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We present an update on the ANL ILC positron source study. We examined the impact of different drive beam energies on the positron yield and polarization for the ILC RDR baseline undulator. The e⁺ yield is found to drop rapidly as the drive beam energy is reduced. We studied different undulator parameters for their effect on the positron yield and polarization when working at lower drive beam energies. Using a lower K (B field level) can increase the photon energy, but it is still very difficult to bring the yield up for low drive beam energies. For 250 GeV drive beam options, we studied the RDR undulator performance as a function of K. Instead of powering off some sections of the undulator, one can also consider lowering the B field to bring the positron yield back to the desired 1.5 e⁺/e⁻. We also studied the liquid lead target option for ILC positron source and the energy deposition in the reference design Ti target wheel., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Recently, great attention has been paid to short electron pulses because of requirement for FEL project. Our aim is a 0.2nC, 5ps, 2MeV electron bunch with a normalized emittance less than 10 mm mrad without compensation coil. To create such beams, an External Cathode Independently Tunable Cells RF gun (EC-ITCRF Gun) was advanced, which consists of two independent cavities and a diode gun. The RF power and its phase fed to the two cavities can be independently adjustable. The paper described simulating results of the beam dynamic in the gun and a test facility. After RF power exercising a week, the electric field in the cavities surface was reached 100MV/m and dark current was disappearance. Main parameters measured are as following: energy is of 1.98MeV, pulse bean current of 20A, beam width of 5ps and energy spread of 0.5% so on. Keyword: EC-ITC RF Gun, emittance, energy spread, external cathode, Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

We conduct research on Free Electron Laser (FEL) in the infrared region and pulse radiolysis for radiation chemistry using the 40 MeV, 1.3 GHz L-band linac of Osaka University. At present, the L-band linac is equipped with a thermionic electron gun. It can accelerate a high-intensity single-bunch beam with charge up to 91 nC but the normalized emittance is large. In order to advance the research, we have begun development of a photocathode RF gun for the L-band electron linac in collaboration with KEK and Hiroshima University. We start the basic design of the RF gun cavity for the L-band linac at ISIR, Osaka University, based on the 1.5 cells, which is a normal conducting photocathode RF gun. A material of the cathode should be Cs₂Te, which has the high quantum efficiency of a few percents, to produce a beam with high charge up to 30 nC/bunch. We improve the cooling system of the cavity for high duty operation to suppress the thermal deformation due to the heat load of input rf power. The simulation study has been also performed for the L-band linac at ISIR with a high charge electron beam. In this conference, we describe the details of the L-band photocathode RF gun development., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

The efficiency of future positron sources for the next generation of high-energy particle colliders (e.g. ILC, CLIC, LHeC) can be improved if the positron-production target is immersed in the magnetic field of adjacent capture optics. If the target is also rotating due to heat deposition considerations then eddy currents may be induced and lead to additional heating and stresses. In this paper we present data from a rotating target wheel prototype for the baseline ILC positron source. The wheel has been operated at revolution rates up to 1800rpm in fields of the order of 1 Tesla. Comparisons are made between torque data obtained from a transducer on the target drive shaft and the results of finite-element simulations. Rotordynamics issues are presented and future experiments on other aspects of the positron source target station are considered., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) is currently developing a new 500kV DC electron gun for future use with the FEL. The design consists of two inverted ceramics which support a central cathode electrode. This layout allows for a load-lock system to be located behind the gun chamber. The electrostatic geometry of the gun has been designed to minimize surface electric field gradients and also to provide some transverse focusing to the electron beam during transit between the cathode and anode. This paper discusses the electrode design philosophy and presents the results of electrostatic simulations. The electric field information obtained through modeling was used with particle tracking codes to predict the effects on the electron beam., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) photocathodes have in recent year been widely used and have become the focus for use in modern accelerators and light sources such as the Accelerators and Lasers in Combined Experiments (ALICE) and the International Linear Collider (ILC). Once activated to a Negative Electron Affinity (NEA) state and illuminated by a laser, these materials can be used as a high-brightness source of both polarised and un-polarised electrons. This work presents an effective preparation procedure including heat cleaning, atomic hydrogen cleaning and the activation process for NEA GaAs photocathode. The stability of quantum efficiency (QE) and lifetime of NEA GaAs photocathode have been studied in the load-lock and photocathode preparation system for the ALICE photo- electron gun which has a base pressure in the order of 10⁻¹¹ mbar. These studies are also supported with experimental evidence from surface science techniques such as Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) to demonstrate the processes at the atomic level., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

