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We investigated microwave propagation in the chiral spin soliton lattice (CSL) phase of micrometer-sized crystals of the monoaxial chiral helimagnet CrNb₃S₆. An advantage of the CSL is that its periodicity can be reconfigured over a macroscopic length scale by means of an external magnetic field. Using a two-antenna microwave spectroscopy technique, we measured the anisotropic response of the transmitted microwaves via the spin dynamics of the CSL. When propagating along the direction parallel to the helical axis, the microwave amplitude increased up to a factor of twenty with decreasing the number of chiral soliton kinks. When the propagation direction was rotated by 90 degrees with regards to the helical axis, the microwave amplitude increased by one order of magnitude upon formation of the chiral helimagnetic order in the vicinity of zero magnetic field, exceeding that of the ferromagnetic phase above the critical field. Our findings open a novel route for controlling the characteristics of microwave propagation using noncollinear spin textures.

We discuss how the collective magnetic resonance response of the monoaxial chiral helimagnetic crystal ${\mathrm{CrNb}}_{3}{\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ can be tailored by changing the area of its magnetization plane. Micrometer-sized samples of this crystal yield a number of resonance modes occurring at frequencies ranging from 15 to 20 GHz, even in the absence of a magnetic field. Changes in the resonance bandwidth, of the order of several GHz, are attributed to the effect of the spatially nonuniform demagnetization fields on standing spin wave modes. This material hosts a chiral spin soliton lattice phase, whose field robustness, degree of controllability, and the relatively unexplored polarization-dependent microwave absorption make way for novel microwave applications.

We investigate the magnetic field dependence of the spin excitation spectra of the chiral soliton lattice (CSL) in the helimagnet CrNb3S6, by\ud means of microwave resonance spectroscopy. The CSL is a prototype of a noncollinear spin system that forms periodically over a\ud macroscopic length scale. Following the field initialization of the CSL, we found three collective resonance modes over an exceptionally wide\ud frequency range. Upon further reducing the magnetic field toward 0 T, the spectral weight of these collective modes was disrupted by the\ud emergence of additional resonances whose Kittel-like field dependence was linked to coexisting field polarized magnetic domains. The collective behavior at a macroscopic level was only recovered upon reaching the helical magnetic state at 0 T. The magnetic history of this noncollinear spin system can be utilized to control microwave absorption, with potential use in magnon-driven devices.

We report broadband microwave spectroscopy in micrometer-sized platelet devices of a monoaxial chiral magnetic crystal CrNb 3 S 6 with a helical c axis perpendicular to the device plane. In this device configuration, we found that the resonance of a chiral spin soliton lattice is insensitive to the direction of magnetic field H. In contrast to such behavior, resonance signals were largely suppressed in the ferromagnetic phase when the direction of H is parallel to a dominant component of the driving microwave field. Thus, by interchanging between the chiral spin soliton lattice and ferromagnetic phases, the microwave resonance can be switched on and off. The present device configuration allows us to demonstrate a switching performance, together with discrete changes in the resonance frequency by changing the H strength.

The FIREX-1 project, the goal of which is to demonstrate fuel heating up to 5 keV by fast ignition scheme, has been carried out since 2003 including construction and tuning of LFEX laser and integrated experiments. Implosion and heating experiment of Fast Ignition targets have been performed since 2009 with Gekko-XII and LFEX lasers. A deuterated polystyrene shell target was imploded with the 0.53- μm Gekko-XII, and the 1.053- μm beam of the LFEX laser was injected through a gold cone attached to the shell to generate hot electrons to heat the imploded fuel plasma. Pulse contrast ratio of the LFEX beam was significantly improved. Also a variety of plasma diagnostic instruments were developed to be compatible with harsh environment of intense hard x-rays (γ rays) and electromagnetic pulses due to the intense LFEX beam on the target. Large background signals around the DD neutron signal in time-of-flight record of neutron detector were found to consist of neutrons via (γ,n) reactions and scattered gamma rays. Enhanced neutron yield was confirmed by carefully eliminating such backgrounds. Neutron enhancement up to 3.5 × 107 was observed. Heating efficiency was estimated to be 10-20% assuming a uniform temperature rise model. © Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2013.

