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Simple Summary: Neutering, which includes orchiectomy for males and ovariohysterectomy for females, is a common practice in dogs to control populations and prevent health issues. Despite its benefits, neutering can lead to hormonal changes that may contribute to a tendency toward obesity over time. Our study investigated how neutering in both female and male dogs affects hormones involved in metabolism and appetite regulation, specifically nesfatin-1, serotonin, dopamine, TSH, and T4. We observed that neutering decreased levels of nesfatin-1, serotonin, and T4, and increased TSH levels in both genders. These hormonal changes could be part of a mechanism contributing to the higher risk of obesity observed in neutered dogs in the long term. Neutering of dogs, whether male or female, provides various benefits such as contraception, population control, and the prevention of reproductive disorders and undesirable sexual behaviors. However, it is also associated with an increased risk of obesity, which may be directly linked to post-neutering hormonal changes. Our study aims to determine the effects of neutering on plasma levels of nesfatin-1, serotonin, dopamine, TSH, and T4—hormones implicated in obesity and metabolic regulation. Fourteen dogs (seven males and seven females), aged between 1 and 3 years, were included in this study. Male dogs underwent orchiectomy and females underwent ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples were collected before surgery and on days 7 and 14 post-operatively to measure the plasma levels of these hormones using ELISA. The results showed a significant decrease in nesfatin-1, serotonin, and T4 levels, along with a significant increase in TSH levels in both male and female dogs post-neutering. While these hormonal changes are likely part of the body's adaptive response to neutering, they may represent a potential mechanism that contributes to the long-term tendency toward obesity in neutered dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid cancer is a significant endocrine malignancy with varying effects on thyroid hormone profiles. The interaction between thyroid hormone levels and thyroid cancer remains poorly understood, prompting the need for detailed studies. Objectives: To assess the levels of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4) in patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer. Serum levels of TSH, T3, and T4 were measured using immunoassays. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and inferential techniques to evaluate the relationship between hormone levels and cancer severity. Results: The study is expected to provide insights into the thyroid hormone profiles of thyroid cancer patients and their potential deviations from normal levels. Conclusion: This study aims to enhance the understanding of thyroid hormone dynamics in thyroid cancer patients, potentially aiding in better management and prognostic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Thyroid disorders are one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting 4-5% of the general population. The objective of study is to evaluate the predictive value of preoperative serum TSH levels in predicting malignancy in nodular thyroid diseases. Methods: It is a longitudinal study of 28 patients with thyroid swelling admitted to surgery department in a tertiary care referral hospital, during the period of January 2011 to December 2011. Thyroid function tests were done by standard electro chemiluminescent assay and serum TSH levels, age, sex were compared with malignancy. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which factors were predictive of malignancy. Results: 28 cases were analysed. Mean TSH levels were higher in the malignant group and in the age group of 50-65 yrs. Prevalence of malignancy was studied in the all TSH groups and it was found that the higher quartiles of serum TSH levels were found to be associated with increased risk of malignancy. Logistic regression analysis revealed that TSH levels was the only significant risk factor for malignancy. Conclusion: the serum TSH level may be useful in predicting the probability of cancer and optimizing the extent of thyroidectomy in patients with NTD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Thyroid function tests are common biochemical analyses, and agreement between the routinely used immunoassays is important for diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Efforts are continuously made to align the biochemical assays, and we aimed to evaluate the agreement between immunoassays used in a clinical laboratory setting among non‐pregnant and pregnant adults. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Participants: Serum samples were obtained from 192 blood donors (non‐pregnant adults) and from 86 pregnant women in the North Denmark Region with no known thyroid disease. Measurements: Each sample was used for measurement of thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) with the routinely used automatic immunoassays in the regional Departments of Clinical Biochemistry (Alinity, Abbott Laboratories, Cobas, Roche Diagnostics, and Atellica, Siemens Healthineers) and reported as the median with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: In nonpregnant adults, the level of TSH was higher with Cobas and Atellica than with Alinity as reflected by median (Alinity: 1.39 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.30–1.51 mIU/L); Cobas: 1.57 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.48–1.75 mIU/L); Atellica: 1.74 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.61–1.83 mIU/L)). Similarly, a trend was seen towards higher median TSH with Cobas than with Alinity among pregnant women (Alinity: 1.90 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.37–2.82 mIU/L); Cobas: 2.33 mIU/L (95% CI: 1.69–3.62 mIU/L)). Conclusion: Results of thyroid function tests obtained with different immunoassays were not interchangeable when evaluated among pregnant and non‐pregnant adults. The distinct differences are relevant for clinical decision making and emphasize the necessity of clinical laboratory information when different assays are used for diagnosis and monitoring of patients with thyroid disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Function of thyroid gland is regulated by the axis hypothalamic- pituitarythyroid through these hormones: Thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), tetraiodothyronine hormone (T4) and triiodothyronine hormone (T3). Thyroid disorders(hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) are common around the world and are common diseases in Iraq. Thyroid disorders are states that initially affect on amount of hormones that produced by the thyroid, and affects on all physiological systems including central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood, and others. Afamin (AFM) is an 87 Kilodalton (kDa) glycoprotein that shares 55% of the amino acid sequence of albumin and contains 15% of carbohydrates. Vimentin (VIM) is a protein among 70 types of intermediate filaments, including Vimentin, Keratin, Desmin and Lamin. Vimentin is a cytoskeleton is an intermediate filament protein that makes up the nucleus and muscle cells. Aimes of study: We aimed to evaluate levels of Afamin, Vimentin and number of biochemical variables (TRH,TSH,T3 and T4) with Body mass index (BMI) in females patients with thyroid disorders. Methods: The study groups include 30 women with hyperthyroidism, 30 women with hypothyroidism and a control group of 30 healthy women with ages between(18-45) years, From September 2023 until March 2024. Protein assays include Afamin, Vimentin levels and number of biochemical variables( TRH,TSH,T3 and T4) in females patients with thyroid disorders . Results: The results of current study showed a significant increase at (P≤ 0.05) in AFM (227.67 ± 32.31), VIM(40.00 ± 4.39) levels with TRH(225.04± 57.08), TSH (11.71 ± 2.77) and BMI (29.70 ± 2.86) in patients with hypothyroidism group compared to (hyperthyroidism and healthy) groups. Levels of T3 (0.76 ± 0.14) and T4 (3.33 ± 0.79) showed a significant decrease at (P≤0.05) in hypothyroidism group compared to hyperthyroidism and healthy groups, While TSH (0.25 ± 0.08) levels showed a significant decrease at (P≤ 0.05) in hyperthyroidism group compared to hypothyroidism group and healthy group. Concentrations of T4 (13.42 ± 1.36) with T3 (2.16 ± 0.42) showed a significant increase at (P≤ 0.05) in hyperthyroidism group compared to hypothyroidism and healthy groups. Conclusions: We conclude from results of current study that high levels of AFM and VIM are associated with high levels of TRH,TSH and BMI in hypothyroidism group . Serum levels of AFM and VIM may be a new biomarkers for detecting and monitoring thyroid disorders, and may be an important useful clinical tools for detecting and monitoring thyroid disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's) and its impact on men and women in Thi-Qar Governorat. The current study included (100) people who were in two groups, with (50) people in each group. The first group includes patients with hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's), and the second group includes (Healthy) people who do not suffer from any thyroid disease. Blood samples were collected for the period from (January 1 to March 30/ 2023), for use in measuring the level of thyroid hormones and measuring the level of autoantibodies. The results of the current study showed that female patients had the highest incidence of autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s), at a rate of (68%), while for males, the incidence rate was (32%). As for the age group, the highest incidence rate was for ages over 40 years, and in both cases of the disease The results also showed a relationship between (Sex, Family History, Smoking) and the risk of developing autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s). The results of the current study also showed an increase in the average concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s), corresponding to a decrease in the average concentration of each of the hormones (T3, T4, FT4) compared to the healthy group. An increase in the level of autoantibodies (AntiTPOAb, Anti-TgAb) was also observed in patients compared to healthy people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to study some indicators of antioxidant and hormonal status in the body of ewes and young sheep of the Romanov breed, as well as to identify correlations between the studied indicators. The experiment was carried out in the physiological yard of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry in spring of 2022 with stall housing, on 2 groups of ewes (30 days, n = 15 and 90 days after lambing, n = 14) and 3 groups of young Romanov breed (aged 1, n = 15, 3, n = 14 and 4 months, n = 13). Indicators of antioxidant and hormonal status were determined in the blood. Mathematical and statistical processing of the results was carried out using methods of descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, and correlation analysis. The high level of total antioxidant status in the blood of ewes 3 months after lambing (2.38 mmol/l) indicates successful adaptation to oxidative stress and LPO accumulation through the use of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In the blood of lambs upon weaning, the maximum accumulation of TBA-AP is observed compared to animals at one month of age (3.49 versus 3.21 μM/l at p≤0.05), which is compensated by the body by increasing the level of ceruloplasmin and catalase number. At an older age, the body shows adequate adaptation to post-weaning stress, which is manifested in a decrease in the level of TBA-AP by 24.93 % (p≤0.05), an increase in the concentration of ceruloplasmin, a decrease in peroxidase activity (by 28.47 % at p≤0.001 and 8.13 %, compared with the age of 1 and 3 months, respectively), increasing the TBA-AP/CP ratio. The acquired knowledge about age-related and physiological changes in LPO, AOD and hormonal status will be useful in assessing the health status and will help to provide timely preventive measures that increase the adaptive capabilities of the sheep’s body and the fullest realization of the genetic potential of productivity.

