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Health utility assessments have been developed for various conditions, including chronic liver disease. Health utility scores are required for socio-economic evaluations, which can aid the distribution of national budgets. However, the standard health utility assessment scores for specific health conditions are largely unknown.To summarize the health utility scores, including the EuroQOL 5-dimensions 5-levels (EQ-5D-5L), EuroQol-visual analogue scale, short from-36 (SF-36), RAND-36, and Health Utilities Index (HUI)-Mark2/Mark3 scores, for the normal population and chronic liver disease patients.A systematic literature search of PubMed and MEDLINE, including the Cochrane Library, was performed. Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan software. Multiple means and standard deviations were combined using the StatsToDo online web program.The EQ-5D-5L and SF-36 can be used for health utility evaluations during antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. HUI-Mark2/Mark3 indicated that the health utility scores of hepatitis B patients are roughly 30% better than those of hepatitis C patients.The EQ-5D-5L is the most popular questionnaire for health utility assessments. Health assessments that allow free registration would be useful for evaluating health utility in patients with liver disease.

With increasing computing power, artificial intelligence (AI) has gained traction in all aspects of health care delivery. Orthopaedics is no exception because the influence of AI technology has become intricately linked with its advancement as evidenced by increasing interest and research.This review is written for the orthopaedic surgeon to develop a better understanding of the main clinical applications and potential benefits of AI within their day-to-day practice.A brief and easy-to-understand foundation for what AI is and the different terminology used within the literature is first provided, followed by a summary of the newest research on AI applications demonstrating increased accuracy and convenience in risk stratification, clinical decision-making support, and robotically assisted surgery.

Background & Aims Liver fibrosis is a multifactorial trait that develops in response to chronic liver injury. Our aim was to characterize the genetic architecture of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis using the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel, a panel of more than 100 genetically distinct mouse strains optimized for genome-wide association studies and systems genetics. Methods Chronic liver injury was induced by CCl4 injections twice weekly for 6 weeks. Four hundred thirty-seven mice received CCl4 and 256 received vehicle, after which animals were euthanized for liver histology and gene expression. Using automated digital image analysis, we quantified fibrosis as the collagen proportionate area of the whole section, excluding normal collagen. Results We discovered broad variation in fibrosis among the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel strains, demonstrating a significant genetic influence. Genome-wide association analyses revealed significant and suggestive loci underlying susceptibility to fibrosis, some of which overlapped with loci identified in mouse crosses and human population studies. Liver global gene expression was assessed by RNA sequencing across the strains, and candidate genes were identified using differential expression and expression quantitative trait locus analyses. Gene set enrichment analyses identified the underlying pathways, of which stellate cell involvement was prominent, and coexpression network modeling identified modules associated with fibrosis. Conclusions Our results provide a rich resource for the design of experiments to understand mechanisms underlying fibrosis and for rational strain selection when testing antifibrotic drugs., Graphical abstract

Hair regulation is an essential policy for maintaining hygiene, security, and discipline in correctional institutions. However, the implementation of any hair-regulating policy should include a consideration of gender needs and differences. This study investigated Chinese prisoners’ perceived influence of hairstyles on their behavioral responses. Data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire survey from 500 male and 500 female prisoners in 11 correctional institutions of Hong Kong, China. Descriptive analyses and chi-square tests were used to explore the perceived violence of prisoners and gender differences. Mediation analysis was adopted to examine the prisoners’ perceived behavioral responses and mental and psychological well-being under different hairstyle situations, using self-esteem, procedural fairness, and negative emotional responses as mediators. The study found that male prisoners are inherently more tensive than the female group in terms of violent proclivities. In addition, perceived violent behavior is associated with hairstyle, and the influence path is gender related. Restrictive hair regulations that do not address unique social and cultural meanings and gender differences would decrease male prisoners’ self-esteem, while increasing all prisoners’ negative emotional responses and reducing their perceived procedural fairness. To maintain security inside institutions, we recommend short hair for male prisoners and long hair for female prisoners in Chinese prisons. Given that many prisons in Asian and African nations have an authoritarian style of governance similar to that of China, this study is of considerable international relevance.

暴发性心肌炎是突发的心脏弥漫性炎症，起病急骤，进展迅速，以低血压/心原性休克和心脏猝死为临床特点，病理上有淋巴细胞型、嗜酸性细胞型和巨细胞型，绝大多数为淋巴细胞型，主要表现为淋巴细胞和单核/巨噬细胞浸润。其病理生理基础为病原进入人体通过模式识别受体导致过度免疫激活和细胞/炎症因子风暴形成。按照《成人暴发性心肌炎中国专家共识》推荐的“以生命支持为依托的综合救治方案”（包括机械循环支持、使用足够剂量的糖皮质激素和免疫球蛋白免疫调节）能有效地救治患者，使病死率降低至5%左右。特别强调要做到“及早识别、及早诊断、及早预判和及早治疗”，同时还需加强基础研究，以提高疗效和改善长期预后。.