Implosion and heating experiments at the Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University on Fast Ignition (FI) targets for the FIREX-1 project have been performed with Gekko-XII laser for implosions and LFEX laser for heating. We tried to reduce the prepulse level in the LFEX laser system and have improved the plasma diagnostics to observe the plasma in the harsh hard X-ray environment. A plastic (CD) shell target, 7-μm thick and 500 μm in diameter with a hollow gold cone was used in this experiment to guide the short-pulse laser at the time of the maximum compression. The shell target was imploded with 9 or 12 beams of Gekko-XII laser (527 nm) with energy of 300 J/beam in a 1.5 ns pulse. Two of the four LFEX laser (1053 nm) beams were injected into the inside bottom of the cone with an energy up to 0.7 kJ/beam in a 1.5 ps pulse at the time around the maximum implosion. We have observed neutron enhancement up to 3.5 × 107 with total heating energy of 300 J, which is higher than the yield obtained in the previous experiment in 2002 [R. Kodama et al. Nature 418, 933 (2002)]. We found the estimated heating efficiency is at a level of 10–20%. Fuel heating to 5 keV is expected when the full output of LFEX is used.

To investigate the influence of the crossing angles of columnar defects (CDs) on the in-field properties of the critical current density J c and the scaling parameter m derived from the isothermal current–voltage characteristics near the glass-liquid transition at B || c -axis, YBCO thin films were irradiated using the 200 MeV Xe ions at two angles ± θ i relative to the c -axis. For the thin films, the obvious effect of the crossing angle of CDs occurred on the vortex glass-liquid transition more than the J c properties. On the glass-liquid transition line, two inflection points induced by the c -axis correlated pinning were confirmed even for the samples of θ i = ±45°. In the magnetic field dependence of m , the peak or kink appeared near B / B ϕ = 1/3 for the smaller crossing angles, whereas that was slightly visible for the samples of θ i = ±45°. In addition, the values of m for the small crossing angle were larger than those for the parallel CD configuration, while those for the larger crossing angle became smaller. These results suggested that the morphologies of correlated pinning centers strongly affect the dynamics of flux lines even in the disordered system such as thin films.

We investigated the dependences of the critical current density Jc on the magnetic field angle θ in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films with the crossed configurations of the columnar defects (CDs). To install the crossed CDs, the films were irradiated using the high energetic Xe ions at two angles relative to the c-axis. The additional peak around the c-axis appears in the Jc(θ) for all irradiated films. In lower magnetic fields, the height of the Jc(θ) peak caused by the crossed CDs with the crossing angles θi = ±10° was higher than that for the parallel CDs. It is considered that the correlation of the flux pinning by the crossed CDs along the c-axis occurs even in the case of θi = ±25°, which was also suggested by the kink behaviors of the scaling parameters of the current–voltage characteristics near 1/3 of the matching field. In higher magnetic fields, on the other hand, the height and width of the Jc(θ) peak for the crossed CD configurations rapidly reduce with increasing the magnetic field compared to the parallel ones. In the crossed CD configurations, the dispersion in the direction of CDs would prevent the correlation of flux pinning along the c-axis in high magnetic fields, which occurs in the parallel CD configurations due to the collective pinning of flux lines including the interstitial flux lines between the directly pinned flux lines by CDs.

A selfconsistent many body approach for the description of gases with quartets, trions, and pairs is presented. Applications to 3D Fermi systems at low density are discussed.

The hyperspherical adiabatic expansion method is combined with the zero-range approximation to derive angular Faddeev-like equations for two-component boson systems. The angular eigenvalues are solutions to a transcendental equation obtained as a vanishing determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix. The eigenfunctions are linear combinations of Jacobi functions of argument proportional to the distance between pairs of particles. We investigate numerically the influence of two-body correlations on the eigenvalue spectrum, the eigenfunctions and the effective hyperradial potential. Correlations decrease or increase the distance between pairs for effectively attractive or repulsive interactions, respectively. New structures appear for non-identical components. Fingerprints can be found in the nodal structure of the density distributions of the condensates.

We investigate two-component boson systems consisting of atoms and binary bound molecules of the same atoms. We assume that a coherent superposition of atomic and molecular Bose?Einstein condensates is formed in a non-stationary state leading to oscillations between the two condensates. To facilitate the formulation, we first give analogies in neutrino oscillations applicable for two states of one particle. We then extend to many non-interacting particles in an external field treated in the mean-field approximation as for collective motion of finite systems. We then go beyond the mean field and provide a framework for interacting particles and correlated wavefunctions. The atom?molecule oscillation frequency is dominated by the molecular binding energy when the atom?atom scattering length is substantially smaller than the oscillator trap length. Comparable scattering lengths can completely change the oscillation frequency. The damping time of the oscillations decreases with atom number and scattering lengths, although a large increase can occur for special combinations of the different interactions.

We use the hyperspherical adiabatic expansion method to formulate the angular Faddeev-like equation for N identical bosons including effects of two-body correlations. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions determine the effective potentials in the coupled set of radial equations. The zero-range approximation is implemented on the free solutions as a boundary condition obtained by using the effective-range expansion of the two-body phase shift. This results in a new angular eigenvalue equation expressed as a transcendental equation in the index of the Jacobi functions corresponding to solutions for non-interacting particles. The collapse for attractive potentials is avoided by including scattering length, effective range and shape-parameter terms in the effective-range expansion of the phase shift. Correspondingly the hyperradial dependence in the eigenvalue equation is either a polynomial of first, second, or fourth order. Two-body correlations are included. The arithmetic eigenvalue equation allows derivation of analytic properties such as for example simple scaling relations for the particle number dependence. Excellent agreement with finite-range numerical results is obtained. The couplings between adiabatic channels are discussed. Including only the lowest adiabatic potential is shown to be sufficient for most applications on dilute systems.

We study two-body correlations for $N$ identical bosons by use of the hyperspherical adiabatic expansion method. We use the zero-range interaction and derive a transcendental equation determining the key ingredient of the hyperradial potential. The necessary renormalization is for both repulsive and attractive interactions achieved with an effective range expansion of the two-body phase-shifts. Our solutions including correlations provide the properties of Bose-Einstein condensates exemplified by stability conditions as established by mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii calculations. The many-body Efimov states are unavoidable for large scattering lengths.

The effective potential is computed for two boson systems in one trap as a function of their two individual hyperadii and the distance between their centers. Zero-range interactions are used and only relative s-states are included. Existence and properties of minima are investigated as a function of these three collective coordinates. For sufficiently strong repulsion stable structures are found at a finite distance between the centers. The relative center of masses motion corresponds to the lowest normal mode. The highest normal mode is essentially the breathing mode where the subsystems vibrate by scaling their radii in phase. The intermediate normal mode corresponds to isovector motion where the subsystems vibrate by scaling their radii in opposite phase. Stability conditions are established as substantially more restrictive than in mean-field computations., Comment: submitted to Journal of Physics B

We improved diagnostic instruments to measure X-ray images in a hard X-ray harsh environment and succeeded in obtaining clear images with X-ray framing camera and X-ray streak camera in fast ignition experiment conducted in 2011 (FG-02 Experimental Campaign). We found that high-energy X-ray signals could be used as an indicator of the LFEX laser injection time relative to the imploded core. The LFEX laser injection time was estimated with better than 10 ps accuracy. Time-resolved 2D X-ray images suggested that shapes and motions of imploded core plasmas were improved by changing the configuration of the implosion lasers.

The magnetic resonance properties of microsized monoaxial chiral crystals of CrNb3S6 are investigated. We observed that the resonance of the chiral soliton lattice is sensitive to the polarization of the driving microwave field. When the microwave field is parallel to the helical axis, the resonance is symmetric with regards to the magnetic field direction. In contrast, asymmetric field dependence emerges when the microwave field is perpendicular to the helical axis. The robustness of the chiral magnetic order, due to topological protection, allows tuning the resonance frequency in ways hardly accessible using nanopatterned films.

Columnar defects (CDs) were installed into YBa2Cu3O y thin films at the crossing angle ±θ i relative to the c-axis using 200 MeV Xe ions, in order to clarify the influence of ±θ i on the angular behaviours of critical current density J c. The width of a J c peak occuring at B || c linearly increases with broadening CD-crossing angle, where its shape maintains a single peak in the range of θ i ≤ ±25°. The CDs crossing at ±45°, on the other hand, drastically change the angular behaviour of J c around B || c: the J c is equally elevated over the angular region from −45° to 45° in the lower magnetic field, whereas the rapid reduction of the J c occurs at B || c with increasing magnetic field, leading to the appearance of double peaks near the irradiation angles, ±45°. This crossover phenomenon is attributed to the difference in the pinned states of flux lines between B || c and at the irradiation angles: the CDs crossing at ±45° cannot provide the correlated flux pinning along the c-axis, resulting in the uncorrelated pinned state at B || c.

We proposed the new laser arrangement to implode a target, a 12-beam implosion, and tried it in a fast ignition integration experiments. The concept of the 12-beam implosion is as follows. The three laser beams near a cone are shifted not to irradiate a cone and a long gold cone is used to prevent the irradiation of those three laser beams with fundamental frequency. In experiments, time-resolved two-dimensional X-ray images of an imploded core plasma were obtained by an X-ray framing camera. It is found that the spherical symmetry of the imploded core plasma is improved and the motion of the imploded core plasma towards the cone is suppressed in half in the 12-beam implosion. We believe that the 12-beam implosion will become a useful concept in controlling the imploded core plasma.

We investigate two-component boson systems by using their two individual average sizes and the distance between their centers as coordinates. We use zero-range interactions and include only relative $s$ waves. An effective potential is computed and discussed as a function of particle numbers and interaction strengths. Efimov conditions of two very large scattering lengths can arise if one component is a binary molecule. The corresponding atom-molecule interaction can then exhibit chaotic behavior. We present static and dynamic properties of an atom-molecule two-component system. We discuss the possible atom-molecule oscillations when all atoms are identical. The atomic number is then used as a collective coordinate and the cranking mass is computed. The collective oscillation frequency is estimated and compared with the trap frequency and the three-body recombination rate.

Structure and stability for two‐component boson systems are studied by use of the hyperadii of the two systems and the distance between their centers. Sufficiently strong repulsion between different bosons form stable structures at a finite distance between the centers. This repulsion also leads to less stable systems than predicted by mean‐field theory.

The lowest adiabatic potential expressed in hyperspherical coordinates is estimated for two boson systems in an external harmonic trap. Corresponding conditions for stability are investigated and the related structures are extracted for zero-range interactions. Strong repulsion between non-identical particles leads to two new features, respectively when identical particles attract or repel each other. For repulsion new stable structures arise with displaced center of masses. For attraction the mean-field stability region is restricted due to motion of the center of masses.

We study the dynamical behavior of a Bose-Fermi mixture of trapped atomic gases which exhibits phase separation for a sufficiently strong repulsive interparticle interaction. For a dominantly bosonic mixture, the fermion density distribution and the associated single-particle spectra undergo a rapid change around the transition to the separated phase. Monopole strength distribution is studied in the random-phase approximation. The average energy calculated from the fermionic monopole strength shows a sharp minimum close to the transition point. The dynamical origin of the fermion single particle and collective properties is studied within a simple approximation.

Waveguide photodiodes are suitable for integration with edge-emitting laser diodes, waveguide amplifiers, or planar lightwave circuits (PLC). As for waveguide photodiodes, wide bandwidth and high external quantum efficiency were already reported. However, it has scarcely been reported that the devices have

A scheduling simulator is used for project management and production management. However, because scheduling is a combination optimization problem, a lot of time is necessary to make a schedule which can actually be used. A software module which improved the schedule represented by the Gantt chart was developed. Using fuzzy technology, knowhow to improve the schedule was implemented in this schedule improvement module. To decrease the idle time in the schedule, this module optimized the Gantt chart. For example, the production time was shortened by 10.7% when this module was applied to the job shop scheduling of the machine processing. The production time was shortened by 17.6% when this module was applied to the flow shop scheduling of the part assembly. The knowhow which optimizes the Gantt chart used in this module is general purpose. This software can easily be connected to the schedule simulator. Therefore, this module can be applied to the wide variations of scheduling. >

Auxiliary liver transplantation (ALT) is known to correct liver-based metabolic disorders. However, it remains unclear whether the presence of a native liver influences the long-term prognosis of ALT for metabolic diseases. We reported on a 4-yr-old girl who had undergone living-related auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and experienced severe late acute rejection 18 months after liver transplantation, during weaning of immunosuppressive agents. Results of histological analysis of the graft indicated very severe acute rejection (rejection activity index, 9/9), and computed tomography revealed graft liver atrophy. These observations suggest the possibility that severe rejection might occur in APOLT, especially during weaning of immunosuppression.

The role of GB virus-C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV), a recently identified member of the Flaviviridae family, in children with liver disease is not well understood. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of GBV-C/HGV and to clarify its pathogenic role in young patients with chronic hepatitis C. Sixty-four Japanese children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with a mean age of 9.8 years, were evaluated retrospectively. Twenty-one (32.8%) of the 64 patients were positive for serum GBV-C/HGV RNA. Only 1 (1.6%) of the 64 patients was positive for antibody against the envelope protein E2 of GBV-C/HGV (anti-E2) and GBV-C/HGV. None of them was positive for anti-E2 alone. There was no significant difference in clinical, virological, or histological characteristics between GBV-C/HGV-positive and GBV-C/HGV-negative patients, except for underlying malignant disease. There was no evidence that GBV-C/HGV might affect the response of HCV to interferon therapy in young patients with chronic hepatitis C. The prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection in young patients with chronic hepatitis C is similar to that in adult patients with chronic hepatitis C, but E2-seroconversion is observed infrequently. Underlying malignant disease is a risk factor for GBV-C/HGV viremia. GBV-C/HGV does not seem to affect the clinical course of young patients with chronic hepatitis C.

A high-sensitive surface mount PD preamplifier module has been developed by applying a passive alignment structure to a low-capacitance surface-illuminated PD. The sensitivity of over - 36 dBm has been obtained for 622 Mb/s signal.

Based on the successful result of fast heating of a shell target with a cone for heating beam injection at Osaka University in 2002 using the PW laser (Kodama et al 2002 Nature 418 933), the FIREX-1 project was started in 2004. Its goal is to demonstrate fuel heating up to 5 keV using an upgraded heating laser beam. For this purpose, the LFEX laser, which can deliver an energy up to10 kJ in a 0.5–20 ps pulse at its full spec, has been constructed in addition to the Gekko-XII laser system at the Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University. It has been activated and became operational since 2009. Following the previous experiment with the PW laser, upgraded integrated experiments of fast ignition have been started using the LFEX laser with an energy up to 1 kJ in 2009 and 2 kJ in 2010 in a 1–5 ps 1.053 µm pulse. Experimental results including implosion of the shell target by Gekko-XII, heating of the imploded fuel core by LFEX laser injection, and increase of the neutron yield due to fast heating compared with no heating have been achieved. Results in the 2009 experiment indicated that the heating efficiency was 3–5%, much lower than the 20–30% expected from the previous 2002 data. It was attributed to the very hot electrons generated in a long scale length plasma in the cone preformed with a prepulse in the LFEX beam. The prepulse level was significantly reduced in the 2010 experiment to improve the heating efficiency. Also we have improved the plasma diagnostics significantly which enabled us to observe the plasma even in the hard x-ray harsh environment. In the 2010 experiment, we have observed neutron enhancement up to 3.5 × 107 with total heating energy of 300 J on the target, which is higher than the yield obtained in the 2009 experiment and the previous data in 2002. We found the estimated heating efficiency to be at a level of 10–20%. 5 keV heating is expected at the full output of the LFEX laser by controlling the heating efficiency.

A self-consistent theory for quartet condensation in homogeneous infinite nuclear matter is proposed. It goes along similar lines as Gorkov theory for pairing. However, details and physical consequences are very different. For example in the quartet case no sharp quasi-particle pole develops in the single particle propagator. Also quartet condensation only exists in the BEC phase and no extended coherence length develops in weak coupling. The critical temperature for quartet condensation is also investigated in analogy to the Thouless criterion for pairing.

We investigate dynamical properties of a one-component Fermi gas with dipole-dipole interaction between particles. Using a variational function based on the Thomas-Fermi density distribution in phase space representation, the total energy is described by a function of deformation parameters in both real and momentum space. Various thermodynamic quantities of a uniform dipolar Fermi gas are derived, and then instability of this system is discussed. For a trapped dipolar Fermi gas, the collective oscillation frequencies are derived with the energy-weighted sum rule method. The frequencies for the monopole and quadrupole modes are calculated, and softening against collapse is shown as the dipolar strength approaches the critical value. Finally, we investigate the effects of the dipolar interaction on the expansion dynamics of the Fermi gas and show how the dipolar effects manifest in an expanded cloud., 14 pages, 8 figures, submitted to New J. Phys

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) EC 2.5.2.18) catalyzes conjugation of reduced glutathione with hydrophobic substrates, such as S-epoxide active molecules. It participates in glutathione metabolism and the gamma-glutamyl cycle, playing an important role in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds. It is also known as a marker of pre-neoplasia in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. Isoelectric focusing studies have revealed that this enzyme is composed of several isozymes, one of which, an acidic form of GST called GST-pi, has been extracted from human placenta. In this study, we prepared monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against human GST-pi from placenta. Specificity was confirmed by immunoblots of GST-pi after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and inhibition testing of enzyme activity by the antibody. The subclass of the antibody was IgG1 and the light chain was kappa. In light microscopic immunohistochemical studies of human placenta using the MAb, GST-pi was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and along the apical cell membranes of syncytial cells in villi and in the cytoplasm of cytotrophoblastic cells in the basal plate. The MAb we prepared may also be useful for analyzing the enzyme's function in detoxification and biosynthesis of many compounds, as well as for oncological studies, such as diagnosis of malignant disease and localization of oncofetal proteins in malignant tissues.

The electrochemical synthesis and physico-chemical properties of neutral zinc(II) complexes of bidentate Schiff bases derived from salicylaldehydes are presented together with the X-ray structure of bis[N-(4-methylphenyl)salicylaldiminato]zinc(II). The crystal is monoclinic, a = 21.877(3), b = 8.801(2), c = 12.027(5) Å, β = 96.55(3)°, space group C2/c. The complex is a monomer, and the zinc atom is tetrahedrally coordinated.

Optical gain and losses of GaAs laser diodes were deduced from the length dependence of the threshold current density and the differential external quantum efficiency at 77 and 300°K. It has been confirmed that the optical gain is proportional to the threshold current density J t ; and the optical losses are given by the sum of current independent term \alpha_{0}' , and current dependent term \beta"J_{t} , which is proportional to the threshold current density. The term \beta"J_{t} depends on the laser wavelength because the threshold current density depends on the laser wavelength. It is believed that \beta"J_{t} is caused by the penetration of the laser oscillations into the noninverted regions surrounding the inverted population region of the p-n junction.

A p-n-p-n temperature-sensitive switching device "Thermosenstor" operatable in the temperature range of -30°C to 150°C has been developed by implanting argon ion to the collector junction of the p-n-p-n structure. Argon ion implantation also permits the device to be less sensitive to the dV/dt triggering as well as to eliminate the on-off switching temperature differential. The construction, characteristics and reliability are described.

A new type of temperature-sensitive switching device constructed with a p-n-p -n structure has been developed. This new device can be turned on by a predetermined temperature under the forward bias. This turn-on temperature can be shifted from 50°C to 150°C by connecting gate shunt resistance in parallel with emitter junction of the device. This device owes its features to the thyristor structure which gives contactless and latching switch, gate controlled operation and fast switching. However, several modifications have been made from conventional thyristor design in doping levels and dimensions for temperature-sensitive switching device. The structure, operation, characteristics the feature of the device are described.

Threshold current density of solution-grown GaAs laser diodes with a Fabry-Perot cavity were measured at 77 and 300°K by varying the acceptor concentration in the p region N a . Threshold current density was lower in the series of diodes with larger values of N a than in the series of diodes with smaller values of N a for the diode length between 0.1 and 1 mm. Through these experiments diodes with the threshold current density as low as 3 \times10^{2} A/cm2at 77°K and 2.8 \times 10^{4} A/cm2at 300°K for the diode length of 1 mm, and as low as 103A/cm2at 77°K and 4.5 \times 10^{4} A/cm2at 300°K for the diode length of 0.1 mm were obtained.

[This corrects the article on p. 274 in vol. 27, PMID: 39319279.]., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: Masaaki Mori has received consulting fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Ltd. and Taisho Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd.; and belongs to an institution that has received funding from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation, UCB Japan Co., Ltd., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., CSL Behring Corporate, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, AbbVie GK, and Japan Blood Products Organization. Yoshiko Nakayama has received lecture fees from AstraZeneca. Shigeo Nishimata, Tadafumi Yokoyama, Ryo Matsuoka, Reiko Hatori, Masaki Shimizu, Yuri Etani, and Tsuyoshi Sogo have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Katsuhiro Arai has received payments or honoraria from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and EA Pharma Co., Ltd.; and belongs to an institution that has received grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and EA Pharma Co., Ltd.; and consulting fees from EA Pharma Co., Ltd. Tomoko Ishizu, Masahiro Nii, and Ryosuke Nakashima are employees of AstraZeneca and hold stock options in AstraZeneca. Toshiaki Shimizu has received research grants from JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. and The Food Science Institute Foundation (Ryoshoku-kenkyukai; Tokyo, Japan)., (Copyright © 2024 by The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.)