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Adoptive cell therapy with autologous, ex vivo-expanded, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is being investigated for treatment of solid tumors and has shown robust responses in clinical trials. Based on the encouraging efficacy, tolerable safety profile, and advancements in a central manufacturing process, lifileucel is now the first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved TIL cell therapy product. To this end, treatment management and delivery practice guidance is needed to ensure successful integration of this modality into clinical care. This review includes clinical and toxicity management guidelines pertaining to the TIL cell therapy regimen prepared by the TIL Working Group, composed of internationally recognized hematologists and oncologists with expertize in TIL cell therapy, and relates to patient care and operational aspects. Expert consensus recommendations for patient management, including patient eligibility, screening tests, and clinical and toxicity management with TIL cell therapy, including tumor tissue procurement surgery, non-myeloablative lymphodepletion, TIL infusion, and IL-2 administration, are discussed in the context of potential standard of care TIL use. These recommendations provide practical guidelines for optimal clinical management during administration of the TIL cell therapy regimen, and recognition of subsequent management of toxicities. These guidelines are focused on multidisciplinary teams of physicians, nurses, and stakeholders involved in the care of these patients.

Introduction: As part of a wider programme of work developing next-generation risk assessment approaches (NGRA) using non-animal methods (NAMs) for safety assessment of materials, Unilever SEAC is exploring the use of a peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) system to investigate how cells from different arms of the human immune system are impacted by different treatments. To maximise human relevance, the cell cultures are supported by human serum, but this came with some challenges, including an inability to measure induced levels of immunoglobulins due to high background levels. Therefore, a study comparing use of human sera containing media with three different chemically defined serum-free media was undertaken. Materials and Methods: PBMC were isolated from healthy donors and cultured in the absence (media alone) or presence of stimulation reagents (CpG-ODN plus IL-15, Pokeweed Mitogen (PWM) or Cytostim (CS)), in RPMI plus human serum, AIM-V, CTS OpTmizer T cell expansion SFM or X-VIVO 15 media. T cell (CD4+ and CD8+) and B cell proliferation and viability were measured after 6 days, along with levels of total IgG in the cell culture supernatants. Results: Each of the serum-free media tested supported good levels of viable and proliferating T cells and B cells over the 6 days of culture, with only a few, small differences across the media, when there was no stimulation. They also enabled detection of a stimulation-evoked increase in IgG levels. There were however some differences in the viability and proliferation responses of T and B cells, to different stimuli, across the different media. Discussion: The serum-free media formulations tested in this study offer defined systems for. measuring B cell IgG responses, in vitro , in either a 'T cell-independent' (CpG + IL-15) or "T cell-dependent" (PWM or CS) manner and for assessing B cell proliferation, particularly in response to a "T cell-independent" stimulus. However, there are some characteristics and features endowed by human serum that appear to be missing. Therefore, further work is required to optimise animal-free, chemically defined culture conditions for PBMC based assays for inclusion in tiered safety assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to their central role during innate responses, NK cells regulate adaptive immunity through various mechanisms. A wide array of innate receptors has been involved in the NK cell regulatory function. However, the clinical implications of these regulatory pathways are poorly understood. Here, we review the experimental evidence on the effects of NK cells on T cells and their positive and negative consequences for disease outcome during T cell responses in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis is associated with changes in Jak/STAT pathways in immune cells, but the influence of disease‐modifying drugs on these pathways is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of first‐line disease‐modifying drugs used in treatment of RRMS on expression of the STAT pathway and T‐cell‐related genes in the blood and on serum concentrations of sgp130 and TGF‐β1 in women, as well as on the level of phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT5 proteins in T cells of untreated patients and heathy controls. Expression of STAT1, STAT3, STAT5A, STAT5B, SOCS1, SOCS3, FOXP3, IKZF2, RORC and ICOS genes in the blood of untreated RRMS patients, in the blood of patients treated with interferon‐β, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate or teriflunomide and in the blood of healthy controls was evaluated using droplet digital PCR. Serum concentrations of sgp130 and TGF‐β1 were evaluated by ELISA. Phosphorylated STAT3 and STAT5 protein levels in T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. STAT3 gene expression was significantly higher in untreated patients than in healthy control, but the level of phosphorylated STAT3 in T cells was significantly lower. Patients treated with interferon‐β or dimethyl fumarate had significantly lower STAT3 gene expression. Patients treated with teriflunomide had higher STAT1 gene expression, than untreated patients. Patients treated with dimethyl fumarate also had significantly lower RORC gene expression than untreated patients. The study shows the impact of drugs used in first‐line treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis on expression of STAT and T‐cell‐related genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galectin-9 (gal-9) is a protein that belongs to the galectin family. Gal-9 is expressed in cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, including lymphocytes, dendritic cells, giant salivary cells, eosinophils and T cells, etc. In different immune cells, the role of gal-9 is different. Gal-9 can induce the proliferation and activation of immune cells, and also promote the apoptosis of immune cells. This effect of gal-9 affects the occurrence and development of a variety of immune-related diseases, such as the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms, immune escape of tumor cells, and inflammatory response. Thus, understanding the biological roles of gal-9 in innate and adaptive immunity may be essential for autoimmune diseases treatment and diagnosis to improve patient quality of life. In this review, we aim to summarize current research on the regulatory roles of gal-9 in human immune system and potential inducers and inhibitors of gal-9, which may provide new strategies for immune diseases therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bidirectional exchange of cells between mother and fetus occurs during pregnancy, and persistence of these genetically foreign cells establishes long-term microchimerism in both individuals after parturition. Since women can have multiple pregnancies, and all mothers were once daughters themselves, the microchimeric milieu in each woman could theoretically contain cells from a variety of origins, including from their own mothers as well as their babies from each pregnancy. Interestingly and in sharp contrast to this prediction, we recently showed preexisting populations of microchimeric cells are lost following pregnancy and associated with seeding of new fetal microchimeric cells. Complete loss of preexisting microchimeric cells in this context draws parallels to immunological rejection with synchronized elimination of cells and tissues that express defined discordant antigens. This perspective evaluates this provocative hypothesis regarding pregnancy induced rejection of microchimeric cells, including new experimental data comparing microchimerism levels in mice simultaneously lacking B and T cells before pregnancy, and after parturition with primary and secondary pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: IKBKE is a negative regulator of T cell activation and one of the key activators of type I interferon (IFN) and NFκB signaling via non-classical pathways. The upstream single nucleotide polymorphism of IKBKE (rs2297550-G) is a genome-wide association study risk variant of systemic lupus erythematosus, and is associated with decreased IKBKE expression in T cells by expression quantitative trait locus analysis. Case presentation: A 48-year-old female had a remittent fever, arthritis, and oral ulcers for 20 years. She had a poor response to corticosteroids or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, including the tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist, etanercept, and the anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab. Method: She participated in the Initiative on Rare and Undiagnosed Disease (IRUD), and whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed. Functional analyses were conducted by transfecting the identified variants into reporter cells to assess the activation of NFAT and NFκB signaling. Additionally, peripheral blood RNA- sequencing (RNA-seq) data were compared with those from healthy individuals to evaluate the gene expression profiles of immune cells. Result: WES identified a novel heterozygous c.1877G>A, p(Cys626Tyr) variant in IKBKE. Functional analysis indicated that this variant led to increased activity of NFAT (p = 0.015) and decreased activity of NFκB and type I IFN (p = 0.00068 and 0.00044, respectively). The patient had a remarkably low proportion of Naïve CD4 T cells. RNA-seq of peripheral blood immune cell subsets revealed significant differences in gene expression, especially in T cells. Conclusion: A novel