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Fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith) is a polyphagous and highly destructive invasive insect pest of many crops. It was recently introduced into India and widely reported in almost all parts of India. Development of a temperature-based phenology model for predicting its rate of development and distribution will help in understanding the establishment and further spread of introduced invasive insect pests. Development, survival and reproduction parameters ofS. frugiperdaat six constant temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, 27, 30 and 35°C) were investigated and further validated with data generated under fluctuating temperature conditions. The estimated lower developmental threshold temperatures were 12.1°C for eggs, 11°C for larvae, 12.2°C for pupae, 15.13°C for males and 12.66°C for females. Degree-day (DD) requirements for the development of the different stages ofS. frugiperdawere 50, 250 and 200 DD for egg, larva and pupa, respectively. The best-fitted functions were compiled for each life stage to yield a phenology model, which was stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters. The developed phenology model predicted temperature ranges between 27 and 30°C as favourable forS. frugiperdadevelopment, survival and reproduction. The results revealed that maximum net reproductive rate (215.66 females/female/generation) and total fecundity (981.08 individuals/female/generation) were attained at 30°C constant temperature. The mean length of generations decreased from 74.29 days at 15°C to 38.74 days at 30°C. The maximum intrinsic rate of increase (0.138 females/female/day) and shortest doubling time (4.9 days) were also observed at 30°C. Results of simulated life table parameters showed high temperature-dependent development ofS. frugiperdaand complete development within all the tested constant temperature ranges (15–35°C). Simulated life table parameters for predicting risk indices ofS. frugiperdain India indicated a significant increase in activity indices and establishment risk indices with a higher number of generations during future (2050 and 2070) climatic change scenarios compared to present conditions. Our results indicate that India will be highly suitable for the establishment and survival ofS. frugiperdain future time periods.

The current study was undertaken to identify the sources of tolerance to bruchid in cowpea, by screening a set of germplasm accessions as a source for natural resistance. A total of 103 diverse accessions of cowpea were evaluated for resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. under no-choice artificial infestation conditions. Significant differences among the cowpea accessions were observed for oviposition, adult emergence, exit holes and per cent seed weight loss (PSWL) caused by the bruchid infestation. The accessions showed variation in physical seed parameters viz., colour, shape, testa texture, length, width and seed hardness. Among the seed biochemical parameters studied, per cent sugar content ranged from 0.322 (IC330950) to 1.493 (IC249137), and per cent phenol content ranged from 0.0326 (EC390261) to 1.081 (EC528423). Correlation studies indicated that PSWL had significant positive correlation (r = 0.335) with exit holes, oviposition (r = 0.219), adult emergence (r = 0.534) and seed roundness (r = 0.219). Adult emergence had a significant negative correlation with seed hardness (r = −0.332). Correlation with biochemical parameters indicated that PSWL had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.231) with sugar content and a significant negative correlation with phenol content (r = −0.219). None of the accessions were found to be immune to bruchid infestation. However, out of studied accessions, EC528425 and EC528387 were identified as resistant based on PSWL and moderately resistant based on adult emergence. These resistance sources of cowpea germplasm can be used as potential donors for development of bruchid tolerant/resistant cultivars.

Climate change is now unequivocal and influences crops and the incidence of insect pests. Understanding the spatially variable, species-specific, and complex effects of climate change is essential in developing an appropriate pest management strategy. The two dimensions of climate change i.e., elevated temperature (eTemp.) and elevated CO2 (eCO2) influence insect herbivores. In the present study, the growth and development of an invasive insect pest, fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize at eCO2 and eTemp conditions using CO2 and temperature Gradient Chambers (CTGC) was estimated. Dilution of bio-chemical constituents was noted with lower leaf nitrogen (9%–14%), higher carbon (3%–11%), higher C : N (18%–26%), and higher tannins (13%) in maize foliage at eCO2+eTemp levels. A significant influence on primary parameters of insect viz., higher total consumption by larvae (38%), extended larval duration (13%) with increased larval weights (17%), and differential pupal weights (14%) in successive generations was recorded at eCO2 + eTemp compared to ambient. Their effect was continued on various insect performance indices also, with higher relative consumption rate, RCR (40%), lower relative growth rate, RGR (11%), and varied approximate digestibility (AD), the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and digested food (ECD) of S frugiperda larvae. The interactive effect of eCO2 and eTemp led to a higher Potential Population Increase Index (PPII) (19%) due to higher fecund adults. The effect of eCO2 offsets the impact of eTemp when interacting together on some of the insect parameters. The present results indicate that eCO2 and eTemp play a key role in influencing the growth and development of S frugiperda indicating higher pest incidence in future climate change periods.

