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5. Soil carbon sequestration by three perennial legume pastures is greater in deeper soil layers than in the surface soil

Author

X.-K. Guan, N. C. Turner, L. Song, Y.-J. Gu, T.-C. Wang, and F.-M. Li

Subjects
Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a vital role as both a sink for and source of atmospheric carbon. Revegetation of degraded arable land in China is expected to increase soil carbon sequestration, but the role of perennial legumes on soil carbon stocks in semiarid areas has not been quantified. In this study, we assessed the effect of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and two locally adapted forage legumes, bush clover (Lespedeza davurica S.) and milk vetch (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) on the SOC concentration and SOC stock accumulated annually over a 2 m soil profile. The results showed that the concentration of SOC in the bare soil decreased slightly over the 7 years, while 7 years of legume growth substantially increased the concentration of SOC over the 0–2.0 m soil depth. Over the 7-year growth period the SOC stocks increased by 24.1, 19.9 and 14.6 Mg C ha−1 under the alfalfa, bush clover and milk vetch stands, respectively, and decreased by 4.2 Mg C ha−1 in the bare soil. The sequestration of SOC in the 1–2 m depth of the soil accounted for 79, 68 and 74 % of the SOC sequestered in the 2 m deep soil profile under alfalfa, bush clover and milk vetch, respectively. Conversion of arable land to perennial legume pasture resulted in a significant increase in SOC, particularly at soil depths below 1 m.

Published
2016
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6. Uncertainty studies on hydrogen source term with MAAP5 code

Author

T.-C. Wang and M. Lee

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Percentile, Radiation, Confidence interval, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, Term (time), symbols.namesake, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Latin hypercube sampling, Statistics, symbols, Boiling water reactor, General Materials Science, Sensitivity (control systems), Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Hydrogen production, Mathematics
Abstract

In the present study, a methodology is developed to quantify the uncertainties of special model parameters of the integral severe accident analysis code MAAP5. Here, the in-vessel hydrogen production during a core melt accident for Lungmen Nuclear Power Station of Taiwan Power Company, an advanced boiling water reactor, is analyzed. Sensitivity studies are performed to identify those parameters with an impact on the output parameter. For this, multiple calculations of MAAP5 are performed with input combinations generated from Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). The results are analyzed to determine the 95th percentile with 95% confidence level value of the amount of in-vessel hydrogen production. The calculations show that the default model options for IOXIDE and FGBYPA are recommended. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) was used to determine the impact of model parameters on the target output parameters and showed that the three parameters TCLMAX, FCO, FOXBJ are highly influencing the in-vessel hydrogen generation. Suggestions of values of these three parameters are given.

Published
2021
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10. Numerical study on cut-off diameter of aerosol particle for filtered containment venting system in nuclear power plant

Author

C.-L. Yu and T.-C. Wang

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fission products, Range (particle radiation), Radiation, Nuclear engineering, law.invention, Aerosol, Filter (large eddy simulation), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Containment, law, Nuclear power plant, Environmental science, Particle, General Materials Science, Cut-off, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
Abstract

This paper presents analytical investigations of the cut-off diameter of aerosol particle for filtered containment venting system in a nuclear power plant. These analyses were done for operation conditions of the containment venting and the numerical results reveal that the particle sizes of fission products released to environment range between 10−8 m and 10−5 m and mostly distribute between 10−7 m and 10−6 m. For designing a filtered containment venting system, the collection efficiency of the filter must be high-quality in the main range 10−7 m – 10−6 m. In this research, the numerical results can offer nuclear power plant a useful reference to design and set up FCVS.

Published
2019
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11. High-temperature desulfurization by ZnO/Raney CuO absorbents

Author

T.-C. Wang, T.-E. Wu, Y.-C. Tsai, Y.-J. Tuan, and H. Paul Wang

Abstract

Desulfurization of syngas containing H2S at high temperatures for integrated gasification combined cycle is gaining momentum as a commercially viable source of clean energy. Thus, a feasibility study for hot-gas (1% H2S) desulfurization by ZnO on skeletal Raney CuO (ZnO/R-CuO) absorbent was carried out. The degree of the hot-gas desulfurization by ZnO/R-CuO was 90.0% at 873 K and decrease to 46.5% as the temperature raised to 1073 K. The rate constant (k) for the desulfurization by ZnO/R-CuO at 873 K was ..

Published
2021
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12. Youth in Care: A Very High-Risk Population for Homelessness

Author

Eva Moore and Jimmy T. C. Wang

Subjects
Government, education.field_of_study, Economic growth, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Legislation, Risk factor (computing), Foster care, Work (electrical), Business, education, Welfare, Autonomy, media_common
Abstract

Foster care is a strong risk factor for youth homelessness, with an alarmingly high rate of unstable housing occurring within several years after transitioning out of care. The current system of care in most jurisdictions forces youth to be financially and socially independent at an earlier age despite insufficient preparation, thereby making the transition out of care an extremely high-risk period. The sudden autonomy in one’s schedule, finances, employment, education, and health can become overwhelming. As a result, engagement with work and school, and even government welfare services, can often be discontinuous. Various proposals have sought to improve outcomes, including legislation to extend foster care to age 21, with a greater emphasis on building relationships and resources to help navigate complex systems. Healthcare providers can be important advocates for youth in care by championing their medical and psychological needs and serving as a bridge that lasts beyond foster care.

Published
2020
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13. P5516Short-term and long-term mortality among acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to hospitals on weekends as compared with weekdays

Author

T C Wang, Chao-Lun Lai, Kin-Wei A. Chan, and Raymond Nien-Chen Kuo

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Emergency medicine, Medicine, Long term mortality, Myocardial infarction, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, medicine.disease, Term (time)
Abstract

Background As in other countries, manpower shortage in weekends and holidays is a common problem in either private hospitals or public hospitals in Taiwan. Whether the manpower shortage in weekends and holidays is associated with poor quality of medical care is a noteworthy subject and several investigations from different countries have been published already. Purpose This study examined the difference of short-term and long-term mortality between acute myocardial infraction patients admitted to hospitals on weekends and weekdays in Taiwan. Methods We conducted a retrospective, nationwide cohort study based on the National Health Insurance claims database in Taiwan. Adult patients aged 20 years or older who were admitted with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction between Jan. 1 2006 and Dec. 31 2014 were identified. Only the first attack of acute myocardial infarction was retained for analysis. The multivariate logistic regression model was applied with adjustment of baseline characteristics at both patient level and hospital level. The outcome variables included in-hospital mortality and one-year cumulative mortality after the index hospitalization. Results We identified 53861 patients with acute myocardial infarction as the weekend group, while 130908 patients as the weekday group. The mean age was 68 years old and 68% of the subjects were male in both groups. ST-elevation myocardial infarction constituted 23% of the patients and up to 46% of the subjects underwent percutaneous coronary intervention during the index hospitalization in both groups. Among the weekend group, the in-hospital mortality was 15.8% while the in-hospital mortality was 16.2% in the weekday group (standardized difference = 0.01). The one-year cumulative mortality was 30.2% and 30.9% in the weekend group and the weekday group, respectively (standardized difference = 0.02). The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) concerning in-hospital mortality of the weekend group compared with the weekday group was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95–1.01, p=0.11). Also we found no difference in one-year cumulative mortality between the two study groups (aOR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–1.01, p=0.15). Conclusions As for acute myocardial infraction patients in Taiwan, admission on weekends or weekdays did not have a significant impact on either in-hospital mortality or one-year cumulative mortality. Acknowledgement/Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, the Executive Yuan, Taiwan (MOST 106-2410-H-002-218-, and MOST 107-2410-H-002-237-)

Published
2019
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14. The Solutions of Bit Line Failure Analysis: Low kV E-Beam, EBAC and LVI

Author

Link Chang, Rick Hc Wang, Simon T C Wang, Yu Pang Chang, Christopher Song, and Andy Ch Chang

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Ion beam, Scanning electron microscope, business.industry, Laser, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Optics, Built-in self-test, law, 0103 physical sciences, Cathode ray, Electron beam processing, Static random-access memory, business, Voltage
Abstract

As the analysis of SRAM Memory Built In Self Test (MBIST), some failure modes such as single bit (SB) or dual bit (DB) failure can be localized accurately. The inspection area of SRAM SB/DB is around 1~2um2. Traditionally, we can use the Focus Ion Beam (FIB) for cross section (X-S) checking as a much quicker inspection. However, X-S FIB inspection is not suitable to analyze some other failure modes such as bit line (BL) failure, which has a larger inspection area, around 200um2. We usually use the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and I-Beam Voltage Contrast (VC) methods to have a plane-view check along the failed BL to find any abnormality. Sometimes a tiny defect is not easy to observe by plane-view checking. In this paper, three alternative methods, Low kV Electron Beam (E-Beam), Electron Beam Absorbed Current (EBAC) and Laser Voltage Image (LVI) are used in three real cases, and achieve a goal of higher hit rate and shorter cycle time.