functional heterozygous variant in IKBKE is described in a patient with a remittent fever and arthritis. The data suggest that IKBKE is an important negative regulator of inflammation, particularly in T cells, and this IKBKE variant might be the underlying cause of a novel autoinflammatory pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T cells respond swiftly, specifically, sensitively, and robustly to cognate antigens presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Existing microscopic models capture various aspects of early T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling at the molecular level. However, none of these models account for the totality of the data, impeding our understanding of early T-cell activation. Here, we study early TCR signaling using Bayesian metamodeling, an approach for systematically integrating multiple partial models into a metamodel of a complex system. We inform the partial models using multiple published super-resolution microscopy datasets. Collectively, these datasets describe the spatiotemporal organization, activity, interactions, and dynamics of TCR, CD45 and Lck signaling molecules in the early-forming immune synapse, and the concurrent membrane alterations. The resulting metamodel accounts for a distinct nanoscale dynamic pattern that could not be accounted for by any of the partial models on their own: a ring of phosphorylated TCR molecules, enriched at the periphery of early T cell contacts and confined by a proximal ring of CD45 molecules. The metamodel suggests this pattern results from limited activity range for the Lck molecules, acting as signaling messengers between kinetically-segregated TCR and CD45 molecules. We assessed the potential effect of Lck activity range on TCR phosphorylation and robust T cell activation for various pMHC:TCR association strengths, in the specific setting of an initial contact. We also inspected the impact of localized Lck inhibition via Csk recruitment to pTCRs, and that of splicing isoforms of CD45 on kinetic segregation. Due to the inherent scalability and adaptability of integrating independent partial models via Bayesian metamodeling, this approach can elucidate additional aspects of cell signaling and decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In immuno-oncology, the focus has traditionally been on αβ T cells, and immune checkpoint inhibitors that primarily target PD-1 or CTLA4 in these lymphocytes have revolutionized the management of multiple human malignancies. However, recent research highlights the crucial role of B cells and the antibodies they produce in antagonizing malignant progression, offering new avenues for immunotherapy. Our group has demonstrated that dimeric Immunoglobulin A can penetrate tumor cells, neutralize oncogenic drivers in endosomes, and expel them from the cytosol. This mechanistic insight suggests that engineered antibodies targeting this pathway may effectively reach previously inaccessible targets. Investigating antibody production within intratumoral germinal centers and understanding the impact of different immunoglobulins on malignant progression could furnish new tools for the therapeutic arsenal, including the development of tumor-penetrating antibodies. This review aims to elucidate the nature of humoral adaptive immune responses in human cancer and explore how they could herald a new era of immunotherapeutic modalities. By expanding the scope of antitumor immunotherapies, these approaches have the potential to benefit a broader range of cancer patients, particularly through the utilization of tumor cell–penetrating antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The significance of ligand-receptor (LR) pair interactions in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been the focus of numerous studies. However, the relationship between LR pairs and the prognosis of AML, as well as their impact on treatment outcomes, is not fully elucidated. Methods: Leveraging data from the TCGA-LAML cohort, we mapped out the LR pair interactions and distinguished specific molecular subtypes, with each displaying distinct biological characteristics. These subtypes exhibited varying mutation landscapes, pathway characteristics, and immune infiltration levels. Further insight into the immune microenvironment among these subtypes revealed disparities in immune cell abundance. Results: Notably, one subtype showed a higher prevalence of CD8 T cells and plasma cells, suggesting increased adaptive immune activities. Leveraging a multivariate Lasso regression, we formulated an LR pair-based scoring model, termed "LR.score," to classify patients based on prognostic risk. Our findings underscored the association between elevated LR scores and T-cell dysfunction in AML. This connection highlights the LR score's potential as both a prognostic marker and a guide for personalized therapeutic interventions. Moreover, our LR.score revealed substantial survival prediction capacities in an independent AML cohort. We highlighted CLEC11A, ICAM4, ITGA4, and AVP as notably AML-specific. Discussion: qRT-PCR analysis on AML versus normal bone marrow samples confirmed the significant downregulation of CLEC11A, ITGA4, ICAM4, and AVP in AML, suggesting their inverse biomarker potential in AML. In summary, this study illuminates the significance of the LR pair network in predicting AML prognosis, offering avenues for more precise treatment strategies tailored to individual patient profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious gastroenteritis is the major cause for diarrhea in piglets. The protection of spray-dried plasma (SDP) on viral gastroenteritis during the progression of rotavirus (RV) infection remain unclear. In this study, 64 weanling piglets were randomly assigned to control diets (n = 40) and SDP diets (n = 24) for 14 days, and then pigs were challenged with RV on day 15. Pigs were sacrificed on day 14 (normal condition), day 18 (manifestation stage), and day 21 (convalescent stage) of the trial. Prior to RV infection, SDP increased ADG, M1 macrophages and CD4+ T cells in different organs without increasing proinflammatory cytokines, indicating a more robust immunity with less inflammation. During the manifestation of infection, SDP enhanced mucosal immunity by increasing M1 macrophages, M1/M2 ratio and cytokines in mucosa and increasing intraepithelial CD8+ T cells for RV clearance. During the convalescence, SDP promoted M2 macrophage polarization and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines to facilitate intestinal repair and prevent prolonged inflammation. Collectively, SDP enhanced mucosal immunity to promote viral clearance and maintained immune homeostasis to prevent longlasting inflammation as a therapeutically approach for infectious gastroenteritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphocyte trafficking and migration through tissues is critical for adaptive immune function and, to perform their roles, T cells must be able to navigate through diverse tissue environments that present a range of mechanical challenges. T cells predominantly express two members of the formin family of actin effectors, Formin-like 1 (FMNL1) and mammalian diaphanous-related formin 1 (mDia1). While both FMNL1 and mDia1 have been studied individually, they have not been directly compared to determine functional differences in promoting T cell migration. Through in vivo analysis and the use of in vitro 2D and 3D model environments, we demonstrate that FMNL1 and mDia1 are both required for effective T cell migration, but they have different localization and roles in T cells, with specific environment-dependent functions. We found that mDia1 promotes general motility in 3D environments in conjunction with Myosin-II activity. We also show that, while mDia1 is almost entirely in the cytoplasmic compartment, a portion of FMNL1 physically associates with the nucleus. Furthermore, FMNL1 localizes to the rear of migrating T cells and contributes to efficient migration by promoting deformation of the rigid T cell nucleus in confined environments. Overall, our data indicates that while FMNL1 and mDia1 have similar mechanisms of actin polymerization, they have distinct roles in promoting T cell migration. This suggests that differential modulation of FMNL1 and mDia1 can be an attractive therapeutic route to fine-tune T cell migration behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunity is a critical self-defense mechanism of the human body, wherein immune cells and immune molecules play a crucial role. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), derived from immune cells or other cells, play a significant role in tumors, autoimmune diseases and other immune-related disorders by serving as carriers and facilitating intercellular communication through the transfer of cargoes. Numerous studies have revealed that EVs can exacerbate disease development by modulating immune responses. Therefore, this paper focuses on the effects of EVs on the number, activity and function of different types of immune cells and the release of immune molecules (such as cytokines, antigens, antibodies, etc) in various diseases, as well as the roles of EVs associated with different types of immune cells in various diseases. We aim to provide a comprehensive review of the negative effects that EVs play in the immune system to provide more ideas and strategies for the management of clinical immune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphoma was diagnosed in two wild tawny frogmouths (Podargus strigoides) presented to the Australian Wildlife Health Centre, Healesville Sanctuary, Victoria. The first case presented with extensive feather loss refractory to treatment. Bacterial and fungal folliculitis and beak and feather disease virus were excluded as primary causes, and the bird was euthanised due to poor response to treatment. Histopathological examination of the skin showed an extensive infiltrate of pleomorphic mononuclear leucocytes, suggestive of cutaneous lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed >95% of these cells were CD3 positive, consistent with T cell lymphoma. The second case presented debilitated and in poor body condition and was euthanised due to poor prognosis. Histopathological examination revealed extensive infiltrates of pleomorphic mononuclear leucocytes in multiple tissues, suggestive of disseminated lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed 70%–80% of these leucocytes were Pax5 positive, consistent with a B cell lymphoma. To the authors' knowledge these cases constitute the first report of malignant neoplasms in members of the Order Caprimulgiformes. Cutaneous lymphoma should be considered as a potential differential diagnosis for severe feather loss in tawny frogmouths and other avian species, when other more common causes have been ruled out. Similarly, disseminated lymphoma is a differential diagnosis worthy of consideration in cases of systemic debilitation in tawny frogmouths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Canine cutaneous/subcutaneous soft‐tissue sarcomas (STS) are diversely derived mesenchymal neoplasms with a risk of recurrence and/or metastasis depending on the extent of surgical excision and histologic grade. Lymphoid aggregates (LAs) are often described in these tumours but not characterised. In humans, LA characterised as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) improve the prognosis of many tumours, including sarcomas. We sought to determine if LA meeting a size criterion (> 700 cells) in canine sarcomas met the criteria of TLS and the overall prevalence of LA of any size. RNA expression in large LAs versus aggregate‐adjacent sarcoma tissue (AAS) was measured in laser capture microdissected tissue and compared to curl‐derived RNA from aggregate‐free sarcomas and lymph nodes. CD3, CD20, MUM‐1 and PNAd expressions were measured using immunohistochemistry. CD20 and CD3 mRNA were more highly expressed in LA versus AAS (13.8 fold, p = 0.0003 and 2.3 fold, p = 0.043). This was supported by the IHC findings. The large LAs were also enriched in chemokine RNA expression characteristic of TLS (CXCR5 5.8 fold, p < 00001, CCL19 3.68 fold, p = 0.0209, CCL21 6.87 fold, p = 0.0209 and CXCL13 2.68 fold, p = 0.0924). Plasma cells and high endothelial venules were identified in LA containing tumours but not in control tissue. Large LAs were present in 12% of tumours, and LA of any size in 30%. We conclude that large LAs in canine STS are consistent with TLS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) methods are widely used in life sciences, including immunology. Typical scRNA-seq analysis pipelines quantify the abundance of particular transcripts without accounting for alternative splicing. However, a well-established pan-leukocyte surface marker, CD45, encoded by the PTPRC gene, presents alternatively spliced variants that define different immune cell subsets. Information about some of the splicing patterns in particular cells in the scRNA-seq data can be obtained using isotype-specific DNA oligo-tagged anti-CD45 antibodies. However, this requires generation of an additional sequencing DNA library. Here, we present IDEIS, an easy-to-use software for CD45 isoform quantification that uses single-cell transcriptomic data as the input. We showed that IDEIS accurately identifies canonical human CD45 isoforms in datasets generated by 10× Genomics 5' sequencing assays. Moreover, we used IDEIS to determine the specificity of the Ptprc splicing pattern in mouse leukocyte subsets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Live microfilariae (mf) and mf-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to modulate human antigen presenting cell (APC) function, most notably by suppressing the induction of IL-12 (and other pro-inflammatory cytokines) following activation with LPS and interferon-y. Methods: To explore further how EVs alter human APC function, we studied the effect of mf and EVs on human elutriated monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) following exposure to Mf, mf-derived excretory/secretory (E/S) products, E/S depleted of EVs through ultracentrifugation and purified EVs. After demonstrating that the measurable responses induced by live mf could be recapitulated by EVs and EV-containing E/S, we next performed RNAseq analysis of human DC following exposure to live mf, EVs, E/S, or EV-depleted E/S. Results: In our analyses of the data for the DC, using a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05, EV-exposed DC had induced the expression of 212 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when compared to unexposed DC and 157 when compared to E/Sdepleted EVs. These genes were enriched in GO biological processes associated with neutrophil degranulation and 15 DEGs associated with KEGG Lysosome pathways. IPA analysis point to immune dysregulation. We next aimed to understand the intracellular processes altered by EVs and the effect these have on effector T cells. When SARS CoV-2 Membrane-specific CD4+ TCLs were assessed following EV conditioning of autologous DC and activation with the SARS CoV-2-Membrane peptide pool, we found conditioning reduced the frequency of SARS CoV-2 Membrane-specific CD3+ CD4+ CD154+ cells (p=.015). Similarly, EV-conditioning of SARS CoV-2 Membrane-specific CD3+ CD4+ cells induced fewer cell capable of producing IFN-g (p=.045). Discussion: Taken together, our data suggest a modulatory role of EVs on APC function that likely leads to defects in T cell effector function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purposes: T cells play a crucial role as regulators of anti-tumor activity within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are closely associated with the progression of osteosarcoma (OS). Nevertheless, the specific role of T cell-related genes (TCRGs) in the pathogenesis of OS remains unclear. Methods: First, we processed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of OS from the public databases and performed cell annotation. We identified highly variable genes in each cell type using the "FindAllMarkers" function, explored the distribution of different clusters, and investigated inter-cellular communication patterns via the "CellChat" framework. Then, we used multivariate Cox analysis to construct a TCRG and developed a nomogram to predict survival probabilities for OS patients. Finally, we validated the aforementioned results using various cell lines and investigated the immune cell infiltration, expression of immune checkpoints, chemotherapy sensitivity, and the efficacy of targeted therapies across different risk groups. Results: From the scRNA-seq data, we identified 3,000 highly variable genes, presented the top 10 genes, and validated the expression of core genes across different cell lines.Moreover, our analysis delved into interactions between T cells and other cell types. Our analyses constructed a predictive T cell-related signature (TCRS) that incorporated these prognostic TCRGs, showing a clear prognostic separation between the high-risk and low-risk OS patient groups in multiple cohorts. Survival analysis indicated better outcomes for patients classified in the high-risk group. The low-risk group exhibited elevated levels of CD4 memory resting T cells, contrasting with the higher levels of macrophage M0 observed in the high-risk group via the CIBERSORT algorithm. Furthermore, we observed that the low-risk group exhibitedAQ1 significant up-regulation of immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) and lower Tumour Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) scores, suggesting that they may be suitable for immunotherapy. Conversely, the high-risk group appeared more responsive to chemotherapy and targeted therapies, according to our drug sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study identified TCRGs, constructed and validated a TCRS for OS, and assessed immune response and drug sensitivity in different risk groups of OS patients. These findings provide novel insights into personalized treatment strategies for OS, potentially guiding more effective therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is now realized that peripheral inflammation and abnormal immune responses, especially T cells, contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Gasdermin D (GSDMD) -mediated pyroptosis has been associated with several neuroinflammatory diseases, but whether GSDMD is involved in the peripheral inflammation and T cell immunity during AD remains unclear. Methods: We dynamically investigated GSDMD activation in the peripheral and central nervous system of 5×FAD mouse model and dissected the role of myeloid GSDMD using genetic knockout mice, especially its influence on peripheral T cell responses and AD inflammation. RNA sequencing and in vitro coculture were used to elucidate the underlying immune mechanisms involved. Targeted inhibitor experiments and clinical correlation analysis were used to further verify the function of GSDMD in AD. Results: In the present study, caspase activated GSDMD in the spleen of 5×FAD mice earlier than in the brain during disease progression. Loss of myeloid cell GSDMD was shown to impair early-stage effector T cell activation in the periphery and prevent T cell infiltration into the brain, with an overall reduction in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, myeloid cell GSDMD induced T cell PD-1 expression through the IL-1β/NF-κB pathway, restricting regulatory T cells. The administration of a GSDMD inhibitor combined with an anti-PD-1 antibody was found to mitigate the development of AD-associated inflammation. In some AD patients, plasma sPD-1 is positively correlated with IL-Iβ and clinical features. Conclusions: Our study systematically identified a role for GSDMD in the AD-related peripheral inflammation and early-stage T cell immunity. These findings also suggest the therapeutic potential of targeting GSDMD for the early intervention in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a conserved multi-domain protein that functions principally as a transcriptional repressor. This protein regulates many pivotal aspects of immune cell development and function. BCL6 is critical for germinal center (GC) formation and the development of high-affinity antibodies, with key roles in the generation and function of GC B cells, follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells, and various immune memory cells. BCL6 also controls macrophage production and function as well as performing a myriad of additional roles outside of the immune system. Many of these regulatory functions are conserved throughout evolution. The BCL6 gene is also important in human oncology, particularly in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL), but also extending to many in other cancers, including a unique role in resistance to a variety of therapies, which collectively make BCL6 inhibitors highly sought-after. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to spatial and genomic independence, mitochondria possess a translational mechanism distinct from that of cytoplasmic translation. Several regulators participate in the modulation of mitochondrial translation. Mitochondrial translation is coordinated with cytoplasmic translation through stress responses. Importantly, the inhibition of mitochondrial translation leads to the inhibition of cytoplasmic translation and metabolic disruption. Therefore, defects in mitochondrial translation are closely related to the functions of hematopoietic cells and various immune cells. Finally, the inhibition of mitochondrial translation is a potential therapeutic target for treating multiple hematologic malignancies. Collectively, more in-depth insights into mitochondrial translation not only facilitate our understanding of its functions in hematopoiesis, but also provide a basis for the discovery of new treatments for hematological malignancies and the modulation of immune cell function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women. Immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment options in many malignancies, and the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibition yielded beneficial results also in BC. However, many BC patients are ineligible for this T cell-based therapy, others do not respond or only briefly. Thus, there remains a high medical need for new therapies, particularly for triple-negative BC. CD276 (B7-H3) is overexpressed in several tumors on both tumor cells and tumor vessels, constituting a promising target for immunotherapy. Methods: We analyzed tumor samples of 25 patients using immunohistochemistry to assess CD276 levels. The potential of CC-3, a novel bispecific CD276xCD3 antibody, for BC treatment was evaluated using various functional in vitro assays. Results: Pronounced expression of CD276 was observed in all analyzed tumor samples including triple negative BC. In analyses with BC cells, CC-3 induced profound T cell activation, proliferation, and T cell memory subset formation. Moreover, treatment with CC-3 induced cytokine secretion and potent tumor cell lysis. Conclusion: Our findings characterize CD276 as promising target and preclinically document the therapeutic potential of CC-3 for BC treatment, providing a strong rationale for evaluation of CC-3 in BC patients in a clinical trial for which the recruitment has recently started. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) enters through the upper respiratory tract (URT). Mucosal immunity at the URT is crucial in limiting viral infection and morbidity. Here, intranasal immune cells were collected from horses (n = 15) during an experimental EHV-1 infection. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were the major intranasal cell populations before infection and increased significantly by day six and fourteen post-infection, respectively. Nasal mucosal T cells were further characterized in healthy horses. Compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), mucosal CD8+ T-cell percentages were elevated, while CD4+ T-cell percentages were similar. A small population of CD4+CD8+ T cells was also recovered from mucosal samples. Within the URT tissue, CD4+ cells predominantly accumulated in the epithelial layer, while most CD8+ cells resided deeper in the mucosa or the submucosa below the basement membrane. In vitro stimulation of mucosal cells from healthy horses with (n = 5) or without (n = 5) peripheral T-cell immunity against EHV-1 induced IFN-γ production in nasal T cells upon polyclonal stimulation. However, after EHV-1 re-stimulation, mucosal T cells failed to respond with IFN-γ. This work provided the first characterization of mucosal T-cell phenotypes and functions in the URT of healthy horses and during EHV-1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study investigates changes in immune cell subsets in peripheral blood of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients with colitis or terminal ileitis. It aims to explore the connection between changes in lymphocyte subsets and gut inflammation, providing insights for early detection. Methods: Overall, 50 AS patients undergoing colonoscopy were enrolled. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze lymphocyte subsets, including T and B cells, in peripheral blood. Disease activity was assessed using CRP, ESR, BASDAI, ASDAS‐CRP, and ASDAS‐ESR. Results: Compared to AS patients without gut inflammation, those with colorectal inflammation showed a significant increase in total T cells (p <.05), an increase in exhausted CD4+ T cells (p <.05), and a decrease in Th2 cells and total Tc cells (p <.05). Notably, in AS patients with terminal ileitis, there was an increase in total B cells and classic switched B cells (p <.05), with a decrease in double‐positive T cells (p <.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the distribution of Tfh‐cell subpopulations (Tfh1, Tfh2, Tfh17) and Tc‐cell subpopulations (Tc1, Tc2, Tc17) between AS patients with either colorectal inflammation or terminal ileitis (p >.05). We explored the relationship between disease activity scores, ESR, CRP, and lymphocyte subsets, but found no statistically significant correlation between them. Conclusion: Distinct immune patterns may exist in AS with different types of intestinal inflammation. Colitis in AS is primarily characterized by a significant increase in exhausted CD4+ T cells, along with a decrease in Th2 cells. In contrast, terminal ileum inflammation in AS is marked by an increase in total B cells and classic switched B cells. These findings offer new insights for early detection and therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key mediator of T cell impairment during respiratory virus infection is the inhibitory receptor PD-1. PD-1 is induced on T cells following antigen exposure, whereas proinflammatory cytokines upregulate the ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2. Respiratory virus infection leads to upregulation of PD-L1 on airway epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and alveolar macrophages. However, the role of PD-L1 on different cell types in acute respiratory virus infections is not known. We sought to determine the role of PD-L1 on different cell types in CD8+ T cell impairment. We found that PD-L1-/- mice challenged with human metapneumovirus or influenza showed a similar level of CD8+ T cell impairment compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, virus clearance was delayed in PD-L1-/- mice compared to WT. CD8+ T cells from PD-L1-deficient mice expressed higher levels of inhibitory receptors both at baseline and after respiratory virus infection. The antibody blockade of PD-L2 failed to restore function to the impaired cells. While reciprocal bone marrow chimeras between WT and PD-L1-/- mice did not restore CD8+ T cell function after the respiratory virus challenge, mice that received the PD-L1-/- bone marrow had higher inhibitory receptor expression on CD8+ cells. This discrepancy in the inhibitory receptor expression suggests that cells of the hematopoietic compartment contribute to T cell impairment on CD8+ T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play central roles in the regulation of cell signaling, organismal development, cellular differentiation and proliferation, and cancer. In the immune system, PTPs regulate the activation, differentiation and effector function of lymphocytes and myeloid cells whilst single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PTP-encoding genes have been identified as risk factors for the development of autoimmunity. In this review we describe the roles for PTP nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) in the regulation of T lymphocyte signaling and activation in autoimmunity, infection and cancer. We summarize recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of PTPN22 activity, the impact of autoimmune disease-associated PTPN22 SNPs on T cell responses and describe approaches to harness PTPN22 as a target to improve T cell-based immunotherapies in cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Although immunotherapy is well established for treating pleural mesothelioma, it has not shown a breakthrough in improving the overall survival of these patients. A detailed study of the tumor microenvironment could lead to a better understanding of the factors that influence tumor growth to optimize treatment. In our cohort, T cell infiltrate differences were strongly associated with overall survival. Background: Immunotherapy has significantly improved overall survival in patients with pleural mesothelioma, yet this benefit does not extend to those with the epithelioid subtype. Tumor growth is believed to be influenced by the immune response. This study aimed to analyze the tumor microenvironment to gain a better understanding of its influence on tumor growth. Methods: The tumor immune cell infiltration of 188 patients with pleural mesothelioma was characterized by multiplex immunofluorescence staining for CD3+ cells (CD3+), CD4+ cells (CD3+/CD4+), CD8+ cells (CD3+/CD8+), Treg (CD3+/CD4+/CD8-/CD163-/Foxp3+), PD1 cells (PD1+), and T helper cells (CD3+/CD4+/CD8-/CD163-/FoxP3-). The