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The authors demonstrate the selective addressability of two nearly degenerate clock transitions in bismuth-doped ${}^{28}$Si without tuning the magnetic field or microwave frequency. Rather, they vary the microwave polarization between clockwise and counterclockwise circular polarizations, which can be done rapidly. To generate the circularly polarized microwaves, a superconducting coplanar waveguide microresonator was oriented inside a tunable dielectric resonator such that their microwave magnetic fields can be superimposed to give any arbitrary microwave polarization. This work not only opens up additional states near the Si:Bi clock transition, which can be used for different quantum computing schemes, it also demonstrates a clever method for generating arbitrarily polarized microwaves.

The eye has a specific environment for pharmacokinetics. Topically administered drugs with eye drops cannot easily reach the posterior segments of the eye. Also systemic administration cannot easily exhibit drug efficacy on vitreoretinal diseases. On the basis of this difficulty in drug delivery into the eye and recent advances in biotechnology, direct injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs into the vitreous cavity is currently a gold standard in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and macular edema. However, repeated intravitreal injections increase risks of side effects such as endophthalmitis. Moreover, intravitreal injections cannot keep therapeutic concentrations of other small compounds in the vitreous cavity because of much shorter half-life time. Intraocular drug delivery systems (DDSs) may overcome these problems. Intraocular sustained drug release from implantable or injectable devices has been investigated to treat vitreoretinal diseases. A reservoir-type nonbiodegradable implant (Vitrasert®) was first launched in the market in 1996, releasing ganciclovir, an antiviral drug, for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis secondary to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Then a variety of steroid-releasing devices (Retisert® and Iluvien®) were approved to treat other challenging eye diseases such as macular edema and uveitis. Monolithic-type biodegradable implants also have been investigated, resulting in the approval of an injectable rod-shaped insert releasing a steroid in the treatment of macular edema and noninfectious uveitis (Ozurdex®). Thus most of the commercially available intraocular DDS devices release steroids, which are hydrophobic, stable in the body for a long time, and well tolerated in a wide range of concentrations. In contrast, the development of DDSs for small hydrophilic compounds and large molecules such as proteins is still challenging. To develop a new DDS device, new ideas should be employed. Candidates of the next generation DDS devices involve a refillable, nonbiodegradable implant with the port delivery system, a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) drug delivery, the encapsulated cell technology, and gelling agents and other vitreous substitutes to slow convection of drugs in the vitreous cavity.

BACKGROUND Although previous studies have shown that bupivacaine produces a dose-dependent vasoconstriction, the possible effects of decreased coronary blood flow on myocardial dysfunction during bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity have not been investigated. METHODS We carried out the present study using the in situ beating hearts of six beagles. An autoperfusion circuit was established from the left carotid artery to the anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Its blood flow (QLAD) was measured with an electromagnetic flow meter, and myocardial oxygen consumption was calculated using Fick's principle. Regional myocardial function (systolic shortening: %SS, post-systolic shortening: %PSS) of the LAD-supplied region was evaluated by the sonomicrometric technique. While saline or bupivacaine (10 micrograms/ml) was continuously infused into the LAD in a crossover design, the effects of a vehicle (baseline), acetylcholine (1 and 3 micrograms/min), nitroglycerin (10 micrograms/min) and adenosine (10 micrograms/min), on coronary haemodynamics and regional myocardial function were evaluated. RESULTS Bupivacaine caused a decrease in QLAD and regional myocardial dysfunction (a decrease in %SS and an increase in %PSS) at the baseline. While acetylcholine and adenosine increased QLAD with intracoronary bupivacaine-infusion, regional myocardial dysfunction was not reversed. There was a positive correlation between regional myocardial oxygen consumption and %SS in the whole study. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that the decrease in QLAD during bupivacaine-induced myocardial toxicity is not responsible for regional myocardial dysfunction, and, moreover, that it parallels a decrease in myocardial oxygen demand.