The injector for the UK¿s New Light Source project is required to deliver low emittance 200 pC electron bunches at a repetition rate of up to 1 MHz. Initial design of a photoinjector based around a 1¿ cell L-band superconducting RF gun able to meet these requirements is presented, including beam dynamic simulations of the injector up to the end of the first linac module., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

The production of Cs₂Te photoemissive films used as laser driven electron sources in the high brightness photoinjectors at FLASH and PITZ, is a well established activity at INFN Milano since the ’90s. Our total production is of more than 100 photocathodes, with an average QE of 8% (@ 254 nm) for fresh films and an operative lifetime that increased up to some months at FLASH. In the last two years, we have improved the standard diagnostic used during the cathode growth to better understand the material properties of the films. This activity is motivated by the need to improve the photocathode properties, mainly the energy distribution of the photoemitted electrons that influences the thermal emittance. The multiwavelengths diagnostic, i.e. the on-line measurements of the photocurrent and reflectivity from the film during its growth in the 239 nm ~ 436 nm range, has been deeply applied on several cathodes and the potentiality of this technique are discussed in this paper., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

At Waseda University, we have been studying a high quality electron beam generation and its application experiments with Cs-Te photocathode RF-Gun. We have already succeeded in generating a stable high-charged single-bunch electron beam. To generate more intense electron beam, we designed a multi-bunch electron linac and developed the multi-pulse UV laser which irradiates to the cathode. The target values of the number of electron bunch and bunch charges are 100 bunches/train and 800 pC/bunch, respectively. In addition, we adopted the method of the amplitude modulation of the incident RF pulse to the S-band klystron in order to compensate the energy difference in each bunch because of the slow rise time of acceleration voltage in cavity and beam loading effect in the accelerating structure. In this conference, we will report design properties of our multi-bunch electron linac, the results of the multi-bunch electron beam diagnosis and the energy difference compensation using the RF amplitude modulation method., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Aim of Super-conducting Test Facility (STF) at KEK is demonstrating technologies for International Linear Collider. In STF, one full RF unit will be developed and beam acceleration test will be made. In super-conducting accelerator, precise RF control in phase and power is essential because the input RF power should be balanced to beam accelerating power. To demonstrate the system feasibility, the beam accelerating test is an important step in R phase of STF and ILC. To provide ILC format beam for STF, we develop an electron source based on photo-cathode L-band RF gun. To generate ILC format beam, we developed a laser system based on Yb fiber oscillator in 40.6 MHz. The pulse repetition is decreased by picking pulses in 2.7 MHz, which meets ILC bunch spacing, 364 ns. The pulse is then amplified by YLF laser up to 8 uJ per pulse in 1 mm. The light is converted to 266 nm by SHG and FHG. Finally, 1.5 uJ per pulse is obtained and 3.2 nC bunch charge will be made. We report the basic performance of the laser system from the accelerator technology point of a view., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

The injector for the UK¿s New Light Source project is required to deliver low emittance 200 pC electron bunches at a repetition rate of up to 1 MHz. A possible solution to these requirements is an injector based around a normal conducting VHF RF gun. The injector design and results of beam dynamics simulations are presented for cases with and without an independent buncher cavity., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Superconducting RF (SRF) electron guns deliver higher brightness beams than DC guns because the field gradient at the cathode is higher. SRF guns with metal cathodes have been successfully tested. For the production of polarized electrons a Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) cathode must be used, and an experiment to test this type of cathode is under way at BNL. Since the cathode will be normal conducting, the primary concern is cathode-driven heat load. We present measurements of the electric resistance of GaAs at cryogenic temperatures, a prediction of the heat load, and verification by measuring the quality factor of the gun with and without the cathode., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

As the first superconducting rf photo-injector (SRF gun) in practice, the FZD 3+1/2 cell SRF gun is successfully connected to the superconducting linac ELBE. This setting will improve the beam quality for ELBE users. It is the first example for an accelerator facility fully based on superconducting RF technology. For high average power FEL and ERL sources, the combination of SRF linac and SRF gun provides a new chance to produce beams of high average current and low emittance with relative low power consumption. The main parameters achieved from the present SRF gun are the final electron energy of 3 MeV, 16 μA average current, and rms transverse normalized emittances of 3 mm mrad at 77 pC bunch charge. A modified 3+1/2 cell niobium cavity has been fabricated and tested, which will increase the rf gradient in the gun and thus better the beam parameters further. In this paper the status of the integration of the SRF gun with the ELBE linac will be presented, and the latest results of the beam experiments will be discussed., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

CLIC will need of order 10 to the 14 positrons per second to achieve its specified luminosity. For such a challenge, an undulator based scheme has been proposed as one of the options for the positron source. As CLIC may operate over a wide range of energy (from 0.5 TeV to 3 TeV), there is a large margin for us to push the performance of the whole system to be more efficient. We report on the undulator parameters and optimization of components of the source such as conversion target, AMD, solenoid and capture RF for different operational scenarios. In addition to maximizing the positron yield the polarization of the positron beam are also considered., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

A test accelerator for the coherent terahertz source (t-ACTS) has been under development at Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Tohoku University*. Intense coherent terahertz radiation will be generated by the very short electron bunch less than 100 fs using a thermionic RF gun (ITC RF-gun). ITC RF-gun is designed to have two cells uncoupled with each other, so that it can be operated at various combinations of different rf-power level and phase difference so as to optimize the longitudinal phase space distribution of the electron beam for bunch compression**. The gun employs single-crystal LaB6 cathode with small diameter of 1.8 mm to obtain a very small initial emittance with sufficiently high current density. The RF gun has been already manufactured and the measurement of RF characteristics is now in progress. We will present the results of low-power measurement and also discuss the effect of the cathode misalignment on the beam parameters such as transverse emittance and longitudinal phase space distribution., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

A unique SW/TW hybrid photoinjector are being developed under the collaboration of UCLA, LNF/INFN, and University of Rome. It can produce 240-fs (rms) bunch with 500 pC at 21 MeV. The bunch distribution has a strong spike (54 fs FWHM) and the peak current is over 2kA. As the bunch form factor at 1 THz is 0.43, it can produce coherent radiation at 1 THz. We are considering three types of way to generate it; coherent Cherenkov radiation (CCR), superradiant FEL, and coherent transition/edge radiation (CTR/CER). CCR used hollow dielectric with the outer surface metallic-coated. OOPIC simulation showed 21 MW of the peak power (5 mJ) at 1 THz. For FEL and CTR/CER simulation, QUINDI, which was written at UCLA to solve the Lienard-Wiechert potential, was used to calculate the radiation properties. In the contrast to CCR, their spectra were broad and their pulse lengths were short. They will be useful for fast pumping., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Femtosecond electron beam pulse radiolysis which has time resolution of 250 fs was achieved by a Photocathode RF gun LINAC in the ISIR, Osaka University. And geminate ion recombination (charged pair dynamics) in n-dodecane was studied. Kinetics of the Radical cation of n-dodecane was measured. As a result, the existence of the excited-radical cation, and generation of the radical cation via relaxation from the excited-radical cation were suggested. Those new results were obtained in the field of the radiation chemistry by the photocathode RF gun., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Time resolution of pulse radiolysis, which is a stroboscopic measurement technique, depends on electron bunch length. In order to improve the time resolution, femtosecond electron bunch generation at photocathode rf gun was investigated. A 1.6-cell S-band photocathode rf gun, similar to the Gun IV type at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), was used. The rf gun consisted of a half cell and a full cell. A copper cathode was located in the half cell. The rf gun was driven by femtosecond UV laser pulse (266 nm), which was generated with third-harmonic-generation (THG) of Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser (800 nm). The longitudinal and transverse dynamics of the electron bunch generated by the UV laser was investigated. The bunch length was measured with the dependence of energy spread on acceleration phase in a linac, which was set at the downstream of the rf gun. Transverse emittance at the linac exit was also measured with Q-scan method., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

We have developed a laser-induced Schottky-effect-gated photocathode gun since 2006. This new type of gun utilizes a laser¿s coherency to realize a compact laser source using Z-polarization of the IR laser on the cathode. This Z-polarization scheme reduces the laser pulse energy by reducing the cathode work function due to Schottky effect. Before this epoch-making scheme, photocathode guns had never utilized laser¿s coherency. A hollow laser incidence is applied with a hollow convex lens that is focused after passing the beam through a radial polarizer. According to our calculations (convex lens: NA=0.15), a Z-field of 1 GV/m needs 1.26 MW at peak power for the fundamental wavelength (792 nm) and 0.316 MW for the SHG (396 nm). Therefore, we expect that this laser-induced Schottky emission requires just a compact femtosecond laser oscillator as a laser source. Besides, a dichromatic laser scheme (photo-exciting: 780 nm; gating: 30 um) should be applied to polarized electron sources for International Linear Collider (ILC). We report the first feasibility study of this laser-induced Schottky-effect on several metal photocathodes by comparing radial and azimuthal polarizations., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Many user facilities such as synchrotron radiation light sources and free electron lasers require accelerating structures that support electric fields of 10-100 MV/m, especially at the start of the accelerator chain where ceramic insulators are used for very high gradient DC guns. These insulators are difficult to manufacture, require long commissioning times, and often exhibit poor reliability. Two technical approaches to solving this problem will be investigated. Firstly, inverted ceramics offer solutions for reduced gradients between the electrodes and ground. An inverted design will be presented for 350 kV, with maximum gradients in the range of 5-10 MV/m. Secondly, novel ceramic manufacturing processes will be studied, in order to protect triple junction locations from emission, by applying a coating with a bulk resistivity. The processes for creating this coating will be optimized to provide protection as well as be used to coat a ceramic with an appropriate gradient in bulk resistivity from the vacuum side to the air side of an HV standoff ceramic cylinder. Example insulator designs are being computer modelled, and insulator samples are being manufactured and tested, Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

SLAC is studying the feasibility of using an X-band RF photocathode gun to produce low emittance bunches for applications such as an MeV gamma source (in collaboration with LLNL) and an injector for a compact FEL. Systematic beam dynamics study are being done for a 5.5 cell X-band gun followed by several 53 cm long high-gradient X-band accelerator structures. A fully 3D program, ImpactT*, is used to track particles taking into account space charge forces, short-range longitudinal and transverse wakefields and the 3D rf fields in the structures, including the quadrupole component of the couplers. The effect of misalignments of the various elements (drive-laser, gun, solenoid and accelerator structures) are being evaluated. This paper presents these results and estimates of the expected bunch emittance versus bunch charge and cathode gradient., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

In this paper, we present the preliminary structure design and optimization of a C-band photocathode RF gun for a compact electron diffraction facility. It will work at 5.712GHz. A dual coupler and elliptical iris between half-cell and full-cell are adopt in this gun for lower emittance and larger mode separation. A detailed 3D simulation of the C-band RF gun with coupler is performed. This paper likewise presents the beam dynamics parameters and analysis of this gun., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

The development of an intense polarised positron sources provides a challenge for a new generation of linear colliders. The software framework Geant4, a toolkit for simulation of the passage of particles trough matter, features tracking capabilities of charged particles in electromagnetic fields, and also includes the description of polarisation transfer in scattering processes. Based on Geant4 a novel simulation tool, PPS-Sim*, has been developed to optimise the design and to determine polarisation, beam properties, as well as energy deposition in accelerator components. All source components and their parameters can be chosen easily and flexible. Helical undulator, laser-Compton and coherent Bremsstrahlung in crystals are available as positron production schemes. Target materials and geometry can be adjusted. Flux concentrator, quarter wave transformer and lithium lens are implemented as possible capture devices. Geometry, accelerating components and magnetic field configuration can be specified by the user. In this contribution, PPS-Sim will be presented, and selected results for linear collider applications will be discussed., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

We propose a viable positron source scheme that uses circularly polarized gamma rays generated from the main 250 GeV electron beam. The beam passes through a helical superconducting undulator with a magnetic field of ~ 1 Tesla and a period of a few centimeters. The gamma-rays produced in the undulator in the energy range between ~ 3 MeV ~ 100 MeV will be directed to a titanium target and produces polarized positrons. The positrons are then captured, accelerated and transported to a damping ring. Detailed parameter studies of this scheme including positron yield, undulator parameter dependence and target composition and geometry will be presented. Effects on the 250 GeV drive beam, including emittance, energy spread and energy loss from the beam passing through the undulator will also be discussed., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

A Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) type S-band photocathode RF gun is used at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) to produce femtosecond tera hertz (fs-THz) radiation. In order to upgrade the fs-THz Facility at PAL, we need to develop the performance of the RF gun. The requirements for new RF gun are following: 1 nC beam charge, 60 Hz repetition frequency and 1 mm mrad normalized rms transverse emittance. A dual feed photocathode RF gun is designed satisfy these requirements. Two additional pumping ports are used to remove the field asymmetry. A large radius and short length of the iris increases the mode separation. The coupling scheme is changed to make the fabrication simpler. The RF gun structure had been modeled using 3D field solver to provide the desired RF parameters and to obtain the field profile. In this paper the new RF gun design and the cold test results will be presented., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Both ultrafast time-resolved radiolysis and electron diffraction based on photocathode rf electron guns have been developed in Osaka University to reveal the hidden dynamics of intricate molecular and atomic processes in materials. One of the photocathode rf guns has been used successfully to produce a 100-fs high-brightness electron single bunch with a booster linear accelerator and a magnetic bunch compressor. The time resolution of 240 fs was achieved at the first time in the pulse radiolysis. Another photocathode rf gun, which produces directly a near-relativistic 100-fs electron beam, has been developed to construct femtosecond electron diffraction. The megavolt electron diffraction patterns have been observed. The dependences of the emittance, bunch length and energy spread on the radio-frequency (rf) and space charge effects in the rf gun were investigated., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

At the superconducting 130 MeV Darmstadt electron linac S-DALINAC* a source of polarized electrons** is being installed, extending the experimental capabilities with polarized electron and polarized photon probes for nuclear structure studies. This involves disassembling the existing low energy test stand and rebuilding the beam line in the accelerator hall. The beam itself is produced from a GaAs cathode by irradiation with a pulsed laser. The low-energy electron beam line includes diagnostic elements, a Wien filter for spin manipulation, a 100 keV Mott polarimeter for polarization measurement and a chopper-prebuncher section to modulate the time structure of the beam. At higher energies a 5-10 MeV Mott polarimeter and a 50-130 MeV Moeller polarimeter as well as a Compton transmission polarimeter will be installed to measure the beam polarization after acceleration. The Mott polarimeter is working with backscattered electrons under 165° scattering angle while for the Moeller polarimeter a wide-angle (3°-15°) spectrometer magnet was designed. We report on the performance of the test stand, the ongoing implementation, and the polarimeter research and development., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

RF electron guns with strained super lattice GaAs cathodes can produce higher brightness and lower emittance polarized electron beams, due to the higher field gradient at the cathode surface compared with DC guns. The vacuum in the gun must be better than 10⁻¹¹ torr to obtain a sufficient cathode life time with high quantum efficiency (QE). Such high vacuum cannot be obtained easily in a normal conducting RF gun. We report on an experiment with a superconducting RF (SRF) gun, which can maintain a vacuum of nearly 10-12 torr because of cryo-pumping at the temperature of 4.2K . The GaAs cathode was activated by Cs¿O treatment with a QE of 3% and exhibits a long lifetime in a preparation chamber. This cathode will be used in a 1.3 GHz - cell SRF gun to measure the destruction of the QE by ion and electron back-bombardment., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

As part of the SwissFEL project at Paul Scherrer Institute, an electron gun test stand has been built and operated. The goal is to achieve an exceptionally low emittance beam with a charge of 200pC for XFEL application. The electron gun consists of a High Gradient (HG) pulsed diode followed by an RF acceleration structure. The diode has an adjustable gap and the cathode is pulsed at up to 500 kV. The electrons were extracted either from a near-flat cathode surface or a dedicated photo-source recessed in a hollow cathode surface. For the diode electrtodes, many metals, geometries and surface treatments were studied for their HG and photo emission suitability. Polished metal electrodes, single tips, field emitter arrays and electrodes coated with different Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) types were tested. In particular, we found that DLC coating had useful properties. Surface electric fields over 250MV/m (350 ~ 400kV, in pulsed mode) with negligible parasitic electron emission were achieved; when UV laser illumination was applied to DLC electrodes, it was possible to extract electron bunches of over 60pC at gradients up to 150MV/m., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

The injector of the 8 GeV linac generates an electron beam of 1 nC, accelerates it up to 30 MeV, and compresses its bunch length down to 20 ps. Even slight RF instability in its multi-stage bunching section fluctuates the bunch width and the peak current of an electron beam and it accordingly results in unstable laser oscillation in the undulator section. The acceptable instabilities of the RF fields in the cavities, which permit 10% rms variation of the peak beam current, are only about 0.01% rms in amplitude and 120 fs rms in phase according to beam simulation. The long-term RF variations can be compensated by feedback control of the RF amplitude and phase, the short-term or pulse-to-pulse variations, however, have to be reduced as much as possible by improving RF equipment such as amplifiers. Thus we have carefully designed and manufactured the RF cavities, amplifiers and control systems, giving the highest priority to the stabilization of the short-term variations. Components of the injector will be completed by the end of the April 2010, and the injector will be perfected in the summer 2010. We will present the performance of the completed devices in the conference., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

In this contribution, we report Quantum Efficiency (QE) test results with a hybrid lead/niobium superconducting RF (SRF) photoinjector at 2K and new Pb arc deposited cathodes at 300K. The ultimate goal of our effort is to build a Nb injector with the superconducting cathode made of lead, which, as reported in the past, demonstrated superior QE compared to other metallic superconducting elements. At first, we present the test results obtained with a 1.6-cell high purity Nb cavity with the emitting lead spot in the center of the back plate. The QE test results at room temperature and the SEM surface analysis of eight Pb cathodes, deposited recently under various conditions, are discussed in the second part of this contribution., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