Published
2019
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15. Host Specificity and Tomato-Related Race Composition of Phytophthora infestans Isolates in Taiwan During 2004 and 2005

Author

Zong-Ming Sheu, Chien-Hua Chen, and T. C. Wang

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Veterinary medicine, biology, fungi, Population, food and beverages, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, Race (biology), Botany, Phytophthora infestans, Genetic variation, Blight, Amplified fragment length polymorphism, Cultivar, education, Agronomy and Crop Science, Solanaceae
Abstract

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a major disease of tomato in cool and wet environments. In this study, we report on the host specificity, race composition, and variation among races revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) of P. infestans isolated from tomato production areas in Taiwan. In all, 177 P. infestans isolates were collected in Taiwan during 2004 and 2005. All were aggressive on both potato and tomato. Nine physiological races were identified based on disease response on a set of tomato differentials developed by the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center–The World Vegetable Center. Eighty-seven polymorphic bands from 32 isolates of four races were detected by AFLP. No significant correlation between the polymorphism and the races was found using cluster analysis. This study revealed that a high variability of race composition among the asexual population of P. infestans isolates existed in Taiwan during 2004 and 2005. Breeding new tomato cultivars for resistance to P. infestans is an urgent and ongoing need because new races of the pathogen appeared continuously in Taiwan in past years. Further analysis of the genomic diversity is necessary to determine whether the high genetic variation of P. infestans is related to the complex race composition.

Published
2019

16. First Report of the A2 Mating Type of Phytophthora infestans on Tomato Crops in Taiwan, Republic of China

Author

Lowell Black, T. C. Wang, Louise R. Cooke, Kenneth L. Deahl, and Richard W. Jones

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Mating type, biology, fungi, Population, food and beverages, Plant Science, Solanum tuberosum, biology.organism_classification, Lycopersicon, Agar plate, Horticulture, Botany, Phytophthora infestans, Oospore, Blight, education, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

In a study of the Phytophthora infestans population in Taiwan, samples with symptoms typical of late blight were collected from field crops in an important potato- (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato-(Lycopersicon esculentum) production area in the central highlands region. Isolates were obtained by surface disinfecting leaf sections and plating them onto antibiotic-amended rye A agar (1). After subculturing, the pathogen was confirmed as P. infestans on the basis of morphological characters (2). Mating type was determined by co-inoculating unamended rye agar plates with mycelial plugs of the test isolate and a reference P. infestans isolate of either the A1 or A2 mating type (four plates per test isolate, two with different A1, and two with different A2 reference isolates). After incubation (15°C darkness, 7 to 14 days), plates were examined microscopically for the presence of oospores where the colonies interacted. In 2004, one isolate of 200 tested, and in 2006, one isolate of 102 tested, produced oospores only with A1 reference isolates and were concluded to be A2 mating type. In vitro testing showed the two A2 isolates were metalaxyl-resistant (ED50 values >100 mg of metalaxyl per liter on rye grain agar), which is typical of recent P. infestans isolates from potato and tomato in this area (2). Twenty-one single-sporangial isolates from each of the two A2 strains were tested for mating type against two different A1 isolates of P. infestans and confirmed as A2. These isolates were characterized using the techniques described by Deahl et al. (1) and had the allozyme genotype 100/100/111, 100/100 at the loci coding for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase, respectively, and were mitochondrial haplotype IIb. This multi-locus genotype is characteristic of recent P. infestans isolates from tomato and potato in Taiwan, but all previous such isolates were A1 mating type and attributed to the US-11 clonal lineage (1). When evaluated on differential hosts, both A2 isolates were tomato race PH-1 and complex potato race R 0,1,2,3,4,7,9,11. RG57 fingerprinting showed that the A2 isolates had fingerprints identical to each other and to A1 P. infestans isolates of the US-11 clonal lineage from tomato in Taiwan (101 011 100 100 110 101 011 001 1). Koch's postulates were completed and the two A2 isolates were found to be highly aggressive on cultivars of potato and tomato. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A2 mating type strains of P. infestans in the field in Taiwan, but currently, their incidence is very low ( References: (1) K. L. Deahl et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 58:951, 2002. (2). D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro, Page 346 in: Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1996.

Published
2019

17. An Organized Medical Response for the Vancouver International Marathon (2006–2011)

Author

Sheila A. Turris, Justin Mui, Adam Lund, Kerrie Lewis, Peter T. C. Wang, and Samuel J. Gutman

Subjects
Patient Care Team, Patient care team, British Columbia, business.industry, Running injuries, education, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, General Medicine, Sports Medicine, medicine.disease, Running, Severity of illness, Forensic engineering, medicine, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Medical team, Registries, Medical emergency, business
Abstract

Objective: We described an organized, on-site medical response for a large-scale urban marathon event and documented illness/injury rates as well as ambulance transfer rates at the Vancouver International Marathon (VIM). Methods: Case-series report of medical encounters was documented prospectively over a 6-yr period at the VIM. The planning and organization of the on-site medical response is the main focus of this report. Results: A total of 67,402 runners participated in the VIM from 2006 to 2011. Over the 6-yr period, 2,986 patient encounters were documented. The patient presentation rate for the series was 45/1,000, the ambulance transfer rate was 0.09Y0.58/1,000, and the medical transfer rate was 0.37Y1.09/1,000. Conclusion: A coordinated on-site medical team covering the entire event site and race route was deployed to reduce the severity of illness and injury at a long-distance running event.

Published
2014
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18. Evaluation of percutaneous permeation of repellent DEET and sunscreen oxybenzone from emulsion-based formulations in artificial membrane and human skin

Author

Donald W. Miller, Frank J. Burczynski, Xiaochen Gu, and T. C. Wang

Subjects
Chromatography, Artificial membrane, lcsh:RM1-950, Concurrent use, Insect repellent, Permeation, Human skin, Permeability, Sunscreen, DEET, Diffusion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Ingredient, lcsh:Therapeutics. Pharmacology, chemistry, Emulsion, medicine, Original Article, General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, Oxybenzone, Thickening agent, Xanthan gum, medicine.drug
Abstract

Insect repellent DEET and sunscreen ingredient oxybenzone play an essential role in minimizing vector-borne diseases and skin cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of emulsion type, addition of thickening agent and droplet size in three emulsion-based lotions on percutaneous permeation of DEET and oxybenzone using in vitro diffusion experiments, in order to minimize overall systemic permeation of the substances. Formulation C (water-in-oil emulsion) significantly increased overall permeation of DEET through human skin (56%) compared to Formulation A (oil-in-water emulsion). Formulation B (oil-in-water emulsion with thickening agent xanthan gum) significantly decreased the size of oil droplet containing DEET (16%), but no effect on oil droplets containing oxybenzone. Adding xanthan gum also increased overall permeation of DEET and oxybenzone (21% and 150%) when compared to Formulation A; presence of both ingredients in Formulation B further increased their permeation (36% and 23%) in comparison to its single counterparts. Overall permeation of oxybenzone through LDPE was significantly higher by 26%–628% than that through human skin; overall permeation of DEET through human skin was significantly higher by 64%–338% than that through LDPE., Graphical abstract The effects of emulsion-type, thickening agent, and droplet size on transmembrane permeation of repellent DEET and sunscreen oxybenzone were studied using in vitro diffusion experimentation.