distribution of specific immune cells was correlated with clinical parameters. Results: A total of 188 patients with pleural mesothelioma (135 epithelioid, 9 sarcomatoid, 44 biphasic subtypes) were analyzed. The median age was 64.8 years. Overall survival was significantly longer in the epithelioid subtype than in the non-epithelioid subtype (p = 0.016). The presence of PD-L1 expression had a negative effect on overall survival (p = 0.041). A high ratio of CD4+ cells to regulatory T cells was associated with a significantly longer overall survival of more than 12 months (p = 0.015). The ratio of CD4+ cells to regulatory T cells retained its significant effect on overall survival in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Distinct differences in the T cell immune infiltrates in mesothelioma are strongly associated with overall survival. The tumor microenvironment could therefore serve as a source of prognostic biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Malignant brain tumors, such as glioblastoma (GBM), are devastating diagnoses for patients and their families, as these tumors are difficult to fully remove with surgery and respond poorly to chemotherapy and radiation. Immunotherapy is a novel approach to treating cancer, as these therapies are intended to initiate robust antitumor immune responses. However, immunotherapy for GBM has largely been unsuccessful. It is hypothesized that one of the major contributors to immunotherapy failure in GBM patients is the number of immunosuppressive blockades present in these patients. Often, the GBM microenvironment is characterized as highly immunosuppressive due to GBM recruiting anti-inflammatory immune cells to the microenvironment and releasing immunosuppressive factors such as PD-L1. Additionally, treatment given to GBM patients, such as corticosteroids, is immunosuppressive. In this review, we outline potential blockades to immunotherapy success in GBM patients to highlight where new approaches to combatting this malignancy should be considered. Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor depicted by a cold tumor microenvironment, low immunogenicity, and limited effective therapeutic interventions. Its location in the brain, a highly immune-selective organ, acts as a barrier, limiting immune access and promoting GBM dissemination, despite therapeutic interventions. Currently, chemotherapy and radiation combined with surgical resection are the standard of care for GBM treatment. Although immune checkpoint blockade has revolutionized the treatment of solid tumors, its observed success in extracranial tumors has not translated into a significant survival benefit for GBM patients. To develop effective immunotherapies for GBM, it is vital to tailor treatments to overcome the numerous immunosuppressive barriers that inhibit T cell responses to these tumors. In this review, we address the unique physical and immunological barriers that make GBM challenging to treat. Additionally, we explore potential therapeutic mechanisms, studied in central nervous system (CNS) and non-CNS cancers, that may overcome these barriers. Furthermore, we examine current and promising immunotherapy clinical trials and immunotherapeutic interventions for GBM. By highlighting the array of challenges T cell-based therapies face in GBM, we hope this review can guide investigators as they develop future immunotherapies for this highly aggressive malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Leukaemia remains a major contributor to global mortality, representing a significant health risk for a substantial number of cancer patients. Despite notable advancements in the field, existing treatments frequently exhibit limited efficacy or recurrence. Here, we explored the potential of abolishing HVEM (herpes virus entry mediator, TNFRSF14) expression in tumours as an effective approach to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and prevent its recurrence. Methods: The clinical correlations between HVEM and leukaemia were revealed by public data analysis. HVEM knockout (KO) murine T cell lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line EL4 were generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and syngeneic subcutaneous tumour models were established to investigate the in vivo function of HVEM. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), RNA-seq and flow cytometry were used to analyse the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) and tumour draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Immune functions were investigated by depletion of immune subsets in vivo and T cell functional assays in vitro. The HVEM mutant EL4 cell lines were constructed to investigate the functional domain responsible for immune escape. Results: According to public databases, HVEM is highly expressed in patients with ALL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is negatively correlated with patient prognosis. Genetic deletion of HVEM in EL4 cells markedly inhibited tumour progression and prolonged the survival of tumour-bearing mice. Our experiments proved that HVEM exerted its immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting antitumour function of CD8+ T cell through CRD1 domain both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we identified a combination therapy capable of completely eradicating ALL tumours, which induces immune memory toward tumour protection. Conclusions: Our study reveals the potential mechanisms by which HVEM facilitates ALL progression, and highlights HVEM as a promising target for clinical applications in relapsed ALL therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adverse effects observed in some cancer patients treated with erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents such as erythropoietin (EPO) might be due to the latter's well‐known immunosuppressive functions. Here, we used a mouse model of syngeneic triple‐negative breast cancer to explore EPO's immunomodulatory role in a tumour setting. Our results showed that EPO treatment promotes tumour growth, exacerbates the 'immune desert', and results in a 'cold tumour'. EPO treatment changed the immune cell distribution in peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and the tumour microenvironment (TME). Our in‐depth analysis showed that EPO mainly impacts CD4 T cells by accelerating their activation in the spleen and thus their subsequent exhaustion in the TME. This process is accompanied by a general elevation of CD39 expression by several immune cells (notably CD4 T cells in the tumour and spleen), which promotes an immunosuppressive TME. Lastly, we identified a highly immunosuppressive CD39+ regulatory T cell population (ICOS+, CTLA4+, Ki67+) as a potential biomarker of the risk of EPO‐induced tumour progression. EPO displays pleiotropic immunosuppressive functions and enhances mammary tumour progression in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obesity and type 2 diabetes (DM) are risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, which disproportionately affect South Asian populations. This study aims to investigate the humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in adult COVID-19 survivors with overweight/obesity (Ov/Ob, BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2) and DM in Bangladesh. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T-cell responses were investigated in 63 healthy and 75 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 recovered individuals in Bangladesh, during the pre-vaccination first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Results: In COVID-19 survivors, SARS-CoV-2 infection induced robust antibody and T-cell responses, which correlated with disease severity. After adjusting for age, sex, DM status, disease severity, and time since onset of symptoms, Ov/Ob was associated with decreased neutralizing antibody titers, and increased SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IFN-γ response along with increased proliferation and IL-2 production by CD8 + T cells. In contrast, DM was not associated with SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T-cell responses after adjustment for obesity and other confounders. Conclusion: Ov/Ob is associated with lower neutralizing antibody levels and higher T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 post-COVID-19 recovery, while antibody or T-cell responses remain unaltered in DM. Despite similar IgG antibody levels, adults with overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2) have lower neutralizing antibody capacity and higher T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 following COVID-19 recovery. In contrast, antigen-specific antibody and T-cell responses are preserved in individuals with diabetes mellitus who survive SARS-CoV-2 infection. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astrocytes respond to infection, injury, and disease with a robust and heterogeneous set of responses often associated with inflammation. Astrocyte heterogeneity is largely modeled at the descriptive level, with the identification of novel signatures of gene expression, proteins, and lipids that are tightly spatiotemporally controlled. While traditionally thought of as passive responders, astrocytes are active contributors to inflammation and release several effector cytokines and chemokines that help to modulate immune responses. In vertebrates, some astrocytes may even be involved in the presentation of antigens to infiltrating T cells. This places them as key initiators of the earliest response to inflammation, without the need for a myeloid cell intermediary. Astrocytes are key modulators of the inflammatory immune response in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). While traditionally thought of as having only passive roles in the response to inflammatory insults, recent evidence indicates that astrocytes are active players in the earliest stages of inflammation, and may even have a role as atypical antigen-presenting cells. The astrocyte, a major glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), is widely regarded as a functionally diverse mediator of homeostasis. During development and throughout adulthood, astrocytes have essential roles, such as providing neuron metabolic support, modulating synaptic function, and maintaining the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Recent evidence continues to underscore their functional heterogeneity and importance for CNS maintenance, as well as how these cells ensure optimal CNS and immune responses to disease, acute trauma, and infection. Advances in our understanding of neuroimmune interactions complement our knowledge of astrocyte functional heterogeneity, where astrocytes are now regarded as key effectors and propagators of immune signaling. This shift in perspective highlights the role of astrocytes not merely as support cells, but as active participants in CNS immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) generate immunological self-tolerance by ectopically expressing peripheral-tissue antigens (PTAs) within the thymus to preview the peripheral self to maturing T cells. Recent work, drawing inspiration from old histological observations, has shown that subtypes of mTECs, collectively termed mimetic cells, co-opt developmental programs from throughout the organism to express biologically coherent groups of PTAs. Here, we review key aspects of mimetic cells, especially as they relate to the larger contexts of molecular, cellular, developmental, and evolutionary biology. We highlight lineage-defining transcription factors as key regulators of mimetic cells and speculate as to what other factors, including Aire and the chromatin potential of mTECs, permit mimetic cell differentiation and function. Last, we consider what mimetic cells can teach us about not only the thymus but also other tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcription factor Helios, encoded by the IKZF2 gene, has an important role in regulatory T cells by stabilizing their suppressive phenotype. While Helios is prominently expressed in regulatory T cells, its expression extends beyond to include effector T cells, follicular regulatory T cells, B cells, and innate‐like lymphocyte populations. Recent characterizations of patients with inborn error of immunity due to damaging IKZF2 variants coupled with translational research on lymphocytes from healthy individuals, have increased our understanding on Helios' multifaceted role in controlling the human adaptive immune system. A less studied role for Helios beyond the stabilizing of regulatory T cells has emerged in directing effector T cell maturation. In the absence of functional Helios, effector T cells acquire more inflammatory phenotype and are prone to senescence. Loss of Helios expression disrupts the regulation of the germinal centre reaction, often resulting in either hypogammaglobulinemia or B cell autoimmunity. This review summarizes findings from studies in both mice and men offering a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the transcription factor Helios on the adaptive immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining how the in vivo immune status of peripheral tissues is shaped by the external environment has remained a technical challenge. We recently developed Functional in vivo confocal microscopy (Fun-IVCM) for dynamic, longitudinal imaging of corneal immune cells in living humans. This study investigated the effect of seasonal-driven environmental factors on the morphodynamic features of human corneal immune cell subsets. Longitudinal, observational clinical study. Sixteen healthy participants (aged 18–40 years) attended 2 visits in distinct seasons in Melbourne, Australia (Visit 1, November–December 2021 [spring–summer]; Visit 2, April–June 2022 [autumn–winter]). Environmental data were collected over each period. Participants underwent ocular surface examinations and corneal Fun-IVCM (Heidelberg Engineering). Corneal scans were acquired at 5.5 ± 1.5-minute intervals for up to 5 time points. Time-lapse Fun-IVCM videos were created to analyze corneal immune cells, comprising epithelial T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and stromal macrophages. Tear cytokines were analyzed using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Difference in the density, morphology, and dynamic parameters of corneal immune cell subsets over the study periods. Visit 1 was characterized by higher temperature, lower humidity, and higher air particulate and pollen levels compared with Visit 2. Clinical ocular surface parameters and the density of immune cell subsets were similar across visits. At Visit 1 , corneal epithelial DCs were larger, with a lower dendrite probing speed (0.38 ± 0.21 vs. 0.68 ± 0.33 μm/min; P < 0.001) relative to Visit 2; stromal macrophages were more circular and had less dynamic activity (Visit 1, 7.2 ± 1.9 vs. Visit 2, 10.3 ± 3.7 dancing index; P < 0.001). Corneal T cell morphodynamics were unchanged across periods. Basal tear levels of interleukin 2 and CXCL10 were relatively lower during spring-summer. This study identifies that the in vivo morphodynamics of innate corneal immune cells (DCs, macrophages) are modified by environmental factors, but such effects are not evident for adaptive immune cells (T cells). The cornea is a potential in vivo window to investigate season-dependent environmental influences on the human immune system. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune system requires a complex network of specialized cell types to defend against a range of threats. The specific roles and destinies of these cell types are enforced by a constellation of gene regulatory programs, which are orchestrated through lineage-specifying transcription factors. T Cell Factor 1 (TCF1) is a central transcription factor in many of these programs, guiding the development and functionality of both adaptive and innate lymphoid cells. This review highlights recent insights into the function of TCF1 in a variety of lymphoid cell subsets and its potential for translational applications in immune disorders and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency disease caused by mutations in exon 45 of the DOCK8 gene. The clinical signs primarily consist of increased serum IgE levels, eczema, repeated skin infections, allergies, and upper respiratory tract infections. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated a DOCK8 exon 45 mutation in mice, mirroring the mutation found in patients. The results indicated that DOCK8 mutation impairs peripheral T cell homeostasis, disrupts regulatory T cells (Tregs) development, increases ICOS expression in Tregs within peripheral lymph nodes (pLn), and promotes Th17 cell differentiation within the spleen and pLn. Upon virus infection, DOCK8 mutation CD4+ T cells have a Th2 effector fate. RNA‐bulk sequencing data revealed alternations in the mTOR pathway of DOCK8 mutant CD4+ T cells. We observed that DOCK8 mutation upregulates the glycolysis levels in CD4+ T cells, which is related to the Akt/mTOR/S6/HIF‐1α pathway. In summary, our research elucidates that DOCK8 regulates the differentiation of helper T cells by modulating the glycolytic pathway in CD4+ T cells, thereby advancing the comprehension and offering potential treatment of diseases in DOCK8‐deficient patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate whether bergapten (BG), a furanocoumarin phytohormone, holds promise for Crohn's disease (CD)-like colitis treatment and to preliminarily explore its potential mechanisms. 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesufonic acid (TNBS)-treated mice were applied to establish an in vivo research model, and BG was administered with different concentrations. The status of mice in each group was evaluated by disease activity index (DAI), and the severity was evaluated by pathological sections. The intestinal barrier was assessed by measuring in vivo intestinal permeability, peripheral blood intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) levels, epithelial resistance values, and tight junction protein levels. Markers were then used to assess Th17/Treg levels, mitophagy, and the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)γ/ nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. BG significantly reduced colon tissue damage in a concentration-dependent manner. DAI scores showed that the loose feces, occult blood, and weight loss of mice in the BG treatment were significantly reduced, and pathological section results revealed reduced inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis. Reduced serum FITC-dextran and I-FABP and increased levels of epithelial resistance and tight junction proteins support that the intestinal barrier was protected upon BG. The proportion of Th17 in mesenteric lymph nodes increased while Treg decreased in the model group. BG treatment effectively reduced the conversion of Treg to Th17. Additionally, BG was found to enhance mitophagy and activate the PPARγ/NF-κB signaling. BG demonstrates promising effects in ameliorating intestinal barrier damage and Th17/Treg imbalance in a murine model of CD-like colitis, while also promoting intracellular mitophagy. The PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway may serve as a key mediator of BG's regulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DENV infection outcomes depend on the host's variable expression of immune receptors and mediators, leading to either resolution or exacerbation. While the NS3 protein is known to induce robust immune responses, the specific impact of its protease region epitopes remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of recombinant NS3 protease region proteins from all four DENV serotypes on splenocyte activation in BALB/c mice (n = 5/group). Mice were immunized with each protein, and their splenocytes were subsequently stimulated with homologous antigens. We measured the expression of costimulatory molecules (CD28, CD80, CD86, CD152) by flow cytometry, along with IL-2 production, CD25 expression, and examined the antigen-specific activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Additionally, the expression of IL-1, IL-10, and TGF-β1 in splenocytes from immunized animals was assessed. Apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V/PI staining and DNA fragmentation analysis. Stimulation of splenocytes from immunized mice triggered apoptosis (phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase 3/7 activation) and increased costimulatory molecule expression, particularly CD152. Low IL-2 production and low CD25 expression, as well as sustained expression of the IL-10 gene. These results suggest that these molecules might be involved in mechanisms by which the NS3 protein contributes to viral persistence and disease pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immunotherapy faces a major challenge in treatment resistance, highlighting the need for efficacy biomarkers identification. The tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly influences treatment outcomes, necessitating molecular TME exploration to address immunotherapy resistance. Methods: The study initially pinpointed IL7R as a pivotal TME gene and then examined its impact on TME's CD8 + T cells at the single-cell level. Bulk-RNA analysis investigated IL7R function, immune cell infiltration related to IL7R in TCGA pan-cancer samples with its expression verified in clinical samples through immunohistochemistry. Genome instability and immune-related molecular expression associated with IL7R were also assessed. Furthermore, the clinical efficacy of IL7R was evaluated in various immunotherapy treatment cohorts. Results: Our single-cell analyses and cell-cased experiment revealed that T cells with high IL7R expression tended to be non-terminal and correlated with favorable immunotherapy responses. High IL7R expression corresponded to increased immune and stromal cell signiture, immune pathway enrichment, and an immune-inflamed environment in Bulk-RNA analysis and immunohistochemistry verification. These patients exhibited higher proportions of memory T cells and M1 cells within the TME, along with frequent genome instability and immune molecular upregulation. While IL7R had varied prognostic impact across the TCGA dataset, patients with high IL7R expression showed extended survival under immunotherapy. Conclusion: IL7R plays a critical role in shaping TME diversity across cancer types and holds promise as a relevant biomarker for predicting immunotherapy benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging‐related metabolic disorders seriously affect the lifespan of middle‐aged and older people, potentially due to disruptions in the adaptive immune and gut microbial profiles. Dietary intervention offers a promising strategy for maintaining metabolic health. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of 2′‐fucosyllactose (2'‐FL) on aging‐induced metabolic dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. The results revealed that 2'‐FL significantly relieved aging‐related metabolic disorders, including weight gain, lipid deposition, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, systemic inflammation, and abnormal hepatic metabolism. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a significant reduction in T cytotoxic (Tc), T helper (Th), and regulatory T (Treg) cells and a significant increase in Th17 cells in aged mice, while 2'‐FL relieved the aging‐induced proportional changes in Th and Th17 subtypes. The aging intestinal microecology was characterized by higher Th17/Treg ratios, impaired gut barrier function, lower gut bacterial diversity, decreased abundance of beneficial genera including Ligilactobacillus, Colidextribacter, Mucispirillum, and Lachnoclostridium, and increased abundance of harmful bacteria including Turicibacter and Desulfovibrio, which was ameliorated by 2'‐FL treatment. These findings highlight that 2'‐FL is an ideal dietary prebiotic for improving aging‐related metabolic disorders by modulating both the adaptive immune system and the gut microbial profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question whether interference with the ubiquitous splicing machinery can lead to cell-type specific perturbation of cellular function is addressed here by T cell specific ablation of the general U5 snRNP assembly factor CD2BP2/U5-52K. This protein defines the family of nuclear GYF domain containing proteins that are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes with essential functions ascribed to early embryogenesis and organ function. Abrogating CD2BP2/U5-52K in T cells, allows us to delineate the consequences of splicing machinery interferences for T cell development and function. Increased T cell lymphopenia and T cell death are observed upon depletion of CD2BP2/U5-52K. A substantial increase in exon skipping coincides with the observed defect in the proliferation/differentiation balance in the absence of CD2BP2/U5-52K. Prominently, skipping of exon 7 in Mdm4 is observed, coinciding with upregulation of pro-apoptotic gene expression profiles upon CD2BP2/U5-52K depletion. Furthermore, we observe enhanced sensitivity of naïve T cells compared to memory T cells to changes in CD2BP2/U5-52K levels, indicating that depletion of this general splicing factor leads to modulation of T cell homeostasis. Given the recent structural characterization of the U5 snRNP and the crosslinking mass spectrometry data given here, design of inhibitors of the U5 snRNP conceivably offers new ways to manipulate T cell function in settings of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the impact of SRs-related genes on the overall survival and prognosis of osteosarcoma patients through bulk and single-cell RNA-seq transcriptome analysis. Methods: In this study, we constructed a prognosis model based on serine/ arginine-rich splicing factors (SRs) and predicted the survival of osteosarcoma patients. By analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing data and applying AUCell enrichment analysis, we revealed oncogenic pathways of SRs in osteosarcoma immune cells. Additionally, we described the regulatory role of SRSF7 in pan-cancer. Results: Lasso regression analysis identified 6 key SRs-related genes, and a prognosis prediction model was established. The upregulation of these pathways revealed that SRs promote tumor cell proliferation and survival by regulating related signaling pathways and help tumor cells evade host immune surveillance. Additionally, by grouping single-cell data using AUCell, we found significant differences in T cell expression between high and low-risk groups. The analysis results indicated that the regulatory activity of SRs is closely related to T cell function, particularly in regulating immune responses and promoting immune evasion. Furthermore, SRSF7 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis. Conclusion: SRs-related genes play a critical regulatory role in osteosarcoma. T cells are key in regulating immune responses and promoting immune evasion through SRs genes. SRSF7 is a significant gene influencing the occurrence and development of osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: T cell-based immunotherapies are facing great challenges in the recruitment and activation of tumor-specific T cells against solid tumors. Among which, utilizing nanobody (Nb) or nanobodies (Nbs) to construct T cell engager has emerged as a more practical potential for enhancing the anti-tumor effectiveness of T cells. Here, we designed a new Nb-guided multifunctional T cell engager (Nb-MuTE) that not only recruited effector T cells into the tumor tissues, but also efficiently activated T cells anti-tumor immunity when synergies with photothermal effect. Results: The Nb-MuTE, which was constructed based on an indocyanine green (ICG)-containing liposome with surface conjugation of CD105 and CD3 Nbs, and showed excellent targetability to both tumor and T cells, following enhancement of activation, proliferation and cytokine secretion of tumor-specific T cells. Notably, the immunological anti-tumor functions of Nb-MuTE-mediated T cells were further enhanced by the ICG-induced photothermal effect in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Such a new platform Nb-MuTE provides a practical and "all-in-one" strategy to potentiate T cell responses for the treatment of solid tumor in clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unintended on-target chromosomal alterations induced by CRISPR/Cas9 in mammalian cells are common, particularly large deletions and chromosomal translocations, and present a safety challenge for genome editing. Thus, there is still an unmet need to develop safer and more efficient editing tools. We screened diverse DNA polymerases of distinct origins and identified a T4 DNA polymerase derived from phage T4 that strongly prevents undesired on-target damage while increasing the proportion of precise 1- to 2-base-pair insertions generated during CRISPR/Cas9 editing (termed CasPlus). CasPlus induced substantially fewer on-target large deletions while increasing the efficiency of correcting common frameshift mutations in DMD and restored higher level of dystrophin expression than Cas9-alone in human cardiomyocytes. Moreover, CasPlus greatly reduced the frequency of on-target large deletions during mouse germline editing. In multiplexed guide RNAs mediating gene editing, CasPlus repressed chromosomal translocations while maintaining gene disruption efficiency that was higher or comparable to Cas9 in primary human T cells. Therefore, CasPlus offers a safer and more efficient gene editing strategy to treat pathogenic variants or to introduce genetic modifications in human applications. Synopsis: While off-target mutations have been carefully addressed, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing often causes harmful on-target chromosomal alterations. CasPlus combines Cas9 genome editing with an engineered phage T4 DNA polymerase and reduces the incidence of large deletions and chromosomal translocations. CasPlus can be applied to correct disease-causing mutations such as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but also for generating engineered T cells for cell therapy. CasPlus editing inhibits undesired on-target large deletions while increasing the proportion of precise 1- to 2-base-pair insertions generated during CRISPR/Cas9 editing. CasPlus efficiently corrects the frameshift mutations in DMD (exon 52 deletions) with fewer on-target DNA damage. CasPlus greatly reduces the frequency of on-target large deletions in mouse germline editing. CasPlus represses chromosomal translocation while maintaining gene disruption efficiency that is higher or comparable to Cas9 in multiplex gene-edited human primary T cells. CasPlus combines Cas9 genome editing with an engineered phage T4 DNA polymerase and reduces the incidence of large deletions and chromosomal translocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a synthetic receptor that induces T cell-mediated lysis of abnormal cells. As cancer driver proteins are present at low levels on the cell surface, they can cause weak CAR reactivity, resulting in antigen sensitivity defects and consequently limited therapeutic efficacy. Although affinity maturation enhances the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy, it causes off-target cross-reactions resulting in adverse effects. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) is an intracellular oncoprotein that is overexpressed in various tumors and restricted in normal tissues, except the testis. Therefore, PRAME could be an ideal target for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we developed an experimental CAR system comprising six single-chain variable fragments that specifically recognizes the PRAMEp301/HLA-A∗24:02 complex. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity was demonstrated using a panel of CARs with a wide range of affinities (KD = 10−10–10−7 M) and affinity modulation. CAR-T cells with fast on-rates enhance antigen sensitivity by accelerating the killing rates of these cells. Alanine scanning data demonstrated the potential of genetically engineered CARs to reduce the risk of cross-reactivity, even among CARs with high affinities. Given the correlation between on-rates and dwell time that occurs in rebinding and cell-mediated cytotoxicity, it is proposed that CAR-binding characteristics, including on-rate, play a pivotal role in the lytic capacity of peptide-major histocompatibility complex-targeting CAR-T cells, thus facilitating the development of strategies whereby genetically engineered CARs target intracellular antigens in cancer cells to lyse the cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross talk between T cells and airway smooth muscle (ASM) may play a role in modulating asthmatic airway inflammation and remodeling. Infiltrating T cells have been observed within the ASM bundles of asthmatics, and a wide range of direct and indirect interactions between T cells and ASM has been demonstrated using various in vitro and in vivo model systems. Contact-dependent mechanisms such as ligation and activation of cellular adhesion and costimulatory molecules, as well as the formation of lymphocyte-derived membrane conduits, facilitate the adhesion, bidirectional communication, and transfer of materials between T and ASM cells. T cell-derived cytokines, particularly of the Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets, modulate the secretome, proliferation, and contractility of ASM cells. This review summarizes the mechanisms governing T cell-ASM cross talk in the context of asthma. Understanding the underlying mechanistic basis is important for directing future research and developing therapeutic interventions targeted toward this complex interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB methylated cyclodextrin derivative displays less methylated group substitution than randomly methylated cyclodextrin. It has demonstrated an impact on atherosclerosis and neurological diseases, linked in part to cholesterol complexation and immune response, however, its impact on inflammatory cascade pathways is not clear. Thus, the impact of KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB on various pharmacological targets was assessed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions, followed by screening against twelve human primary cell-based systems designed to model complex human tissue and disease biology of the vasculature, skin, lung, and inflammatory tissues using the BioMAP® Diversity PLUS® panel. Finally, its anti-inflammatory mechanism was investigated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells to evaluate anti-inflammatory or pro-resolving properties. The results showed that KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB can modulate the immune system in vitro and potentially manage vascular issues by stimulating the expression of molecules involved in the crosstalk between immune cells and other cell types. It showed anti-inflammatory effects that were driven by the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and could have different impacts on different tissue types. Moreover, this cyclodextrin showed no clear impact on pro-resolving lipid mediators. Additionally, it appeared that the mechanism of action of KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB seems to not be shared by other well-known anti-inflammatory molecules. Finally, KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB may have an anti-inflammatory impact, which could be due to its effect on receptors such as TLR or direct complexation with LPS or PGE2, and conversely, this methylated cyclodextrin could stimulate a pro-inflammatory response involving lipid mediators and on proteins involved in communication with immune cells, probably via interaction with membrane cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Currently, there are no effective therapies for glioblastoma. Infiltrating myeloid cells contributes significantly to the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment that is characteristic of GBM. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are chief immune suppressive cells found in the glioma microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms of M-MDSC differentiation and T-cell suppression is imperative for generating therapies that target this tumor-supportive cell population. In this study, we found that glioma-secreted CSF1R ligands, M-CSF and IL-34, promote M-MDSCs to suppress CD8 T cells. These M-MDSCs partially utilize nitric oxide synthase to illicit their suppressive activity. However, spatial RNAseq points to glioma microenvironment niches driving M-MDSC heterogeneity. Our findings identify key regulators of differentiation and suppressive mechanisms of M-MDSCs and confirm the importance of targeting this cell population in glioma. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, resulting in poor survival despite aggressive therapies. GBM is characterized by a highly heterogeneous and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) made up predominantly of infiltrating peripheral immune cells. One significant immune cell type that contributes to glioma immune evasion is a population of immunosuppressive cells, termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Previous studies suggest that a subset of myeloid cells, expressing monocytic (M)-MDSC markers and dual expression of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1, utilize CCR2 to infiltrate the TME. This study evaluated the mechanism of CCR2+/CX3CR1+ M-MDSC differentiation and T cell suppressive function in murine glioma models. We determined that bone marrow-derived CCR2+/CX3CR1+ cells adopt an immune suppressive cell phenotype when cultured with glioma-derived factors. Glioma-secreted CSF1R ligands M-CSF and IL-34 were identified as key drivers of M-MDSC differentiation while adenosine and iNOS pathways were implicated in the M-MDSC suppression of T cells. Mining a human GBM spatial RNAseq database revealed a variety of different pathways that M-MDSCs utilize to exert their suppressive function that is driven by complex niches within the microenvironment. These data provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of M-MDSCs in glioblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the antigen presentation characteristics of dendritic cells (DC) and B cells in cardiac grafts. Methods The heart of BALB/c mice was transplanted into the abdominal cavity of C57BL/6J mice. CD45+ cells in the heart graft were extracted and sorted by flow cytometry at postoperative 5 d, and single cell RNA sequencing was performed. Taking DC and B cell subsets in cardiac grafts as the main study cells, the changing trend, antigen presenting ability and intercellular communication with T cells after heart transplantation were analyzed by bioinformatics analysis and flow cytometry. Gene ontology (GO) function enrichment difference analysis was adopted to prove the specific function and the reliability annotation of cell subsets. Results Germinal center-like B cell (GC-L B) was the B cell subset with the largest increase in quantity during the acute rejection phase, accounting for 87%. Classical DC (cDC) 2 was the only DC subset with a significant increase in quantity during acute rejection of heart transplantation, accounting for 44% of DC subset, and it occupied the highest communication intensity with T cells after heart transplantation. Mononucleated DC (moDC) and memory B cell (MBC) were the main transmitters of T cell input signals in nontransplanted hearts, whereas transformed into cDC2 and GC-L B during the acute rejection phase. Among them, MBC and GC-L B were the main sources of T cell input signals in non-transplanted hearts and heart grafts. Conclusions Compared with DC, B cells occupy a higher number and weight in the intercellular communication with T cells in non-transplanted hearts and heart grafts, prompting that the antigen presenting activity of B cells is more active and stronger than DC in the early stage of acute rejection of heart transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]