This paper holds tabs to the security additionally security of the piece of attire plant disillusionments and shock on his/her staff require getting the opportunity to be a most stunning issue presently multiple times. Those pieces of attire plant specialists confront an extensive measure about issues and broken insane of smokestack a champion among them without question. Those investors aren’t showing to whatever excitement toward this section and truth that this division might get toner. In this look at a smokestack recognizable proof framework might be propounded and conjointly gives information of the territory affected. Here we used ARM7 which are embedded with different sorts from the sensors. We give satisfactory interface check framework to Abstain from forewarning. The framework could immediately send a SMS of the administrator. Those administrator will confirm or deny the information. In the event that those administrator confirm mellowing out about flame. At that point framework could quickly raise a caution and SMS will an opportunity to be sent of the near to blast unit.

Living systems can be envisioned as a beautiful fabric with weaves of different biological networks such as genetic, protein, transcription factors and metabolic interactions. The weave pattern or the network architecture is a precise predictor of healthy or diseased state of the organism. Network-based approach gives insight into pathogenesis pathway which leads to drug discovery process. It helps researchers and clinicians in grouping together the proteins that interact in functional complexes and pathways thus exploring disease network nodes as potential target for drug discovery. Biological data are often structured in the form of complex interconnected networks such as protein interaction and metabolic networks. Visualization tools help in the visualization of various interactome data. Sheer size, complexity and dynamic nature of networks, and the algorithm responsible for visualization are the main challenges of biological network visualization. Visualization tools are based on certain graph theories and algorithm for visualization. In the present work, directed and undirected graphs are used in the visualization of protein interactions data. To visualize time course behavior of genes, there is need to combine these two graph theories which can interpret biological phenomenon in better way. Further, force-directed algorithm is used for the visualization of protein interaction data. It helps in integrating interactome data and provides better visualization. To overcome this aspect, a holistic approach is required.

Determining the eminence of the image is a difficult and firm procedure since human’s belief is posh by substantial and emotional limitation. Numerous methods are anticipated for evaluating the calibre of the image but no one of it is measured to be ideal for finding the quality. Image quality evaluation acts a essential component in the area of image processing. This paper focused on no-reference method present in objective technique to judge the value of image. As No-reference image quality assessment (NR-IQA) is essential yet tough assignment in abstraction in reference to a computer vision area. To exhibit the efficacy of our move towards, broad tests are assessed on well-liked image quality assessment standard. This work functions well when compared other method stated in the comparative study.

The wild species in general is considered to be the reservoir of genes especially for biotic and abiotic stresses. In okra, the predominant biotic stresses are yellow vein mosaic disease (YVMD), shoot and fruit borer and leaf hopper. Sixty eight (68) accessions belonging to four wild Abelmoschus species [Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev.) Stevels, Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik., Abelmoschus moschatus (L.) Medik. and Abelmoschus tuberculatus Pal et Singh] and eight okra varieties were characterized and evaluated for phenological characters including biotic stresses under natural epiphytotic condition. The wild species examined consisted of 18 accessions (16 exotic and 2 indigenous) of A. caillei, 29 accessions of A. manihot, 16 accessions of A. moschatus and 5 accessions of A. tuberculatus. All the wild Abelmoschus species exhibited high diversity (as measured by Shannon Diversity Index) for 3 qualitative characters viz. intensity of stem colour, leaf shape, epicalyx shape, 13 quantitative characters and 3 biotic stress parameters. Among the wild species, A. caillei and A. tuberculatus showed maximum and minimum diversity for qualitative characters, respectively. There was significant variation for 19 out of 24 quantitative characters studied. Inter-species diversity pattern as estimated through Ward’s Minimum Variance Dendrogram and Principal Component Analysis revealed clear differentiation among the species with minimum overlapping indicating close association between geographical origins and clustering pattern. Intra-species diversity indicated role of specific adaptation in sub-clustering. Resistance to YVMD was found in accessions belonging to three wild species viz. A. caillei, A. manihot and A. moschatus while resistance to shoot and fruit borer and leaf hopper was found in accessions of all the four wild species. The resistant accessions can further be used for introgressing biotic stress resistance through pre-breeding into cultivated okra species.

One hundred forty eight accessions of Indian mustard collected from 9 different agro-ecological zones covering 17 states of India were evaluated for 15 quantitative traits during the year 2012 and 2013. These accessions showed presence of highest variation for 1000 seed weight (coefficient of variation 48.57 %) while for other traits mean coefficient of variation was recorded between 4.41 % (days to maturity) to 38.55 % (beak length). First five Principal components (PC1 to PC5) gave eigen values >1.0 and cumulatively expressed 59.8 % of the total variation. PCA exhibited that plant height, leaf length, leaf width, silique length, length of main fruiting branch, 1000 seed weight, days to 50 % flowering and maturity were among the most important traits and accounted for more than 50 % phenotypic variation. Correlation studies indicated that plant height, leaf length, leaf width, days to 50 % flowering along with days to maturity should be considered while performing selection in segregating generations intended to improve seed yield/plant. While making selection for enhanced oil content in seed, leaf petiole length should be given due consideration due to highly significant positive correlation with per cent oil content. Donors for various traits were also identified on the basis of their pooled performance e.g. IC 597886 for seed yield/plant (44.6 g) and IC 383489 for oil content (43.2 %).

Various types of Telugu verbs like transitive, intransitive, reflexive, causative, negative, interrogative, passive, etc., can be conjugated grammatically to their complete or incomplete forms as required. Only incomplete transitive verbs and their conjugations were considered for handling in Machine Translation in this paper. The role of conjugations is very crucial in interpreting context since tense and mood of the context depends on them. Different categories of incomplete transitive conjugations and the ways of handling them are discussed in detail in this paper. For analysis, identification and extraction of root verb or headword verb from conjugations, a Morphological Analysis System (MAS) was developed in the process of Machine Translation (MT). MT has been done using Telugu as Source Language (SL) and Sanskrit as Target Language (TL).

Yellow mosaic disease (YMD) of black gram is an important production constraint in India. Black gram germplasm, consisting of 344 accessions, originally collected from different geographic regions of India and conserved in National Gene Bank at National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, India, were evaluated for their response against YMD. None of the accessions tested was found to be immune, however, considerable variation in disease response was observed among them. Of the 344 accessions, 32 showed resistance in the field during the rainy season (June–September) 2010 as assessed by coefficient of infection (CI) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). These accessions were re-evaluated during rainy season (June–September) 2011 and 2012 for their disease resistance along with yield-associated characters. Eight accessions that exhibited consistently highly resistant (HR) or resistant (R) reaction (CI ≤ 9) along with lower AUDPC value (≤650), were further evaluated following inoculation with whiteflies or via agroinoculation. Along with the resistant trait, these eight accessions were also found either similar or even better in their yield potential as compared to check. After artificial inoculation using viruliferous whiteflies under glasshouse, of the eight field-resistant accessions, response of two (IC144901 and IC001572) were categorized as HR as

Background & objectives: Staging of cervical carcinoma is done clinically using International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) guidelines. It is based on physical examination findings and also includes results of biopsy, endoscopy and conventional radiological tests like chest radiograph, intravenous urography and barium enema. These conventional radiological investigations have largely been replaced by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at present. FIGO staging system does not consider CT and MRI mandatory; however, use of these modalities are encouraged. This prospective study was conducted to determine the role of CT in staging work up in women diagnosed with cervical carcinoma. Methods: Fifty three women diagnosed with cervical carcinoma were evaluated with contrast enhanced CT scan of abdomen and pelvis. CT scan images were especially evaluated to determine tumour size, invasion of parmetrium, pelvic walls, rectum, urinary bladder and ureters, pelvic or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and distant metastases. CT findings were associated with clinical findings and staging, including findings from cystoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. Results: There was a poor agreement between clinical and CT staging of cervical carcinoma. Primary tumour was demonstrated on CT in 36 (70%) of 53 patients. CT underestimated the parametrial, vaginal and pelvic wall invasion when compared with physical examination. CT overestimated the urinary bladder and rectal invasion when compared with cysto-sigmoidoscopy, however, CT had 100 per cent negative predictive value (NPV) to exclude bladder and rectal involvement. CT detection of lymph node enlargement and lung metastases influenced the management. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings show that CT scan does not reliably correlate with clinical FIGO staging of cervical cancer. However, it can detect urinary obstruction as well as nodal or distant metastases and thus improves the clinical FIGO staging