Published
2014

19. The DUNE Far Detector Interim Design Report Volume 1: Physics, Technology and Strategies

Author

Collaboration, D, Abi, B, Acciarri, R, Acero, M, Adamowski, M, Adams, C, Adams, D, Adamson, P, Adinolfi, M, Ahmad, Z, Albright, C, Aliaga Soplin, L, Alion, T, Alonso Monsalve, S, Alrashed, M, Alt, C, Anderson, J, Anderson, K, Andreopoulos, C, Andrews, M, Andrews, R, Ankowski, A, Anthony, J, Antonello, M, Antonova, M, Antusch, S, Aranda Fernandez, A, Ariga, A, Ariga, T, Aristizabal Sierra, D, Arrieta Diaz, E, Asaadi, J, Ascencio, M, Asner, D, Athar, M, Auger, M, Aurisano, A, Aushev, V, Autiero, D, Azfar, F, Back, A, Back, H, Back, J, Backhouse, C, Baesso, P, Bagby, L, Bai, X, Baird, M, Balantekin, B, Balasubramanian, S, Baller, B, Ballett, P, Balleyguier, L, Bambah, B, Band, H, Bansal, M, Bansal, S, Barenboim, G, Barker, G, Barnes, C, Barr, G, Barranco Monarca, J, Barros, N, Barrow, J, Bashyal, A, Basque, V, Bass, M, Bay, F, Bays, K, Bazo, J, Beacom, J, Bechetoille, E, Behera, B, Bellantoni, L, Bellettini, G, Bellini, V, Beltramello, O, Belver, D, Benekos, N, Benetti, P, Bercellie, A, Berman, E, Bernardini, P, Berner, R, Berns, H, Bernstein, R, Bertolucci, S, Betancourt, M, Bhatnagar, V, Bhattacharjee, M, Bhuyan, B, Biagi, S, Bian, J, Biery, K, Bilki, B, Bishai, M, Bitadze, A, Blackburn, T, Blake, A, Blanco Siffert, B, Blaszczyk, F, Blaufuss, E, Blazey, G, Blennow, M, Blucher, E, Bocean, V, Boffelli, F, Boissevain, J, Bolognesi, S, Bolton, T, Bonesini, M, Boone, T, Booth, A, Booth, C, Bordoni, S, Borkum, A, Boschi, T, Bour, P, Bourguille, B, Boyd, S, Boyden, D, Bracinik, J, Brailsford, D, Brandt, A, Bremer, J, Brice, S, Bromberg, C, Brooijmans, G, Brooke, J, Brown, G, Buchanan, N, Budd, H, de Holanda, P, Cai, T, Caiulo, D, Calafiura, P, Calatayud, A, Calcutt, J, Callahan, C, Calligarich, E, Calvo, E, Camilleri, L, Caminata, A, Campanelli, M, Cancelo, G, Cankocak, K, Cantini, C, Caratelli, D, Carlus, B, Carneiro, M, Caro Terrazas, I, Carroll, T, Carvallo, M, Cascella, M, Castromonte, C, Catano-Mur, E, Cavalli-Sforza, M, Cavanna, F, Cazzato, E, Centro, S, Cerati, G, Cervelli, A, Cervera Villanueva, A, Cervi, T, Chalifour, M, Chappuis, A, Chatterjee, A, Chattopadhyay, S, Chaves, J, Chen, H, Chen, M, Chen, S, Cherdack, D, Chi, C, Childress, S, Cho, K, Choubey, S, Choudhary, B, Christensen, A, Christian, D, Christodoulou, G, Christofferson, C, Church, E, Clarke, P, Coan, T, Cocco, A, Collin, G, Conley, E, Conrad, J, Convery, M, Corey, R, Corwin, L, Cotte, P, Cremonesi, L, Crespo-Anadón, J, Creus Prats, J, Cristaldo, E, Crivelli, P, Cronin-Hennessy, D, Crowley, C, Cuesta, C, Curioni, A, Cussans, D, Dabrowski, M, Dale, D, Da Motta, H, Davenne, T, Davenport, E, Davies, G, Davies, J, Davini, S, Dawson, J, De, K, Decowski, M, Dedin Neto, P, de Icaza Astiz, I, Delbart, A, Delepine, D, Delgado, M, Dell, A, de Mello Neto, J, Demuth, D, Deng, Z, Dennis, S, Densham, C, De Bonis, I, De Gouvêa, A, De Jong, P, De Lurgio, P, De Rijck, S, De Roeck, A, de Vries, J, Dharmapalan, R, Dhingra, N, Diamantopoulou, M, Diaz, F, Díaz, J, Diaz Bautista, G, Ding, P, Distefano, C, Diwan, M, Di Domizio, S, Di Giulio, L, Di Luise, S, Djurcic, Z, Doizon, F, Dokania, N, Dolinski, M, Dong, R, dos Anjos, J, Douglas, D, Drake, G, Duchesneau, D, Duffy, K, Dung, B, Dutta, D, Duvernois, M, Duyang, H, Dvornikov, O, Dwyer, D, Dye, S, Dyshkant, A, Dytman, S, Eads, M, Eberly, B, Edmunds, D, Eisch, J, Elagin, A, Elliott, S, Ellsworth, W, Elnimr, M, Emery, S, Eno, S, Ereditato, A, Escobar, C, Escudero Sanchez, L, Evans, J, Ezeribe, A, Fahey, K, Falcone, A, Falk, L, Farbin, A, Farnese, C, Farzan, Y, Fasoli, M, Fava, A, Felix, J, Fernandez-Martinez, E, Fernandez Menendez, P, Ferraro, F, Feyzi, F, Fields, L, Filkins, A, Filthaut, F, Finch, A, Fischer, O, Fitton, M, Fitzpatrick, R, Flanagan, W, Fleming, B, Flight, R, Forest, T, Fowler, J, Fox, W, Franc, J, Francis, K, Franchini, P, Franco, D, Freeman, J, Freestone, J, Fried, J, Friedland, A, Fuess, S, Furic, I, Furmanski, A, Gago, A, Gallagher, H, Gallego-Ros, A, Galymov, V, Gamberini, E, Gambetta, S, Gamble, T, Gandhi, R, Gandrajula, R, Gao, S, Garcia-Gamez, D, Gardiner, S, Gastler, D, Gehrlein, J, Gelli, B, Gendotti, A, Ghorbani-Moghaddam, Z, Ghosh, A, Gibin, D, Gil-Botella, I, Girerd, C, Giri, A, Glavin, S, Goeldi, D, Gogota, O, Gold, M, Gollapinni, S, Gollwitzer, K, Gomes, R, Gomez, L, Gomez Bermeo, L, Gomez Cadenas, J, Gong, H, Gonnella, F, Gonzalez-Cuevas, J, Goodman, M, Goodwin, O, Gorbunov, D, Goswami, S, Goudzovski, E, Grace, C, Graf, N, Graham, M, Gramellini, E, Gran, R, Grant, A, Grant, C, Grant, N, Greco, V, Green, S, Greenlee, H, Greenler, L, Greenwood, M, Greer, J, Griffith, W, Groh, M, Grudzinski, J, Grzelak, K, Guanghua, G, Guardincerri, E, Guarino, V, Guedes, G, Guenette, R, Guglielmi, A, Guo, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Guthikonda, K, Gutierrez, R, Guzowski, P, Guzzo, M, Habig, A, Hackenburg, R, Hackenburg, A, Hackett, B, Hadavand, H, Haenni, R, Hahn, A, Haigh, J, Haines, T, Haiston, J, Hamernik, T, Hamilton, P, Han, J, Handler, T, Hans, S, Harris, D, Hartnell, J, Hasegawa, T, Hatcher, R, Hatzikoutelis, A, Hays, S, Hazen, E, Headley, M, Heavey, A, Heegerv, K, Heise, J, Hennessy, K, Henry, S, Hernandez, A, Hernandez-Garcia, J, Herner, K, Hewes, J, Hignight, J, Higuera, A, Hill, T, Hillier, S, Himmel, A, Hohl, C, Holin, A, Hoppe, E, Horikawa, S, Horton-Smith, G, Hostert, M, Hourlier, A, Howard, B, Howell, R, Huang, J, Hugon, J, Hurh, P, Hylen, J, Illingworth, R, Insler, J, Introzzi, G, Ioannisian, A, Izmaylov, A, Jaffe, D, James, C, James, E, Jang, C, Jediny, F, Jeong, Y, Jhingan, A, Ji, W, Jipa, A, Jiménez, S, Johnson, C, Johnson, M, Johnson, R, Johnstone, J, Jones, B, Jones, S, Joshi, J, Jostlein, H, Jung, C, Junk, T, Kaboth, A, Kadenko, I, Kamiya, F, Kamyshkov, Y, Karagiorgi, G, Karasavvas, D, Karyotakis, Y, Kasai, S, Kasetti, S, Kaur, K, Kayser, B, Kazaryan, N, Kearns, E, Keener, P, Kemp, E, Kendziora, C, Ketchum, W, Kettell, S, Khabibullin, M, Khotjantsev, A, Kim, D, Kirby, B, Kirby, M, Klein, J, Ko, Y, Kobilarcik, T, Kocaman, B, Koerner, L, Kohn, S, Koizumi, G, Koller, P, Kopylov, A, Kordosky, M, Kormos, L, Kosc, T, Kose, U, Kostelecký, V, Kothekar, K, Kramer, M, Krennrich, F, Kreslo, I, Kriesel, K, Kropp, W, Kudenko, Y, Kudryavtsev, V, Kulagin, S, Kumar, J, Kumar, L, Kumar, A, Kumbhare, S, Kuruppu, C, Kus, V, Kutter, T, Lazur, R, Lande, K, Lane, C, Lang, K, Langford, T, Lanni, F, Lasorak, P, Last, D, Lastoria, C, Laundrie, A, Lazanu, I, Le, T, Learned, J, Lebrun, P, Lee, D, Lehmann Miotto, G, Leigui de Oliveira, M, Li, Q, Li, S, Li, X, Li, Y, Li, Z, Liao, H, Lin, S, Lin, C, Linehan, R, Linhart, V, Link, J, Liptak, Z, Lissauer, D, Littenberg, L, Littlejohn, B, Liu, J, Liu, T, Lomonaco, L, Losecco, J, Lockwitz, S, Lockyer, N, Loew, T, Lokajicek, M, Long, K, Loo, K, Lopez, J, Lorca, D, Lord, T, Losada, M, Louis, W, Luethi, M, Luk, K, Lundin, T, Luo, X, Lurkin, N, Lux, T, Luzio, V, Lykken, J, Maalampi, J, Maclellan, R, Machado, A, Machado, P, Macias, C, Macier, J, Madigan, P, Magill, S, Mahler, G, Mahn, K, Malek, M, Maloney, J, Mammoliti, F, 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Sergiampietri, D. Sessumes, K. Sexton, L. Sexton-Kennedy, D. Sgalaberna, M. H. Shaevitz, S. Shafaq, J. S. Shahi, S. Shahsavarani, P. Shanahan, H. R. Sharma, R. Sharma, R. K. Sharma, T. Shaw, S. Shin, I. Shoemaker, D. Shooltz, R. Shrock, N. Simos, J. Sinclair, G. Sinev, V. Singh, J. Singh, I. Singh, R. Sipos, F. W. Sippach, G. Sirri, K. Siyeon, D. Smargianaki, A. Smith, E. Smith, P. Smith, J. Smolik, M. Smy, E. L. Snider, P. Snopok, J. Sobczyk, H. Sobel, M. Soderberg, C. J. Solano Salinas, S. Söldner-Rembold, N. Solomey, W. Sondheim, M. Sorel, J. A. Soto-Oton, A. Sousa, K. Soustruznik, F. Spagliardi, M. Spanu, J. Spitz, N. J. C. Spooner, R. Staley, M. Stancari, L. Stanco, A. Stefanik, H. M. Steiner, J. Stewart, J. Stock, F. Stocker, S. Stoica, J. Stone, J. Strait, M. Strait, T. Strauss, S. Striganov, A. Stuart, G. Sullivan, M. Sultana, Y. Sun, A. Surdo, V. Susic, L. Suter, C. M. Sutera, R. Svoboda, B. Szczerbinska, A. M. Szelc, N. Tagg, R. Talaga, H. Tanaka, B. Tapia Oregui, S. Tariq, E. Tatar, R. Tayloe, M. Tenti, K. Terao, C. A. Ternes, F. Terranova, G. Testera, A. Thea, L. F. Thompson, J. Thompson, C. Thorn, A. Timilsina, S. C. Timm, J. Todd, A. Tonazzo, T. Tope, D. Torbunov, M. Torti, M. Tórtola, F. Tortorici, M. Toups, C. Touramanis, J. Trevor, M. Tripathi, W. Tromeur, I. Tropin, W. H. Trzaska, Y. -T. Tsai, K. V. Tsang, A. Tsaris, S. Tufanli, C. Tull, J. Turner, M. Tzanov, E. Tziaferi, Y. Uchida, J. Urheim, T. Usher, G. A. Valdiviesso, E. Valencia, L. Valerio, Z. Vallari, J. W. F. Valle, R. Van Berg, R. Van de Water, F. Varanini, G. Varner, J. Vasel, G. Vasseur, K. Vaziri, G. Velev, S. Ventura, A. Verdugo, M. Vermeulen, E. Vernon, M. Verzocchi, T. Viant, C. Vignoli, S. Vihonen, C. Vilela, B. Viren, P. Vokac, T. Vrba, T. Wachala, D. Wahl, M. Wallbank, H. Wang, J. Wang, T. -C. Wang, B. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, K. Warburton, D. Warner, M. O. Wascko, D. Waters, A. Watson, A. Weber, M. Weber, H. Wei, W. Wei, A. Weinstein, D. Wenman, M. Wetstein, M. While, A. White, L. H. Whitehead, D. Whittington, K. Wierman, M. Wilking, C. Wilkinson, J. Willhite, Z. Williams, R. J. Wilson, P. Wilson, P. Wittich, J. Wolcott, T. Wongjirad, K. Wood, L. Wood, E. Worcester, M. Worcester, S. Wu, W. Wu, W. Xu, C. Yanagisawa, S. Yang, T. Yang, G. Yang, J. Ye, M. Yeh, N. Yershov, K. Yonehara, L. Yoshimura, B. Yu, J. Yu, J. Zalesak, L. Zambelli, B. Zamorano, A. Zani, K. Zaremba, L. Zazueta, G. P. Zeller, J. Zennamo, C. Zhang, M. Zhao, Y. -L. Zhou, G. Zhu, E. D. Zimmerman, M. Zito, S. Zucchelli, J. Zuklin, V. Zutshi, and R. Zwaska

