozcelik, A. Quisi, H. Sag, L. Sahiner, B.Y. Sayin, T. Seker, D. Uzun Alkan, E. Yildirim, R. Yildirim, F. Yilmaz, V. Yuksekdag, H.L. Luciardi, N. Vensentini, A.C. Ingaramo, G.A. Sambadaro, V. Fernandez Caputi, S.G. Berman, P. Dragotto, A.J. Kleiban, N. Centurion, G. Giacomi, R.A. Ahuad Guerrero, D. Conde, G. Zapata, L.A. Di Paola, J.L. Ramos, R.D. Dran, J. Egido, A.A. Fernandez, M.J. Fosco, S. Sassone, V.A. Sinisi, L.R. Cartasegna, M.A. Berli, O.A. Gomez Vilamajo, F. Ferroni, E.D. Alaguibe, A. Alvarez D'Amelio, C. Arabetti, L. Arias, J.A. Belardi, L. Bergesio, F. Berli, M. Berli, S. Borchowiec, C. Buzzetti, R. Cabrini, V. Campisi, A.L. Cappi, R. Carrizo, F. Colombo Berra, J.P. Costabel, O.J.A. Costamagna, A.A. Damonte, I.N. De Urquiza, F. Diez, M.F. Edén, M. Fanuele, F. Fernandez Voena, M. Foa Torres, C. Funosas, M.P. Giacomi, C.H. Gimenez, E.P. Gurfinkel, M. de L.M. Had, V. Hansen, A.D. Hrabar, M. Ingratta, A. Lopez, G. Maehara, L. Maffei, A. Martinelli, C. Martinelli, J. Matkovich, B. Mautner, A. Meirino, R. Munguia, A. Navarro, V. Novas, G. Perez Prados, J. Pontoriero, R.N. Potito, C. Ricotti, M.A. Rodriguez, F. Rolandi, M.E. Said Palladino, M. Salinger, L.S. Sanziani, P.O. Schygiel, A. Sossich, J.F. Tinto, L. Tonelli, A.L. Tufare, M. Vallejo, M.E. Yunis, M. Zillo, F.J. Zurbrigk, A.C.P. Barretto, D.C. Sobral Filho, J. Jaber, D. Armaganijan, J. Faria Neto, A. Steffens, W. Kunz Sebba Barroso de Souza, J.D. de Souza Neto, J.M. Ribeiro, M. Silveira Teixeira, P.R. Ferreira Rossi, L. Pires, D. Moreira, J.C. Moura Jorge, A. Menezes Lorga Filho, L.C. Bodanese, M. Westerlund Montera, C.H. Del Carlo, T. Da Rocha Rodrigues, F.A. Alves da Costa, A. Lopes, R. Lopes, G.R. Araújo, E.R. Fernandes Manenti, J.F. Kerr Saraiva, J.C. Ferreira Braga, A. Negri, L. Souto, C. Moncada, D. Bertolim Precoma, F. Roquette, G. Reis, R.A. Ramos Filho, E. Lanna Figueiredo, R. Vieira Botelho, C. Munhoz da Fontoura Tavares, C.R. Costantini Frack, J. Abdalla Saad, H.C. Finimundi, C. Pisani, D. Chemello, M. Pereira Martins, C.C. Broilo França, F. Alban, G.B. Aranha Rosito, J.B. de Moura Xavier Moraes Junior, R.T. Tumelero, L. Nigro Maia, R. Simões de Almeida, N.C. do Carmo Borges, L.G. Gomes Ferreira, P. Agliardi, J. Alves de Oliveira Gomes, V. Araujo, M. Arruda Nakazone, T. Barbosa, S. Barroso, E. Belisario Falchetto, H. Bellotti Lopes, M.A. Benez Teixeira Lemos, G. Biazus, L. Borges Queiroz, F.E. Camazzola, M. Caporale, S. Cardoso Boscato, F. Chieza, M.O. Chokr, R. Clemente Mingireanov, N. Codonho Góes, C. Correa, M. Costa, C. Costantini Ortiz, L.S. da Silva, F. da Silva Paulitsch, J.A. da Silveira, E. Daros, G.R. de Araújo, M.I. Del Monaco, C. Dias, M.A. Dias, A.P. Drummond Wainstein, P. Ely Pizzato, D.C. Esteves, P. Fabri, T. Félix Lorenzato Fonseca, E. Fernandes, C. Fonseca, C.R. Frack Costantini, R. Franchin Ferraz, F. Freire, P. Gottardo, D. Guanaes, S. Guizzardi, E. Hettwer Magedanz, F. Igansi, F. Jannuzzi, G. Junior, D. Komar, E.G. Lino, D. Lopes, O. Lourenço da Silva Júnior, E. Lustosa, A.P. Macagnan, M.C. Marinho, M. Mazzoni, G. Melo, L. Mortari, O.M.C.C. Mouco, C. Nanzer Vital, C. Ormundo, S. Oss Emmer, E. Palmegiani, R. Pavani, L. Pereira, V.L. Pereira, R. Perreira, S. Poletti, S.C. Quaia Fortunato, C. Queirantes, N. Ramos Pereira, R.L. Rech, S. Ribeiro, A. Rodrigues, H. Roesch, T. Ruaro Reichert, D. Santos, I. Santos, M. Santos, M.V. Seroqui, S. Silva, L. Soares, L. Spolaor, C. Stoll, N. Toazza Duda, L. Trama, B. Unterkircher, M.V. Valois, T. Vargas, T. Viana, C. Vicente, L. Vidal Armaganijan, R. Vieira Homem, L.G. Vieira Torres, L. Vila Boas, F. Villaça Guimarães Filho, R. Corbalan, G. Eggers, C. Bugueño Gutiérrez, G. Arriagada, S. Potthoff Cardenas, B.A.J. Stockins Fernandez, C. Conejeros, C. Houzvic, P. Marin Cuevas, H. Montecinos, A. Forero, F. Lanas, M. Larico Gómez, G. Charme Vilches, C. Rey, C. Astudillo, J. Aguilar, Y. Campisto, C. Lara, E. Molina, J. Munoz Oyarzon, V. Olguin, M. Vergara, C. Villan, C.J. Sánchez Díaz, J. Illescas Diaz, R. Leal Cantú, M.G. Ramos Zavala, R. Cabrera Jardines, N. Espinola Zavaleta, S. Villarreal Umaña, E. López Rosas, G. Llamas Esperón, G. Pozas, E. Cardona Muñoz, N. Matadamas Hernández, A. Leyva Rendón, N. García Hernández, M. de los Ríos Ibarra, L. Virgen Carrillo, D. López Villezca, C. Hernández Herrera, J.J. López Prieto, R. Gaona Rodríguez, E. Villeda Espinosa, D. Flores Martínez, J. Velasco Barcena, R. Yong, I. Rodríguez Briones, J.L. Leiva Pons, H. Álvarez López, R. Olvera Ruiz, C. Díaz de la Vega, C. Cantú Brito, E. Chuquiure Valenzuela, R. Reyes-Sanchez, A. Bazzoni Ruiz, O. Nandayapa Flores, M. Benavides Gonzalez, R. Arriaga Nava, J.D. Morales Cerda, O. Fierro Fierro, P. Fajardo Campos, T.A.A. Alfaro, S. Altamirano Bellorin, R. Avena, M. Chavarria, I. Espinosa, F. Flores Silva, R.H. Garcia Nava, K. Godoy, E.J. Gonzalez Felix, C.L. Gonzalez Garcia, L.G. Gonzalez Salas, P. Guajardo, S. Hernandez Gonzalez, T. Izquierdo, M.C. Mancilla Ortiz, D. Martinez Vasquez, N. Mendoza, J. Morales, N. Nikitina, S. Ochoa Aybar, A. Ortiz, P. Padilla Macias, F. Perez, J.A. Perez Sanchez, S. Piña Toledano, M. Ramos Gonzalez, C. Rivera Ramos, V. Roa Castro, G. Romero Cardona, M. Ruiz Cornejo, A. Salinas, G. Santana, P. Sida Perez, A.C. Tovar Castaneda, R. Trujillo Cortes, M. Brodmann, K. Lenz, H. Drexel, J. Foechterle, C. Hagn, A. Podczeck-Schweighofer, K. Huber, M. Winkler, B. Schneeweiß, A. Gegenhuber, W. Lang, S. Eichinger-Hasenauer, P. Kaserer, J. Sykora, H. Rasch, M. Pichler, E. Schaflinger, B. Strohmer, R. Breier, K.-M. Ebner, L. Eischer, F. Freihoff, A. Lischka-Lindner, T. Mark, A. Mirtl, A. Said, C. Stöcklöcker, B. Vogel, A. Vonbank, C. Wöhrer, D. Zanolin, F. Cools, G. Paparella, P. Vandergoten, J.-L. Parqué, L. Capiau, G. Vervoort, B. Wollaert, P. Desfontaines, G. Mairesse, T. Boussy, P. Godart, A. De Wolf, J. Voet, A. Heyse, G. Hollanders, W. Anné, J. Vercammen, P. Purnode, I. Blankoff, D. Faes, Y. Balthazar, M. Beutels, P. Maréchal, S. Verstraete, O. Xhaet, H. Striekwold, J. Thoeng, K. Hermans, B. Alzand, A.-K. Ascoop, F. Banaeian, A.-M. Barbuto, A.C. Billiaux, M. Blockmans, C. Bouvy, C. Brike, H. Capiau, T. Casier, A. Conde Y Bolado, D. De Cleen, M. De Coninck, M. de Vos, N. de Weerdt, M. Delforge, M. Delvigne, D. Denie, K. Derycker, E. Deweerd, F. Dormal, S. Drieghe, M. Everaert, T. Eykerman, E. Feys, M. Ghekiere, F. Gits, S. Hellemans, L. Helvasto, C. Jacobs, S. Lips, I. Mestdagh, J. Nimmegeers, V. Piamonte, P. Pollet, A. Postolache, M. Raepers, E. Raymenants, J. Richa, H. Rombouts, J. Salembier, C. Scheurwegs, O. Semeraro, N. Simons, C. Smessaert, W. Smolders, I. Stockman, S. Tahon, V. Thyssen, G. Tincani, F. Van Durme, D. Van Lier, H. Vandekerckhove, Y. Vandekerckhove, D. Vandenbroeck, A. Vandorpe, E. Vanhalst, B. Vanhauwaert, C. Vantomme, L. Vergauwen, H. Verloove, T. Vydt, T. Weyn, P. Jansky, P. Reichert, R. Spacek, V. Machova, E. Zidkova, O. Ludka, J. Olsr, L. Kotik, K. Plocova, B. Racz, R. Ferkl, J. Hubac, I. Kotik, Z. Monhart, H. Burianova, O. Jerabek, J. Pisova, I. Petrova, V. Dedek, M. Honkova, P. Podrazil, J. Spinar, J. Vitovec, M. Novak, J. Lastuvka, V. Durdil, P. Antonova, L. Bockova, J. Bultas, J. Chlumsky, L. Dastychova, T. Drasnar, J. Honek, M. Horejsi, V. Hubacova, L. Janska, I. Kopeckova, R. Kratochvilova, E. Krcova, R. Labrova, A. Lindourkova, J. Lipoldova, H. Lubanda, A. Ludkova, L. Mahdalikova, M. Majerníkova, D. Michalik, P. Potuznik, E. Prochazkova, A. Sulc, J. Sveceny, M. Valtova, M. Zidek, J. Zika, J. Nielsen, H. Nielsen, S. Husted, U. Hintze, S. Rasmussen, A. Bremmelgaard, J. Markenvard, J. Boerger, J. Solgaard, P. Simonsen, T. Loekkegaard, M. Bruun, J. Mertz, H. Domínguez, K. Skagen, K. Egstrup, H. Ibsen, I. Raymond, T. Bang-Hansen, C. Ellervik, E. Eriksen, L. Jensen, M. Jensen, M. Leth, A. Nygaard, J. Park, M. Schou, A. Therkelsen, J. Tilma, K. Vesterager, P. Raatikainen, J. Airaksinen, O. Arola, J. Koistinen, H. Nappila, K. Peltomäki, V. Rasanen, T. Vasankari, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, M. Galinier, Y. Gottwalles, F. Paganelli, P. Loiselet, J.-J. Muller, M.B. Koujan, A. Marquand, S. Destrac, O. Piot, N. Delarche, J.-P. Cebron, S. Boveda, M. Guenoun, D. Guedj-Meynier, D. Galley, J. Ohayon, S. Assouline, M. Zuber, P. Amarenco, E. Ellie, J. Kadouch, P.-Y. Fournier, J.-P. Huberman, M. Lemaire, G. Rodier, L. Milandre, X. Vandamme, I. Sibon, J.-P. Neau, M.H. Mahagne, A. Mielot, M. Bonnefoy, J.-B. Churet, V. Navarre, F. Sellem, G. Monniot, J.-P. Boyes, B. Doucet, M. Martelet, D. Obadia, B. Crousillat, J. Mouallem, E. Bearez, P. Nazeyrollas, J.P. Brugnaux, A. Fedorowsky, F. Casassus, J.-B. Berneau, F. Chemin, N. Falvo, J.-M. Perron, J.-E. Poulard, A. Barreau, C. Beltra, E. Corrihons, N. Decarsin, B. Dubois, E. Ducasse, X. Giry, A. Kemmel, S. Ledure, N. Lemaire, F. Robin, N. Rosolin, D. Sanchez, A. Suissa, H. Darius, G. Königer, J. Purr, U. Gerbaulet, B.-T. Kellner, A. Kopf, T. Schäfer, H. Zauzig, P. Riegel, H. Hohensee, E. Eißfeller, W. Eder, G. Rehling, D. Glatzel, S. Zutz, G.-U. Heinz, H. Menke, A. Pustelnik, P. Sandow, N. Ludwig, H. Wiswedel, W. Wildenauer, C. Axthelm, T. Schwarz, A. Babyesiza, G. Stuchlik, H.-H. Zimny, M. Kropp, F. Kahl, A. Caspar, S. Omankowsky, T. Läßig, H.-J. Hartmann, G. Lehmann, H.-W. Bindig, G. Hergdt, D. Reimer, J. Hauk, W. Dorsch, J. Dshabrailov, H. Michel, K.-A. Rapp, R. Vormann, P. Mayer, U. Horstmeier, V. Eissing, H. Hey, H. Leuchtgens, V. Lilienweiß, K. Kolitsch, C. Schubert, H. Lauer, T. Buchner, G. Brauer, S. Kamin, K. Müller, M. Abdel-Qader, S. Baumbach, H.-H. Ebert, C. Schwencke, S. Schellong, P. Bernhardt, L. Karolyi, B. Sievers, W. Haverkamp, P. Salbach, J.