Evaluation of 130 accessions of rapeseed-mustard germplasm grown at the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India during the winter season (2011–2012) revealed the occurrence of a leaf curl disease in seven accessions. The occurrence of the disease was observed in another 62 of 525 accessions evaluated during 2012–2013. The association of a monopartite begomovirus and betasatellite was established with the symptomatic plants by whitefly transmission and PCR amplification. The complete nucleotide sequences of the begomovirus (JX270684, 2745 nucleotides), obtained by rolling circle amplification, showed the highest sequence identity (98.1%) with the weed-infecting begomovirus, Croton yellow vein mosaic virus. Analysis of recombination indicated the probable occurrence of many overlapping inter- and intraspecific recombination events. The sequence of betasatellite (JX270685, 1355 nucleotides) showed the highest sequence identity (95.7%) with Croton yellow vein mosaic betasatellite. Begomoviruses were not previously known to naturally infect rapeseed-mustard. This is the first report of the emergence of a weed-infecting begomovirus–betasatellite complex in rapeseed-mustard germplasm in India and raises the concern on utilization of such susceptible germplasm in crop improvement programmes.

A comprehensive germplasm evaluation study of wheat accessions conserved in the Indian National Genebank was conducted to identify sources of rust and spot blotch resistance. Genebank accessions comprising three species of wheat-Triticum aestivum, T. durum and T. dicoccum were screened sequentially at multiple disease hotspots, during the 2011-14 crop seasons, carrying only resistant accessions to the next step of evaluation. Wheat accessions which were found to be resistant in the field were then assayed for seedling resistance and profiled using molecular markers. In the primary evaluation, 19,460 accessions were screened at Wellington (Tamil Nadu), a hotspot for wheat rusts. We identified 4925 accessions to be resistant and these were further evaluated at Gurdaspur (Punjab), a hotspot for stripe rust and at Cooch Behar (West Bengal), a hotspot for spot blotch. The second round evaluation identified 498 accessions potentially resistant to multiple rusts and 868 accessions potentially resistant to spot blotch. Evaluation of rust resistant accessions for seedling resistance against seven virulent pathotypes of three rusts under artificial epiphytotic conditions identified 137 accessions potentially resistant to multiple rusts. Molecular analysis to identify different combinations of genetic loci imparting resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, stripe rust and spot blotch using linked molecular markers, identified 45 wheat accessions containing known resistance genes against all three rusts as well as a QTL for spot blotch resistance. The resistant germplasm accessions, particularly against stripe rust, identified in this study can be excellent potential candidates to be employed for breeding resistance into the background of high yielding wheat cultivars through conventional or molecular breeding approaches, and are expected to contribute toward food security at national and global levels.

Knowledge representation (KR) and inference mechanism are most desirable thing to make the system intelligent. System is known to an intelligent if its intelligence is equivalent to the intelligence of human being for a particular domain or general. Because of incomplete ambiguous and uncertain information the task of making intelligent system is very difficult. The objective of this paper is to present the hybrid KR technique for making the system effective & Optimistic. The requirement for (effective & optimistic) is because the system must be able to reply the answer with a confidence of some factor. This paper also presents the comparison between various hybrid KR techniques with the proposed one.

The researchers and oil companies aretrying to take some precaution for the problem of oil spill in sea, river or on ground etc. A lot of workconcerned by removing the oil from water,there were many advanced tools for this task This paper presents a multi-robot system that works on the surface of water to help cleaning up marine oil spills using a skimmer as a collecting tool, the aim of this multi-robot system is to surround the oil spill in certain position for fast and easy cleaningand prevent it from spreading wider.