To determine the efficacy of fast neutron (FN) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, 112 patients with histologically proven adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma at a limited stage were studied to evaluate local control and survival, after treatment with either FNs or photons alone. The local control rate of adenocarcinoma in FN-treated patients attained 50%, which was significantly higher than that (

AC ionizer with high frequency became more common in semiconductor industries. Neutralization mechanism of such equipment is, however, not well understood because the measurement of extremely small ion current is interfered by AC induction. Our attempt is to use the Faraday cage that is directly connected to an AC ionizer. At frequencies of 1 Hz and 10 Hz, clear pulse shape ion currents were measured. The amounts of transported charges increase with both applied voltage and pressure. The effect of pressure is more significant than voltage. At higher frequency, the measured current changes from pulse to sinusoidal shape. From the delay time of 1 kHz, the average air velocity between the needle and Faraday cage was calculated. From DC corona measurement inside the nozzle, it became clear that the portion of transported charge to the Faraday cage is quite small.

The read/write performance at 4times-speed for BD drive system was investigated. The criteria of residual error and write strategy suitable for 4times recording were found. Then, a prototype drive proved 4times recording with sufficient low jitter value.

We have developed the new type GaN based white LEDs utilizing a combination of short wavelength LEDs and phosphors, which have a high color rendering index and high luminous intensity.

The topographical organization and ultrastructural features of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ITN) projections to the globus pallidus (GP) were studied using the biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) anterograde tracing method in the rat. To assess the functional association of BDA injection sites in the ITN, the known topographical organization of the ITN-neostriatal (Str) projections and calcium binding protein (CaBP) immunostaining patterns of the Str and GP were used. BDA injection in the lateral part of the lateral parafascicular nucleus and the caudal part of the central lateral nucleus labeled fibers and boutons mainly in the dorsolateral sensorimotor territory of the Str and the middle territories of the GP. BDA injection in the medial part of the lateral parafascicular nucleus and the central lateral nucleus labeled mainly the middle association territory of the Str and the border and the caudomedial territories of the GP. BDA injection in the medial parafascicular nucleus and the central medial nucleus labeled mainly the medial limbic territory of the Str. The medial parafascicular nucleus projected to the medial-most region of the GP, while the central medial nucleus projection to the GP was very sparse. Electron microscopic observations indicated that BDA-labeled boutons form asymmetric synapses mainly on 0.5-2.0 microm diameter dendritic shafts in the GP. The boutons were small but had a relatively long active zone. The present observations together with the known topographical organization of striatopallidal projections indicated that the ITN-GP projections were topographically organized in parallel to the ITN-Str projections. Thus, each part of the ITN projecting to the sensorimotor, the association, and the limbic territories of the Str also projects to the corresponding functional territories of the GP.

Numerous types of DVD recording equipment have emerged on the market, and there is much demand for such optical storage systems with high speed and large capacity for digital high definition broadcasts. However, it becomes difficult to maintain data reliability with increasing recording speed and density, because the signal to noise ratio degrades and recording control of the phase changed mark becomes difficult. To improve the error rate of reproduced data, PRML (partial response maximum likelihood) decoding is expected to be used. We have developed a more advanced method of PRML, where the difference of the reproduced waveform is analyzed and the PRML decoder is compensated. In this paper we report the analysis of the reproduced waveform and the effect of the developed PRML algorithm.

Active drug targeting mediated by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of vascular endothelial cells in tumors is a new concept in cancer therapy. Integrin alphavbeta3 has been reported to be strongly expressed in vascular endothelial cells of surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes and is thought to be a potential antigen for mAb-mediated drug targeting of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of drug targeting mediated by anti-integrin alphavbeta3 mAbs in a laser-induced CNV rat model.The mitomycin C (MMC)-dextran (MMCD) conjugate was synthesized with a carbodiimide-catalyzed reaction. The mAb was conjugated with MMCD (MMCD-mAb). To evaluate the feasibility of mAb-mediated drug targeting in vitro, we investigated the effect of the immunoconjugates involving dextran-binding MMC on the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation in male Brown Norway rats. Immunolocalization of integrin alphavbeta3 in CNV lesions was assessed immunohistochemically with the anti-von Willebrand factor antibody as an endothelial cell marker. Intravenous administration of saline (n = 7), 1 mg/day mAb (n = 7), 100 microg/kg per day free MMC (n = 7), MMCD with irrelevant Ab (n = 7), unconjugated MMCD with unconjugated mAb (MMCD+mAb; n = 7), or MMCD with mAb (MMCD-mAb; n = 8) containing an equal amount of free MMC, was performed daily for 3 days from day 14 after CNV induction. CNV was assessed by fluorescein angiography 2 weeks after treatment. Fluorescein leakage was scored on a four-grade scale. The animals were killed 2 weeks after treatment, and the lesions were evaluated histologically.The inhibition of immunoconjugates on the proliferation of HUVECs was enhanced specifically by the mediatory effect of the mAb. Endothelial cells demonstrated strong immunoreactivity of integrin alphavbeta3 in the CNV. In the vehicle-treated group, fluorescein leakage equal to that before treatment was observed 2 weeks after treatment, with an average score of 2.00 +/- 0.17 (mean +/- SEM). MMCD-mAb significantly inhibited the development of CNV in rats (P0.01). Moreover, the thickness of the lesions was significantly reduced in the MMCD-mAb-treated group (P0.01).Immunoconjugates effectively inhibited progression of CNV in this model. The results suggest that mAb-mediated drug targeting may be beneficial in the treatment of CNV.

We report two cases in which continuous monitoring was used to detect brain ischemia by 8-channel electroencephalograph (EEG), transcranial Doppler (TCD) of middle cerebral blood flow velocities and near infrared spectrophotometric monitoring (NIR) of bifrontal area simultaneously. The symptom of brain ischemia was indicated by NIR and TCD but not by EEG following temporary cross-clamping of the common carotid artery during carotid endarterectomy. According to this sign we successfully used temporary shunt during CEA. On the other hand, these methods of monitoring did not show abnormal findings of cerebral blood flow disorders during aortic arch replacement. Nevertheless, neurologic disorders were complicated postoperatively. In conclusion, these methods monitor carotid artery blood flow but not vertebral artery blood flow.

We retrospectively evaluated the usefulness of PET with 11C-methionine (methionine PET) for the diagnosis of lymph node metastases in patients with lung cancer.Methionine PET and CT were performed before surgical intervention in 41 patients with primary lung cancer. We evaluated individual lymph nodes by methionine PET along with corresponding CT images. The 11C-methionine accumulation of lymph nodes was assessed semiquantitatively by analysis of the tumor-to-muscle ratio (TMR) and was compared with CT and histological diagnoses.A total of 126 lymph nodes, 36 of which were histologically diagnosed as metastatic, were assessed by CT and methionine PET. The TMR in metastatic lymph nodes (n = 36) was 5.15+/-1.69, whereas that of nonmetastatic lymph nodes (n = 90) was 2.91+/-0.76; this difference was significant (P0.0001). The most adequate TMR cutoff value for diagnosis of metastasis based on the results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was 4.1. The positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of methionine PET were 79.5%, 94.3%, 86.1%, 91.1%, and 89.7%, respectively, and were superior to those of CT (57.6%, P = 0.04; 81.7%, P = 0.008; 52.8%, P = 0.002; 84.4%, NS; and 75.4%, P = 0.002, respectively). All positive nodes that were shown to be true-positive by CT, and 12 of 17 false-negatives on CT were correctly diagnosed by PET. Ten of 14 lymph nodes that were false-positive on CT were also correctly diagnosed by PET.Methionine PET appears to be superior to CT for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in lung cancer patients. The high negative predictive value of methionine PET suggests that cases in which lymph nodes are enlarged on CT with negative PET analysis may be diagnosed as negative for metastasis.

The conjugation of drugs with water-soluble polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) tends to prolong the half-life of drugs and facilitate the accumulation of drugs in tissues involving neovascularization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of TNP-470-PVA conjugate on the proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro and on experimental choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in vivo.TNP-470 was conjugated in PVA by a dimethylaminopyridine-catalyzed reaction. The effects of TNP-470-PVA and free TNP-470 on the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells (BRPECs) were evaluated by the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (XTT assay). Experimental CNV was induced by subretinal injection of gelatin microspheres containing basic fibroblast growth factor, into rabbits. Thirty rabbits were intravenously treated either with TNP-470-PVA (n = 8), free TNP470 (n = 5), free PVA (n = 5), or saline (n = 12) daily for 3 days, 2 weeks after implantation of gelatin microspheres. Fluorescein angiography was performed to detect the area with CNV, and the evaluation was made by computerized measurement of digital images. These eyes were also examined histologically. To observe the accumulation of conjugate, 3 rabbits with CNV received rhodamine B isothiocyanate-binding PVA (RITC-PVA), and the lesion was studied 24 hours later by fluorescein microscopy.The TNP-470-PVA inhibited the growth of HUVECs, similar to that of free TNP-470. The BRPECs were less sensitive to TNP-470-PVA than were the HUVECs. TNP-470-PVA significantly inhibited the progression of CNV in rabbits (P = 0.001). Histologic studies at 4 weeks after treatment demonstrated that the degree of vascular formation and the number of vascular endothelial cells in the subretinal membrane of the eyes treated with TNP-470-PVA were less than those of the control eyes. RITC-PVA remained in the area with CNV 24 hours after administration.These results suggest that TNP-470-PVA inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs more sensitively than that of BRPECs, and the targeted delivery of TNP-470-PVA may have potential as a treatment modality for CNV.

Radiation therapy has been used to treat choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in patients with age-related macular degeneration. The in vivo effect of applying focal x-ray irradiation to the eye of rabbits with experimental CNV was investigated.CNV was induced in the rabbit eyes by subretinal implantation of gelatin hydrogel microspheres impregnated with basic fibroblast growth factor. Three weeks after implantation, 17 of 34 eyes with CNV lesions accompanied by fluorescein leakage were irradiated with a single dose of 20 Gy; the other 17 eyes were not irradiated and served as the controls. The eyes were examined before irradiation and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after irradiation, by indirect ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography. The degree of a decreasing amount of fluorescein leakage from the CNV lesions after irradiation was graded using a computerized image analysis system and was compared in the irradiated and nonirradiated eyes. These eyes were also examined histologically and immunohistochemically.Fluorescein leakage from the CNV lesions had significantly decreased in the eyes irradiated with 20 Gy compared with the control eyes, throughout the study period (P0.05). Histologic and immunohistochemical studies at 4 weeks after irradiation demonstrated that the degree of vascular formation and the number of vascular endothelial cells in the subretinal membrane of the irradiated eyes were less than those of the control eyes.Focal x-ray irradiation at the ocular region effectively reduced experimental CNV activity. These results support the possibility that radiation therapy may be beneficial in treating CNV.

Elevated expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 have been implicated as playing important roles in tumor invasion and metastasis in various tissues. We investigated the relationship between circulating plasma MMP-9, its expression in tumor samples, and other clinical features in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A series of 73 patients (45 men and 28 women) who underwent surgery for NSCLC was used in this study. Preoperative plasma concentrations of MMP-9 were examined using a one-step sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 were measured in 24 tumor samples by immunohistochemistry. The plasma concentration of MMP-9 in NSCLC patients (71.0 +/- 60.2 ng/ml) was significantly elevated compared to that of healthy volunteers (P0.0001). MMP-9 concentrations were elevated in 33 of 73 cases (45.2%), compared with a cutoff value of the mean +/- 2 SD in healthy volunteers. There were statistically significant differences in MMP-9 concentration in adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.014) and adenocarcinoma versus large cell carcinoma (P = 0.014). Five of 24 patients (20.8%) had positive immunohistochemical MMP staining of the tumor cell cytoplasm, and two cases had positive staining in the surrounding stromal cells. Plasma MMP-9 concentrations were elevated in 45.2% of NSCLC patients; however, this elevation did not seem to correlate with MMP-9 production by cancer and stromal cells. We concluded that the MMP-9 ELISA could be a beneficial adjunct for assessing the tumor burden of NSCLC, especially for types of squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

Fifty-two brain metastatic lesions occurring in 20 patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) were irradiated, and then the relationship between tumor size, dose and control was clinically and histopathologically studied. Lesions of 8 mm in diameter and those of 10 mm in diameter were determined to be controllable by irradiation at about 38 Gy and 42 Gy, respectively. According to size-dependent curative minimum doses, the lesions could be divided by the 10 Gy/ 5fr/wk method into controlled and non-controlled groups with the curve expressed as dose (Gy) = 15.27 log10 [tumor volume (mm3)] +0.6. Based on these results, tumors of 2 mm and 3 mm in diameter were estimated to be controllable at 14 and 20 Gy, respectively. Thus prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in the treatment of SCLC was thought to be not always necessary if early treatment of small metastatic lesions, detected by Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI could be achieved. The optimal interval between follow-up examinations was thought to be 1 month during the first two years after the diagnosis of SCLC, and then 3 months after that. In addition, the omission of PCI can save many patients who do not actually require PCI from suffering its adverse effects.

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a cause of death in bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular toxicity. We have examined the therapeutic effects of lidocaine on the threshold for bupivacaine-induced VF in in situ beating swine hearts. Twenty-four animals were allocated to one of three groups: 0.25% bupivacaine, 1% lidocaine or 0.25% bupivacaine with 1% lidocaine were infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery in increasing doses of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 ml h-1 for 15 min, respectively. ECG and haemodynamic variables were monitored continuously during infusion. Regional myocardial function in the area supplied by the left anterior descending coronary artery was assessed using the sonomicrometry technique. VF did not occur in the lidocaine group. VF developed at higher infusion rates in animals given bupivacaine with lidocaine (in one animal at an infusion rate of 8 ml h-1 and in seven at 16 ml h-1) compared with animals given bupivacaine alone (in one at an infusion rate of 4 and in seven at 8 ml h-1). Although regional myocardial function decreased with increases in the infusion rate in each group, the depressant effects of the bupivacaine solution (medial inhibitory infusion rate of systolic shortening: IR50 = 2.43 (0.43) ml h-1) were significantly greater than those of the lidocaine solution (IR50 = 5.83 (0.87) ml h-1), but did not differ from those of the bupivacaine with lidocaine solution (IR50 = 3.54 (0.56) ml h-1). This study indicates that a combination of lidocaine and bupivacaine increased the threshold for bupivacaine-induced VF without further depressing myocardial contractility.

Hemoptysis is one of the most important clinical problems of cardiopulmonary disease with high mortality rate. Its management is routinely performed with Bronchial Artery Embolization (BAE). However, it was reported that BAE had some disadvantages such as spinal injury and recurrent bleeding. In order to prevent spinal injury, we tried the super selective bronchial artery embolization (ss-BAE). This technique is especially available in the occlusion of the bronchial artery forming the common trunk with the spinal artery. Besides, BAE, considered to be only a palliative treatment, might cause recanalization due to reabsorption of the occlusive agent. So we used metallic coils to prevent this drawback. The ss-BAE with metallic coils was performed in 2 cases who had refractory hemoptysis against conservative therapy. Hemoptysis disappeared in both cases. The ss-BAE with metallic coils was shown to be safer and more effective than ordinary BAE.

We evaluated the usefulness of thoracoscopic ultrasonography for diagnosing intrapulmonary nodules. We studied 7 patients undergoing thoracoscopic operations. Three had benign lung tumors, one had metastatic lung tumors from a renal cell cancer, and three had primary lung cancers. During thoracoscopy three benign tumors were seen as masses protruding from the visceral pleura in to the pleural space, and two primary lung cancers were seen as pleural indentations. However, the presence of one metastatic lung tumor and one primary lung cancer could not be confirmed by thoracoscopy because of the lack of pleural changes. Furthermore, intrapulmonary spread of malignant tumors in four cases could not be seen by thoracoscopy. All tumors were seen clearly and their characteristics were identified by thoracoscopic ultrasonography. Partial lung resection during thoracoscopy was successful in all patients. We found thoracoscopic ultrasonography to be useful for confirming the presence of peripheral solid nodules, and for deciding where to make incisions for partial lung resection.

The purpose of the present study was to detect tumor cell viability, the diagnosis of which is the most important point in clinical therapy for malignant tumors. The advent of localized proton spectroscopy has made this detection possible. The spectral peak intensities were found to be very different depending on tumor tissue pathology.The tumor cell reaction after radiation therapy was examined with proton localized spectroscopy in addition to enhanced MR imaging using a 1.5 Tesla MR system (Philips, Gyroscan S15-HP). Plain MR images (short spin echo) were used for localization pilot images, and after the MRS study, contrast enhanced MRI was carried out. Studies were performed pre-radiation, mid-radiation, and post-radiation if possible.Sixteen patients (total 27 examinations) with intracranial tumors and three normal volunteers underwent proton NMR localized spectroscopy. The brain tumors were diagnosed before the MR study, and nine patients had metastatic brain tumors, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, and seven other patients were diagnosed with glioma-type tumors.The reaction patterns of proton NMR spectroscopy of brain tumors after radiation therapy were very different and depended on tumor histology.Proton NMR spectroscopy is an excellent means of determining tumor cell viability.

We used laser interferometry (LI) and a potential acuity meter (PAM) to predict visual acuity after surgery for patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with macular involvement. Thirty one eyes of 31 patients with retinal detachment were treated with scleral buckling procedures. Postoperative visual acuity was correlated with preoperative measurements of the LI and PAM, preoperative visual acuity by Landort's ring, and the estimated duration of macular detachment. The correlation between the duration of macular detachment and the postoperative visual acuity was not good (r = 0.55, p0.01). Although the preoperative visual acuity showed a relatively good correlation with postoperative visual acuity (r = 0.62, p0.01), the results of the LI and PAM provided a better correlation (LI; r = 0.73, PAM; r = 0.71). Our results suggest that the LI and PAM are useful to predict the visual acuity after retinal reattachment in patients with preoperative macular detachment.

Low-temperature nuclear orientation was applied to study hyperfine interactions of 142 Pr, 147 Nd and 160 Tb nuclei in antiferromagnetic Pr 0.7 Nd 0.3 NiAl 4 and Pr 0.6 Nd 0.3 Tb 0.1 NiAl 4 single crystals. The γ-ray anisotropy reveals the magnetic anisotropies of each rare earth ion, individually. External field effects on the 147 Nd γ-ray anisotropy exhibit an unexpected result associated with the metamagnetic phase transition.

A total of 1,291 resected cases with primary lung cancers were used to demonstrate the differences of the result of surgical treatment between elderly cases 70 years old or more and non-elderly cases, and the results obtained herein were as follows: 1) Indication for surgery in elderly cases is considered to be similar with non-elderly cases, however, definite mediastinal lymphnode metastasis should be excluded. 2) Postoperative respiratory complications, which were often fatal, were significantly increasing in incidence with the advance of age. Per cent FVC, FEV1.0, SK/SD delayed type cutaneous hypersensitivity, operative bleeding volume and operative time are considered to be valuable predicted parameters. 3) Survival curve in elderly cases were significantly worse than that in non-elderly cases, however, there were no significant differences of survival rates between these 2 groups when cases dead within 3 months postoperatively were excluded. 4) Transfer factor is considered to be effective as an adjunct to surgical treatment in elderly cases. In conclusion, survival curve in elderly cases can be improved by deminishing respiratory complications and maintaining general condition with immunotherapeutics for long postoperative period.

This paper discusses a general approach to quali- tative modeling based on fuzzy logic. The method of qualitative modeling is divided into two parts: fuzzy modeling and linguistic approximation. It proposes to use a fuzzy clustering method (fuzzy c-means method) to identify the structure of a fuzzy model. To clarify the advantages of the proposed method, it also shows some examples of modeling, among them a model of a dynamical process and a model of a human operator's control action.

The random motions of an n -hexyl chain bound to a macromolecule have been simulated with several models by Monte Carlo techniques. The 13 C T 1 relaxation times were calculated from the spectral density functions of the 13 C 1 H dipolar obtained with poly(N-hexyl-4-vinylpyridinium) bromide in methanol solution.

Essential divertor functions — density and energy control — have been investigated in the JT-60 divertor with metal walls. Neutral pressure in the divertor chamber increases in proportion to n2e and high recycling state for particle exhaust is realized. At ne ≤ 6 × 1019m−3, wall pumping by the divertor plates is dominant in particle exhaust. However, at ne ≥ 6 × 1019m−3, particle exhaust by active divertor pumping systems becomes essential. Because of the effectiveness of the divertor, radiation loss in the main plasma is reduced to 5–10% of the absorbed power and impurity concentrations are significantly suppressed at very low level (Zeff = 1.5-2.0). In the experiments with graphite walls, short periods of H-mode phases were found in the outside X-point divertor discharges although improvement in energy confinement is limited to within 10%. In limiter discharges, combination of high vessel temperature (210–300 °C) and low current limiter discharges (1.5 MA) without gas puffing is effective as a wall conditioning in obtaining reproducible high density discharges. The maximum parameters, Ip = 3.2 MA, ne = 1.2 × 1020m−3, qeff = 2.2 at Bt = 4.8T, a Murakami parameter of 7.5, and a stored energy of 3.1 MJ have been attained. The maximum density is limited by the occurence of the MARFE. During high power neutral beam heating, enhanced carbon influx was observed possibly due to chemical sputtering. The wall pumping by the inner wall is still effective in decreasing the electron density from the high density region of ne ~ 1 × 1020m−3. An empirical energy confinement scaling of JT-60 has been drawn in terms of an offset linear function as τE = 0.19 I1.9PPabs + 0.062 a1.8p

From June to October 1987, JT-60 achieved fusion product (ne(0). tau E*.Ti(0)) of 6*1019 m-3.keV.s with hydrogen plasma at plasma current of 2.8 to 3.1 MA with neutral beam power of approximately 20 MW. The central electron density of 1.3*1020 m-3 was obtained at plasma current of 3 MA with 13 approximately 20 MW neutral beam power and the confinement time reached 0.14-0.18 s. An offset linear scaling law like the Shimomura-Odajima scaling on confinement time will be able to reproduce experimental data better than that of the Goldston type scaling. With low beam energy injection approximately 40 keV, confinement degradation was found. Many short periods (0.05 approximately 0.1 s) of H-mode phase were found in outside X-point divertor discharges with NB or NB+RF(LH or IC) heating power above 16 MW. However, improvement in energy confinement time was limited to 10 %. The ballooning/interchange stability analyses were also made for the outside X-point divertor equilibrium in connection with H0-phase capability. Heating powers of 9.5 MW and 1.9 MW were obtained by LHRF, ICRF injection, respectively. In combined LHRF and NB heating, the incremental energy confinement time of 0.064 s was obtained, which is the same level of that of NB heating only. In combined NB and on-axis ICRF heating of low ne discharge, an incremental energy confinement time of 0.21 s was obtained, which is three times as long as those of NB or ICRF heating only. High energy beam ions were accelerated by ICRF in the central region of the plasma.

Authors report two cases of bronchiectasis resulting from prolonged sojourn of foreign body in the bronchus.One case is that of a 33-year-old male who aspirated while in his primary school grade a peanut kernel which remained for about one year. Recent chest examination revealed bronchiectatic changes involving the left lingular bronchus.The second case is that of 28 years old female who aspirated a denture in a fit of epileptic seizure. Years later she developted bronchiectasis in the left lower and lingular bronchi.

A fact-finding survey was conducted to ascertain the treatment of 298 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who were referred to our coronary care unit (CCU) from other medical facilities between May 1978 and December 1987. The controls consisted of 169 patients with AMI who were admitted directly to our CCU during the same period. The mean time from onset of AMI to admission to our CCU was 21.7 +/- 67.9 hours (mean +/- SD) for patients from other medical facilities, and it took longer than that of the controls (11.7 +/- 34.9 hours). However, the mortality was 19.8%, being lower than that of the controls (26.0%). By the Killip's classification, there was no significant differences between both patient groups who belonged to Killip groups I, II and IV, but the mortality of cases in Killip group III was 3.7%, which was lower than that of the controls (7.15%). Among the 298 cases, 169 (56.7%) had received some kind of emergency treatment, and their mortality was 29.9%. However, the mortality of the remaining 129 cases (43.3%) who had received no emergency treatment was only 17.1%. The reason for this contradictory result is attributed to the fact that the former group included relatively severe cases. The number of patients receiving emergency treatment has gradually increased recently; however, the overall results achieved were not satisfactory even with appropriate therapy. Since April 1984, conferences with local practitioners have been held concerning emergency treatment for ischemic heart disease. This resulted in better understanding of CCU among the practitioners, less time delay until admission, and increased frequency and higher quality of emergency treatment. However, the mortality in the CCU did not decline, probably because of the relatively high rate of severe cases. To reduce mortality of AMI, a communication network should be established between practitioners and the CCU.