The high charge PHIN photo injector is studied at CERN as an electron source for the CLIC Test Facility (CTF3) drive beam as an alternative to the present thermionic gun. The objective of PHIN is to demonstrate the feasibility of a laser-based electron source for CLIC. The photo injector operates with a 2.5 cell, 3 GHz RF gun using a Cs₂Te photocathode illuminated by UV laser pulses generated by amplifying and frequency quadrupling the signal from a Nd:YLF oscillator running at 1.5GHz. The challenge is to generate a beam structure of 1908μbunches with 2.33nC perμbunch at 1.5GHz leading to a high integrated train charge of 4446nC and nominal beam energy of 5.5MeV with current stability below 1%. In the present test stand, a segmented beam dump has been implemented allowing a time resolved measurement of the energy and energy spread of the electron beam. In this paper we report and discuss the measured transverse and longitudinal beam parameters for both the full and time gated train of bunches, and the obtained photocathode quantum efficiency. Laser pointing and amplitude stability results are discussed taking into account correlation between laser and electron beam., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Thermionic RF guns are compact, economical and high brightness electron sources. However, when the guns are used for a driver linac of oscillator-type Free Electron Lasers (FELs), which requires moderate bunch charge (several tens pico-coulomb) and long macro-pulse duration (several micro-seconds), the guns have been suffered from the back-bombardment effect*. The effect induces beam current increment in a macro-pulse. And consequently the current increment leads to decrement of beam energy during a macro-pulse and significantly limits the beam macro-pulse duration after some bending magnets. Our group found a new energy compensation scheme called as cavity detuning** and the method was introduced to compensate the beam energy decrement in the thermionic RF gun used for KU-FEL***. In this presentation, we will introduce the principle of the method and experimental results. Detailed analysis of the method will be also presented., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

An intense muon beam is mandatory for the next-generation experiments to search for lepton flavor violating processes in the muon sector. The COMET experiment, J-PARC E21, aims to search for muon to electron conversion with an unprecedented sensitivity.. The muon beam is produced from pion decays in a strong magnetic field generated by superconducting solenoid coils. The large-bore superconducting coils enclose the pion-production target to capture pions with a large solid angle. The magnetic field is designed to have a peak of 5T at the target. To avoid severe radiation from the target, thick shielding is inserted in the warm bore of the pion capture solenoid magnet. The proton beam is injected through the gap between the pion capture solenoid and the subsequent transport solenoid magnets. For this purpose, the bore of the pion capture solenoid has to be larger than 1 m. This paper describes the design of the pion capture solenoid magnet for the COMET experiment., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

At Laser Undulator Compact Source (LUCX) at KEK, we designed and made a new RF Gun with high mode separation of 8.6 MHz and high Q value as compared to earlier guns. This paper presents fabrication details, low power measurements and tuning procedures followed in making the gun cavity. We also discuss in detail, experimentation done using this gun and show the measurement results. Currently we produce 100 bunch per train but we plan to go for 300 or more bunch per train operation. This will make possible to have higher charge available for laser-beam collisions to generate high flux soft X-rays by Inverse Compton Scattering at our setup., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Four and eight cell Plane Wave Transformer (PWT) linac structures have been developed as part of the injector development for the Compact Ultrafast Terahertz Free Electron Laser (CUTE-FEL) at RRCAT. In this paper, we discuss the tuning of resonant frequency and waveguide-cavity coupling coefficient for these structures, and compare results obtained from cold tests with those predicted by RF simulations. We also compare energy gain and RF properties of these structures, determined from transient and steady state behavior of the structure during recent high power tests, with those predicted by cold tests., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

Caesium telluride photocathodes are used as laser driven electron sources at the Free-Electron-Laser Hamburg, FLASH, and will be used at the European XFEL. One concern of the operation of photocathodes in these user facilities is the degradation of the quantum efficiency during operation. After improving vacuum conditions and removing contaminants, the cathode life time increased from a couple of weeks to several months. In this contribution we report on long time operation of Cs₂Te cathodes in terms of QE measurements and investigations on the homogeneity of the electron emission. Another concern of electron guns operated with long RF-pulses (0.8 ms at FLASH) is the generation of dark current either from the cathode or from the gun body. During the last years a constant high amount of dark current, emitted from the gun body itself, was observed at FLASH. Caused by that during the shut-down 2009/2010 the RF-gun at FLASH, operated more than five years, was replaced. The improved dark current situation with the new RF-gun is presented in terms of dark current measurements under different operational conditions., Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan