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Досліджено динаміку видового складу 90–127-річних полезахисних лісових смуг в умовах Байрачного Степу України. Виявлено, що дуб звичайний у полезахисних лісових смугах в умовах Степу зберігає біологічну стійкість навіть у віці понад 120 років. За санітарним станом переважна більшість досліджуваних полезахисних лісових смуг характеризуються як «здорові насадження» та «ослаблені насадження» (Іс = І,1–ІІ,2). За відсутності доглядів ажурність вертикального профілю досліджуваних полезахисних лісових смуг зменшується, запроєктована продувна конструкція змінюється на щільну. За результатами однофакторного дисперсійного аналізу (ANOVA) не виявлено значущої різниці таксаційних і лісомеліоративних показників між групами «мішані насадження» та «чисті насадження» ПЛС (Ff < Fcrit, p > 0,05). Визначено, що за період 1894–2021 рр. відбулися зміни у видовому складі полезахисних лісових смуг у бік збільшення участі деревно-чагарникових видів. Зі складу зникли вісім видів, з’явилися 23 нових види. У досліджуваних насадженнях (станом на 2021 р.) презентовано 44 види дерев, чагарників і ліан. Видовий склад є найбільш різноманітним в узлісних частинах, причому близько половини становлять аборигенні види.

Introduction The soils of the forest and agrarian experimental sites in the State Enterprise ‘Mariupol Forest Research Station’ have been influenced by the ameliorative system of rare protective forest stands, the history of which is more than 125 years. Therefore, it is urgent to study a current chemical composition of the soils. The aim of the research was to study and analyse chemical characteristics of the soils on the arable land and in the forest shelterbelts in the State Enterprise ‘Mariupol Forest Research Station’ as well as in the farm of the Donetsk Region. Materials and Methods The object of the research was medium-humus chernozems formed on heavy loamy soils under forb-fescue-feather grass vegetation on agricultural land and those under the shelterbelts in studied farms. To do the research, we used field, laboratory-analytical, and statistical methods. A chemical analysis was carried out on 33 soil samples. The forest stands were inspected with commonly accepted methods. The results were analysed by means of statistical methods. Results Inspected field shelterbelts are dominated by Quercus robur L. of 50–126 years old. Their area makes 0.7–3.8 ha; the relative density of stocking is 0.6–0.8. The arable land occupies from 9.8 to 34.0 ha. The forested index of the arable land in SE ‘Mariupol Forest Research Station’ is from 9.0 to 13.9 km·km-2, that of the farm land is 3.2 km·km-2. The highest humus content was found in the soils under field shelterbelts in the permanent forest and agrarian experimental site (8.44–17.36%). It was 5.08–6.96% on the arable land. The difference of average values is 6.06%. This value varies more in the stands than in the field. In the soil of the fields and stands of the farm, the content of humus is about 6.0%. The reduction of humus content in the soil in the fields for 60 years is 0.51–0.82%, in the field shelterbelts it is about 2%. At the studied sites, pH of the soil-water extract for the arable soil is 6.8–7.75 (actual soil acidity) and pH of the salt extract is 5.7–6.8 (exchangeable soil acidity). In the field shelterbelts the values were 6.2–7.75 and 5.25–7.0, respectively. The content of nitrogen and potassium is higher in the shelterbelt soil while that of phosphorus is higher in arable land. Conclusions The highest content of humus was found in the 0–10-cm layer of chernozems under the forest shelterbelts in the permanent forest and agrarian experimental site (from 8.44 to 17.36%); on arable land this value varies from 5.08 to 6.96%. The content of humus in the soils in 92–126-year-old forest shelterbelts (SE ‘Mariupol Forest Research Station’) exceeds the value on arable land by 6.06%. In the soils of the farm, the contents of humus in the field and in the stands do not differ significantly (about 6.0%). There has been a decrease in the content of humus in the soil of some fields of agricultural land (about 1.0%) and forest shelterbelts (about 2%) of the permanent forest and agrarian experimental site for the last 60 years. The soil pH in the sites is mostly neutral. The content of nitrogen and potassium is higher in soils in the shelterbelts, while that of is higher in arable land.

Introduction In Donetsk Region, overburden dumps are the most common among lands disturbed by the mining industry. They have low fertility, unfavourable physical and chemical properties and microclimatic conditions. Natural revegetation accompanied by changes in species composition and structure is an important ecological and biological process in land disturbed by industry. In such areas, the species composition transforms over time from herbaceous associations to complex multi-species groups with a participation of the arboflora representatives. The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamics of natural revegetation with trees and shrubs in disturbed areas in Donetsk Region Materials and Methods The study was carried out during 2002–2020 on external dumps of overburden soils. Processes of natural revegetation were studied by laying temporary and permanent sample plots, accounting plots and route courses according to generally accepted methods in the most representative sites to cover all types of revegetation in transformed areas and a detailed description of the process. Results and Conclusions The research areas are located on the slopes of different exposures and steepness. Soil mixtures of overburden soils belong to ІІ (relatively poor soils) and ІІІ (poor soils) fertility classes (forest suitability) and to very dry (0) and dry types (1) of site conditions. Natural revegetation on external dumps occurs with a participation of the most site-adaptive species, primarily in micro-depressions, on the slopes of western and north-western exposures and in the lower parts of eastern and northeastern exposures, i.e. under better humidity and microclimate conditions. Trees and shrubs regenerate better on highly stony and medium stony soils. Sylvatization occurs first by seed, then by the vegetative type, and by the combined type later on. The nature of plant spread is gradual: from dispersed to continuous. Silvatization is predicted to lead to formation of new plant communities and to increase forest cover in disturbed areas. In quarry and dump areas, natural revegetation occurs in stages – from grassy vegetation to the formation of groups with a predominance of tree and shrub species, not only in areas with favourable forest conditions but also in the areas considered unsuitable for forest by their edaphotopes and hyhrotopes. Robinia pseudoacacia L., Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Symphoricarpus rivularis Suksdorf, Swida sangunea (L.) Opiz,, Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill., Prunus spinosa L., Соtinus coggygria Scop., Fraxinus excelsior L., Ulmus (U.) glabra Huds., U. suberosa Moench, Rosa canina L., Rhus typhina L., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., Acer (A.) tataricum L., A. negundo L., Crataegus oxyacantha L., Lycium barbarum L., Lonicera tatarica L. Ligustrum vulgare L. are most actively renewed by seed and vegetative ways. 2 Figs., 3 Tables, 33 Refs. Key words: reclamation, natural revegetation, trees, shrubs.

Introduction The world community has recognized the necessity to thoroughly study forest hydrology and the interaction between forest vegetation and water. Research works confirm a vital role forests play in ensuring water distribution and water quality. Changes in ground water regime are influenced by stands, weather conditions, anthropogenic and other factors. The study is urgent as it is necessary to specify current synergistic relationship between the dynamics of groundwater levels (GWL), meteorological factors, and pathological forest decline in the region. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of GWL and its relationship with meteorological conditions. Materials and Methods The research was carried out at the water catchment of the permanent forest study area in the Mariupol Forest Research Station in Donetsk Region, Ukraine, on five stationary boreholes from January 2000 to August 2014 and the autumn-winter period of 2020 in the stands aged 90–122 years and their edges. The surface of the study site is flat or with slight slopes. The soils are common chernozems on forest-like loams. The data of the meteorological station of Mariupol Forest Research Station were used. Results and Conclusions The highest GWL (2000–2014) was registered in 2005, while the lowest – in 2008–2009. There is a noticeable cyclical fluctuation of GWL and downward trends. The increase or decrease in GWL occurs the following year after an abnormally rainy or arid year. The rise of GWL occurs gradually from February to June. During the period of active vegetation, the maximum GWL is observed, later it decreases. In 2020, during the autumn and winter months, there was a decrease in GWL in all the boreholes. Thus, this value reached a record low level in the watershed (borehole 2 – 1,460 cm, borehole 4 – 1,390 cm). The fluctuations of GWL amplitude s increased in all sample points, the most in borehole 5 (by 300 cm). For all of the boreholes, a weak correlation was found between the GWL by months and the precipitation at this time, and moderate one between the GWL and the precipitation in the previous month. The correlation between the average monthly values of the GWL and the precipitation was weak, for the previous month it was moderate. The water level in the pond situated in the territory of the enterprise decreased by 1.9 m as of 2020. Decrease of GWL has a negative impact on the forest. Oak stands decline mostly gradually, of weak and medium degrees, single and group character. In the spruce stand the decline is sharp, of a severe degree and a continuous nature. Oak trees adapt better to changes in soil moisture. GWL was the lowest in the watershed, while it was the highest in the gully. The largest amplitude of GWL fluctuations was observed in the gully at the eastern edge of the protective forest shelterbelt; the smallest one was found at the watershed. During the growing season, GWL was maximal. The highest GWL was in 2005, the lowest in 2020. There is a cyclical rhythm of GWL fluctuations and a downward trend. There is a strong correlation between GWL and the average long-term air temperature by months, and a moderate correlation between GWL and the precipitation in the previous year. A decrease in ground water level intensifies pathological decline of forests in the region. 14 Figs., 3 Tables, 18 Refs. Key words: ground water level fluctuation, meteorological factors, water catchment area, forest hydrology.

Active immunization of white rats with cholecystokinin-4 covalently linked to the antigen carrier BSA evoked long-lasting changes in the rats' behavior, which were in the opposite direction to the anxiogenic effects of cholecystokinin-4 itself, showing that immunization had anxiolytic effects. Immunoenzyme analysis demonstrated the presence of antibodies to cholecystokinin-4 in the serum of immunized rats. These data are interesting from the point of view of correcting pathological anxiety and fear states by inverse immunoregulation.

Active immunisation of albino rats by the BSA-conjugated CCK-4 induced formation of antibodies to the CCK-4 and some long-term changes of the rat behaviour. These changes were contrary to anxiogenic effect of the CCK-4 and demonstrated an anxiolytic effect of the immunisation. The data obtained suggest a possibility of an immunocorrection of pathological anxiety and fear by an inverse immunoregulation.