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate predictors of thoracic aortic invasion in lung cancer patients using preoperative clinical and imaging characteristics and elucidate surgical outcomes in cases of aortic invasion. Methods Of the 4751 lung cancer patients who underwent surgery at our hospital, we included 126 (6.8%) who underwent left‐sided surgery and in whom tumor appeared to be in contact with the thoracic aorta on preoperative imaging. The patients were divided into two groups: group A, 23 patients (18%) who underwent combined aortic resection (+); group B, 103 patients (82%) who did not undergo combined aortic resection (−). Results The percentage of aortic invasion for tumor diameter 7 cm was 0%, 13%, 23%, 16%, and 35%, respectively. The percentages of aortic invasion were 27%, 16%, and 0% for tumor localization in the upper division, S6, and S10, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that aortic depression due to tumor or loss of fatty tissue between tumor and mediastinum in the chest CT significantly predicted aortic invasion (odds ratio = 23.83, 16.66). Group A demonstrated significantly more blood loss, longer operative time, prolonged hospital stay, and increased percentage of recurrent nerve palsy (13%) compared to group B. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates for patients in group A were 53.4%, 24.3%, and 24.3%, respectively. Conclusion If the chest CT of a patient demonstrates aortic depression due to tumor or loss of fatty tissue between tumor and mediastinum, aortic complications should be considered when planning surgery.

Background: This study aimed to investigate predictors of thoracic aortic invasion in lung cancer patients using preoperative clinical and imaging characteristics and elucidate surgical outcomes in cases of aortic invasion. Methods: Of the 4751 lung cancer patients who underwent surgery at our hospital, we included 126 (6.8%) who underwent left‐sided surgery and in whom tumor appeared to be in contact with the thoracic aorta on preoperative imaging. The patients were divided into two groups: group A, 23 patients (18%) who underwent combined aortic resection (+); group B, 103 patients (82%) who did not undergo combined aortic resection (−). Results: The percentage of aortic invasion for tumor diameter <3 cm, 3–4 cm, 4–5 cm, 5–7 cm, and >7 cm was 0%, 13%, 23%, 16%, and 35%, respectively. The percentages of aortic invasion were 27%, 16%, and 0% for tumor localization in the upper division, S6, and S10, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that aortic depression due to tumor or loss of fatty tissue between tumor and mediastinum in the chest CT significantly predicted aortic invasion (odds ratio = 23.83, 16.66). Group A demonstrated significantly more blood loss, longer operative time, prolonged hospital stay, and increased percentage of recurrent nerve palsy (13%) compared to group B. The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates for patients in group A were 53.4%, 24.3%, and 24.3%, respectively. Conclusion: If the chest CT of a patient demonstrates aortic depression due to tumor or loss of fatty tissue between tumor and mediastinum, aortic complications should be considered when planning surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypothyroidism is the result of impaired production and secretion of thyroid hormones. The cardiovascular system is affected by fluctuations in thyroid hormone levels. Stressful events or stressors can affect the hypothalamic--pituitary--thyroid (HPT) axis and psychological and physiological responses. Stress increases thyroid hormone levels while decreasing TSH levels, which exacerbates autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between stress and primary hypothyroidism. Methods: A total of 77 newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients (TSH >5.0 mIU/L) and 77 healthy adults (TSH 0.5--5.0 mIU/L) were enrolled. During a brief general physical examination, the following values were measured: height, weight, blood pressure, pulse, and pulse rate. A brief systemic examination of the cardiovascular system and lungs was also performed to rule out systemic diseases. Heart rate variability (HRV) processing and analysis were performed using Pro LabChart (PowerLab 8Pro) data analysis software from AD Instrument. Results: Mean Avg. RR was significantly higher, RM SSD and pRR50 were significantly lower in cases than in controls. Mean HF was significantly lower and LF/HF (frequency range) was significantly higher in cases than in controls. Mean PSS was significantly higher in cases (25.82 ± 2.83) than in controls (22.47 ± 2.10). The majority of cases (54.5%) had a high stress level. The TSH level showed a highly significant correlation with the LF/HF ratio and with the PSS score. Conclusion: The mean Avg. RR and HF were significantly higher, RM SSD and pRR50 and LF/HF (frequency range) were significantly lower in hypothyroid patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) is among one of the ten most common causes of deaths worldwide. Liver the largest gland in the body is a major site of thyroid hormones peripheral metabolism and is involved in its conjugation, biliary excretion, oxidative deamination and extrathyroidal deiodination of T4 to T3. In most chronic hepatic illnesses defects arise in thyroid hormone metabolism resulting in sick euthyroid syndrome. The above functions of liver are impaired in chronic liver diseases leading to decrease in T3, T4 and altered TSH levels. Some patients with chronic liver diseases may have thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism through autoimmune mechanisms. The exact mechanisms behind this is not well understood and hence the present study. Methods In the present study about 100 males subjects were selected randomly from Medicine OPD of GMCH, Nagpur in the age group of 40 - 60 years (50 normal healthy controls and 50 alcoholics) during May 2020 to May 2022. IEC approval was sought and informed consent was obtained from each subjects. Height, Weight of each subjects were measured by standing against a wall with a measuring scale on it and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and recorded. After satisfying all inclusion and exclusion criterias about 5 ml of venous blood was withdrawn from each subjects ante-cubital vein using disposable sterile syringe and needle under strict aseptic precautions. The samples were immediately processed in ADVIA Centaur XP using chemiluminescence immunoassay technique for T3, T4 and TSH levels. Using appropriate statistical methods (Student's paired-t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient) data was analysed. Results It was observed that BMI in ALD (20.21 ± 2.2) was highly significantly decreased as compared to controls (23.06 ± 2.4) with p -- value of < 0.005 [Chart 1.]. In ALD patients there was a highly significant decrease in T3 (0.48 ± 0.08) and T4 (6.4 ± 1.55) levels when compared to controls [T3 (0.98 ± 0.33), T4 (8.85 ± 1.79)] with p -- value of < 0.005. While TSH levels (4.77 ± 0.7) in ALD was observed to be highly significantly raised when compared to controls (2.46 ± 0.8) with p -- value of < 0.005 [Chart 2.]. Conclusions In ALD patients a highly significant decrease in T3 levels was seen due to decrease peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 may be due to decrease in activity of hepatic iodothyronine -- 5'-deiodinase. Moreover, upon withdrawal of ethanol the already decreased TBG reverts back to normal. Acetaldehyde a thyrotoxic agent may cause a blunting TSH response to TRH resulting in altered thyroid hormone levels in ALD patients which may stress a need in better ALD patient management since patients are clinically euthyroid and Propylthiouracil remains the mainstay of treatment in hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from two Acanthamoeba castellanii strains, Neff (environmental) and T4 (clinical). Morphological analysis via transmission electron microscopy revealed slightly larger Neff EVs (average = 194.5 nm) compared to more polydisperse T4 EVs (average = 168.4 nm). Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and dynamic light scattering validated these differences. Proteomic analysis of the EVs identified 1,352 proteins, with 1,107 common, 161 exclusive in Neff, and 84 exclusively in T4 EVs. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) mapping revealed distinct molecular functions and biological processes and notably, the T4 EVs enrichment in serine proteases, aligned with its pathogenicity. Lipidomic analysis revealed a prevalence of unsaturated lipid species in Neff EVs, particularly triacylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and phosphatidylserine, while T4 EVs were enriched in diacylglycerols and diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine, phosphatidylcholine and less unsaturated PEs, suggesting differences in lipid metabolism and membrane permeability. Metabolomic analysis indicated Neff EVs enrichment in glycerolipid metabolism, glycolysis, and nucleotide synthesis, while T4 EVs, methionine metabolism. Furthermore, RNA-seq of EVs revealed differential transcript between the strains, with Neff EVs enriched in transcripts related to gluconeogenesis and translation, suggesting gene regulation and metabolic shift, while in the T4 EVs transcripts were associated with signal transduction and protein kinase activity, indicating rapid responses to environmental changes. In this novel study, data integration highlighted the differences in enzyme profiles, metabolic processes, and potential origins of EVs in the two strains shedding light on the diversity and complexity of A. castellanii EVs and having implications for understanding host-pathogen interactions and developing targeted interventions for Acanthamoeba-related diseases.IMPORTANCEA comprehensive and fully comparative analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from two Acanthamoeba castellanii strains of distinct virulence, a Neff (environmental) and T4 (clinical), revealed striking differences in their morphology and protein, lipid, metabolites, and transcripts levels. Data integration highlighted the differences in enzyme profiles, metabolic processes, and potential distinct origin of EVs from both strains, shedding light on the diversity and complexity of A. castellanii EVs, with direct implications for understanding host-pathogen interactions, disease mechanisms, and developing new therapies for the clinical intervention of Acanthamoeba-related diseases.

Background: Hypothyroidism is the result of impaired production and secretion of thyroid hormones. The cardiovascular system is affected by fluctuations in thyroid hormone levels. Stressful events or stressors can affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis and psychological and physiological responses. Stress increases thyroid hormone levels while decreasing TSH levels, which exacerbates autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between stress and primary hypothyroidism. Methods: A total of 77 newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients (TSH >5.0 mIU/L) and 77 healthy adults (TSH 0.5–5.0 mIU/L) were enrolled. During a brief general physical examination, the following values were measured: height, weight, blood pressure, pulse, and pulse rate. A brief systemic examination of the cardiovascular system and lungs was also performed to rule out systemic diseases. Heart rate variability (HRV) processing and analysis were performed using Pro LabChart (PowerLab 8Pro) data analysis software from AD Instrument. Results: Mean Avg. RR was significantly higher, RM SSD and pRR50 were significantly lower in cases than in controls. Mean HF was significantly lower and LF/HF (frequency range) was significantly higher in cases than in controls. Mean PSS was significantly higher in cases (25.82 ± 2.83) than in controls (22.47 ± 2.10). The majority of cases (54.5%) had a high stress level. The TSH level showed a highly significant correlation with the LF/HF ratio and with the PSS score. Conclusion: The mean Avg. RR and HF were significantly higher, RM SSD and pRR50 and LF/HF (frequency range) were significantly lower in hypothyroid patients.

Purpose: Intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) combined with concurrent chemotherapy is deemed as the mainstay treatment in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Nevertheless, the tolerance of severe acute toxicity of concurrent chemotherapy was unsatisfied. In addition, T4 is the predicting factor of poor prognosis for NPC patients. In this retrospective analysis, the long‐term outcomes IMRT combined by induction chemotherapy deleting concurrent chemotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy for T4 non‐metastatic NPC were analyzed. Materials and Methods: From January 2005 to November 2016, a total of 145 biopsy‐proven non‐metastatic T4 NPC was treated with IMRT combined by induction chemotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. The survival and side effects of the patients were analyzed. Results: Median follow‐up time was 74 months (ranges, 8–186 months). 10.0%, 61.3%, 27.3%, and 1.3% developed grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 mucositis during IMRT, respectively. 5.5% and 2.0% patients experienced grade 1 and 2 nausea and vomiting; no patients developed grade 3 or 4 nausea and vomiting. Of 145 patients enrolled, 5‐year and 10‐year overall survival(OS) rates were 73.7% and 53.9%, local progression‐free survival(LPFS) rates were 86.1% and 71.6%, regional progression‐free survival(RPFS) rates were 96.7% and 92.8%, distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) rates were 86.7%, 78.2%, respectively. At the last follow‐up, five patients developed cranial nerve injury, one patient developed mandibular bone necrosis, four patients developed temporal lobe injury, four patients developed nasopharyngeal massive hemorrhage (three cases after recurrence and one case without recurrence), and five patients developed second primary tumor. Conclusion: The survival outcomes of treating T4 NPC IMRT combined by induction chemotherapy deleting concurrent chemotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy are encouraging. Moreover, mucosal reaction, nausea, and vomiting reaction were reduced during IMRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a comprehensive overview of changes in thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) serum concentrations after pre-gestational, gestational and/or lactation exposures of rodents to various chemicals that affect the thyroid hormone system. We show that T4 and TSH changes consistent with the idealized view of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) feedback loop (T4 decrements accompanied by TSH increases) are observed with only a relatively small set of chemicals. Most substances affect concentrations of various thyroid hormones without increasing TSH. Studies of altered T4 concentrations after gestational exposures are limited to a relatively small set of chemicals in which pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals are under-represented. Our risk-of-bias analysis exposed deficits in T4/TSH analytics as a problem area. By relating patterns of T4 - TSH changes to mode-of-action (MOA) information, we found that chemicals capable of disrupting the HPT feedback frequently affected thyroid hormone synthesis, while substances that produced T4 serum decrements without accompanying TSH increases lacked this ability, but often induced liver enzyme systems responsible for the elimination of TH by glucuronidation. Importantly, a multitude of MOA leads to decrements of serum T4. The current EU approaches for identifying thyroid hormone system-disrupting chemicals, with their reliance on altered TH serum levels as indicators of a hormonal mode of action and thyroid histopathological changes as indicators of adversity, will miss chemicals that produce T4/T3 serum decreases without accompanying TSH increases. This is of concern as it may lead to a disregard for chemicals that produce developmental neurotoxicity by disrupting adequate T4/T3 supply to the brain, but without increasing TSH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation can be used as a test of thyroid function and pituitary thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) reserve, but optimal stimulation testing protocols in cats are unreported. We randomly divided 6 healthy young adult cats into 3 groups of 2 and administered 3 different intravenous doses of TRH (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg) at weekly intervals in our crossover study. Serum TSH and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay before, and at 30 and 60 min after, TRH administration. All cats were monitored for 4 h post-TRH administration for side effects. All 3 TRH doses induced significant TSH (0.01 mg/kg, p = 0.001; 0.05 mg/kg, p = 0.002; 0.1 mg/kg, p = 0.006) and total T4 (0.01 mg/kg, p = 0.008; 0.05 mg/kg, p = 0.006; 0.1 mg/kg, p = 0.001) responses. Lower TRH doses (0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg) caused fewer side effects (1 of 6 cats) than did the highest dose (3 of 6 cats), and may be safer in cats than the previously reported higher dose (0.1 mg/kg) of TRH. Our results do not support the use of maropitant to prevent side effects of a TRH stimulation test in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The growing rate of obesity led to an increased number of bariatric surgeries (BS) as a treatment option for obesity. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) changes following BS can impact many drugs' absorption. Levothyroxine (LT4) is a synthetic thyroxine (T4) replacement used commonly as tablets to manage hypothyroidism disorder, which is more prevalent among patients with obesity. This study aims to examine the LT4 oral tablet form therapy after sleeve gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in multi-center. The LT4 doses and TSH and T4 levels were compared before and after BS. The post-surgery readings were categorized into three periods: (one to three months), (four to six months), and (> six) months after surgery. ANOVA test was used for analysis. Results: A total of 14374 patients who underwent BS from (1/2019 to 3/2022) were screened for eligibility, and n = 101 participants matched the inclusion criteria. The TSH and T4 were not statistically significant differences before and after surgery (P-values of 0.4864 and 0.5970, respectively). However, the doses significantly differed before and after surgery in all the follow-up time point periods (P < 0.002). Conclusion: The LT4 required doses significantly reduced after sleeve gastrectomy, which can be related to the improved endogenous thyroid production in patients with obesity. However, the abnormality of the GIT induced by the sleeve gastrectomy may affect the exogenous LT4 absorption. Using liquid forms of LT4 while monitoring the thyroid function parameters can optimize the treatment after the procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAntithyroid drugs, such as methimazole (MMI), are standard therapies for the medical management of thyrotoxicosis. Agranulocytosis is a rare but lethal adverse effect of antithyroid medications. We have reported 2 cases of MMI-induced agranulocytosis with similar risk factors that likely predisposed them to this adverse reaction.Case reportCase 1 involved a 71-year-old woman, with a history of Graves disease, who presented with an altered mental status. She was recently discharged on 40 mg of MMI twice daily, and she continued this dose for 2 months. She was readmitted and found to have neutropenic fever in the setting of MMI-induced agranulocytosis. MMI was discontinued, and she was started on filgrastim. Her cell counts gradually improved, and she was subsequently discharged.Case 2 involved a 68-year-old woman, with a history of Graves disease, who presented with severe back pain, nausea, and vomiting. She was recently discharged on 10 mg of MMI twice daily, which was increased to 10 mg 3 times a day. She was readmitted to the hospital because of a septic shock in the setting of pneumonia, colitis, bacteremia, and MMI-induced agranulocytosis. A bone marrow biopsy showed a polyclonal infiltrate with up to 85% plasma cells. Despite treatment with antibiotics, filgrastim, and continuous renal replacement therapy, she ultimately passed away.DiscussionAlthough these cases had differing outcomes, they shared similar features and risk factors, including older age, female sex, and relatively higher doses of MMI.ConclusionClose follow up and awareness of risk factors, such as age, female sex, and higher doses of MMI, may decrease the risk of MMI-induced agranulocytosis and fatal outcomes.

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate an unsettled issue that whether T4 esophageal cancer could benefit from surgery. Methods Patients with T4N0-3M0 esophageal cancer from 2004 to 2015 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were included in this study. Kaplan–Meier method, Cox proportional hazard regression, and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to compare overall survival (OS) between the surgery and no-surgery group. Results A total of 1822 patients were analyzed. The multivariable Cox regression showed the HR (95% CI) for surgery vs. no surgery was 0.492 (0.427–0.567) (P

Abstract Purpose Intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) combined with concurrent chemotherapy is deemed as the mainstay treatment in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Nevertheless, the tolerance of severe acute toxicity of concurrent chemotherapy was unsatisfied. In addition, T4 is the predicting factor of poor prognosis for NPC patients. In this retrospective analysis, the long‐term outcomes IMRT combined by induction chemotherapy deleting concurrent chemotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy for T4 non‐metastatic NPC were analyzed. Materials and Methods From January 2005 to November 2016, a total of 145 biopsy‐proven non‐metastatic T4 NPC was treated with IMRT combined by induction chemotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. The survival and side effects of the patients were analyzed. Results Median follow‐up time was 74 months (ranges, 8–186 months). 10.0%, 61.3%, 27.3%, and 1.3% developed grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 mucositis during IMRT, respectively. 5.5% and 2.0% patients experienced grade 1 and 2 nausea and vomiting; no patients developed grade 3 or 4 nausea and vomiting. Of 145 patients enrolled, 5‐year and 10‐year overall survival(OS) rates were 73.7% and 53.9%, local progression‐free survival(LPFS) rates were 86.1% and 71.6%, regional progression‐free survival(RPFS) rates were 96.7% and 92.8%, distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS) rates were 86.7%, 78.2%, respectively. At the last follow‐up, five patients developed cranial nerve injury, one patient developed mandibular bone necrosis, four patients developed temporal lobe injury, four patients developed nasopharyngeal massive hemorrhage (three cases after recurrence and one case without recurrence), and five patients developed second primary tumor. Conclusion The survival outcomes of treating T4 NPC IMRT combined by induction chemotherapy deleting concurrent chemotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy are encouraging. Moreover, mucosal reaction, nausea, and vomiting reaction were reduced during IMRT.

We present a comprehensive overview of changes in thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) serum concentrations after pre-gestational, gestational and/or lactation exposures of rodents to various chemicals that affect the thyroid hormone system. We show that T4 and TSH changes consistent with the idealized view of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) feedback loop (T4 decrements accompanied by TSH increases) are observed with only a relatively small set of chemicals. Most substances affect concentrations of various thyroid hormones without increasing TSH. Studies of altered T4 concentrations after gestational exposures are limited to a relatively small set of chemicals in which pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals are under-represented. Our risk-of-bias analysis exposed deficits in T4/TSH analytics as a problem area. By relating patterns of T4 – TSH changes to mode-of-action (MOA) information, we found that chemicals capable of disrupting the HPT feedback frequently affected thyroid hormone synthesis, while substances that produced T4 serum decrements without accompanying TSH increases lacked this ability, but often induced liver enzyme systems responsible for the elimination of TH by glucuronidation. Importantly, a multitude of MOA leads to decrements of serum T4. The current EU approaches for identifying thyroid hormone system-disrupting chemicals, with their reliance on altered TH serum levels as indicators of a hormonal mode of action and thyroid histopathological changes as indicators of adversity, will miss chemicals that produce T4/T3 serum decreases without accompanying TSH increases. This is of concern as it may lead to a disregard for chemicals that produce developmental neurotoxicity by disrupting adequate T4/T3 supply to the brain, but without increasing TSH.

This study aims to make a plant expression vector with an RBD-T4-Linker-C5a sequence that codes for the SARS-CoV-2 antigen and an A3Dsp signal peptide from the rice 3D amylase gene located before the RBD. Methods of molecular cloning were applied in this study. The plant expression vector pNHL22 harboring the RBD-T4-Linker-C5a sequence was successfully established and conjugated into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 by triparental mating. Bacteria A. tumefaciens containing the RBD-T4-Linker-C5a sequence are now ready for genetic transformation into the Nicotiana benthamiana plant for future applications.

Background: This study aimed to investigate an unsettled issue that whether T4 esophageal cancer could benefit from surgery. Methods: Patients with T4N0-3M0 esophageal cancer from 2004 to 2015 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were included in this study. Kaplan–Meier method, Cox proportional hazard regression, and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to compare overall survival (OS) between the surgery and no-surgery group. Results: A total of 1822 patients were analyzed. The multivariable Cox regression showed the HR (95% CI) for surgery vs. no surgery was 0.492 (0.427–0.567) (P < 0.001) in T4N0-3M0 cohort, 0.471 (0.354–0.627) (P < 0.001) in T4aN0-3M0 cohort, and 0.480 (0.335–0.689) (P < 0.001) in T4bN0-3M0 cohort. The HR (95% CI) for neoadjuvant therapy plus surgery vs. no surgery and surgery without neoadjuvant therapy vs. no surgery were 0.548 (0.461–0.650) (P < 0.001) and 0.464 (0.375–0.574) (P < 0.001), respectively. No significant OS difference was observed between neoadjuvant therapy plus surgery and surgery without neoadjuvant therapy: 0.966 (0.686–1.360) (P = 0.843). Subgroup analyses and PSM-adjusted analyses showed consistent results. Conclusion: Surgery might bring OS improvement for T4N0-3M0 esophageal cancer patients, no matter in T4a disease or in T4b disease. Surgery with and without neoadjuvant therapy might both achieve better OS than no surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the present study was to investigate some hormonal responses to mild hypoxia. Thirty Ile De France ewes were selected according to their hematocrit level and were allocated into 3 groups: low hematocrit (LHct) (hematocrit range - 19.7-27.9%), high hematocrit (HHct) (hematocrit range - 32.0-36.9%) and mean hematocrit (MHct) (hematocrit range - 28.3-29.8%). Immediately after shearing, ewes were transported from the Institute farm (altitude 500 m) to a mountain pasture (altitude 1440 m). Blood samples were taken by jugular venepuncture at the following time points: before transportation (baseline level), on day 7, 20 and 42 after the transport. The traits investigated were blood cortisol, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), growth hormone, reticulocyte count and lactate. Moderate altitude exposure resulted in significant increase on day 7 in plasma cortisol levels in LHct ewes (P < 0.05). Cortisol levels increased significantly on d 20 in HHct and MHct ewes (P < 0.05) compared to baseline levels. Thyroxine levels in LHct and MHct ewes were significantly higher on d 7 as compared to baseline levels (P < 0.05). Triiodothyronine in LHct and HHct ewes declined significantly at 20 d compared to baseline level. (P < 0.05). Growth hormone levels declined significantly in HHct ewes on d 42 as compared to baseline levels (P < 0.05), while in LHct and MHct ewes remained unchanged. Corrected reticulocyte count was significantly higher in HHct ewes compared to LHct ewes at 7 d (P < 0.05). There was a general trend of a slight decrease in T3 and T4 levels in all ewes at 20 d and 42 d. Blood lactate levels increased significantly in LHct (P < 0.001) and HHct ewes (P < 0.05) at d 7 compared to baseline levels. Lactate levels on d 20 d and d 42 in LHct ewes and HHcrt ewes declined but remained significantly higher compared to baseline leves (P < 0.05). There were significant correlations on day 7 between: GH and T3 (r = 0.503; P < 0.05); GH and lactate (r = 0,574; P < 0.01); T3 and lactate (r = 0.517); P < 0.05). In conclusion, Adaptation of shorn pregnant ewes to moderate altitude hypoxia was associated with a slight decrease in basal metabolism accompanied by a slight increase in lactate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:- Thyroid dysfunction is the most common endocrine disorder. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cases changes in serum urea and serum cholesterol. Objectives: To determine the influence of thyroid hormone profile in the serum cholesterol and serum urea. Material & method:-Serum T3, T4 & TSH, serum urea, serum cholesterol were estimated. Result and conclusion: Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism raised serum urea level. No significant difference was found in serum cholesterol levels of cases and controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes and thyroid diseases are two familiar endocrinopathies seen in the general population. Abnormal thyroid hormone levels can also be found in individuals with diabetes. Main issue with the coexistence of both diabetes and thyroid disorders has been associated with increased long-term morbidity and mortality. Hypothyroidism have been associated with insulin resistance which has been reported to be the major cause of impaired glucose metabolism in T2DM. The state-of-art evidence suggests a pivotal role of insulin resistance in underlining the relation between T2DM and thyroid dysfunction. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 plays an important role in thyroid dysfunction development. Aim: The aim of this study was to of thyroid function test in T2DM.and compare them with results obtained from a sample of the control Non-Diabetesand the relation between diabetes andthyroid dysfunction. Materials and Method: Total of 50 Diabetic cases (Group 1) and 50 healthy non-Diabetics control subject (Group 2) this study between January 2017 to June. Which included both male and female. Plasma and serum sample of both the groups were analyzed to assess the thyroid profile, FBS and HbA1C.Both groups were compared using student t-test by calculating r- value of the parameters, P-value and the Pearson coefficient correlation was calculated with significant p value at < 0.05. Results: The mean values of FBS, HbA1c were significantly increased (P<0.0001) in type -2 Diabetes mellitus cases as compared to normal healthy individuals. Other mean values, TSH significantly increased (P<0.0001) in thyroid function in type -2 Diabetes mellitus patient as compared to controls. Whereas the mean value of T3 and T4 was significantly decreased in Thyroid level in type -2 Diabetes mellitus patient as compared to controls. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the levels of serum T3, T4 were significantly lower in diabetics while serum TSH was significantly higher in diabetics when compared to that of controls. Finally, it was concluded from the above observation that type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients suffer from thyroid dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid and gonadotropin hormones play an essential role in the regulation of regulating various physiological functions. The effects of melatonin and zinc (Zn) on these hormones have already been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of melatonin with and without zinc on the levels of gonadotropin hormones and thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) in female rats. In general, 35 sexually mature female rats were randomly divided into five treatment groups, with each group comprising 7 rats, in a completely randomized design (CRD) during the research. The rats were treated daily with Zn and melatonin via gavage as follows: T1 (control 1, basal diet), T2 (control 2, treatment with normal saline) and the other experimental groups, including T3, T4 and T5, were treated with Zn (40 ppm), melatonin (5 mg/kg) or a combination of Zn and melatonin at the same dose. The administration of the drugs was continued for 20 days (daily) . Plasma samples were then taken for the determination of LH, FFH, LH/FSH, estrogen, progesterone, T3, T4 and TSH levels. The results showed no significant differences in FSH and LH levels between treatments. Estrogen, progesterone and TSH levels were higher in the rats receiving 5 mg melatonin per day than in the other groups, but not statistically significant (P>0.05). However, T3 levels decreased significantly in the group receiving 40 mg/kg Zn compared to the other experiments. (P<0.05). The results showed no significant difference between the treatments in terms of T4 levels (P>0.05). In conclusion, no remarkable changes in other variables were observed in female rats receiving melatonin, Zn or a combination of melatonin and Zn, with the exception of T3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid hormone (TH) transporter MCT8 deficiency causes severe locomotor disabilities likely due to insufficient TH transport across brain barriers and, consequently, compromised neural TH action. As an established animal model for this disease, Mct8/Oatp1c1 double knockout (DKO) mice exhibit strong central TH deprivation, locomotor impairments and similar histo-morphological features as seen in MCT8 patients. The pathways that cause these neuro-motor symptoms are poorly understood. In this paper, we performed proteome analysis of brain sections comprising cortical and striatal areas of 21-day-old WT and DKO mice. We detected over 2900 proteins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, 67 of which were significantly different between the genotypes. The comparison of the proteomic and published RNA-sequencing data showed a significant overlap between alterations in both datasets. In line with previous observations, DKO animals exhibited decreased myelin-associated protein expression and altered protein levels of well-established neuronal TH-regulated targets. As one intriguing new candidate, we unraveled and confirmed the reduced protein and mRNA expression of Pde10a, a striatal enzyme critically involved in dopamine receptor signaling, in DKO mice. As altered PDE10A activities are linked to dystonia, reduced basal ganglia PDE10A expression may represent a key pathogenic pathway underlying human MCT8 deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenotypic screening is gaining attention as a powerful method for identifying compounds that regulate cellular phenotypes of interest through novel mechanisms of action. Recently, a new modality of compounds, called molecular glues, which can induce the degradation of target proteins by forming ternary complexes of E3 ligases, has emerged from phenotypic screening. In this study, using global proteomic analysis, we identified a novel Cyclin K degrader, T4, which was previously discovered through phenotypic screening for alternative polyadenylation regulation. Our detailed mechanistic analysis revealed that T4 induced Cyclin K degradation, leading to the regulation of alternative polyadenylation. Additionally, we generated a more potent Cyclin K degrader, TR-213, through a structure-activity relationship study of T4. T4 and TR-213 are structurally distinct from other Cyclin K degraders and can be used as novel chemical tools to further analyze the degradation of Cyclin K and the regulation of alternative polyadenylation. • T4, identified as an alternative polyadenylation regulator, was a novel molecular glue type Cyclin K degrader. • Cyclin K degradation activity was correlated with alternative polyadenylatiion activity. • TR-213 was synthesized as a novel chemical tool of Cyclin K degrader and alternative polyadenylation regulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glycolipid metabolism disorders (dysglycolipidemia) are characterized by elevated levels of glycolipid profile components and fasting blood glucose. Dysglycolipidemia are major threats to human health and life. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study is to estimate the prevalence of dysglycolipidemia and the existence of association of TSH and T4 and glycolipid profiles. Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from the medical laboratory of Ma'an Governmental Hospital. A total of 141 patients' results were collected (18-60 years). Differences in the glycolipidemic profiles according to age and sex and TSH and T4 were compared. Different statistical analyses were used to analyze the prevalence of dysglycolipidemia and the correlation with the levels of TSH and T4. Results: The study involved results of 141 patients (54.7% males and 45.3% females) in Ma'an Province (Jordan), who visited the internal medicine clinic at Ma'an Governmental Hospital. Patients have overweight and BMI of more than 25 kg/m2. The overall results of the prevalence of dyslipidemia indicated that patients have 42.5% of hypercholesterolemia, 48.2% of high LDL-C, 34.1% of hypertriglyceridemia, and 41.8% of low HDL-C. The prevalence of isolated lipid profiles showed that 10 patients have mixed dyslipidemia. The association of dyslipidemia with age indicated a positive significance between triglyceride and older people (=40 years), while HDL levels have a significance with gender (p=0.025). The overall ANOVA model yielded non-statistical significant results between levels of any components of lipid profile and levels of TSH and T4 hormones. Welch test (p=0.036) showed positive significance between levels of fasting blood glucose and triglyceride levels. Conclusions: Our results showed and confirmed the presence of a high percentage of hyperlipidemia in Ma'an province and there was no relationship with levels of TSH and T4. A relationship exists between levels of triglycerides and blood glucose concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Opportunities for T4b esophageal cancer patients to receive curative surgery are increasing with the development of multidisciplinary treatments. However, the best modality to accurately diagnose infiltration to the organs surrounding T4b esophageal cancer is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of CT and MRI in diagnosing T stage in T4b esophageal cancer, with reference to the pathological diagnosis. Methods: A retrospective medical records review of patients with T4b esophageal cancer patients from January 2017 to December 2021 was conducted. Among 125 patients who were treated for cT4b esophageal cancer in Osaka University Hospital, 30 patients were diagnosed with cT4b esophageal cancer by CT, ycT staging with CT (contrast-enhanced images) and MRI (T2-FSE images), and curative R0 resection was performed. Preoperative MRI staging was independently performed by two experienced radiologists. The diagnostic performance of CT and MRI were examined using McNemar's test. Results: Nineteen and 12 patients were diagnosed with ycT4b by CT and MRI, respectively. Combined T4b organ resection was performed in 15 patients. A pathological diagnosis of ypT4b was made in 11 cases. In comparison to CT, MRI showed a higher diagnostic performance, specificity (47% vs. 89%, p = 0.013), and accuracy (60% vs. 90%, p = 0.015) for CT vs. MRI. Conclusions: Our results—with reference to the pathological diagnosis—revealed that MRI had a superior diagnostic performance to CT for diagnosing T4b esophageal cancer invading the surrounding organs. An accurate diagnosis of T4b esophageal cancer may facilitate the implementation of appropriate treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity and hypothyroidism are two common clinical conditions that are often connected. This connection is now more important because of an exceptional rise in the prevalence of obesity around the world. Both of these conditions have a noteworthy impact on human health and well-being. The main objective of this study was to determine the frequency of hypothyroidism in obese patients presenting at Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 242 patients in the Department of Medicine of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from 1st March to 31st August 2022. SPSS version 23.0 was used for data analysis. Result: In this study, 242 obese patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 39.55±9.361 years. The mean BMI was 41.62±8.099kg/m2 ranging from 31 to 61kg/m2, the mean TSH level was 3.04±2.604mU/l, the mean T4 level was 8.53±2.215pmol/L and the mean T3 level was 1.2195±0.35795nmol/L. Out of a total of 242 patients, 34 (14.0%) were male and 208(86.0%) were female patients. Patients found with overt hypothyroidism were 11 (4.5%), subclinical hypothyroidism were 31 (12.8%) and euthyroid were 200 (82.6%) Conclusion: The proportion of hypothyroidism among the obese patients was quite less in our setup and not significantly associated with age and gender of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the expansion of life expectancy, the aging of the population, and the anticipated rise in the number of stroke survivors in Europe with severe neurological consequences in the coming decades, stroke is becoming the most prevalent cause of functional disability. Therefore, the prognosis for a stroke must be timely and precise. Two databases (MEDLINE and Scopus) were searched to identify all relevant studies published between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2022 that investigated the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and acute stroke severity, mortality, and post-hospital prognosis. Only full-text English-language articles were included. This review includes Thirty articles that were traced and incorporated into the present review. Emerging data regarding the potential predictive value of thyroid hormone levels suggests there may be a correlation between low T3 syndrome, subclinical hypothyroidism, and poor stroke outcome, especially in certain age groups. These findings may prove useful for rehabilitation and therapy planning in clinical practice. Serum thyroid hormone concentration measurement is a non-invasive, relatively harmless, and secure screening test that may be useful for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper brain development essentially depends on the timed availability of sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone (TH). This, in turn, necessitates a tightly regulated expression of TH signaling components such as TH transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors in a brain region- and cell-specific manner from early developmental stages onwards. Abnormal TH levels during critical stages, as well as mutations in TH signaling components that alter the global and/or local thyroidal state, result in detrimental consequences for brain development and neurological functions that involve alterations in central neurotransmitter systems. Thus, the question as to how TH signaling is implicated in the development and maturation of different neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems has gained increasing attention. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of TH signaling components during brain development. We then present recent advances in our understanding on how altered TH signaling compromises the development of cortical glutamatergic neurons, inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. Thereby, we highlight novel mechanistic insights and point out open questions in this evolving research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma often presents with pneumonia‐like findings on imaging, which complicates its diagnosis. This case demonstrates that aggressive bronchoscopy is useful for examining infiltrating shadows in the lung field and large tumors occupying the entire lung lobe should be treated cautiously when lung parenchyma develops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoantibodies against thyroid proteins are present in several thyroid diseases. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and stimulates production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). When agonized by anti-TSHR autoantibodies, aberrant production of thyroid hormone can lead to Graves' Disease (GD). In Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), anti-TSHR autoantibodies target the thyroid for immune attack. To better understand the role of anti-TSHR antibodies in thyroid disease, we generated a set of rat antimouse (m)TSHR monoclonal antibodies with a range of affinities, blocking of TSH, and agonist activity. These antibodies could be used to investigate the etiology and therapy of thyroid disease in mouse models and as building blocks in protein therapeutics that target the thyroid for treatment in either HT or GD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Computed tomography (CT) derived body composition measurements of sarcopenia are an emerging form of prognostication in many disease processes. Although the L3 vertebral level is commonly used to measure skeletal muscle mass, other studies have suggested the utilisation of other segments. This study was performed to assess the variation and reproducibility of skeletal muscle mass at vertebral levels T4, T12 and L3 in pre-operative rectal cancer patients. If thoracic measurements were equivalent to those at L3, it will allow for body composition comparisons in a larger range of cancers where lumbar CT images are not routinely measured. Research methods Patients with stage I – III rectal cancer, undergoing curative resection from 2010 – 2014, were assessed. CT based quantification of skeletal muscle was used to determine skeletal muscle cross sectional area (CSA) and skeletal muscle index (SMI). Systematic differences between the measurements at L3 with T4 and T12 vertebral levels were evaluated by percentile rank differences to assess distribution of differences and ordinary least product regression (OLP) to detect and distinguish fixed and proportional bias. Results Eighty eligible adult patients were included. Distribution of differences between T12 SMI and L3 SMI were more marked than differences between T4 SMI and L3 SMI. There was no fix or proportional bias with T4 SMI, but proportional bias was detected with T12 SMI measurements. T4 CSA duplicate measurements had higher test–retest reliability: coefficient of repeatability was 34.10 cm2 for T4 CSA vs 76.00 cm2 for T12 CSA. Annotation time (minutes) with L3 as reference, the median difference was 0.85 for T4 measurements and -0.03 for T12 measurements. Thirty-seven patients (46%) had evidence of sarcopenia at the L3 vertebral level, with males exhibiting higher rates of sarcopenia. However, there was no association between sarcopenia and post-operative complications, recurrence or hospital LOS (length of stay) in patients undergoing curative resection. Conclusions Quantifying skeletal muscle mass at the T4 vertebral level is comparable to measures achieved at L3 in patients with rectal cancer, notwithstanding annotation time for T4 measurements are longer.

Background and objective: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The effects of COVID-19 on the thyroid axis remain uncertain. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction, as previously demonstrated for SARS-CoV-1 infection, and to analyze electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride) to determine the severity of the disease. Methods: Blood samples were taken from patients who were admitted to Erbil hospitals from July to October 2021. Infection was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The 306 cases were labeled as moderate or severe. The samples were assessed for doing C-reactive protein (CRP), as a marker of systemic inflammation, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and (sodium, potassium, and chloride) electrolytes. Results: Patients comprised of 157 (51.3%) males and 149 (48.7%) females. The result revealed that 274 (89.5%), 278 (90.8%), 292 (95.4%) of patients had normal TSH, T3, T4 level respectively, 22 (7.2%), 23 (7.5%), 9 (2.9%) of patients had low TSH, T3, T4 level respectively, and 10 (3.3%), 5 (1.6%), 5 (1.6%), had high TSH, T3, T4 level respectively. There was no significant difference between moderate and severe cases in alterations of TSH, T3, T4 level. There was a significant difference between moderate and severe cases in sodium, potassium, and chloride electrolyte abnormality. Conclusion: The occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in moderate and severe cases. The severity of the COVID-19 infection is associated with abnormalities in sodium, calcium, and chloride electrolytes.

Background: Thyroid hormones are key determinants of health and well-being. Normal thyroid function is defined according to the standard 95% confidence interval of the disease-free population. Such standard laboratory reference intervals are widely applied in research and clinical practice, irrespective of age. However, thyroid hormones vary with age and current reference intervals may not be appropriate across all age groups. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on age-related variation in thyroid function and discuss important implications of such variation for research and clinical practice. Main text: There is now substantial evidence that normal thyroid status changes with age throughout the course of life. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations are higher at the extremes of life and show a U-shaped longitudinal trend in iodine sufficient Caucasian populations. Free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels fall with age and appear to play a role in pubertal development, during which it shows a strong relationship with fat mass. Furthermore, the aging process exerts differential effects on the health consequences of thyroid hormone variations. Older individuals with declining thyroid function appear to have survival advantages compared to individuals with normal or high-normal thyroid function. In contrast younger or middle-aged individuals with low-normal thyroid function suffer an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes while those with high-normal function have adverse bone outcomes including osteoporosis and fractures. Conclusion: Thyroid hormone reference intervals have differential effects across age groups. Current reference ranges could potentially lead to inappropriate treatment in older individuals but on the other hand could result in missed opportunities for risk factor modification in the younger and middle-aged groups. Further studies are now needed to determine the validity of age-appropriate reference intervals and to understand the impact of thyroid hormone variations in younger individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), a key enzyme in amino acid oxidation and urea production, is mainly derived from the liver and its activity may increase with hepatocellular necrosis. Feline hyperthyroidism is associated with elevated serum activities of various enzymes, but the pattern of serum GLDH activity has not been reported, to our knowledge. Feline clinical biochemistry results from 2 commercial diagnostic laboratories were reviewed retrospectively to assess changes in serum GLDH activity in cats with significantly elevated serum total T4 concentrations, which is highly suggestive of hyperthyroidism. A total of 2,773 records were analyzed, of which 2,370 (85%) had normal total T4 (≤50 nmol/L) and 403 (15%) had increased total T4 (≥60 nmol/L) concentrations. Among cats with an increased total T4 concentration, 26.5% had increased serum GLDH activity. All cats with increased GLDH activity also had increased serum ALT activity. In 42.9% of cats, ALT activity was increased, but GLDH activity was normal. In 30.5% of cats, both serum GLDH and ALT activities were within RIs. The fold-increase of GLDH activity was almost half of the ALT fold-increase. Although serum GLDH activity increased in some cats with hyperthyroidism, serum ALT activity increased more frequently and to a greater extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypothyroid or Hyperthyroid state affects all the physiological systems including cardiovascular system, central nervous system, digestive system, blood, etc. Despite increasing knowledge of thyroid physiology and better means for investigation of thyroid functions, we still are at preliminary stage of understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders Objectives: The present study was carried out to compare body T3, T4 and TSH levels in newly diagnosed patients of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and age and gender matched euthyroid subjects Materials and methods: The present study was carried out in 90 female subjects in the age group of 30 to 45. Diagnosis of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism was based on both clinical and biochemical criteria. Subjects were divided in euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid groups with each group containing 30 subjects. T3, T4 & TSH levels were measured in all the groups. Results: Hyperthyroid group had significantly higher T3 and T4 levels as compared to euthyroid and hypothyroid groups. Hypothyroid group had significantly higher TSH as compared to euthyroid and hyperthyroid groups. Conclusion: T3 and T4 levels are significantly higher in hyperthyroidism and they are significantly lower in Hypothyroidism as compared to euthyroid premenopausal women. TSH levels are significantly higher in hypothyroid subjects, while TSH levels are significantly lower in hyperthyroid subjects. Regular monitoring of T3, T4 and TSH especially in women is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationship between thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) and thyroid function tests (TSH, T3 and T4) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ninety women and men, with ages ranging between 35- 65 years and weighing 60-80 kgs, were selected for this study. They were classified into three groups: G1 included 15 healthy control group, G2 had15 patients with T2DM and G3 had 60 patients with T2DM and hypothyroidism. Blood samples were collected from each individual via vein puncture to assess thyroid hormone and TPO-Ab. The results showed highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in TSH level in the diabetic group with hypothyroidism when compared to the other groups. There was no significant difference between diabetic and control groups. T4 and T3 levels showed highly significant (p<0.01) decrease in the diabetic group with hypothyroidism when compared to the diabetic and healthy control groups. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the diabetic and healthy control groups. The results showed highly significant (p < 0.01) increase in the TPO-AB level in diabetic group with hypothyroidism when compared with the diabetic and healthy control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adolescence is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood, from ages of 10 -19 years, during which thyroid disorders peak and mostly goes undetected. Hence, there is a need for evaluation of thyroid functions in this age group. Objective: To assess the thyroid status of adolescents aged 10-19 years coming to a tertiary care Centre. Material and Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was conducted among adolescents between the age of 10-19 years who attended the Department of Paediatrics at JSS Hospital, a tertiary care centre in Mysuru, Karnataka, India. Duration of study was 18 Month. Consecutive Sampling technique was used. Results: Family history of hypothyroidism was seen in 2% of study subjects. Subclinical hypothyroidism(14%) was the most common thyroid abnormality followed by subclinical hyperthyroidism (3.3%). Conclusion: In our study, subclinical hypothyroidism is the most common presentation of thyroid abnormalities in adolescents. Hence, thyroid function test is strongly recommended to identify the thyroid abnormalities & early initiation of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of combined biocontrol strategies to combat bacterial-related issues is an increasingly popular approach. Therefore, a novel investigation was performed, where interactions of lytic bacteriophages (MS2, T4 and phi6) and methanolic plant extracts (Echinacea purpurea (EP) and Ruta graveolens (RG)) in the bacterial environment have been examined to understand their application potential and limitations. Due to the complexity of these interactions, many up-to-date techniques were used (microdilution method, phage extract coincubation assay, static interactions synographies and dynamic growth profile experiments in a bioreactor). As a result of our study, antagonism interactions were observed: EP and RG extracts showed antiphage and bacterial stimulating activity. Effects caused by low extract concentrations on microorganisms depended on the species of phage and bacteria, while high concentrations suppressed bacterial lysis in general. Moreover, interactions observed in the static environment differed from those performed in a dynamic environment, showing the importance of performing multiple analyses when investigating such complex mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For T4 rectal tumours and local recurrences (LR) of rectal cancer, a radical resection beyond TME, sometimes by multi-visceral resection, is important to obtain safe margins and improve survival. The use of the laparoscopic approach (LA) for these cases is still controversial and associated with a high rate of conversion. However, robotic surgery might offer some advantages that can overcome some of the limitations of LA. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the postoperative outcomes and medium-term oncological results of robotic surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer (pathological T4) and LR. A retrospective analysis was performed including patients who had undergone robotic rectal resection in a single institution over an 11-year period, and had a T4 tumour confirmed in the pathological report. Primary endpoint was to analyse postoperative complications (30-day) and the rate of conversion. Secondary endpoints include pathological assessment of the quality of the specimen, local recurrence and survival [2-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS)]. A total of 41 patients were analysed, including a total of 24 patients (60%) that required a multivisceral resection. The median distance from the tumour to the anorectal junction was 7 (4–12) cm. Conversion to open surgery was necessary in 2 cases (5%). The overall morbidity rate was 78% (n = 32), with 37% of major complications, most of them urinary (n = 7). Median length of hospital stay (LOS) was 13 (7–27) days. The 30-day mortality rate was 7% (n = 3). An R0 resection was achieved in 85.4% of the cases (n = 35) due to 6 cases of the positive circumferential resection margin. 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for the T4 tumours were 72% and 85%, respectively. There were 8 cases of local recurrence (22.2%); 6 of them met the selection criteria for salvage surgery. Robotic surgery for locally advanced T4 rectal cancer and multi-visceral resections is safe and feasible, with a low rate of conversion and an acceptable rate of postoperative morbidity in this subgroup of patients. Oncological results have shown to be comparable with the laparoscopic series published, preserving a good quality of the resected specimen. However, comparative studies and a longer follow-up period is needed to confirm the oncologic findings and to support the general adoption of the robotic system for these complex interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribulus terrestris (Tt) is a herb distributed worldwide due to its beneficial claims on many diseases. This study aimed to study the role of Tt against Cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity on thyroid gland of adult male albino rats. Twenty-four rats were subdivided into four groups; (Control group) without any treatment, (Tt + Cd group) with a daily oral dose of Tt (5 mg/ kg b. wt.) for eight weeks, from the beginning of the ninth week, they injected i.p. with 2 mg/kg of CdCl4 for 8 days, (Cd group) injected i.p. with 2 mg/kg of CdCl4 for 8 days, (Cd + Tt group) injected i.p. with 2 mg/kg of CdCl4 for eight days, from the ninth day they were given a daily oral dose of Tt (5 mg/ kg b. wt.) for eight weeks. Results revealed that levels of T4 and TAC decreased while levels of TSH and MDA increased in Cd group resulted in follicular cells degeneration, increasing the amount of collagen fibers, and increased positive immunoreactivity of PCNA. Administration of Tt before Cd injection increased levels of T4 and TAC while decreased levels of TSH and MDA. administration of Tt after Cd injection didn't affect T4, TSH, MDA and TAC levels. The pre-treatment with Tt protects the thyroid tissue from those destructive changes by Cd while the post-treatment did not treat them. In conclusion, Tribulus terrestris is highly effective in shielding the thyroid gland from further damaging effects of Cd -induced oxidative stress when utilized as prophylactic antioxidant rather than treatment therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]