-U. Röhnisch, S. Schoen, W. Erdle, T. Mueller, H. Mueller, V. Mitrovic, Z. Babjakova, K. Bergner, S. Boehme, K. Bonin, D. Buckert, F. Busch, U. Dichristin, S. Diez, A. Fleck, K. Flint, H. Floegel, C. Fritz, R. Frommhold, J. Gehre, J. Geyer, A. Grytzmann, M. Hahn, K. Helgert, K. Hubert, K. Kirchner-Volker, V. Klein, D. Kroll, A. Krueger, R. Lehmann, L. Mann, A. Maselli, G. Menken, K. Mikes, H. Mortan, N. Nasser, D. Nicolaus, A. Plauskat, L. Pomper, A. Quietzsch, C. Ravenhorst, C. Reichelt, C. Reimer, B. Schaefer, S. Scharrer, K. Schirmer, K. Schmidt, R. Schoene, J. Schulze, M. Schuppe, S. Simon, S. Sommer, K. Spranger, A. Talkenberger, K. Tauber, A. Tetlak, T. Toennishoff, R. Voelkel-Babyesiza, B. Voigts, U. Weiser, S. Wesendorf, S. Wildenauer, T. Wolf, J. Wurziger, J. Zak, H.-D. Zauzig, S. Ziefle, S. Zincke, M. Keltai, S. Vangel, G. Szalai, B. Merkely, S. Kancz, Z. Boda, A. Nagy, Z. Laszlo, A. Matoltsy, B. Gaszner, P. Polgar, T. Habon, E. Noori, G. Juhasz, N. Kanakaridisz, I. Szentpeteri, F. Juhasz, A. Vertes, A. Papp, Z. May, J. Ferenczi, M. Egyutt, E. Kis, G. Engelthaler, G. Szantai, E. Fulop, P. Gombos, D. Gulyas, P. Jen, E. Kiralyhazine Gyorke, M. Kovacs, S. Kovacsne Levang, S. Marianna, Z. Radics, N. Sydó, R. Szalo, A. Szilagyi, F. Sztanyik, B. Vandrus, G. Agnelli, G. Ambrosio, E. Tiraferri, R. Santoro, S. Testa, G. Di Minno, M. Moia, T.M. Caimi, G. Martini, M. Tessitori, R. Cappelli, D. Poli, R. Quintavalla, F. Melone, F. Cosmi, A. Pizzini, G. Piseddu, R. Fanelli, C. Latella, R. Santi, L. Pancaldi, R. De Cristofaro, G. Palareti, A. De Blasio, J. Salerno Uriarte, F. Minetti, E.M. Pogliani, L.M. Lonati, M. Accogli, N. Ciampani, S. Malengo, M. Feola, A. Raisaro, L. Fattore, P. Grilli, F. Germini, M. Settimi, M. Alunni, G. Duranti, L. Tedeschi, G. Baglioni, G. Avanzino, M. Berardi, V. Pannacci, A. Giombolini, S. Nicoli, T. Scarponi, B. Allasia, P. Ricciarini, R. Nasorri, A. Argena, P. Bossolasco, P. Ronchini, A. Filippi, F. Tradati, C. Bulla, L. Donzelli, L. Foppa, M.L. Bottarelli, A. Tomasello, A. Mauric, C. Femiano, R. Reggio, F. Lillo, A. Mariani, F. Forcignanò, M. Volpe, M. D'Avino, M.G. Bongiorni, S. Severi, A. Capucci, C. Lodigiani, E. Salomone, G. Serviddio, C. Tondo, P. Golino, C. Mazzone, S. Iacopino, V. Pengo, M. Galvani, L. Moretti, P. Ambrosino, E. Banfi, V. Biagioli, A. Bianchi, G. Boggian, M. Breschi, S. Brusorio, F. Calcagnoli, G. Campagna, M. Carpenedo, C. Ciabatta, G. Ciliberti, G. Cimmino, C. D'Arienzo, L. Di Gennaro, M. Fedele, P.M. Ferrini, K. Granzow, G. Guazzaloca, F. Guerra, A. Lo Buglio, S. Longo, F. Macellari, E. Mesolella, E. Mollica Poeta, P. Occhilupo, V. Oriana, G. Rangel, L. Salomone, A. Scaccianoce, C. Scarone, L. Segreti, G. Sottilota, R. Villani, C. Zecca, H. ten Cate, J.H. Ruiter, H. Klomps, M. Bongaerts, M.G.C. Pieterse, C. Guldener, J.-P. Herrman, G. Lochorn, A. Lucassen, H. Adriaansen, S.H.K. The, P.R. Nierop, P.A.M. Hoogslag, W. Hermans, B.E. Groenemeijer, W. Terpstra, C. Buiks, L.V.A. Boersma, M. Boersma-Slootweg, F. Bosman, M. Bosschaert, S. Bruin, I. Danse, J. De Graaf, J. de Graauw, M. Debordes, S. Dols, F. Geerlings, K. Gorrebeeck, A. Jerzewski, W. Jetten, M. Kelderman, T. Kloosterman, E.M. Koomen, J. Krikken, P. Melman, R. Mulder, A. Pronk, A. Stallinga-de Vos, J. te Kaat, P. Tonino, B. Uppelschoten, R. van de Loo, T. van der Kley, G. van Leeuwen, J.J. van Putten, L. Westerman, D. Atar, E. Berge, P.A. Sirnes, E. Gjertsen, T. Hole, K. Erga, A. Hallaråker, G. Skjelvan, A. Østrem, B. Ghezai, A. Svilaas, P. Christersson, T. Øien, S. Høegh Henrichsen, J. Berg-Johansen, J.E. Otterstad, H. Antonsen, K. Ausen, H. Claussen, I. Dominguez, A. Jekthammer, A.B. Lensebraaten, V. Nilsen, M. O'Donovan, K. Ringdalen, S. Strand, J. Stepinska, R. Korzeniak, A. Gieroba, M. Biedrzycka, Marcin Ogorek, B. Wozakowska-Kaplon, K. Loboz-Grudzien, J. Kosior, W. Supinski, J. Kuzniar, R. Zaluska, J. Hiczkiewicz, L. Swiatkowska-Byczynska, L. Kucharski, M. Gruchala, P. Minc, M. Olszewski, G. Kania, M. Krzciuk, Z. Lajkowski, B. Ostrowska-Pomian, J. Lewczuk, E. Zinka, A. Karczmarczyk, M. Chmielnicka-Pruszczynska, M. Trusz-Gluza, G. Opolski, M. Bronisz, Michal Ogorek, G. Glanowska, P. Ruszkowski, K. Jaworska, R. Sciborski, B. Okopien, P. Kukla, I. Wozniak-Skowerska, K. Galbas, K. Cymerman, J. Jurowiecki, P. Miekus, W. Myszka, S. Mazur, R. Lysek, J. Baszak, T. Rusicka-Piekarz, G. Raczak, E. Domanska, J. Nessler, J. Lesnik, M. Ambicka, D. Andrzejewski, J. Araminowicz, A. Barszcz, R. Bartkowiak, J. Bartnik, M. Basiak, E. Bekieszczuk, L. Bernat, L. Biedrzycki, A. Biernacka, D. Blaszczyk, E. Broton, W. Brzozowski, M. Brzustowska, R. Bzymek, A. Chmielowski, P. Chojnowski, R. Cichomski, K. Cieslak, A. Cieszynska, B. Curyllo, M. Czamara, L. Danilowicz-Szymanowicz, B. Dolecka, L. Drelich, B. Dudzik-Richter, T. Dybala, M. Dziuba, W. Faron, M. Figura-Chmielewska, A. Frankiewicz, W. Gadzinski, E. Gasior, B. Gosciniecka, P. Gutknecht, M. Guziewicz, A. Jackun-Podlesna, G. Jaguszewska, J. Jankielewicz, A. Jaremczuk-Kaczmarczyk, M. Jargiello-Baszak, A. Jarzebowski, E. Jaskulska-Niedziela, M. Jaworska-Drozdowska, J. Kabat, A. Kaczmarzyk-Radka, K. Kalin, R. Kaliszczak, M. Kiliszek, M. Klata, M. Kluczewski, I. Kobielusz-Gembala, E. Kochanska, D. Kociolek, A. Kolodzinska, A. Komlo, A. Konopka, E. Korczowska, E. Kowal, H.K. Kowalczyk, E. Kremis, D. Kruczyk, A. Krzesiak-Lodyga, M. Krzyzanowski, W. Kurdzielewicz, D. Kustrzycka-Kratochwil, D. Lesniewska-Krynska, J. Leszczynski, E. Lewicka, E. Lichota, K. Lip, M. Loboz-Rudnicka, J. Luka, A. Lysek-Jozefowicz, M. Machnikowska, K. Majewska, R. Mariankowski, A. Markiewicz, M. Mazur, A. Metzgier-Gumiela, E. Miedlar, M. Mielcarek, J. Neubauer-Geryk, J. Niedek, A. Niemirycz-Makurat, A. Nowak, S. Nowak, B. Opielowska-Nowak, M. Ozgowicz, A. Pawelska-Buczen, E. Pawlik-Rak, R. Piotrowicz, P. Ptaszynski, A. Raczynska, W. Rogowski, J. Romanek, R. Romaszkiewicz, P. Rostoff, N. Roszczyk, D. Rozewska-Furmanek, J. Rychta, B. Rzyczkowska, A. Sidor, J. Skalska, M. Smichura, M. Splawski, P. Staneta, E. Staniszewska, J. Starak-Marciniak, M. Stopyra-Poczatek, M. Sukiennik-Kujawa, J. Szafranski, P. Szalecki, A. Szczepanska, W. Szkrobka, E. Szuchnik, A. Szulowska, G. Szumczyk-Muszytowska, M. Szwoch, T. Traczyk, M. Troszczynska, G. Trzcinski, S. Tybura, P. Walasik, M. Wegrzynowska, K. Wesolowska, W. Wieczorek, A. Wierzbicka, P. Wilczewski, M. Wilgat-Szecowka, P. Wojewoda, L. Wojnowski, M. Wrobel, K. Zakutynska-Kowalczyk, M. Zyczynska-Szmon, E. Panchenko, V. Eltishcheva, R. Libis, S. Tereshchenko, S. Popov, G. Kamalov, D. Belenky, A. Zateyshchikova, E. Kropacheva, A. Kolesnikova, K. Nikolaev, L. Egorova, A. Khokhlov, E. Yakupov, M. Poltavskaya, D. Zateyshchikov, O. Drapkina, A. Vishnevsky, O. Barbarash, O. Miller, E. Aleksandrova, P. Chizhov, M. Sergeev, E. Shutemova, E. Mazur, K. Zrazhevskiy, T. Novikova, V. Kostenko, Y. Moiseeva, E. Polkanova, K. Sobolev, M. Rossovskaya, G. Zubeeva, Y. Shapovalova, O. Nagibovich, A. Edin, A. Agakhanyan, R. Batalov, Y. Belenkova, F. Bitakova, S. Chugunnaya, A. Dumikyan, S. Erofeeva, E. Gorbunova, T. Gorshkova, A. Gubanov, M. Gurmach, Y. Ivanova, T. Kolesova, D. Konyushenko, O. Korneeva, O. Kropova, P. Kuchuk, O. Kungurtseva, T. Kupriyanova, B. Kurylo, M. Kuvanova, O. Lebedeva, E. Lileeva, O. Machilskaya, T. Medvedeva, G. Monako, I. Motylev, G. Nagibovich, E. Novikova, Y. Orlov, Y. Osmolovskaya, A. Ovsannikova, D. Platonov, S. Rachkova, O. Sinitsina, S. Speshilova, O. Suslova, A. Ushakov, O. Volodicheva, O. Zemlianskaia, I. Zhirov, E. Zhuravleva, I. Zotova, X. Viñolas, P. Alvarez Garcia, M.F. López Fernández, L. Tercedor, S. Tranche Iparraguirre, P. Torán Monserrat, E. Márquez Contreras, J. Isart Rafecas, J. Motero Carrasco, P. García Pavía, C. Gómez Pajuelo, C. Moro Serrano, L.F. Iglesias Alonso, A. Grande Ruiz, J. Mercé Klein, J.R. Gonzalez Juanatey, G. Barón Esquivias, I. Monte Collado, H. Palacín Piquero, C. Brotons Cuixart, M. Rodríguez Morató, J. Bayo I Llibre, C. Corros Vicente, M. Vida Gutierrez, F. Epelde Gonzalo, C.A. Almeida Fernández, N. Del Val Plana, E. Escrivá Montserrat, J.J. Montero Alía, M. Barreda González, M.A. Moleiro Oliva, J. Iglesias Sanmartín, M. Jiménez González, M. Rodriguez Álvarez, J. Herreros Melenchon, T. Ripoll Vera, F. Ridocci Soriano, L. Garcia Riesco, M.D. Marco Macian, J. Quiles Granado, M. Jimenez Navarro, J. Cosin Sales, J.V. Vaquer Perez, M. Vazquez Caamano, M.F. Arcocha Torres, G. Marcos Gomez, A. Iñiguez Romo, M.A. Prieto Diaz, Carmela Alonso, Concepcion Alonso, D. Alvarez, M. Alvarez, M. Amaro, N. Andere, J. Aracil Villar, R. Armitano Ochoa, A. Austria, S. Barbeira, E. Barraquer Feu, A. Bartes, V. Becerra Munoz, F.J. Bermudez Jimenez, A. Branjovich Tijuan, J. Cabeza Ramirez, M. Cabrera Ramos, E. Calvo Martinez, M. Campo Moreno, G. Cancho Corchado, M. Casanova Gil, M. Castillo Orive, D. Castro Fernandez, M. Cebollada del Misterio, R. Codinachs Alsina, A. Cortada Cabrera, J. Costa Pinto Prego de Faria, S. Costas, M.I. Cotilla Marco, M. Dachs, C.M. Diaz Lopez, A. Domenech Borras, A. Elorriaga Madariaga, A. Espallargas, M. Fernandez, E. Fernandez Escobar, E. Fernandez Mas, A. Ferrer, J. Fosch, M. Garcia Bermudez, V. Garcia Millan, M. Gavira Saenz, C. Gines Garcia, C. Gomez, Y. Gomez Perez, A. Gonzales Segovia, P. Gonzalez, L. Grigorian, A. Guerrero Molina, M. del C. Gutierrez del Val, B. Herrero Maeso, E. Hevia Rodriguez, A. Iglesias Garcia, M.J. Jimenez Fernandez, B. Jimeno Besa, P. Juan Salvadores, M.B. Lage Bouzamayor, I. Lasuncion, L.E. Lezcano Gort, M. Llobet Molina, M. Lopez, A. Manzanal Rey, J. Mara Guerra, S. Marcus, A. Martin Vila, M. Martinez Mena, P. Mazon, F. Mendez Zurita, G. Millán, M. Molina, P. Montero Alia, D. Montes, M. Moure Gonzalez, R.B. Munoz Munoz, A. Negrete Palma, H.N. Orellana Figueroa, V.M. Ortega, C. Ortiz Cortes, D. Otero Tomera, N. Palomo Merchan, I. Pareja Ibar, E. Pena Garcia, M. Pereda Armayor, M. Perez Carasa, I. Prieto, V. Quintern, R. Renom, L.M. Rincon Diaz, V. Rios, L. Riquelme Sola, R. Rivera, X. Robiro Robiro, M. Roca, C. Roca Saumell, C. Rodrigo, E. Rodriguez, M. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Saez Jimenez, P. Sanchez Calderon, L. Sanchez Mendez, S. Sanchez Parra, C. Santolaya, M.R. Senan Sanz, A. Seoane Blanco, E. Serralvo, N. Sierra, C. Simon Valero, J. Sorribes Lopez, M. Teixido Fontanillas, M. Terns Riera, G. Tobajas, C. Torres, J. Torres Marques, M. Ubeda Pastor, M. Rosenqvist, A. Wirdby, J. Linden, K. Henriksson, M. Elmersson, A. Egilsson, U. Börjesson, G. Svärd, B. Liu, A. Lindh, L.-B. Olsson, M. Gustavsson, Lars Andersson, Lisbeth Andersson, L. Benson, C. Bothin, A. Hajimirsadeghi, K. Kadir, M. Ericsson, A. Ohlsson, H. Lindvall, P. Svensson, K. Thorne, H. Handel, P. Platonov, B. Eriksson, I. Timberg, K. Romberg, M. Crisby, J.-E. Karlsson, S.A. Jensen, A. Andersson, L. Malmqvist, B. Martinsson, F. Bernsten, J. Engdahl, J. Thulin, A. Hot-Bjelac, P. Stalby, H. Aaröe, E. Ahbeck, H. Ahlmark, F. Al-Khalili, G. Bonkowski, S. Dzeletovic, A.-B. Ekstrand, G.-B. Eriksson, K. Floren, C. Grässjö, S. Hahn, P. Jaensson, B. Jansson, J.-H. Jansson, R.-M. Kangert, A. Koch, D. Kusiak, A. Lettenström, A. Lindberg, C.-J. Lindholm, A. Mannermyr, K. Mansson, M. Millborg, C. Nilsson, A.-M. Ohlin, A. Olofsson, A. Osberg, A. Pedersen, K. Risbecker, K. Rosenberg, J. Samuelsson, M. Shayesteh, K. Skoglund, M. Stjernberg, C. Thorsen, J. Steffel, J.H. Beer, J. Debrunner, D. Amstutz, J. Bruegger, G. Elise, A. Grau, A. Guinand, I. Henriette, E. Saga, S. Winnik, A. Parkhomenko, I. Rudyk, V. Tseluyko, O. Karpenko, S. Zhurba, I. Kraiz, I. Kupnovytska, N. Serediuk, Y. Mostovoy, O. Ushakov, O. Koval, I. Kovalskyi, Y. Svyshchenko, O. Sychov, M. Stanislavchuk, O. Kraydashenko, A. Yagensky, S. Tykhonova, I. Fushtey, R. Belegai, G. Berko, L. Burdeuna, O. Chabanna, I. Daniuk, A. Ivanov, E. Kamenska, P. Kaplan, O. Khyzhnyak, S. Kizim, O. Matova, O. Medentseva, V. Mochonyi, M. Mospan, V. Nemtsova, T. Ovdiienko, O. Palamarchuk, M. Pavelko, R. Petrovskyy, D. Plevak, O. Proshak, S. Pyvovar, L. Rasputina, O. Romanenko, O. Romanova, A. Sapatyi, O. Shumakov, R. Stets, L. Todoriuk, V. Varenov, D. Fitzmaurice, N. Chauhan, D. Goodwin, P. Saunders, R. Evans, J. Leese, P.S. Jhittay, A. Ross, M.S. Kainth, G. Pickavance, J. McDonnell, A. Williams, T. Gooding, H. Wagner, S. Suryani, A. Singal, S. Sircar, R. Bilas, P. Hutchinson, A. Wakeman, M. Stokes, N. Paul, M. Aziz, C. Ramesh, P. Wilson, S. Franklin, S. Fairhead, J. Thompson, V. St Joseph, G. Taylor, D. Tragen, D. Seamark, C. Paul, M. Richardson, A. Jefferies, H. Sharp, H. Jones, C. Giles, M. Page, O. Oginni, J. Aldegather, S. Wetherwell, W. Lumb, P. Evans, F. Scouller, N. Macey, Y. Stipp, R. West, S. Thurston, P. Wadeson, J. Matthews, P. Pandya, A. Gallagher, T. Railton, B. Sinha, D. Russell, J.A. Davies, P. Ainsworth, C.P. Jones, P. Weeks, J. Eden, D. Kernick, W. Murdoch, L. Lumley, R.P. Patel, S.W. Wong, M. Saigol, K. Ladha, K. Douglas, D.F. Cumberlidge, C. Bradshaw, G. Van Zon, K.P. Jones, M.J. Thomas, E. Watson, B. Sarai, N. Ahmad, W. Willcock, J. Cairns, S. Sathananthan, N. de Kare-Silver, A. Gilliland, E. Strieder, A. Howitt, B. Vishwanathan, N. Bird, D. Gray, M. Clark, J. Bisatt, J. Litchfield, E. Fisher, T. Fooks, A.R. Kelsall, E. Alborough, J. Wakeling, M. Parfitt, K. Milne, S. Rogers, R. Priyadharshan, J.L. Oliver, E. Davies, S. Abushal, M. Jacobs, C. Hutton, N.I. Walls, R. Thompson, C. Chigbo, S.M.A. Zaidi, M. Howard, K.C. Butter, S. Barrow, H. Little, I.U. Haq, L. Gibbons, S. Glencross, A.J. McLeod, K. Poland, C. Mulholland, A. Warke, P. Conn, G. Burns, R.N. Smith, S. Lowe, R. Kamath, H.S. Dau, J. Webster, I. Hodgins, S. Vercoe, P.C. Roome, H. Pinnock, J.R.A. Patel, A. Ali, N. Hart, R. Davies, E. Stuart, C.A. Neden, M. Danielsen, R. Heath, P. Sharma, S. Galloway, C. Hawkins, R. Oliver, M. Aylward, S. Mannion, M. Braddick, D. Edwards, A.C. Rothwell, A. Sabir, F. Choudhary, S. Khalaque, A. Wilson, S. Peters, W. Coulson, N. Roberts, A. Heer, S. Coates, B. Ward, D. Jackson, S. Walton, D. Shepherd, M. Sterry, T. Wong, M. Boon, R. Bunney, R. Haria-Shah, R.T. Baron, S. Davies, T. Schatzberger, N. Hargreaves, T. Stephenson, H. Choi, R. Batson, L. Lucraft, T. Myhill, S. Estifano, D. Geatch, J. Wilkinson, R. Veale, K. Forshaw, T. Davies, K. Zaman, P. Vinson, C. Liley, M. Bandrapalli, P. McGinty, R. Wastling, P. McEleny, A. Beattie, P. Cooke, M. Wong, J. Gunasegaram, M. Pugsley, S. Ahmad, C. A'Court, J. Ayers, J. Bennett, S. Cartwright, S. Dobson, C. Dooldeniya, A. Flynn, R. Fox, J. Goram, A. Halpin, A. Hay, P. Jacobs, L. Jeffers, L. Lomax, I. Munro, R. Muvva, M. Nadaph, K. Powell, S. Randfield, D. Redpath, R. Reed, M. Rickenbach, G. Rogers, P.B. Saunders, C. Seamark, J. Shewring, P. Simmons, H. Simper, H. Stoddart, A. Sword, N. Thomas, A. Thomson, H. Gibbs, A. Blenkhorn, B. Singh, W. Van Gaal, W. Abhayaratna, R. Lehman, P. Roberts-Thomson, J. Kilian, D. Coulshed, A. Catanchin, D. Colquhoun, H. Kiat, D. Eccleston, J. French, L. Zimmett, B. Ayres, T. Phan, P. Blombery, D. Crimmins, D. O'Donnell, A. Choi, P. Astridge, M. Arstall, N. Jepson, M. Binnekamp, A. Lee, J. Rogers, G. Starmer, P. Carroll, J. Faunt, A. Aggarwala, L. Barry, C. Batta, R. Beveridge, A. Black, M. Bonner, J. Boys, E. Buckley, M. Campo, L. Carlton, A. Connelly, B. Conway, D. Cresp, H. Dimitri, S. Dixon, M. Dolman, M. Duroux, M. Eskandari, R. Eslick, A. Ferreira-Jardim, T. Fetahovic, D. Fitzpatrick, R. Geraghty, J. Gibbs, T. Grabek, M.H. Modi, K. Hayes, M.P. Hegde, L. Hesketh, B. Hoffmann, B. Jacobson, K. Johnson, C. Juergens, I. Kassam, V. Lawlor, M. Lehman, S. Lehman, D. Leung, S. Mackay, M. MacKenzie, C. McCarthy, C. McIntosh, L. McKeon, H. Morrison, C. Mussap, J.-D. Myers, V. Nagalingam, G. Oldfield, V. O'May, J. Palmer, L. Parsons, K. Patching, T. Patching, V. Paul, M. Plotz, S. Preston, H. Rashad, M. Ratcliffe, S. Raynes, J. Rose, L. Sanders, M. Seremetkoska, H. Setio, S. Shone, P. Shrestha, C. Singh, C. Singleton, N. Stoyanov, S. Sutcliffe, K. Swaraj, J. Tarrant, S. Thompson, I.M. Tsay, M. Vorster, A. Waldman, L. Wallis, E. Wilford, K. Wong, S.J. Connolly, A. Spyropoulos, J. Eikelboom, R. Luton, M. Gupta, A.S. Pandey, S. Cheung, R. Leader, P. Beaudry, F. Ayala-Paredes, J. Berlingieri, J. Heath, G. Poirier, M. Du Preez, R. Nadeau, G. Dresser, R. Dhillon, T. Hruczkowski, B. Schweitzer, B. Coutu, P. Angaran, P. MacDonald, S. Vizel, S. Fikry, R. Parkash, A. Lavoie, J. Cha, B. Ramjattan, J. Bonet, K. Ahmad, L. Aro, T. Aves, K. Beaudry, C. Bergeron, J. Bigcanoe, N. Bignell, L. Breakwell, E. Burke, L. Carroll, B. Clarke, T. Cleveland, S. Daheb, P. Dehghani, I. Denis, Z. Djaidani, P. Dorian, S. Douglass, J. Dunnigan, A. Ewert, D. Farquhar, A. Fearon, L. Ferleyko, D. Fournier, B. Fox, M.-C. Grenier, W. Gulliver, K. Haveman, C. Hines, K. Hines, A.M. Jackson, C. Jean, G. Jethoo, R. Kahlon, S. Kelly, R. Kim, V. Korley, J. Kornder, L. Kwan, J. Largy, C. Lewis, S. Lewis, I. Mangat, R. Moor, J. Navratil, I. Neas, J. Otis, R. Otis, M. Pandey, F. Petrie, A. Pinter, M. Raines, P. Roberts, M. Robinson, G. Sas, S. Schulman, L. Snell, S. Spearson, J. Stevenson, T. Trahey, S. Wong, D. Wright, H. Ragy, A. Abd El-Aziz, S.K. Abou Seif, M.G. El Din, S. El Etriby, A. Elbahry, A. El-Etreby, M. Elkhadem, A. Katta, T. Khairy, A. Mowafy, M. Nawar, A. Ohanissian, A. Reda, M. Reda, H. Salem, N. Sami, S. Samir, M. Setiha, M. Sobhy, A. Soliman, N. Taha, M. Tawfik, E. Zaatout, D. Kettles, J. Bayat, H. Siebert, A. Horak, Y. Kelfkens, R. Garda, T. Pillay, M. Guerra, L. van Zyl, H. Theron, A. Murray, R. Louw, D. Greyling, P. Mntla, V. Ueckermann, R. Loghdey, S. Ismail, F. Ahmed, J. Engelbrecht, A. Ramdass, S. Maharajh, W. Oosthuysen, G. Angel, C. Bester, M. Booysen, C. Boshoff, C. Cannon, S. Cassimjee, C. Chami, G. Conway, A. Davids, L. de Meyer, G. Du Plessis, T. Ellis, L. Henley, M. Karsten, E. Loyd, J. Marks, L. Mavhusa, M. Mostert, A. Page, L. Rikhotso, M. Salie, J. Sasto, F. Shaik, A. Skein, L. Smith, G. Tarr, T. Tau, F. van Zyl, W. Al Mahmeed, G. Yousef, A. Agrawal, M. Nathani, M. Ibrahim, E.M. Esheiba, R. Singh, A. Naguib, M. Abu-Mahfouz, M. Al Omairi, A. Al Naeemi, R. Maruthanayagam, N. Bazargani, A. Wassef, R. Gupta, M. Khan, B. Subbaraman, A. Abdul, A. Al Mulla, S. El Bardisy, P. Haridas, S. Jadhav, K. Magdaluyo, M. Makdad, I. Maqsood, R. Mohamed, N. Sharma, R. Sharma, M. Thanzeel, S.Z. Goldhaber, R. Canosa, P. Rama, E. Blumberg, J. Garcia, P. Mullen, V. Wilson, A. Quick, K. Ferrick, W.M. Kutayli, M. Cox, M. Franco, S. Falkowski, R. Mendelson, M. Williams, S. Miller, S. Beach, A. Alfieri, T. Gutowski, I. Haque, R. Reddy, W. Ahmed, P. Delafontaine, D. Diercks, D. Theodoro, K. Remmel, M. Alberts, R. Ison, H. Noveck, P. Duffy, S. Pitta, D. Nishijima, C. Treasure, N. Asafu-Adjaye, K. Ball, M. Bartlett, M. Bentley, S. Bowers, A. Brown, A. Browne, J. Cameron-Watts, M. Canova, D. Cassidy, K. Cervellione, S. Congal, J. DePauw, A. Dickerson, M. Eley, L. Evans, S. Felpel, K. Ferdinand, D. Fielder, P. Gentry, A. Haideri, F. Hakimi, T. Harbour, E. Hartranft, B. Hawkins, M. Headlee, L. Henson, C. Herrick, T. Hicks, S. Jasinski, A. Jones, L. Jones, P. Jones, S. Karl, M. Keeling, J. Kerr, P. Knowles, J. Langdon, M. Lay, J.A. Lee, T. Lincoln, E. Malone, A. Merliss, D. Merritt, J. Minardo, B. Mooso, C. Orosco, V. Palumbo, M. Parker, T. Parrott, S. Paserchia, G. Pearl, J. Peterson, N. Pickelsimer, T. Purcell, J. Raynor, S. Raziano, C. Richard, T. Richardson, C. Robertson, A. Sage, T. Sanghera, P. Shaw, J. Shoemaker, K. Smith, B. Stephanie, A. Thatcher, H. Theobald, N. Thompson, L. Treasure, T. Tripti, C. Verdi, and V. Worthy
Subjects: Surgery, RD1-811, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Background: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD–Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. Methods and results: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012–2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