Abstract

The DUNE IDR describes the proposed physics program and technical designs of the DUNE Far Detector modules in preparation for the full TDR to be published in 2019. It is intended as an intermediate milestone on the path to a full TDR, justifying the technical choices that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. These design choices will enable the DUNE experiment to make the ground-breaking discoveries that will help to answer fundamental physics questions. Volume 1 contains an executive summary that describes the general aims of this document. The remainder of this first volume provides a more detailed description of the DUNE physics program that drives the choice of detector technologies. It also includes concise outlines of two overarching systems that have not yet evolved to consortium structures: computing and calibration. Volumes 2 and 3 of this IDR describe, for the single-phase and dual-phase technologies, respectively, each detector module's subsystems, the technical coordination required for its design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure.

Published
2018

20. Genotype–phenotype analysis of 18q12.1-q12.2 copy number variation in autism

Author

Christine Tyson, Joris Andrieux, Xudong Liu, Peter T. C. Wang, Evica Rajcan-Separovic, E. Lopez-Rangel, Prescilla Carrion, Göran Annerén, Kristina Calli, Ann-Charlotte Thuresson, Bruno Delobel, Ying Qiao, M. E. Suzanne Lewis, Monica Hrynchak, and Bénédicte Duban-Bedu

Subjects
Candidate gene, DNA Copy Number Variations, Trisomy, Biology, Short stature, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene duplication, Intellectual disability, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Copy-number variation, Child, 10. No inequality, Genetic Association Studies, Genetics (clinical), 030304 developmental biology, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, 0303 health sciences, Genetic heterogeneity, Facies, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Hypotonia, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Autism, Female, medicine.symptom, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are complex neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by delays in social interactions and communication as well as displays of restrictive/repetitive interests. DNA copy number variants have been identified as a genomic susceptibility factor in ASDs and imply significant genetic heterogeneity. We report a 7-year-old female with ADOS-G and ADI-R confirmed autistic disorder harbouring a de novo 4 Mb duplication (18q12.1). Our subject displays severely deficient expressive language, stereotypic and repetitive behaviours, mild intellectual disability (ID), focal epilepsy, short stature and absence of significant dysmorphic features. Search of the PubMed literature and DECIPHER database identified 4 additional cases involving 18q12.1 associated with autism and/or ID that overlap our case: one duplication, two deletions and one balanced translocation. Notably, autism and ID are seen with genomic gain or loss at 18q12.1, plus epilepsy and short stature in duplication cases, and hypotonia and tall stature in deletion cases. No consistent dysmorphic features were noted amongst the reviewed cases. We review prospective ASD/ID candidate genes integral to 18q12.1, including those coding for the desmocollin/desmoglein cluster, ring finger proteins 125 and 138, trafficking protein particle complex 8 and dystrobrevin-alpha. The collective clinical and molecular features common to microduplication 18q12.1 suggest that dosage-sensitive, position or contiguous gene effects may be associated in the etiopathogenesis of this autism-ID-epilepsy syndrome.

Published
2013
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22. Metabolic Disposition of the Insect Repellent DEET and the Sunscreen Oxybenzone Following Intravenous and Skin Administration in Rats

Author

Daryl J. Fediuk, Michael Namaka, Yufei Chen, Keith J. Simons, T. C. Wang, Frank J. Burczynski, Xiaochen Gu, and Fiona E. Parkinson

Subjects
Skin Absorption, Metabolite, DEET, Pharmacology, Administration, Cutaneous, Toxicology, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Benzophenones, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animal model, In vivo, Cell Line, Tumor, Animals, Distribution (pharmacology), Tissue Distribution, Cell Proliferation, Drug Synergism, Rats, chemistry, Insect Repellents, Plasma concentration, Administration, Intravenous, Oxybenzone, Sunscreening Agents, Insect repellent
Abstract

Insect repellent N,N-diethyl- m-toluamide (DEET) and sunscreen oxybenzone have shown a synergistic percutaneous enhancement when applied concurrently. Both compounds are extensively metabolized in vivo into a series of potentially toxic metabolites: 2 metabolites of DEET, N,N-diethyl- m-hydroxymethylbenzamide (DHMB) and N-ethyl- m-toluamide (ET), and 3 metabolites of oxybenzone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), 2,2-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DMB), and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone (THB). In this study, the metabolites were extensively distributed following intravenous and topical skin administration of DEET and oxybenzone in rats. Combined application enhanced the disposition of all DEET metabolites in the liver but did not consistently affect the distribution of oxybenzone metabolites. The DHMB appeared to be the major metabolite for DEET, while THB and its precursor DHB were the main metabolites for oxybenzone. Repeated once-daily topical application for 30 days led to higher concentrations of DEET metabolites in the liver. Hepatoma cell studies revealed a decrease in cellular proliferation from all metabolites as single and combined treatments, most notably at 72 hours. Increased accumulation of DHMB and ET in the liver together with an ability to reduce cellular proliferation at achievable plasma concentrations indicated that simultaneous exposure to DEET and oxybenzone might have the potential to precipitate adverse effects in a rat animal model.

Published
2012
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23. Tribological Analysis of Copper-Coated Graphite Particle-Reinforced A359 Al/5 wt.% SiC Composites

Author

H. Y. Chu, T. C. Wang, C. B. Lin, and Z. C. Chang

Subjects
Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Alloy, Composite number, chemistry.chemical_element, engineering.material, Tribology, Copper, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Cementation process, Mechanics of Materials, Aluminium, engineering, Silicon carbide, General Materials Science, Graphite, Composite material
Abstract

Copper-coated graphite particles can be mass-produced by the cementation process using simple equipment. Graphite particulates that were coated with electroless copper and 5 wt.% SiC particulates were introduced into an aluminum alloy by compocasting to make A359 Al/5 wt.% SiC(p) composite that contained 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.% graphite particulate composite. The effects of SiC particles, quantity of graphite particles, normal loading, sliding speed and wear debris on the coefficient of friction, and the wear rate were investigated. The results thus obtained indicate that the wear properties were improved by adding small amounts of SiC and graphite particles into the A359 Al alloy. The coefficient of friction of the A359 Al/5 wt.% SiC(p) composite that contained 6.0 wt.% graphite particulates was reduced to 0.246 and the amount of graphite film that was released on the worn surface increased with the graphite particulate content. The coefficient of friction and the wear rate were insensitive to the variation in the sliding speed and normal loading.

Published
2012
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24. Characterization of three Colletotrichum acutatum isolates from Capsicum spp

Author

Pi-Fang Linda Chang, Mei-Ya Chen, Miin-Huey Lee, T. C. Wang, Zong-Ming Sheu, Chein-Yao Liao, Kuang-Ren Chung, Yuh-Kun Chen, and Ker-Chung Kuo

Subjects
Appressorium, Hypha, fungi, food and beverages, Virulence, Plant Science, Horticulture, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Conidium, Microbiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Colletotrichum acutatum, Capsaicin, Pepper, Pectinase, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

Colletotrichum acutatum causes anthracnose on peppers (Capsicum spp.), resulting in severe yield losses in Taiwan. Fungal isolates Coll-153, Coll-365 and Coll-524 collected from diseased peppers were found to differ in pathogenicity. Pathogenicity assays on various index plants revealed that Coll-524 was highly virulent and Coll-153 was moderately virulent to three commercially available pepper cultivars. Both isolates induced anthracnose lesions and produced abundant conidia. Coll-365 was only weakly virulent on pepper fruit, where it caused small lesions and hardly produced conidia on pepper fruit. However, Coll-365 was highly pathogenic to tomato fruit and mango leaves, where it caused anthracnose lesions and formed acervuli and conidia. All three isolates showed similar abilities in the attachment and germination of conidia, formation of highly branched hyphae and appressoria, penetration of cuticles, and infection of epidermal cells on chili peppers. Coll-365 accumulated less turgor pressure in appressoria but produced higher levels of cutinase and protease activity than Coll-153 and Coll-524 did. All three isolates invaded the neighbouring cells through plasmodesmata in chili peppers and showed similar pectinase or cellulase activities in culture. However, the most virulent strain Coll-524 expressed stronger laccase activity and was more resistant to capsaicin compared to Coll-153 and Coll-365. The three isolates are different in numbers and sizes of double-stranded RNAs. Depending on the cultivar genotypes, cellular resistance of chili pepper to C. acutatum might rely on the ability to restrict penetration, colonization, or conidiation of the pathogen. We conclude that the differences in pathogenicity among the three C. acutatum isolates of pepper are attributed to their ability to colonize the host plant.

Published
2012
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26. Embolization of a ruptured lenticulostriate artery aneurysm

Author

Hsu-Huei Weng, Ho-Fai Wong, T.-C. Wang, and Yuan-Hsiung Tsai

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Treatment outcome, Early detection, Aneurysm, Ruptured, Lenticulostriate artery, law.invention, Aneurysm, law, Humans, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, cardiovascular diseases, Embolization, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Basal Ganglia Cerebrovascular Disease, Intracranial Aneurysm, Enbucrilate, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Embolization, Therapeutic, Surgery, Treatment Outcome, Cyanoacrylate, Female, Neurology (clinical), Radiology, business
Abstract

Aneurysms arising from the lenticulostriate artery (LSA) are rare. So far, only 23 cases have been reported in the literature (Ahn et al. 2007 [1], Gandhi et al. 2008 [2], Harreld et al. 2010 [3]). Early detection and treatment of these aneurysms is difficult because of their small size, deep location and complex surrounding vasculature. The majority of reported cases were treated surgically, and only two were treated with endovascular embolization (Harreld et al. 2010 [3], Larrazabal et al. 2001 [4]). We present here a case of an LSA aneurysm that was successfully embolized with n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) with no recurrence after 1 year of follow-up.

Published
2011
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27. Lumbar Intrathecal Administration of the Quaternary Lidocaine Derivative, QX-314, Produces Irritation and Death in Mice

Author

Jimmy T. C. Wang, Bernard A. MacLeod, Craig R. Ries, Stephan K. W. Schwarz, Helen M. C. Cheung, and Sang Mook Lee

Subjects
Lidocaine, medicine.drug_class, medicine.medical_treatment, Pharmacology, medicine.disease_cause, Mice, Random Allocation, Double-Blind Method, Animals, Medicine, Saline, Injections, Spinal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, Local anesthetic, Pruritus, Lumbosacral Region, Blockade, Dose–response relationship, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anticonvulsant, Anesthesia, Female, Irritation, business, Lumbosacral joint, Akathisia, Drug-Induced, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background We recently found that peripheral administration of the quaternary lidocaine derivative, QX-314, produces long-lasting sensory and motor blockade in animals. The goal of this study was to test whether intrathecal QX-314 has similar properties. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-controlled, blinded study with female CD-1 mice. Animals in the treatment group received lumbar intrathecal QX-314 (0.5-10 mM; volume, 2 microl; each concentration, n = 6). Normal saline and lidocaine (70 mM) served as negative and positive controls (each group, n = 12), respectively. Animals were tested for up to 3 h for lumbosacral neural blockade and observed for adverse effects. Results No animal injected with saline and 11 of 12 (92%) animals injected with lidocaine displayed reversible lumbosacral motor blockade (P < 0.001). QX-314 (5 mM) produced motor blockade in four of the six (67%) and sensory blockade in five of the six animals (83%; P < 0.05 vs. saline). However, six of the six mice (100%) at 5 mM QX-314 and five of the six (83%) at 10 mM exhibited marked irritation; one of the six animals at 5 mM (17%) and two of the six at 10 mM (33%) died. We observed no neural blockade without adverse effects in any animal injected with QX-314. All animals injected with saline and 11 of the 12 (92%) animals injected with lidocaine demonstrated normal behavior. Conclusion Lumbar intrathecal QX-314 concentration-dependently produced irritation and death in mice, at lower concentrations than those associated with robust motor blockade. Although QX-314 did produce long-lasting neural blockade, these findings indicate that QX-314 is unlikely to be a suitable candidate for spinal anesthesia in humans.

Published
2010
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28. Analgesic Properties of the Novel Amino Acid, Isovaline

Author

Jimmy T. C. Wang, Ernest Puil, Stephan K. W. Schwarz, Craig R. Ries, Bernard A. MacLeod, and Cheryl C. W. Chung

Subjects
Models, Molecular, Glycine, Glutamic Acid, Pain, Pharmacology, Injections, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Formaldehyde, Cisterna Magna, Animals, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Medicine, Postural Balance, Injections, Spinal, Pain Measurement, business.industry, Glutamate receptor, Valine, Strychnine, Glutamic acid, Analgesics, Non-Narcotic, Effective dose (pharmacology), Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nociception, Allodynia, Receptors, Glutamate, Isovaline, chemistry, Acute Disease, Chronic Disease, Injections, Intravenous, beta-Alanine, Female, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

BACKGROUND Isovaline, a nonproteinogenic alpha-amino acid rarely found in the biosphere, is structurally similar to the inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Because glycine(A) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists are antiallodynic, we hypothesized that isovaline produces antinociception in mice. METHODS All experiments were performed on female CD-1 mice using a blinded, randomized, and controlled design. The effects of RS-isovaline were studied on nociceptive responses to (1) formalin injection into the hindpaw; (2) glutamate injection into the hindpaw; and (3) strychnine injection either into the lumbar intrathecal space or cisterna magna. We determined the effects of IV RS-isovaline (50, 150, or 500 mg/kg; n = 10/dose) or intrathecal RS-, R-, and S-isovaline, glycine, and beta-alanine into the lumbar intrathecal space (5-microL volumes of 60, 125, 250, and 500 mM; n = 9/dose/group) on the response to formalin in the paw. The response to 20 microL intraplantar glutamate (750 mM) was compared with glutamate (750 mM) coadministered with isovaline. We also determined the response to intraplantar strychnine. Lumbar intrathecal (100 microM) or intracisternal (200 microM) injections of strychnine into the lumbar intrathecal space or the cisterna magna were used to induce allodynia as a measure of glycine inhibitory dysfunction. The effects of intrathecal or intracisternal strychnine were compared with isovaline coapplied with the strychnine (n = 8/group). RESULTS In the formalin paw test, IV isovaline did not change phase I but decreased phase II responses in a dose-dependent manner (50% effective dose = 66 mg/kg, n = 10, P < 0.01). There was no effect on rotarod performance, appearance, or behavior of the mouse, and no respiratory depression. Intrathecal isovaline, glycine, and beta-alanine attenuated phase I and II responses (P < 0.01 for each drug). In contrast to beta-alanine and glycine, isovaline at maximally effective doses did not produce scratching, biting, or agitation. Intrathecal RS- and S-isovaline attenuated phase I (P < 0.05 for each group) and RS-, R-, and S-isovaline attenuated phase II responses (P < 0.05 for each group), with no significant difference between the efficacies of R- and S-enantiomers. Localized strychnine-induced glycine inhibitory dysfunction was greatly reduced by intracisternal (P < 0.01) and intrathecal (P < 0.01) isovaline. Although intraplantar strychnine did not induce peripheral allodynia, high doses of isovaline did not block the peripheral allodynia induced by glutamate. CONCLUSIONS Isovaline reduced responses in mouse pain models without producing acute toxicity, possibly by enhancing receptor modulation of nociceptive information.

Published
2010
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29. Development and Release of Late Blight-Resistant Tomato Varieties ‘Meru’ and ‘Kiboko’

Author

T. C. Wang, P. Hanson, Chris O. Ojiewo, L. Black, I. S. Swai, M. O. Oluoch, R. Nono-Womdim, and D. Silué

Subjects
Integrated pest management, Agronomy, biology, Phytophthora infestans, Blight, Tomato mosaic virus, Plant Science, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Solanum, Plant disease resistance, biology.organism_classification, Agronomy and Crop Science, Fusarium wilt
Abstract

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary is among the most economically important diseases of tomato. The use of host–plant resistance offers a potentially cost-effective and environmentally sound complementary disease management strategy for incorporation into tomato late blight integrated pest management (IPM). Late blight resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was derived from S. pimpinellifolium and introgressed into highland-adapted tomato already resistant to Fusarium wilt, root-knot nematodes, tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Evaluation and selection for durability of late blight resistance, yield, and other horticultural traits was done in a controlled environment at AVRDC, The World Vegetable Center headquarters in Shanhua, Taiwan, and under field conditions at the Regional Center for Africa in Arusha, Tanzania. Four lines were subjected to multilocational trials with a local check at 5 sites representing 4 agroecological zones. Two...

Published
2010
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30. Effects of local tramadol administration on peripheral glutamate-induced nociceptive behaviour in mice

Author

Craig R. Ries, Bernard A. MacLeod, Ryan A. Whitehead, Stephan K. W. Schwarz, Cheryl C. W. Chung, and Jimmy T. C. Wang

Subjects
Hot Temperature, Lidocaine, Analgesic, Glutamic Acid, Pain, Mice, Immersion, medicine, Animals, Anesthetics, Local, Tramadol, Pain Measurement, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Foot, business.industry, General Medicine, Peripheral, Analgesics, Opioid, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Allodynia, Nociception, medicine.anatomical_structure, Anesthesia, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Licking, medicine.drug, Sensory nerve
Abstract

The use of peripheral tramadol to block pain has been advocated. However, since its actions in the periphery have not been elucidated fully, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral tramadol blocks peripheral glutamate-induced nociceptive behaviour in mice.First, we compared the duration of paw licking after intraplantar (ipl.) glutamate administration, with and without tramadol, using a randomized blinded controlled design. Next, we established the half maximal effective concentrations (EC(50s)) for local tramadol and reference compound lidocaine in the hot water tail-flick latency test and the glutamate-induced paw allodynia assay.Tramadol reduced glutamate-induced paw licking from 33 +/- 12 sec to 4 +/- 4 sec (mean +/- SD; t test, P0.05; n = 6 per group). The tramadol and lidocaine EC(50) nerve conduction blocks in the tail did not differ significantly (84 +/- 24 mM vs 69 +/- 5 mM, respectively). Although tramadol reduced glutamate-induced allodynia (EC(50), 46 +/- 13 mM), lidocaine was more potent (EC(50), 13 +/- 5 mM; Dixon's up-and-down method; P0.05). Tramadol was 2.5 times as effective at blocking nerve conduction in the tail compared with allodynia in the paw.Local tramadol administration blocked nociceptive behaviour in mice induced by peripheral glutamate. Compared with lidocaine, the relative potency of tramadol was lower for blocking glutamate-induced allodynia than for sensory nerve conduction blockade, suggesting the activation of a pronociceptive receptor system in the periphery.

Published
2010
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31. Output-regulated optimal grey controller

Author

C. H. Chang, T. C. Wang, C. C. Huang, J. S. Sheu, C. R. Chen, T. L. Huang, T. Y. Hwang, C.W. Liu, and Yao-Nan Lien

Subjects
State variable, Electric power system, Control theory, Computer science, Control system, Control (management), Stability (learning theory), Oscillation (cell signaling), Prediction system
Abstract

In this paper, we propose a new method to design a grey prediction system controller using output feedback. The optimal reduced order model will be used to retain the physical meaning of the output states. By using only the output states feedback, the control strategy can be implemented easily. The grey prediction method adopts the forecasting information from the output state variables to control system behavior. As a result, it reduces the oscillation and enhances the dynamic stability of the system. The advantages of the proposed method are verified through a detailed simulation of a multi-machine power system.

Published
2010
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32. Multiple factors conferring high radioresistance in insect Sf9 cells

Author

T. C. Wang, I-Cheng Cheng, and How-Jing Lee

Subjects
Alkylating Agents, DNA damage, viruses, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Sf9, Spodoptera, Biology, Toxicology, medicine.disease_cause, Cell Line, Radioresistance, Botany, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, Genetics (clinical), Immunoassay, fungi, Mutagenesis, Glutathione, Cell biology, Oxidative Stress, Cell culture, Apoptosis, Intracellular, Oxidative stress, DNA Damage
Abstract

Sf9, a lepidopteran cell line isolated from the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, was shown to be significantly more resistant to growth inhibition and apoptosis induction effects of x-ray irradiation than several human cell lines of different origins. The single-cell electrophoresis technique revealed that Sf9 cells showed lower x-ray irradiation-induced DNA damage as well as better efficiency at repairing these damages. In addition, Sf9 cells were lower in both background and x-ray irradiation-induced intracellular oxidative stress, in which the higher intracellular level of reduced glutathione seemed to play a major role. The significance of oxidative stress in determining the radioresistance of Sf9 cells was confirmed by their being more resistant to hydrogen peroxide while equally susceptible to other non-reactive oxygen species of N-nitroso alkylating agents when compared with a human cell line. Although the Sf9 and human cell lines were equally susceptible to the lethal effects of N-nitroso alkylating agents, the components of DNA damage-induced and the repair enzymes involved significantly differ. This phenomenon is also discussed in this report.

Published
2009
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33. Four-year dynamic of vegetation on mounds created by zokors (Myospalax baileyi) in a subalpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Author

Jianping Ge, You-Cai Xiong, Dongxia Yue, Tian Wang, T.-C. Wang, Guan-Wu Wang, Yezhou Li, and Shun Wang

Subjects
Ecology, biology, Soil texture, Species diversity, Soil carbon, biology.organism_classification, Soil quality, Ecosystem engineer, Agronomy, Soil water, Plant cover, Environmental science, Zokor, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

The recovery of vegetation cover following soil disturbance by the plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) was investigated from 2001 to 2004 in a subalpine meadow of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Two adjacent plots were compared: one control community (undisturbed by zokors for over 5 years) and one disturbed community (with new mounds present before enclosure in year 2000). Vegetation on mounds tended to recover over time. Plant diversity, cover, biomass and density reached 88.5%, 87.9%, 73.1%, and 52.7% of the values for the control community, respectively, over the 4-year period when zokors were excluded. The edges around mounds showed a gradual increase in aboveground biomass and vegetation density from 2001 to 2004, which compensated for the lack of plant cover on the center of the mounds. The total number of species in the disturbed community increased from 15 in 2001 to 27 in 2004, and contained three alien species which were not found in the control plot, which contained 30 species. The average species diversity in mound sites (>1.8) was generally higher than that of the control plot (1.7). It is probable that plateau zokors are important for maintaining or restoring the disturbance-dependent elements of native plant communities. In addition, zokor disturbance resulted in a significant change in soil particle size, increased soil water content from about 20% to 25% and soil organic carbon content from 108 to 114 g/kg (0–20 cm soil layer) after 4 years of restoration. The improvement in soil quality might be associated with the rate of vegetation recovery following zokor disturbance. Therefore, through modulation of vegetation recovery, plateau zokors might be said to act as ecosystem engineers in alpine meadows.

Published
2008
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34. Observations on surface morphologies and dislocations of a‐plane GaN grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Author

R. C. Gao, Hao-Chung Kuo, Tien-Chang Lu, G. S. Huang, Shing-Chung Wang, T. C. Wang, Hou-Guang Chen, and Tsung-Shine Ko

Subjects
Materials science, Morphology (linguistics), Nucleation, Analytical chemistry, Nanotechnology, Surface finish, Chemical vapor deposition, Condensed Matter Physics, Metal, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Sapphire, Thin film, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

In this study, we grew non-polar a-plane GaN thin films on r-plane sapphire using a series of growth conditions by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The results showed that high temperature and low-pressure conditions benefited two-dimension growth could lead to a fully coalesced a-plane GaN layer with a very smooth surface. The best surface morphology with an excellent mean roughness of 10.5 A was obtained. The different thickness AlN as a nucleation layer and the different δ/β ratio were also considered. The results revealed that the surface morphology would get worse when the thickness of nucleation layer and δ/β ratio were away from the values of optimal condition. The observation of transmission electronic microscopy shown the lowest density of threading dislocations was 1.85×1010/cm2. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Published
2007
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35. Study on optimal growth conditions of a-plane GaN grown on r-plane sapphire by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Author

Hao-Chung Kuo, Hou-Guang Chen, G. S. Huang, Shing-Chung Wang, R. C. Gao, Tien-Chang Lu, Tsung-Shine Ko, and T. C. Wang

Subjects
Materials science, Plane (geometry), Nucleation, Analytical chemistry, Mineralogy, Chemical vapor deposition, Surface finish, Condensed Matter Physics, Inorganic Chemistry, Crystal, Materials Chemistry, Sapphire, Thin film, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

Non-polar a -plane ( 1 1 2 ¯ 0 ) GaN thin films were grown on r -plane ( 1 1 ¯ 0 2 ) sapphire substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. In order to obtain a -plane GaN films with better crystal quality and surface morphology, detailed comparisons between different growth conditions were investigated. The results showed that high-temperature and low-pressure conditions facilitating two-dimensional growth could lead to a fully coalesced a -plane GaN layer with a very smooth surface. The best mean roughness of the surface morphology was 10.5 A. Various thickness values of AlN nucleation layers and the V/III ratios for growth of the a -plane GaN bulk were also studied to determine the best condition for obtaining a smooth surface morphology of the a -plane GaN layer.

Published
2007
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37. The investigation of Active VC and EBAC analysis utilization on test structure

Author

Yu Pang Chang, Simon T C Wang, Kuo Yu Wang, and Link Chang

Subjects
High resistance, Engineering, Automatic voltage control, Test structure, Scanning electron microscope, business.industry, Nanotechnology, business, Voltage contrast, Simulation
Abstract

As the founded of nano-probing technique on Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) base system, the Active Voltage Contrast (AVC) and electron beam absorbed current (EBAC) technique are easier to apply on failure analysis. Both these two can isolate failure location accurately, and high resistance site also can be located by these powerful tools. Based on passed analysis experience, we will investigate and present the utilization of these two techniques to develop the better condition. By the investigating on test circuit of metal/via chain, the better effective analysis skill can be applied to the related high resistance failure analysis.

Published
2015
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38. Optimization for fundus molecular imaging

Author

T.-C. Wang Z.-X. Xie, D.-M. Xie, P. Zhang, and Y.-H. Liu

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.anatomical_structure, business.industry, Fundus (uterus), Ophthalmology, Medicine, Molecular imaging, business
Published
2015
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39. Distinct mechanisms controlling rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum contacts with mitochondria

Author

Peter T C, Wang, Pierre O, Garcin, Min, Fu, Matthew, Masoudi, Pascal, St-Pierre, Nelly, Panté, and Ivan R, Nabi

Subjects
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth, Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins, Cell Line, GTP Phosphohydrolases, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial Proteins, Receptors, Autocrine Motility Factor, COS Cells, Chlorocebus aethiops, Animals, Humans, RNA Interference, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough, RNA, Small Interfering
Abstract

Gp78 (also known as AMFR), an endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) E3 ubiquitin ligase, localizes to mitochondria-associated ER and targets the mitofusin (Mfn1 and Mfn2) mitochondrial fusion proteins for degradation. Gp78 is also the cell surface receptor for autocrine motility factor (AMF), which prevents Gp78-dependent mitofusin degradation. Gp78 ubiquitin ligase activity promotes ER-mitochondria association and ER-mitochondria Ca(2+) coupling, processes that are reversed by AMF. Electron microscopy of HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cancer cells identified both smooth ER (SER; ∼8 nm) and wider (∼50-60 nm) rough ER (RER)-mitochondria contacts. Both short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of Gp78 (shGp78) and AMF treatment selectively reduced the extent of RER-mitochondria contacts without impacting on SER--mitochondria contacts. Concomitant small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Mfn1 increased SER-mitochondria contacts in both control and shGp78 cells, whereas knockdown of Mfn2 increased RER-mitochondria contacts selectively in shGp78 HT-1080 cells. The mitofusins therefore inhibit ER-mitochondria interaction. Regulation of close SER-mitochondria contacts by Mfn1 and of RER-mitochondria contacts by AMF-sensitive Gp78-mediated degradation of Mfn2 define new mechanisms that regulate ER-mitochondria interactions.

Published
2015

40. Solder Joint Reliability Assessment for Flip Chip Ball Grid Array Components with Various Designs in Lead-Free Solder Materials and Solder Mask Dimensions

Author

T. D. Yuan, C. S. Wang, W. H. Chan, K. C. Chang, T. C. Wang, and Y. S. Chen

Subjects
Materials science, Metallurgy, Condensed Matter Physics, Durability, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Printed circuit board, Reliability (semiconductor), Ball grid array, Soldering, Materials Chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Solder mask, Flip chip, Eutectic system
Abstract

This study investigates the reliability of flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA) components with three types of solder materials: eutectic solder with a composition Sn63Pb37 and the lead-free solders SnAg3.0Cu0.5 and SnAg4.0Cu0.5. Two substrate-side solder mask (S/M) opening sizes, 0.4 mm and 0.525 mm, were used. Both the monotonic and cyclic mechanical four-point bend tests are conducted for the reliability assessment. It is found that the FCBGA components with SnAg3.0Cu0.5 solder have the best durability during the cyclic bend test, yet the eutectic solder is the strongest during the monotonic bend test. Besides, the FCBGA components with 0.525-mm S/M opening have around 3 times more life cycles than those with the 0.4-mm S/M opening in the cyclic bend test. It is also noteworthy that the lead-free solder materials have much variation in the failed cycles during the cyclic test. Moreover, the failure locations for those components with 0.4-mm S/M openings are found to be at the interface between the package side metal pad and the solder ball, and those with an S/M opening of 0.525 mm are observed to be failed mostly at the interface between the printed circuit board (PCB) side metal pad and the solder ball.

Published
2006
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41. Efficacy of Caspofungin against Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus terreus , and Aspergillus nidulans

Author

Cameron M. Douglas, Charles Gill, Andrew S. Misura, Ming-Jo Hsu, George K. Abruzzo, T. C. Wang, Emily Hickey, Paul A. Liberator, Amy M. Flattery, J. Nielsen Kahn, Barbara A. Pelak, and Joel Bowman

Subjects
Antifungal Agents, Time Factors, Echinocandin, Aspergillus flavus, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Peptides, Cyclic, Aspergillus nidulans, Microbiology, Echinocandins, Lipopeptides, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Caspofungin, Amphotericin B, polycyclic compounds, medicine, Animals, Experimental Therapeutics, Pharmacology (medical), Aspergillus terreus, skin and connective tissue diseases, Pharmacology, Aspergillus, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, biology, Fungi imperfecti, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, bacterial infections and mycoses, biology.organism_classification, Survival Analysis, Disease Models, Animal, Treatment Outcome, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Mice, Inbred DBA, Female, medicine.drug
Abstract

The echinocandin caspofungin is a potent inhibitor of the activity of 1,3-β- d -glucan synthase from Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus terreus , and Aspergillus nidulans . In murine models of disseminated infection, caspofungin prolonged survival and reduced the kidney fungal burden. Caspofungin was at least as effective as amphotericin B against these filamentous fungi in vivo.

Published
2006
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42. A simple method for identification of singleton fuzzy models

Author

Chi-Ling Chen, Shan-hui Hsu, T.-C. Wang, and Chia-Hung Hsieh

Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic), Set (abstract data type), Variable (computer science), Identification (information), Control and Systems Engineering, Singleton, Simple (abstract algebra), Algorithm, Fuzzy logic, Least squares, Computer Science Applications, Theoretical Computer Science, Mathematics
Abstract

This article presents a simple method for constructing a singleton fuzzy model from a given set of input/output data. The method consists of three computational steps: the initial phase, the growth phase, and the optional refining phase. The universe of discourse and two linguistic terms for each input variable and a rule base are established during the initial phase. Additional linguistic terms and rules are then appended sequentially during the growth phase to modify the model structure and to elevate the performance. During the optional refining phase the overall modelling performance can be further improved by adjusting the singleton outputs of the rule set in the sense of least squares. The proposed identification method can simultaneously provide an appropriate model structure and parameters without any time-consuming optimisation. Several numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed identification method.

Published
2005
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43. Anti-oxidant activity and effect of Pinus morrisonicola Hay. on the survival of leukemia cell line U937

Author

E.-T. Liaw, T.-C. Wang, Chun Ching Lin, S.-C. Sheu, and T.-Y. Hsu

Subjects
Pharmaceutical Science, complex mixtures, Antioxidants, Lipid peroxidation, Inhibitory Concentration 50, chemistry.chemical_compound, Pinus morrisonicola, Superoxides, Drug Discovery, Animals, Humans, Food science, Cytotoxicity, IC50, Scavenging, Pharmacology, biology, Plant Extracts, Superoxide, Free Radical Scavengers, U937 Cells, Plant Components, Aerial, Pinus, biology.organism_classification, Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic, Rats, Complementary and alternative medicine, chemistry, Biochemistry, visual_art, Hay, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Molecular Medicine, Bark, Lipid Peroxidation, Phytotherapy
Abstract

The free radical scavenging and anti-cancer activites of Pinus morrisonicola Hay. were studied using different parts of the pine, namely, needle, bark and cone. Results showed that pine needle water extract has the highest scavenging superoxide anion activity and the lowest IC50 value in inhibiting superoxide anion formation; however, the bark water extract showed the best anti-lipid peroxidation activity. Additionally, needle water extract displayed the highest inhibition of leukemia cell line U937 growth. The results indicated that P. morrisonicola Hay. possesses potential chemopreventative and therapeutic properties.

Published
2005
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44. Effect of Potassium Silicate Amendments in Hydroponic Nutrient Solution on the Suppressing of Phytophthora Blight (Phytophthora capsici) in Pepper

Author

Sang Tae Seo, Jung Sup Lee, Liwayway M. Engle, Han Ik Jang, Do Ham Pae, and T. C Wang

Subjects
biology, Inoculation, food and beverages, engineering.material, biology.organism_classification, Silicate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Phytophthora capsici, Agronomy, chemistry, Pepper, engineering, Blight, Fertilizer, Phytophthora, Agronomy and Crop Science, Potassium silicate
Abstract

Amendments of a recirculating nutrient solution with potassium silicate were evaluated as a means to control Phytophthora capsici infections on pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.). Supplying the solutions with 100 or 200 ppm of silicate significantly reduced motility, root decay, and yield losses attributed to infection of P. capsici. Treating inoculated plants with potassium silicate increased root dry weights and number of fruit, especially high-grade fruit. Results were slightly superior to non-inoculated controls. The two varieties, PBC 137 and PBC 602, responded similarly to the treatments. No significant differences were observed between the 100- and 200 ppm silicate treatments. Results were better when greenhouse conditions favored the spread of P. capsici. Silicon alone did not increase pepper yield, suggesting that it acts as a disease suppression agent rather than as a fertilizer. The phenomena by which silicon confers protection against P. capsici infection and disease development are not fully understood, but our results indicate that mechanisms other than a mechanical barrier to fungal penetration are involved.

Published
2004
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45. Plastic strain curl theory

Author

T. C. Wang and S. Xia

Subjects
Physics, Singularity, Mechanical Engineering, Mathematical analysis, Tangent modulus, Constitutive equation, Computational Mechanics, Infinitesimal strain theory, Geometry, Levy–Mises equations, Plasticity, Strain hardening exponent, Stress intensity factor
Abstract

The main mechanisms for the hardening of metal materials are the multiplication, accumulation and interaction of dislocations. The dislocation density tensor can be decomposed into two parts: one is the plastic strain curl tensor and the other is the plastic curvature tensor. The influence of the plastic curvature can be characterized by the interaction between the Cauchy's stresses and the couple stresses. The plastic strain curl is supposed to play the most important role for the stress level. Three rotational degrees of freedom omega(i), named as micro rotation, are introduced besides the displacement components u(i). Micro rotations omega(i) have no direct dependence upon ui while the material rotation theta = Delta x u/2. The generalized normality law is used to describe constitutive relations of Cauchy's stresses versus strains and couple stresses versus curvatures. Plastic strain curl is incorporated into the instantaneous tangent modulus. In this way, the generalized equivalent stress is no longer a single-variable function of the generalized equivalent strain. The plastic strain energy density is no longer determined by the generalized equivalent strain solely, too. Based on the present theory, an FEM program is developed to simulate the microindentation tests on Copper and Tungsten. The calculated hardness is observed to elevate as the indent depth decreases. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data. The crack tip field for small scale yielding condition is also studied. The calculated results clearly show that the stress level near the crack tip with plastic strain curl effects is considerably higher than that in the conventional plasticity theory. The singularity of the mean stress near the crack tip is nearly equal to the square-root singularity, and the singularity of the effective stress field is slightly greater than the square-root singularity. Consequently, the singularity of stress components is also slightly greater than the square-root singularity. The J-integral is observed to be essentially path independent.

Published
2004
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46. Texture Evolutions of Ionized Metal Plasma Cu Seed Layers on Tantalum Nitride Barriers

Author

S.-C. Chang, Y.-L. Wang, and T.-C. Wang

Subjects
Materials science, Diffusion barrier, Metallurgy, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Copper, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Surface energy, Grain size, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Barrier layer, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tantalum nitride, chemistry, Texture (crystalline), Metallizing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract

Ionized metal plasma (IMP) was a favorable method for the deposition of thin barrier and seed layers due to its sufficient bottom coverage in high aspect ratio features. In this study, the texture evolution of IMP copper (Cu) seed layers on IMP tantalum nitride barriers deposited by various nitrogen flow rates were investigated. The (111)/(200) ratio of the Cu seeds was found to relate to the grain size of the tantalum nitride substrates. A proposed model revealed that the surface energy reduction of the Cu deposition was a main factor to determine the (111)/(200) ratio of the Cu seeds.

Published
2004
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47. A study of size-dependent microindentation

Author

C. J. Tao, Shaohua Chen, and T. C. Wang

Subjects
Materials science, Cauchy stress tensor, Mechanical Engineering, Constitutive equation, Computational Mechanics, Infinitesimal strain theory, Mechanics, Plasticity, Indentation hardness, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Indentation, Tangent modulus, Calculus, Deformation (engineering)
Abstract

We recently proposed a strain gradient theory to account for the size dependence of plastic deformation at micron and submicron length scales. The strain gradient theory includes the effects of both rotation gradient and stretch gradient such that the rotation gradient influences the material character through the interaction between the Cauchy stresses and the couple stresses; the stretch gradient measures explicitly enter the constitutive relations through the instantaneous tangent modulus. Indentation tests at scales on the order of one micron have shown that measured hardness increases significantly with decreasing indent size. In the present paper, the strain gradient theory is used to model materials undergoing small-scale indentations. A strong effect of including strain gradients in the constitutive description is found with hardness increasing by a factor of two or more over the relevant range behavior. Comparisons with the experimental data for polycrystalline copper and single crystal copper indeed show an approximately linear dependence of the square of the hardness, H 2, on the inverse of the indentation depth, 1/h, I.e., H-2 proportional to 1/h, which provides an important self-consistent check of the strain gradient theory proposed by the authors earlier.

Published
2004
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48. Parametric Characterization of High-Pressure Diesel Fuel Injection Systems

Author

Naeim A. Henein, Xingbin Xie, T.-C. Wang, Ernest Schwarz, Joong Sub Han, Walter Bryzik, and Ming Chia Lai

Subjects
Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Nozzle, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical engineering, Injector, Mechanics, Fuel injection, Diesel engine, Discharge coefficient, law.invention, Fuel Technology, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Internal combustion engine, law, Spark-ignition engine, Ambient pressure
Abstract

The focus of the study described herein is the characterization of the high-pressure hydraulic electronic unit injector (HEUI) and of the electronic unit injector (EUI) diesel injection systems. The characterization items include injection pressure, injection rate, injector response time, needle lift, start up injection transient, and dynamic discharge coefficient of the nozzles. Macroscopic and microscopic spray visualizations were also performed. The effects of injection conditions and nozzle configurations on injection characteristics were reviewed. Nozzle sac pressure was measured to correlate with the up-stream injection pressure. A LabVIEW data acquisition and controls system was implemented to operate the injection systems and to acquire and analyze data. For an HEUI system, based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that common-rail pressure and length of the injection rate-shaping pipe determine the injection pressure, while the pressure rising rate and injection duration determine the peak injection pressure; it was also found that the nozzle flow area, common-rail pressure, and the length of the rate-shaping pipe are the dominating parameters that control the injection rate, and the rate shape is affected mainly by common-rail pressure, especially the pressure rising rate and length of the rate-shaping pipe. Both injection pressure and ambient pressure affected the spray tip penetration significantly. The penetration increased corresponding to the increase of injection pressure or decrease of ambient pressure. The variation of spray penetration depends on the type of injection system, nozzle configuration, and ambient pressure. The large penetration variation observed on the HEUI sprays could be caused by eccentricity of the VCO (valve-covered-orifices) nozzle. The variation of the mini-sac nozzle was 50% less than that of the VCO nozzle. The near-field spray behavior was shown to be highly transient and strongly depended on injector design, nozzle configuration, needle lift and oscillation, and injection pressure.

Published
2003
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49. Distinct mechanisms controlling rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts

Author

Peter T. C. Wang, Nelly Panté, Ivan R. Nabi, Min Fu, Pascal St-Pierre, Pierre O. Garcin, and Matthew Masoudi

Subjects
Small hairpin RNA, Small interfering RNA, Gene knockdown, biology, Endoplasmic reticulum, biology.protein, MFN2, Cell Biology, Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation, Protein degradation, Ubiquitin ligase, Cell biology
Abstract

Gp78 (also known as AMFR), an endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) E3 ubiquitin ligase, localizes to mitochondria-associated ER and targets the mitofusin (Mfn1 and Mfn2) mitochondrial fusion proteins for degradation. Gp78 is also the cell surface receptor for autocrine motility factor (AMF), which prevents Gp78-dependent mitofusin degradation. Gp78 ubiquitin ligase activity promotes ER–mitochondria association and ER–mitochondria Ca 2+ coupling, processes that are reversed by AMF. Electron microscopy of HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cancer cells identified both smooth ER (SER; ∼8 nm) and wider (∼50–60 nm) rough ER (RER)–mitochondria contacts. Both short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of Gp78 (shGp78) and AMF treatment selectively reduced the extent of RER–mitochondria contacts without impacting on SER­–mitochondria contacts. Concomitant small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of Mfn1 increased SER–mitochondria contacts in both control and shGp78 cells, whereas knockdown of Mfn2 increased RER–mitochondria contacts selectively in shGp78 HT-1080 cells. The mitofusins therefore inhibit ER–mitochondria interaction. Regulation of close SER–mitochondria contacts by Mfn1 and of RER–mitochondria contacts by AMF-sensitive Gp78-mediated degradation of Mfn2 define new mechanisms that regulate ER–mitochondria interactions.

Published
2015
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50. Size effects in the particle-reinforced metal-matrix composites

Author

Shaohua Chen and T. C. Wang

Subjects
Length scale, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Metal matrix composite, Computational Mechanics, Young's modulus, Strain hardening exponent, Matrix (mathematics), symbols.namesake, symbols, Particle, Particle size, Deformation (engineering), Composite material
Abstract

Many experimental observations have shown the influences of particle size on the mechanical properties of the particle-reinforced metal-matrix composite. However. the conventional theory cannot explain the phenomena because no length scale parameters are included in the conventional theory. In the present paper, the strain gradient theory proposed by Chen and Wang [32] is used, and a systematic research of the particle size effect in the particle-reinforced metal-matrix composite is carried out. Many composite factors, such as the particle size, the particle aspect ratio, the Young's modulus ratio of the particle to the matrix material, particle volume fraction and the strain hardening exponent of the matrix material, are investigated in detail. Two kinds of particle shapes, spheroidal particle and cylindrical particle, are considered to check the strength dependence of the particle shapes. Calculation to the special materials used by Ling [9] has been done, and the calculation results are consistent with the experimental results in Ling [9]. The material length scale parameter is predicted.

Published
2002
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