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase an individual's risk of developing diseases. Being physically active throughout life is known to reduce the prevalence and onset of some aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that an individual's gut microbiome composition has a large influence on several aspects of the metabolic syndrome. However, the mechanism(s) by which physical activity may improve metabolic health are not well understood. We sought to determine if endurance exercise is sufficient to prevent or ameliorate the development of the metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases. We also analyzed the impact of physical activity under metabolic syndrome progression upon the gut microbiome composition. Utilizing whole‐body low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockout mice on a “Western Diet,” we show that long‐term exercise acts favorably upon glucose tolerance, adiposity, and liver lipids. Exercise increased mitochondrial abundance in skeletal muscle but did not reduce liver fibrosis, aortic lesion area, or plasma lipids. Lastly, we observed several changes in gut bacteria and their novel associations with metabolic parameters of clinical importance. Altogether, our results indicate that exercise can ameliorate some aspects of the metabolic syndrome progression and alter the gut microbiome composition., In this study, we sought to determine if endurance exercise is sufficient to prevent or ameliorate the development of metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases and the impact of physical activity under metabolic syndrome progression upon the gut microbiome. Utilizing the whole‐body low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockout mice on a “Western Diet,” we show that long‐term exercise acts favorably upon glucose tolerance, adiposity, and liver lipids. Our results indicate that exercise can ameliorate some aspects of the metabolic syndrome progression and alter the gut microbiome.

目前高血压仍严重威胁着国人健康，是造成国人卒中的最大危险因素。降压治疗是防治高血压并发症的最佳措施。在与高血压的长期斗争中，针对我国高血压患者众多，广大农村地区经济发展较为落后的特点，中国共产党以及国家政府相信群众、充分信任医务人员与科学家，调动大家的主观能动性、开发出多种符合中国实际情况的复方降压制剂。实践证明复方降压制剂可有效降压、不良反应较小、价格便宜、可有效减少心脑血管病并发症，复方降压制剂对我国高血压、卒中的防治具有历史性贡献。以史为鉴才能更好地开创未来。回顾复方降压制剂开发、推广的历史，有助于我们解放思想，开发出适应时代发展的新型复方降压制剂，为实现健康中国再立新功。.

Micro-light-emitting diodes ( $\mu $ LEDs) are semiconductor devices that have been shown to have higher luminous efficacy, higher contrast ratio, and higher energy efficiency than existing mainstream technologies based on liquid crystals or organic LEDs (OLEDs). Portable display applications such as wearable devices and head-up display are some of the interesting applications of $\mu $ LED displays. However, this technology has not yet been mass-produced for commercial devices due to process yields, costs, and manufacturability issues. This article presents a novel technology for the heterogeneous integration of a $\mu $ LED matrix display with bipolar complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) DMOS (BCD) circuits that could improve manufacturability by eliminating the need for a dedicated bond stack in the bump-bonding process. To validate the concept, custom high-performance, 2-D arrays of parallel-addressed GaN blue $\mu $ LEDs matrices were fabricated. The individual $\mu $ LED pixel diameters are 20 and 50 $\mu \text{m}$ , respectively, and the overall dimension of the array is $650~\mu \text{m}^{2}$ . In addition, a $\mu $ LED display driver-integrated circuit (IC) with a compact size of $3\times 4.4$ mm2 has been designed, implemented, and verified experimentally for the $\mu $ LED matrices. Measured output optical power-forward bias current-forward bias voltage ( ${P}$ – ${I}$ – ${V}$ ) curves of the individual $\mu $ LED pixel are shown. The $4\times 4\,\,\mu $ LED matrix has also been successfully driven using active-matrix driving and display pictures to demonstrate the function of active-matrix driving are presented.

Objective Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is the most frequent complication in Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) patients. Currently HAEC is diagnosed clinically, leaving uncertainty in the diagnosis thereby potentially leading to over- or undertreatment of patients. The aim of this study was to identify immune biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis of HAEC. Methods From 2012 to 2017, 43 children with HSCR enrolled in a multicenter study, underwent retrospective evaluation of their medical records, and questionnaire-directed parent interviews. HAEC status was determined using HAEC score with cutoff ≥4. Plasma was collected and analyzed by ELISA for the inflammatory bowel disease-associated antibodies: anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan antibodies (ASCA), outer membrane porin C (OmpC), CBir1, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Data were analyzed using t test, univariate, multivariable, and binomial regression models. Results Eighteen patients had at least 1 episode of HAEC, 25 had no history of HAEC. The HAEC and NO HAEC groups had similar median ages (3 years) and family histories of HSCR. The HAEC group showed markedly elevated ASCA IgA and OmpC antibody levels compared with the NO HAEC group, whereas CBir1 and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were similar between the groups. Both univariate and multivariable analysis revealed higher OmpC antibody levels associated with HAEC (odds ratio 1.39, confidence interval 1-1.92, P = 0.048), whereas univariate analysis identified a trend toward elevated IgA and immunoglobulin G ASCA levels with HAEC. Conclusions We identified elevated OmpC and ASCA serum antibody levels in HAEC patients, and that increased OmpC antibody levels correlated with HAEC occurrence, suggesting HAEC and Crohn disease share gut microbial-host immune responses. These antibodies may serve as potential biomarkers for HAEC, although prospective study with larger sample size is needed.

The 79-day Umbrella Movement in 2014 is the largest civil disobedience movement in Hong Kong’s history. Based on a sample of 186 protesters and 503 students, the present paper aims to examine the p...