10. Design Considerations for the Implementation of a High-Field-Side Transient CHI System on QUEST

Author: R. Raman, K. Kuroda, K. Hanada, M. Ono, M. Hasegawa, T. Onchi, R. Ikezoe, H. Idei, T. Ido, and J. A. Rogers
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

11. Improvements to the High-Field-Side Transient CHI System on QUEST

Author: K. Kuroda, R. Raman, M. Hasegawa, T. Onchi, K. Hanada, M. Ono, B. A. Nelson, J. Rogers, R. Ikezoe, H. Idei, T. Ido, O. Mitarai, M. Nagata, S. Kawasaki, T. Nagata, A. Higashijima, S. Shimabukuro, I. Niiya, I. Sekiya, S. Kojima, K. Nakamura, Y. Takase, and S. Murakami
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

12. Portable THz Frequency Standard using Difference-Frequency Generation of Acetylene-Stabilized Telecom Diode Lasers

Author: S. Nagano, M. Kumagai, and T. Ido
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. 8.56-GHz quasi-optical launcher system with incident-mode selectivity on the QUEST spherical tokamak

Author: H. Idei, M. Sakaguchi, K. Mishra, T. Onchi, R. Ikezoe, O. Watanabe, Y. Tanaka, T. Saito, T. Ido, and K. Hanada
Subjects: Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. Development of a heavy ion beam probe diagnostic for HL-2A tokamak

Author: H.R. Fan, L.T. Gao, A.D. Liu, G. Zhuang, T. Ido, M. Xu, J.C. Huang, J. Zhang, C.Q. Feng, C. Zhou, H. Liu, L. Nie, Y.X. Liu, B.Z. Fu, J.Q. Li, and W.D. Liu
Subjects: Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: A heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) is being developed and tested on the HL-2A tokamak. To focus on the turbulence measurement in high beta scenarios with the toroidal magnetic field of 1.35 T, a 500 kV thallium beam is chosen and optimized. The locations of the injection and detection system are determined based on the probing beam trajectory calculations. The status of the accelerator, sweep system, analyzer, and control system is described. Four pairs of sweep plates are positioned in both primary and secondary beamlines to actively control the beam trajectory, where the poloidal sweepers require a maximum of 15 kV voltages to be applied. A parallel-plate energy analyzer with multi-slits is supplied by 100 kV high voltage for the electric potential measurement. The signal intensity is also evaluated to be hundreds of nA levels, 5 × 107 V/A amplifiers are therefore designed. Software is also developed to include the data acquisition as well as the control and monitoring of HIBP subsystems.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. 3D metal powder additive manufacturing phased array antenna for multichannel Doppler reflectometer

Author: T. Tokuzawa, T. Nasu, S. Inagaki, C. Moon, T. Ido, H. Idei, A. Ejiri, R. Imazawa, M. Yoshida, N. Oyama, K. Tanaka, and K. Ida
Subjects: Instrumentation
Abstract: Measuring the time variation of the wavenumber spectrum of turbulence is important for understanding the characteristics of high-temperature plasmas, and the application of a Doppler reflectometer with simultaneous multi-frequency sources is expected. To implement this diagnostic in future fusion devices, the use of a phased array antenna (PAA) that can scan microwave beams without moving antennas is recommended. Since the frequency-scanning waveguide leaky-wave antenna-type PAA has a complex structure, we have investigated its characteristics by modeling it with 3D metal powder additive manufacturing (AM). First, a single waveguide is fabricated to understand the characteristics of 3D AM techniques, and it is clear that there are differences in performance depending on the direction of manufacture and surface treatment. Then, a PAA is made, and it is confirmed that the beam can be emitted in any direction by frequency scanning. The plasma flow velocity can be measured by applying the 3D manufacturing PAA to plasma measurement.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. Conceptual design of a heavy ion beam probe for the QUEST spherical tokamak

Author: T. Ido, M. Hasegawa, R. Ikezoe, T. Onchi, K. Hanada, H. Idei, K. Kuroda, and Y. Nagashima
Subjects: Instrumentation
Abstract: A heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) has been designed for the QUEST spherical tokamak to measure plasma turbulence and the profiles of electric potential profiles. Using a cesium ion beam with an energy of several 10 keV, the observable region covers most of the upper half of the plasma. Although the probe beam is deflected by the poloidal magnetic field produced by plasma current and poloidal coil currents, it can be detected under plasma current up to 150 kA by modifying the trajectories with two electrostatic sweepers. According to the numerical estimation of the intensity of the detected beam, sufficient signal intensity for measuring plasma turbulence can be obtained over almost the measurable area when the electron density is up to 1 × 1019 m−3, which is larger than the cut-off density of electron cyclotron heating in QUEST. The performance of the designed HIBP is sufficient to explore the mechanisms of heat and particle transport in magnetically confined plasmas, including the influence of plasma wall interactions, which is a goal of the QUEST project.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

17. Adaptive Capon beamforming for lensless electron cyclotron emission imaging with high spatial resolution

Author: H. Idei, M. Fukuyama, S. Sakai, K. Mishra, K. Nishimura, R. Ikezoe, T. Onchi, T. Ido, and K. Hanada
Subjects: Diagnostic Imaging, Electrons, Cyclotrons, Instrumentation, Ultrasonography
Abstract: Electron cyclotron emission (ECE) imaging diagnostics incorporating a lensless approach have been developed for measurements involving active spatial selectivity and direction-of-arrival estimation. The Capon method for adaptive-array analysis was proposed to improve the spatial resolution of the two-dimensional ECE imaging technique. Broadband noise source emissions were used to simulate the ECE to verify the practical effectiveness of the Capon method in the ECE imaging. Multiple noise source emission positions were properly estimated with a high spatial resolution using the Capon method.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

18. Behavior of geodesic acoustic mode and limit-cycle oscillation approaching L-H transition in JFT-2M tokamak

Author: T Kobayashi, M Sasaki, T Ido, K Kamiya, Y Miura, K Ida, and K Itoh
Subjects: Nuclear Energy and Engineering, turbulence, limit-cycle oscillation, geodesic acoustic mode, Condensed Matter Physics, L-H transition
Abstract: In this paper, a phenomenology of competing behavior between the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) and the limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) is presented. Before the LCO occurs, the GAM can grow to the observable amplitude via the turbulent Reynolds stress force. Approaching the L-H transition, the LCO is excited and the GAM decays. In the LCO phase, the GAM driving force is possibly suppressed by the nonlocal turbulence amplitude modulation by the LCO.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

19. Measurement of the Frequency Ratio of 115In+ ion Clock and 87Sr Optical Lattice Clock

Author: T. Ido, Nozomi Ohtsubo, Ying Li, K. Hayasaka, H. Hachisu, Nils Nemitz, and K. Matsubara
Subjects: Physics, symbols.namesake, Optical lattice, Zeeman effect, Orders of magnitude (time), Quadrupole, Clock rate, symbols, Hydrogen maser, Atomic physics, Frequency standard, Hyperfine structure
Abstract: The indium ion is one of the original candidates in the first proposal for single-ion clocks with systematic uncertainties at the 10-18 level [1]. In+ has an alkaline-earth-like electron configuration, with a 1S0 - 3P0 clock transition frequency that has a low sensitivity to magnetic fields. It has the highest clock frequency of all presently investigated optical clocks [2]. Such high transition energies give it a very small sensitivity to blackbody radiation (BBR), which causes problematic frequency shifts in most other clocks, including optical lattice clocks. Direct state detection and laser cooling on the 1S0 - 3P1 transition are a further advantage for an 115In+ clock. The electric quadrupole moments of the two clock states are orders of magnitude smaller than those for the 2S1/2 - 2D5/2 quadrupole transitions of alkaline-like ions (Ca+, Sr+, Yb+). This makes the transition frequency insensitive to the electric field gradients imposed by adjacent ions. With direct readout available, In+ is thus ideal for a multi-ion clock, which can overcome the inherent stability limitations of a single-ion system. Despite the appeal of the 115In+ ion for a high-performance optical clock, its adoption has been hampered by concerns about technical reliability. Only two groups previously measured the clock transition frequency with fractional uncertainties approaching 1e-14, reported 2000[3] and 2007[4]. In 2017, we measured the clock frequency with an uncertainty of 5e-15 [5], which prompted an update of the frequency value recommended by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM). This initial frequency determination was performed by averaging 36 measurements of the magnetically unresolved spectrum, and was limited by the systematic uncertainty of the first order Zeeman shift as well as the statistical uncertainty. We recently improved our In+ clock by direct laser stabilization to the clock transition and controlled magnetic field application to resolve Zeeman sublevels [6]. In this presentation, we report on the first frequency ratio measurement of an 115In+ single ion clock and a 87Sr optical lattice clock. The measurement employs two independent Er-doped fiber frequency combs which reference a common hydrogen maser that serves as a flywheel oscillator. From 89 000 s of measurement time, the frequency ratio is determined to be 2.952 748 749 874 863 3(23) with 7.7e-16 relative uncertainty. If we adopt the CIPM recommended value for the 87Sr clock frequency, we find 1 267 402 452 901 040.0(1.1) Hz for the absolute In+ clock frequency [7]. [1] H. G. Dehmelt, “Monoion oscillator as potential ultimate laser frequency standard,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation Meas. pp. 83–87 (1982). [2] F. Riehle, P. Gill, F. Arias, and L. Robertsson, “The CIPM list of recommended frequency standard values: guidelines and procedures,” Metrologia. 55, 188–200 (2018). [3] J. von Zanthier, T. Becker, M. Eichenseer, A. Y. Nevsky, C. Schwedes, E. Peik, H. Walther, R. Holzwarth, J. Reichert, T. Udem, T. W. Hansch, P. V. Pokasov, M. N. Skvortsov, and S. N. Bagayev, Opt. Lett. 25, 1729 (2000). [4] Y. Wang, R. Dumke, T. Liu, A. Stejskal, Y. Zhao, J. Zhang, Z. Lu, L. Wang, T. Becker, and H. Walther, Opt. Commun. 273, 526 (2007). [5] N. Ohtsubo, Y. Li, K. Matsubara, T. Ido, and K. Hayasaka, Opt. Express 25, 11725 (2017). [6] N. Ohtsubo, Y. Li, N. Nemitz, H. Hachisu, K. Matsubara, T. Ido, and K. Hayasaka, Hyperfine Interact. 240, 39 (2019). [7] N. Ohtsubo, Y. Li, N. Nemitz, H. Hachisu, K. Matsubara, T. Ido, and K. Hayasaka, Optics Letters, accepted
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. PET Study in a Patient with Spinocerebellar Degeneration before and after Long-Term Administration of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

Author: H. Tanji, H. Nagasawa, T. Hayashi, H. Onodera, T. Fujiwara, M. Itoh, T. Ido, and Y. Itoyama
Subjects: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: We studied the chronic effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in a patient with spinocerebellar degeneration by measuring cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRG1c) using 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET). A 56-year-old female, who had suffered from progressive ataxia for 2 years, was treated by intravenous administration of 2 mg TRH for 3 weeks, and CMRG1c of the brain was measured before and after treatment. CMRG1c was markedly decreased in the cerebellum and there was no significant difference before and after the treatment, i.e. mean CMRG1c values were 4.92 and 4.90 mg/100 g/min, and the ratios of the cerebellum versus the frontal cortex were 0.50 and 0.51, respectively. The degree of disequilibrium of her body examined with stabilography became better by the 19th day and further improved by the 26th day after the start of TRH treatment. Based on the present study we conclude that long-term administration of TRH did not improve CMRG1c in the cerebellum, but evidently improved the sway of gravity center by stabilography. We speculate that the chronic effect of TRH was not necessarily due to an improvement of cerebellar function, because TRH receptors are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system.
Published: 1996
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. A Case of Corticobasal Degeneration Studied with Positron Emission Tomography

Author: H. Nagasawa, T. Imamura, H. Nomura, M. Itoh, and T. Ido
Subjects: Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: We measured cerebral blood flow, oxygen metabolism, glucose utilization, and dopamine metabolism in the brain of a patient with corticobasal degeneration using positron emission tomography (PET). The clinical picture is distinctive, comprising features referable to both cortical and basal ganglionic dysfunction. Brain imagings of glucose and dopamine metabolism can demonstrate greater abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and in the striatum contralateral to the more affected side than those of blood flow and oxygen metabolism. This unique combination study measuring both cerebral glucose utilization and dopamine metabolism in the nigrostriatal system can provide efficient information about the dysfunctions which are correlated with individual clinical symptoms, and this study is essential to diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration.
Published: 1993
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. Conceptual design of a heavy ion beam probe diagnostic for HL-2M tokamak

Author: Lin Nie, Wandong Liu, Jiquan Li, L.J. Cai, H.R. Fan, Zhe Liu, Chu Zhou, J.X. Li, A. D. Liu, Min Xu, Ge Zhuang, L.T. Gao, and T. Ido
Subjects: Electron density, Tokamak, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Attenuation, Plasma, Magnetic field, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Ionization, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Beam (structure), Civil and Structural Engineering, Voltage
Abstract: The conceptual design of a heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) for HL-2M tokamak has been proposed to measure the plasma potential, electron density and their fluctuations to contribute to the understanding of advanced confinement modes and transport. Beam trajectory calculations are performed under 3D magnetic field and engineering conditions of the facility. By choosing the positions and angles of both primary and secondary beamlines, a wide region of observation area ( 0.1 r / a 0.9 ) is achieved with 2 MeV Tl + beam injection. The active trajectory control technique is used to obtain the poloidal sweep angle between − 10 ∘ and 10 ∘ . Then, the applied voltages of sweep plates are evaluated to be up to 25 kV. By integrating ionization and attenuation along beam paths, the detected signal level distribution in the plasma density condition n 0 = 5 × 10 19 m − 3 is higher than 100 nA with 100 μ A injection beam intensity in most of the plasma region, which ensures an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio for measurements.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

23. On the Origin of Steep and Localized Radial Electric Field in the Transport Barrier at Plasma Edge

Author: T. Kobayashi, T. Tokuzawa, S.-I. Itoh, Naohiro Kasuya, Shigeru Inagaki, T. Ido, Kensaku Kamiya, and Kimitaka Itoh
Subjects: Physics, Toroid, Tokamak, Turbulence, Dielectric, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Curvature, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Bifurcation
Abstract: Theories to understand the steep and localized radial electric field in the edge of toroidal plasma, which appears in conjunction with H-mode, is revisited based on the electric field bifurcation model. Key elements in the models of the L-H transition (including the toroidal effects on the dielectric constant and the effects of the curvature of radial electric field on turbulence suppression) are assessed. Results are applied to tokamak and helical plasmas, for which data with high-resolution have been obtained recently. The status of quantitative tests on various mechanisms through comparison with experimental observations is also addressed. (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. Preclinical evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and lipid-lowering properties of a nutraceutical from Curcuma longa cultivated in Cuba

Author: T, Valdes-Gonzalez, primary, JF, Infante-Burzac, additional, J, Arteche-Garcia, additional, R, Oliva-Hernandez, additional, M, Farinas-Medina, additional, T, Fernandez-Salazar, additional, I, Rodeiro-Guerra, additional, I, Hernandez-Balmaseda, additional, M, Riera-Romo, additional, and T, Ido, additional
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Onset Condition of the Subcritical Geodesic Acoustic Mode Instability in the Presence of Energetic-Particle-Driven Geodesic Acoustic Mode

Author: K. Itoh, S.-I. Itoh, Y. Kosuga, M. Lesur, and T. Ido
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Energy confinement of hydrogen and deuterium electron-root plasmas in the Large Helical Device

Author: Motoki Nakata, Felix Warmer, Ichihiro Yamada, Y. Yoshimura, A. Shimizu, Hiroshi Yamada, Masaki Osakabe, Shin Kubo, T. Ido, Takashi Shimozuma, T. Morisaki, T. Tokuzawa, Ryosuke Seki, H. Funaba, Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Hiroe Igami, Ryo Yasuhara, Toru Ii Tsujimura, C. D. Beidler, Mikiro Yoshinuma, B.J. Peterson, M. Yokoyama, Katsumi Ida, K. A. Tanaka, Shinji Yoshimura, Haruki Takahashi, and LHD Experiment Group
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Hydrogen, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Large Helical Device, Deuterium, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Energy (signal processing)
Published: 2018

27. RESEARCH-ARTILE Agricultural performance and genetic parameters for yield-related traits of sugar- and energy cane families derived from planned crosses

Author: A R Fernandes, Júnior, A A C, de Azeredo, R A, de Oliveira, J C Bespalhok, Filho, O T, Ido, E, Daros, and B P, Brasileiro
Subjects: Dietary Fiber, Plant Breeding, Sucrose, Polymorphism, Genetic, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, Hybridization, Genetic, Saccharum, Selective Breeding
Abstract: The forecast of a growing energy demand in the coming years has aroused particular interest in biomass for energy cogeneration, to diversify the energy matrix by using clean and renewable sources. To meet the new demands of the sugarcane industry, this study evaluated the agronomic performance and estimated genetic parameters for yield traits in sugar- and energy cane families derived from planned crosses. The cane families were assessed in the northwest of the State of Paraná, county of Paranavaí, in a randomized complete block design, with three replications. The evaluations were carried out 12 months after the first cut, in the ratoon cane cycle, in December 2014, under very unfavorable conditions for the crop, due to the low fertility and water-holding capacity of the soil. Besides, the crop was evaluated at the end of the harvest, when the agricultural and industrial quality of the crop is reduced. The following traits were evaluated at the plot level: soluble solids content, apparent sucrose content (PC), fiber content, tons of cane per hectare, tons of sucrose per hectare (TSH), and tons of fiber per hectare (TFH). High genetic variability was observed for all evaluated traits, with accuracy estimates from 0.69 (TSH) to 0.92 (PC), and high heritability (up to 0.84), indicating the possibility of genetic progress. The sugarcane families derived from crosses of Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum robustum species with sugarcane hybrids had the highest fiber contents. Highest sugar contents were found in sugarcane families resulting from crosses of sugarcane clones and conventional cultivars. The TSH means were highest in the families F160 x MEX68-200 and RB855156 x RB987935. The highest genotypic mean for TFH was observed in the special polycross involving cultivar RB036066 with S. spontaneum accessions as pollen donors.
Published: 2017

28. P5826Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) in cardiomyocytes (CMs) is involved in the pathogenesis of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy

Author: T. Ido, Tatsuya Sawamura, Akemi Kakino, Toshiki Tanaka, Takuma Aoyama, T. Shiraki, C. Yokoyama, and Shinya Minatoguchi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Cardiomyopathy, medicine.disease, Pathogenesis, Internal medicine, Cardiology, Cancer research, Medicine, Doxorubicin, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Receptor, Oxidized ldl, medicine.drug
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. Experimental Identification of Electric Field Excitation Mechanisms in a Structural Transition of Tokamak Plasmas

Author: Yoshihiko Nagashima, Shigeru Inagaki, Kazuo Hoshino, S.-I. Itoh, Akihide Fujisawa, Katsumi Ida, T. Kobayashi, T. Ido, Kensaku Kamiya, Kimitaka Itoh, and Y. Miura
Subjects: Physics, Multidisciplinary, Tokamak, Toroid, Plasma, Fusion power, 01 natural sciences, Article, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, law.invention, High-confinement mode, law, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Time derivative, 010306 general physics, Excitation
Abstract: Self-regulation between structure and turbulence, which is a fundamental process in the complex system, has been widely regarded as one of the central issues in modern physics. A typical example of that in magnetically confined plasmas is the Low confinement mode to High confinement mode (L-H) transition, which is intensely studied for more than thirty years since it provides a confinement improvement necessary for the realization of the fusion reactor. An essential issue in the L-H transition physics is the mechanism of the abrupt “radial” electric field generation in toroidal plasmas. To date, several models for the L-H transition have been proposed but the systematic experimental validation is still challenging. Here we report the systematic and quantitative model validations of the radial electric field excitation mechanism for the first time, using a data set of the turbulence and the radial electric field having a high spatiotemporal resolution. Examining time derivative of Poisson’s equation, the sum of the loss-cone loss current and the neoclassical bulk viscosity current is found to behave as the experimentally observed radial current that excites the radial electric field within a few factors of magnitude.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. MHD Modes Destabilized by Energetic Ions on LHD

Author: Kunihiro Ogawa, Katsumi Ida, T. Tokuzawa, Akihiro Shimizu, K. Toi, Satoshi Yamamoto, Satoru Sakakibara, Satoshi Ohdachi, S. Morita, Donald A. Spong, K. Nagaoka, A. Weller, F. Watanabe, Yasushi Todo, M. Isobe, Masaki Osakabe, T. Ido, K. A. Tanaka, K. Narihara, T. Ito, Noriyoshi Nakajima, and Masaki Nishiura
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Particle, General Materials Science, Magnetohydrodynamic drive, Magnetohydrodynamics, Atomic physics, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Energetic ion-driven magnetohydrodynamic instabilities such as Alfven eigenmodes (AEs), energetic particle modes (EPMs), and their impacts on energetic ion confinement are being studied on the Larg...
Published: 2010
Full Text: View/download PDF

31. Overview of LHD Plasma Diagnostics

Author: Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Hisamichi Funaba, Clive Michael, Mitsutaka Isobe, T. Tokuzawa, Akihiro Shimizu, Atsushi Mase, Leonid Vyacheslavov, Y. Nagayama, M. Emoto, K. A. Tanaka, S. Morita, Shigeru Inagaki, Motoshi Goto, Naoki Tamura, Masaki Osakabe, Satoru Sakakibara, Suguru Masuzaki, Kuninori Sato, T. Ido, Satoshi Ohdachi, Mamoru Shoji, Katsumi Ida, Shigeru Sudo, K. Toi, Shigeki Okajima, Sadatsugu Muto, E. V. Veshchev, Tomohiro Morisaki, Mamiko Sasao, Kazuo Kawahata, Y. Nakamura, K. Narihara, Masaki Nishiura, B.J. Peterson, Ichihiro Yamada, Mikiro Yoshinuma, Hideya Nakanishi, Y. Hamada, Andrei Sanin, and N. Ashikawa
Subjects: Physics, Superconductivity, Quantitative Biology::Biomolecules, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Physics::Medical Physics, 02 engineering and technology, Diagnostic system, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Large Helical Device, Data acquisition, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, business, Axial symmetry, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: The Large Helical Device (LHD) is the world’s largest heliotron-type device with l = 2, m = 10 continuous superconducting helical coils and three pairs of superconducting poloidal coils. The major ...
Published: 2010
Full Text: View/download PDF

32. Contribution of the Large Helical Device Plasmas to Alfvén Eigenmode Physics in Toroidal Plasmas

Author: Satoru Sakakibara, K. Nagaoka, Katsumi Ida, Satoshi Ohdachi, T. Ito, Masaki Osakabe, K. Narihara, T. Ido, Kunihiro Ogawa, F. Watanabe, K. A. Tanaka, T. Tokuzawa, Akihiro Shimizu, K. Toi, S. Morita, Masaki Nishiura, and Mitsutaka Isobe
Subjects: Physics, Large Helical Device, Toroid, Physics::Plasma Physics, Normal mode, Beta (plasma physics), Physics::Space Physics, Magnetic pressure, Plasma, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Beam (structure), Ion
Abstract: In the large helical device (LHD) having three dimensional configuration, Alfven eigenmodes (AEs) destabilized by energetic ions are widely investigated using neutral beam heated plasmas with monotonic and non-monotonic rotational transform (ι/2π) profiles. In a plasma with monotonic ι/2π-profile, core-localized toroidicity-induced Alfven eigenmode (TAE) as well as global one are often observed. With the increase in the averaged toroidal beta value, defined as the ratio of total plasma pressure to toroidal magnetic pressure, core-localized TAE with low toroidal mode number becomes global. In a relatively high beta plasma with monotonic ι/2π-profile, two TAEs with different toroidal mode number often interact nonlinearly and generate another modes through three wave coupling. In a plasma with non-monotonic ι/2π-profile generated by intense counter neutral beam current drive, reversed shear Alfven eigenmode (RSAE) and geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) excited by energetic ions were observed for the first time in a helical plasma. Nonlinear coupling was also observed between RSAE and GAM.
Published: 2009
Full Text: View/download PDF

33. In search of zonal flows by using direct density fluctuation measurements

Author: Yuichi Takase, Sanae I. Itoh, Kimitaka Itoh, Katsumichi Hoshino, T. Ido, Akihide Fujisawa, Masatoshi Yagi, Y.M. Miura, Akira Ejiri, K. Uehara, Yoshihiko Nagashima, and Kouji Shinohara
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Geodesic, business.industry, Turbulence, Mode (statistics), Zonal flow (plasma), Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Computational physics, law.invention, Core (optical fiber), Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, business, Envelope (waves)
Abstract: A method for zonal flow study by using direct density fluctuation measurements is proposed. When ambient drift-wave turbulence is modulated by zonal flows (i.e. in the drift-wave-zonal flow systems), an envelope of the ambient density fluctuations has spectral peaks around zonal flow frequencies. A spectral peak at the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) frequency is observed in the envelope of the ambient density fluctuations measured in edge plasma of the JFT-2M tokamak. The significant cross-bicoherence is also found between the ambient density fluctuations and its envelope in the GAM frequency. This result demonstrates that we can measure the GAM only by using density fluctuation data. This method provides a possibility of zonal flow research in burning core plasma by density fluctuation diagnostics such as microwave reflectometry.
Published: 2007
Full Text: View/download PDF

34. Intermittent characteristics in coupling between turbulence and zonal flows

Author: Y. Yoshimura, K. Matsuoka, Sanae I. Itoh, Shinichi Ohshima, K. Nagaoka, H. Nakano, C. Takahashi, Kimitaka Itoh, T. Minami, Chihiro Suzuki, Tsuyoshi Akiyama, S. Okamura, Patrick Diamond, M. Isobe, T. Ido, Yoshihiko Nagashima, Akihiro Shimizu, S. Nishimura, Mamoru Kojima, Akihide Fujisawa, and H. Iguchi
Subjects: Physics, Coupling, Toroid, Scale (ratio), Turbulence, Mechanics, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Wavelet, Classical mechanics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Electric field, Physics::Space Physics, Bicoherence
Abstract: An extended application of Gabour's wavelet to bicoherence analysis succeeds in resolving the instantaneous structure of three wave couplings between disparate scale electric field fluctuations in the high temperature core in a toroidal plasma device named the compact helical system. The obtained results quantify an intermittent linkage between turbulence and zonal flows—a highlighted issue in the present plasma research. This is the first demonstration that the intermittent nature of the three wave coupling should underlie the turbulence power modulation due to zonal flows.
Published: 2007
Full Text: View/download PDF

35. Optical clock and ultracold collisions with trapped strontium atoms

Author: T. Ido, T. Zelevinsky, M.M. Boyd, Seth M. Foreman, Sebastian Blatt, Jun Ye, and A.D. Ludlow
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Optical lattice, Magnetic moment, Scattering length, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Magnetic field, Metastability, Physics::Atomic Physics, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Atomic physics, Spectral resolution, Ground state, Spectroscopy
Abstract: With microkelvin neutral strontium atoms confined in an optical lattice, we have achieved a fractional resolution of better than 5 x 10−15 on the1 S o −3 P o doubly forbidden 87Sr clock transition at 698 nm. Measurements of the clock line shifts as a function of experimental parameters indicate that the fractional uncertainties due to systematic shifts could be reduced below 10−15. The ultrahigh spectral resolution permitted resolving the nuclear spin states of the clock transition at small magnetic fields, leading to measurements of the 3 P o magnetic moment and metastable lifetime. In addition, photoassociation spectroscopy was performed on the narrow 1 S o −3 P 1 transition of 88Sr, revealing the least-bound state, and showing promise for efficient optical tuning of the ground state scattering length and production of cold molecules.
Published: 2007
Full Text: View/download PDF

36. Compatibility of reduced activation ferritic steel wall with high performance plasma on JFT-2M

Author: K Tsuzuki, K Kamiya, K Shinohara, M Bakhtiari, H Ogawa, G Kurita, M Takechi, S Kasai, M Sato, H Kawashima, K Uehara, K Hoshino, Y Kusama, M Yamamoto, T Shibata, K Kikuchi, H Amemiya, Y Sadamoto, Y Nagashima, A Ejiri, T Hino, Y Hirohata, H Tsutsui, R Shimada, T Ido, Y Hamada, and the JFT-2M Group
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fusion, Resistive touchscreen, Materials science, Ferromagnetism, Limiter, Growth rate, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Molecular physics, Instability, Magnetic field
Abstract: In JFT-2M, the applicability of reduced activation ferritic steel to a fusion demonstration reactor has been demonstrated mainly concerning the ferromagnetic effect on plasma production, control, stability and confinement. The compatibility of the close ferritic wall with high-normalized beta plasmas has been investigated mainly because the demonstration reactor will utilize the wall stabilization effect. Due to improvements in the operation scenario and the modification of the guard limiter configuration, the region showing good compatibility was extended to the closer wall position (the wall position was normalized to the plasma minor radius; rwall/a~ 1.25) and the higher normalized beta (βN ~ 3.5), compared with the previous works with the relatively far wall position and stronger magnetic field (Tsuzuki K. et al 2003 Nucl. Fusion. 43 1288). A reduction in the growth rate of the instability was also observed in the close wall case, which presumably corresponds to the wall stabilization effect, similar to a resistive wall without ferromagnetism.
Published: 2006
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Activation cross-sections on cadmium: Proton induced nuclear reactions up to 80MeV

Author: F. Tárkányi, B. Király, F. Ditrói, S. Takács, J. Csikai, A. Hermanne, M.S. Uddin, M. Hagiwara, M. Baba, T. Ido, Yu.N. Shubin, and S.F. Kovalev
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Instrumentation
Published: 2006
Full Text: View/download PDF

38. Turbulence and transport characteristics of a barrier in a toroidal plasma

Author: Patrick Diamond, S. Okamura, Mitsutaka Isobe, K. Nagaoka, Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Chihiro Suzuki, S.-I. Itoh, K. Matsuoka, K. Toi, S. Ohsima, T. Minami, Haruhisa Nakano, Akihiro Shimizu, Kimitaka Itoh, Yasuo Yoshimura, T. Ido, Yoshihiko Nagashima, C. Takahashi, Katsumi Ida, S. Nishimura, Akihide Fujisawa, Mamoru Kojima, and H. Iguchi
Subjects: Physics, Toroid, Turbulence, K-epsilon turbulence model, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nonlinear Sciences::Chaotic Dynamics, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Intermittency, Dispersion relation, Physics::Space Physics, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics
Abstract: Turbulence and zonal flow at a transport barrier are studied with twin heavy ion beam probes in a toroidal helical plasma. A wavelet analysis is used to extract turbulence properties, e.g. spectra of both density and potential fluctuations, the coherence and the phase between them and the dispersion relation. Particle transport estimated from the fundamental characteristics is found to clearly rise with their intermittent activities after the barrier is broken down. Time-dependent analysis reveals that the intermittency of turbulence is correlated with the evolution of the stationary zonal flow.
Published: 2006
Full Text: View/download PDF

39. Wavelet and Fourier analysis of zonal flows and density fluctuations in JIPP T-llU tokamak plasmas

Author: Y Hamada, T Watari, A Nishizawa, T Ido, M Kojima, Y Kawasumi, K Toi, and the JIPPT-IIU Group
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Turbulence, Magnetic confinement fusion, Zonal flow (plasma), Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, symbols.namesake, Amplitude, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Fourier analysis, Physics::Space Physics, symbols, Electron temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics
Abstract: Wavelet and two-dimensional Fourier analyses of local potential and density signals were conducted. These signals were obtained in the core region of tokamak plasmas by a multiple-sample-volume heavy ion beam probe. In the low-density Ohmic plasma where the electron temperature is much higher than that of the ions, the high-frequency (HF) zonal flow in geodesic acoustic mode frequency region is more energetic than the low-frequency zonal flow from 10 to 1000 Hz in terms of integrated intensity. This result is in sharp contrast to the results of ITG simulations of the tokamak plasmas. The HF zonal flow has a short lifetime (a few cycles). The wavelet spectra of density are much more chaotic than those of potential turbulence, changing the amplitude and frequency of the dominant modes more rapidly within the lifetime of the HF zonal flows. It was also found that HF parts of the density fluctuations are highly modulated by the HF zonal flows.
Published: 2006
Full Text: View/download PDF

40. Observation of the interaction between the geodesic acoustic mode and ambient fluctuation in the JFT-2M tokamak

Author: T Ido, Y Miura, K Hoshino, K Kamiya, Y Hamada, A Nishizawa, Y Kawasumi, H Ogawa, Y Nagashima, K Shinohara, Y Kusama, and JFT-2M group
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Statistics::Applications, Geodesic, Separatrix, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Radial direction, Statistics::Computation, law.invention, Heavy ion beam, Amplitude, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Statistics::Methodology, Atomic physics, Coherence (physics)
Abstract: The electrostatic and density fluctuation are measured simultaneously with a heavy ion beam probe. The electrostatic fluctuation with the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) frequency is observed in L-mode plasmas and not in H-mode plasmas. The poloidal and radial structure is consistent with the GAM. So the fluctuation is concluded to be the GAM.The amplitude of the GAM changes in the radial direction; it is small near the separatrix, has a maximum at 3 cm inside the separatrix and decreases again to 5 cm inside the separatrix.The GAM and the temporal behaviour of the ambient density fluctuation show a significant coherence, and the phase of modulation of the ambient density fluctuation tends to delay the potential oscillation of the GAM. It is clearly verified that the GAM affects ambient fluctuation and also the local particle transport through modulation of the amplitude of the ambient fluctuation.
Published: 2006
Full Text: View/download PDF

41. Geodesic–acoustic-mode in JFT-2M tokamak plasmas

Author: T Ido, Y Miura, K Kamiya, Y Hamada, K Hoshino, A Fujisawa, K Itoh, S-I Itoh, A Nishizawa, H Ogawa, Y Kusama, and JFT-2M group
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Statistics::Applications, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Statistics::Computation, Computational physics, law.invention, Temperature gradient, Amplitude, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electric field, Statistics::Methodology, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Coherence (physics)
Abstract: The characteristics of geodesic–acoustic-mode (GAM) are investigated through direct and simultaneous measurement of electrostatic and density fluctuations with a heavy ion beam probe.The amplitude of the GAM changes in relation to the radial position; it is small near the separatrix, reaches a local maximum at 3 cm inside the separatrix and then decreases again to 5 cm inside the separatrix. The frequency is constant in the range, though the predicted GAM frequency varies according to the temperature gradient. The correlation length is about 6 cm and comparable to the structure of the amplitude of the GAM. The results indicate the GAM has a radial structure which reflects the local condition at about 3 m inside the separatrix.The phase relation between the GAM oscillation indicates that the GAM is a radial propagating wave.The interaction between the GAM and the ambient density fluctuation is shown by the high coherence between the GAM oscillation and the temporal behaviour of the ambient density fluctuation. Moreover, the phase relation between the electric field fluctuation of the GAM ( ) and the amplitude of the density fluctuation indicates that the modulation of the ambient density fluctuation delays the . The causality between the GAM and the modulation of the density fluctuation is revealed.
Published: 2006
Full Text: View/download PDF

42. Characteristics of Plasma Operation with the Ferritic inside Wall and Its Compatibility with High-Performance Plasmas in JFT-2M

Author: Haruyuki Kimura, Kazuya Uehara, Ryuichi Shimada, N. Isei, Y.M. Miura, Yamamoto Masahiro, Y. Hamada, T. Shibata, Kazuhiro Tsuzuki, Yuji Yamauchi, Satoshi Kasai, Hiroshi Amemiya, Yoshihiko Nagashima, Masayasu Sato, K. Kikuchi, Mohammad Reza Bakhtiari, Katsumichi Hoshino, K. Shinohara, Hisato Kawashima, Y. Kusama, Kensaku Kamiya, Y. Hirohata, Tomoaki Hino, Kentaro Yamaguchi, Hiroaki Ogawa, G. Kurita, T. Ido, and Hiroaki Tsutsui
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Structural material, Tokamak, Materials science, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, technology, industry, and agriculture, Magnetic confinement fusion, 02 engineering and technology, Plasma, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Ferromagnetism, law, Impurity, Beta (plasma physics), 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Plasma stability, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Compatibility between plasma and reduced activation ferritic steel, which is the leading candidate for the structural material of a fusion demonstration reactor, has been investigated in the Advanced Material Tokamak EXperiment (AMTEX). Ferritic plates (FPs) were installed progressively in the JFT-2M tokamak. The effect of ferromagnetism on plasma production, control, confinement, and stability has been investigated. Impurity release behavior has also been investigated. Even when the inside vacuum vessel wall was fully covered with the FPs and the tokamak plasma was operated close to the wall, no deleterious effect was observed, and the normalized beta could be increased up to ~3.5. Thus, encouraging results are obtained for application of this material to the demonstration reactor.
Published: 2006
Full Text: View/download PDF

43. Reduced divertor heat loads, plasma shape effects, and radial electric field structures in JFT-2M HRS H-mode plasmas

Author: K Kamiya, H Kawashima, T Ido, N Oyama, M Bakhtiari, S Kasai, Y Kusama, Y Miura, H Ogawa, K Tsuzuki, K Uehara, and JFT-2M Group
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, symbols.namesake, Heat flux, Plasma shaping, Electric field, symbols, Langmuir probe, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics
Abstract: A key feature of the 'high recycling steady' (HRS) H-mode regimes is the reduction of the transient heat load to the divertor target due to large ELMs. The heat flux to the divertor targets measured by means of a Langmuir probe in the scrape-off layer on the target plate is about ~0.3 MW m−2 in the typical HRS plasmas, which is very small in comparison with the transient heat load in the ELMy H-mode discharge. In addition, the effects of the plasma shaping on the access to and improved plasma performance of HRS H-mode regimes have been investigated. Furthermore, simultaneous measurements of both density fluctuations and potential profiles at the plasma edge region using a heavy ion beam probe are also presented.
Published: 2006
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. Overview of confinement and MHD stability in the Large Helical Device

Author: H. Nozato, Hideya Nakanishi, T. Saida, Suguru Masuzaki, H. Funaba, P. R. Goncharov, A. Nishizawa, J. Miyazawa, Nobuyoshi Ohyabu, Hiroe Igami, O. Motojima, Tsuyoshi Akiyama, Shin Kubo, Y. Nagayama, Shigeru Inagaki, N. Noda, T. Uda, K. Nishimura, Satoshi Ohdachi, Kimitaka Itoh, M. Emoto, Naoki Tamura, Yasuo Yoshimura, T. Tokuzawa, Takaaki Fujita, K. Saito, N. Ashikawa, Osamu Kaneko, Satoshi Yamamoto, A. Wakasa, Kazuo Kawahata, T. Minami, Yoshihide Oka, Masaki Osakabe, T. Ido, Masayuki Yokoyama, Masahide Sato, Takashi Mutoh, Shigeki Okajima, Motoshi Goto, Tomohiro Morisaki, Sadatsugu Muto, Ryuichi Sakamoto, K. Narihara, K.Y. Watanabe, Tetsuo Seki, Sadayoshi Murakami, Y. Nakamura, K. Matsuoka, Mikiro Yoshinuma, Y. Narushima, Mitsutaka Isobe, Hiroshi Yamada, Ichihiro Yamada, Masaki Nishiura, Yoshiteru Sakamoto, Mizuki Sakamoto, T. Watari, B.J. Peterson, Kenji Tanaka, H. Kawazome, Mamoru Shoji, Katsumi Ida, Takashi Notake, T. Fukuda, K. Yamazaki, S. Morita, Hidenobu Takenaga, Akihiko Isayama, Takashi Shimozuma, N. Takeuchi, K. Toi, T. Kobuchi, Yuki Torii, Ryuhei Kumazawa, S. Sudo, Katsunori Ikeda, Y. Takeiri, Akio Sagara, Kunizo Ohkubo, A. Komori, Katsuyoshi Tsumori, Satoru Sakakibara, T. Ozaki, C. D. Beidler, Kuninori Sato, Mamiko Sasao, and K. Ishii
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Tokamak, Materials science, Plasma parameters, Divertor, Magnetic confinement fusion, Condensed Matter Physics, Neutral beam injection, law.invention, Large Helical Device, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Beta (plasma physics), Atomic physics
Abstract: The Large Helical Device is a heliotron device with L = 2 and M = 10 continuous helical coils with a major radius of 3.5–4.1 m, a minor radius of 0.6 m and a toroidal field of 0.5–3 T, which is a candidate among toroidal magnetic confinement systems for a steady state thermonuclear fusion reactor. There has been significant progress in extending the plasma operational regime in various plasma parameters by neutral beam injection with a power of 13 MW and electron cyclotron heating (ECH) with a power of 2 MW. The electron and ion temperatures have reached up to 10 keV in the collisionless regime, and the maximum electron density, the volume averaged beta value and stored energy are 2.4 × 1020 m−3, 4.1% and 1.3 MJ, respectively. In the last two years, intensive studies of the magnetohydrodynamics stability providing access to the high beta regime and of healing of the magnetic island in comparison with the neoclassical tearing mode in tokamaks have been conducted. Local island divertor experiments have also been performed to control the edge plasma aimed at confinement improvement. As for transport study, transient transport analysis was executed for a plasma with an internal transport barrier and a magnetic island. The high ion temperature plasma was obtained by adding impurities to the plasma to keep the power deposition to the ions reasonably high even at a very low density. By injecting 72 kW of ECH power, the plasma was sustained for 756 s without serious problems of impurities or recycling.
Published: 2005
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. Zonal flows in the geodesic acoustic mode frequency range in the JIPP T-IIU tokamak plasmas

Author: Y Hamada, A Nishizawa, T Ido, T Watari, M Kojima, Y Kawasumi, K Narihara, K Toi, and JIPPT-IIU Group
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Zonal flow (plasma), Condensed Matter Physics, Plasma oscillation, law.invention, Amplitude, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electric field, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics
Abstract: Large potential oscillations were detected in JIPPT-IIU tokamak plasmas in a wide range of plasma cross-sections in measurements using a multi-sample-volume heavy ion beam probe. These oscillations have large amplitudes reaching a few hundreds of volts and their frequencies are in the range of the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM). They are found over a wide range of plasma cross-sections and commonly have m = 0 structures. As they were Fourier analysed, it was found that the central frequency is higher in the core of the plasma and lower in the edge of the plasma. These observations agree with the properties of theoretically predicted GAM oscillations. It was also found that the frequency spectrum is peaked in the core and broad in the edge, which may have something to do with damping mechanisms of the GAM. The phase relation between the density and the electric field fluctuations was studied extensively in terms of the cross-correlation function. The level of the density fluctuation was low as it should be, and the expected 90° phase difference was found in a limited radial domain.
Published: 2005
Full Text: View/download PDF

46. Coherent edge fluctuation measurements in H-mode discharges on JFT-2M

Author: Y Nagashima, K Shinohara, K Hoshino, A Ejiri, K Tsuzuki, T Ido, K Uehara, H Kawashima, K Kamiya, H Ogawa, T Yamada, S Shiraiwa, S Ohara, Y Takase, N Asakura, N Oyama, T Fujita, S Ide, H Takenaga, Y Kusama, Y Miura, and JFT-2M group
Subjects: Materials science, Separatrix, business.industry, Mode (statistics), Phase (waves), Plasma, Edge (geometry), Condensed Matter Physics, Intensity (physics), symbols.namesake, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, symbols, Langmuir probe, Transient (oscillation), Atomic physics, business
Abstract: Results of coherent edge fluctuation measurements using three diagnostics (a reciprocating Langmuir probe, a two channel O-mode reflectometer, and fast magnetic probes) in H-mode discharges on JFT-2M are presented. In discharges in which a high recycling steady (HRS) H-mode phase is obtained through a transient phase with slightly enhanced Dα intensity, two types of coherent fluctuations are observed. The higher frequency mode (around 300 kHz) is the high frequency mode (HFM) observed in the HRS H-mode (Kamiya K et al 2003 9th IAEA Tech. Meeting H-mode Workshop Topic B-14). The lower frequency mode has a frequency of around 80 kHz. The HFM is detected by a Langmuir probe over a wide region in the SOL, as well as by the reflectometer and magnetic probes. However, the HFM is not detected by the higher frequency (38 GHz) channel of the reflectometer after the HRS transition, suggesting that the HFM is not located deeply inside the plasma. The 80 kHz mode is detected by both channels of the reflectometer and by a Langmuir probe, but not by magnetic probes, suggesting that it is an electrostatic mode. In contrast to the HFM, the 80 kHz mode is detected by the Langmuir probe only near the separatrix during the transient phase, which leads to either the HRS phase or the ELMy phase, and is similar to the fluctuations reported in Shinohara K et al (1998 J. Plasma Fusion Res. 74 607).
Published: 2004
Full Text: View/download PDF

47. LHD diagnostics toward steady-state operation

Author: Suguru Masuzaki, Y. Nagayama, S. Mutoh, Hideya Nakanishi, M. Emoto, Y. Hamada, K. Narihara, H. Iguchi, Kazuo Sato, K. Toi, Kazuo Kawahata, Tomohiro Morisaki, T. Ozaki, Satoru Sakakibara, B.J. Peterson, T. Tokuzawa, Mamoru Shoji, Katsumi Ida, Masaki Osakabe, Motoshi Goto, N. Ashikawa, T. Ido, A. Nishizawa, T. Minami, Satoshi Ohdachi, K. A. Tanaka, S. Morita, S. Sudo, Mikiro Yoshinuma, Shigeru Inagaki, and I. Yamada
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Thermonuclear fusion, Materials science, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Large Helical Device, law, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Neutral particle
Abstract: The large helical device (LHD) is the world largest helical system having all superconducting coils. After completion of LHD in 1998, six experimental campaigns have been carried out successfully. The maximum stored energy, central electron temperature, and volume averaged beta value are 1.16 MJ, 10 keV, and 3.2%, respectively. The confinement time of the LHD plasma appears to be equivalent to that of tokamaks. One of the most important missions for LHD is to prove steady-state operation, which is also significant to international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER) and to future fusion reactors. LHD is quite appropriate for this purpose based upon the beneficial feature of a helical system, that is, no necessity of the plasma current. So far, the plasma discharge duration was achieved up to 150 s. The plasma density was kept constant by feedback control of gas puffing with real time information of the line density. The issue for demonstrating steady-state operation is whether divertor function to control particle and heat flux is effective enough. Relevant to this, LHD diagnostics should be consistent with the following: 1) continuous operation of main diagnostics during long-pulse operation for feedback control and physics understanding; 2) measurement of fraction of H, He, and impurities in the plasma; 3) heat removal and measure against possible damage or surface erosion of diagnostic components inside of the vacuum chamber; 4) data acquisition system for handling real time data display and a huge amount of data. Although there are already some achievements on the above subjects, there remain still several issues to be resolved. On the other hand, the long-pulse operation of the plasma gives benefits to the diagnostics. For example, the polarizing angle of ECE emission can be changed during the discharge, and the intensity dependence on the polarizing angle has been obtained. The spatial scanning of the neutral particle analyzer and the spectrometer can supply the spatial profiles of the fast neutral particle flux and the specific impurity lines. In this paper, the present status of these issues and future plans are described.
Published: 2004

48. Recent diagnostic developments on LHD

Author: S Sudo, Y Nagayama, B J Peterson, K Kawahata, T Akiyama, N Ashikawa, M Emoto, M Goto, Y Hamada, K Ida, T Ido, H Iguchi, S Inagaki, M Isobe, T Kobuchi, A Komori, Y Liang, S Masuzaki, T Minami, T Morisaki, S Morita, S Muto, Y Nakamura, H Nakanishi, M Narushima, K Narihara, M Nishiura, A Nishizawa, S Ohdachi, M Osakabe, T Ozaki, R O Pavlichenko, S Sakakibara, K Sato, M Shoji, N Tamura, K Tanaka, K Toi, T Tokuzawa, K Y Watanabe, T Watanabe, H Yamada, I Yamada, M Yoshinuma, P Goncharov, D Kalinina, T Kanaba, T Sugimoto, A Ejiri, Y Ono, H Hojo, K Ishii, N Iwama, Y Kogi, A Mase, M Sakamoto, K Kondo, H Nagasaki, S Yamamoto, N Nishino, S Okajima, T Saida, M Sasao, T Takeda, S Tsuji-Iio, D S Darrow, H Takahashi, Y Liu, J F Lyon, A Yu Kostrioukov, V B Kuteev, V Sergeev, I Viniar, A V Krasilnikov, A Sanin, L N Vyacheslavov, D Stutman, M Finkenthal, O Motojima, and LHD Group
Subjects: Physics, Plasma parameters, business.industry, Divertor, Bolometer, Polarimeter, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, Photon counting, law.invention, Large Helical Device, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Plasma diagnostics, business
Abstract: Standard diagnostics for fundamental plasma parameters and for plasma physics are routinely utilized for daily operation and physics studies in the large helical device (LHD) with high reliability. Diagnostics for steady-state plasma are under intensive development, especially for Te, ne (yttrium–aluminium garnet (YAG) laser Thomson, CO2 laser polarimeter), data acquisition in steady-state and heat-resistant probes. To clarify the plasma properties of the helical structure, two- or three-dimensional diagnostics are being aggressively developed: tangential cameras (fast SX TV, photon counting CCD, Hα TV); tomography (tangential SX CCD, bolometer); imaging (bolometer, ECE, reflectometer). Divertor and edge physics are important key issues for steady-state operation. Diagnostics for neutral flux (Hα array, Zeeman spectroscopy) and ne (fast scanning probe, Li beam probe, pulsed radar reflectometer) are also in advanced stages of development. In addition to these, advanced diagnostics are being intensively developed in LHD through domestic and international collaborations.
Published: 2003
Full Text: View/download PDF

49. High performance tokamak experiments with a ferritic steel wall on JFT-2M

Author: K. Shinohara, A. Amemiya, Kazuya Uehara, Tomoaki Hino, Haruyuki Kimura, Y. Hamada, Toru Ogawa, Satoshi Kasai, Shigeo Yatsu, Hiroaki Ogawa, Akira Tsushima, Naoyuki Kayukawa, M. Yamamoto, Masayasu Sato, Katsumichi Hoshino, Shinichi Nomura, K. Miyachi, Naoyuki Fukumoto, Ryuichi Shimada, T. Shibata, Kazuhiro Tsuzuki, Hisato Kawashima, T. Ito, H. Ajikawa, Kensaku Kamiya, Y.M. Miura, T. Ido, Hironobu Niimi, Y. Sadamoto, Akira Ejiri, Yuko Hirohata, Masayoshi Nagata, Hiroaki Tsutsui, H. Sasao, K. Kikuchi, Yoshihiko Nagashima, Tadao Uyama, Mohammad Reza Bakhtiari, Y. Kusama, and N. Isei
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, Magnetic structure, Nuclear engineering, Ripple, Plasma, Edge (geometry), Condensed Matter Physics, Ion, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Impurity, Beta (plasma physics)
Abstract: Compatibility between the plasma and low activation ferritic steel, which is a candidate material for fusion demonstration reactors, has been investigated step by step in the JFT-2M tokamak. We have entered the third stage of the Advanced Material Tokamak EXperiment (AMTEX), where the inside of the vacuum vessel wall is completely covered with ferritic steel plates ferritic inside wall (FIW). The effects of a FIW on the plasma production, impurity release, the operation region, and H-mode characteristics have been investigated. No negative effect has been observed up to now. A high normalized beta plasma of βN ~ 3, having both an internal transport barrier and a steady H-mode edge was obtained. A remarkable reduction in ripple trapped loss from 0.26 MW m−2 (without ferritic steel) to less than 0.01 MW m−2 was demonstrated by the optimization of the thickness profile of FIW. A code to calculate fast ion losses, taking into account the full three-dimensional magnetic structure was developed, and values obtained using the code showed good agreement with experimental results. Thus, encouraging results are obtained for the use of this material in the demo-reactor.
Published: 2003
Full Text: View/download PDF

50. Repeated use of molten carbonate catalysts for gasification of carbonaceous materials by carbon dioxide

Author: H. Itoh, Shigeo Goto, and T. Ido
Subjects: Materials science, General Chemical Engineering, Catalyst support, Batch reactor, Industrial catalysts, Inorganic chemistry, General Chemistry, Catalysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, medicine, Carbonate, Graphite, Eutectic system, Activated carbon, medicine.drug
Abstract: Reactions of carbonaceous materials (activated carbon, graphite, and lignin) with carbon dioxide were carried out at 973 K using alkali metal carbonates (m.p. 891∼1164 K) and eutectic mixtures of these compounds (m.p. 669∼787 K) as catalysts. The reaction occurred when the carbonate catalysts were physically mixed with carbonaceous materials and the melting points of the catalysts were lower than the reaction temperature. However, the reaction did not proceed with physically mixed catalysts when the melting points of the catalysts were higher than the reaction temperature. Repeated use of the molten catalyst was also studied to investigate the possibility of continuous gasification of carbonaceous materials. After the activated carbon (or lignin) was consumed in a batch reactor, the same amount was added in the reactor containing the catalyst and the reaction started again. It was found that the eutectic molten catalyst could be reused without any loss of its catalytic activity by repeating this operation.
Published: 2003
Full Text: View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

756 results on '"T, Ido"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources