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The paper discusses the concept of Kaizen, a Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement, and highlights its historical significance and widespread adoption in various industries worldwide. This paper is based on literature review of 98 research articles published related kaizen's evolution, industry application, and limitations during 2000-2022. The study employed a comprehensive search strategy across multiple databases like Scopus, Google Scholar, and others to gather relevant systematic reviews on kaizen. It references established guidelines like PRISMA and it mentions the planned thematic analysis using NVivo software, highlighting its applicability in identifying patterns and themes across diverse data sources. The review showed that Kaizen adoption is a useful tool for organizations looking to achieve continuous performance improvement and sustainability over time.

The semiconductor industry faces the dual challenge of risk assessment and process improvement. This paper introduces a framework that integrates Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle to address these challenges effectively. FMEA serves as the initial step to identify potential risks within the system, followed by applying the PDCA cycle to systematically address and enhance the identified risks. The comparison between the initial Risk Priority Number (RPN) value, determined through FMEA, and the post-RPN in PDCA value gauges the success of the framework. Implementing the system in a semiconductor assembly line yielded a significant 51% improvement in RPN, with additional Lean tools incorporated into PDCA, such as SMART goals, 6M, and multi-voting. This integrated framework amplifies risk management, fosters continuous improvement, optimizes resource utilization, and empowers data-driven decisions, ultimately bolstering organizational growth. However, the study acknowledges limitations such as its single-case focus and potential RPN calculation subjectivity.

This research investigates the synergistic relationship between Lean Manufacturing and Industry 4.0, crucial paradigms in modern industry, through a literature review of 60 scientific articles published from January 2013 to November 2023. The study reveals a tripartite relationship: Industry 4.0 technologies amplify Lean Manufacturing’s efficiency; Lean Manufacturing principles facilitate Industry 4.0 adoption; and their interaction fosters mutual enhancement, indicating a dynamic interplay. The results show three main trends: combining Industry 4.0 technologies, especially the Internet of Things, with Lean Manufacturing principles to make things more efficient and productive; highlighting the important role of Lean Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 in tackling sustainability issues and encouraging eco-friendly practices; and combining Lean principles with Industry 4.0 as a step toward Industry 5.0. Challenges include the need for a cultural transformation to align Lean’s simplicity with Industry 4.0’s complexity, resolve compatibility issues between legacy systems and new technologies, enhance data management and cybersecurity, address skill deficiencies through staff training, and ensure supplier and partner alignment. This research enriches academic and industrial discourse by presenting a novel outlook on the convergence of lean manufacturing and Industry 4.0, highlighting its significance for future works.

The Dynamic lot sizing (DLS) model is widely used in production planning, to minimize inventory levels, which basically will minimize production costs. The DLS model tries to eliminate the assumption of a fixed demand level throughout the period used in the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model. The characteristics of business processes in online retailers are the basis of this research to develop DLS models. This research develops a DLS model for retailers with multi-supplier cases, quantity discounts, and capacity constraints that consider Advanced Demand Information (ADI). Based on the numerical test results, it appears that ADI has an effect on reducing total production costs in the DLS model. The results of the numerical tests also showed that the model was able to solve the problems of the production planning process for SMEs and retailers who considered ADI.

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the role of collaboration, knowledge transfer, service partner development, information sharing and logistics integration on supply chain agility. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 405 official motorcycle service partners in Indonesia using questionnaires and were analyzed using structural equation modelling. Findings: Collaboration has a significant impact on knowledge transfer and information sharing. Information sharing and logistics integration as mediation to improve supply chain agility. Likewise, knowledge transfers and service partner development also as mediation to enhance supply chain agility. As a result, collaboration has no significant direct impact to supply chain agility. Research limitations/implications: Given the state of the sampling refers to specific industry, so the generalization of the results will be limited. Practical implications: The proposed model provides insight for managers on how collaboration, knowledge transfer, service partner development, information sharing and logistics integration affect supply chain agility. Using measurement items of this study, managers can determine and evaluate the current state and formulate strategies to improve their supply chain capabilities. Originality/value: The contribution of this study lies in investigating the role of dynamic capabilities for PSS offering to improve supply chain agility. This study provides benefits for academics and industry by filling the gap of the nascent study in Product–Service Systems and supply chain agility.

Purpose: The objective of this work is to fulfil a strategic requirement in Egypt’s agriculture industry by establishing a fresh produce supply chain network (SCN) that manages the collection, processing, packaging, and distribution of products. Design/methodology/approach: A two-phase approach is proposed. In the first, a network of food aggregation hubs is strategically located across the country for the collection, consolidation, and distribution of products. This is accomplished by modeling and solving a cost minimization dynamic facility location-allocation (FLA) problem using a hybrid binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) algorithm. The second phase of the approach is to complement the hub FLA decision with optimal fleet size, transportation schedules, and routing decisions. This is achieved by solving the split-delivery vehicle routing problem (SDVRP) using a hybrid ant-colony optimization (ACO) algorithm, considering positioning loading constraints, and shelf-lives of products. Findings: There is a strong correlation between the geographical locations and capacities of the established hubs, and the proximity of supply points and the populations in the demand areas. In addition, accounting for spoilage of products has a significant effect on network design, and collection and distribution decisions. Practical implications: Establishment of the intended SCN can reduce the proportion of wasted product during transit, and improve the quality of the delivered product. Social implications: Establishment of the SCN will increase the exposure of small farmers to wider markets, and hence their return and standard of living, and potentially reduce the prices for the final customer. Originality/value: This study is the first attempt to establish an efficient fresh produce supply chain network in Egypt. In addition, the proposed solution approach considered a multitude of problem characteristics, simultaneously for the first time.

This study investigaste the implementation of Theo National Solid Waste Polley (PNRS) in a company located in Sorocaba, São Paulo, temporarily named XYZ. Using a case study approach, the research aims to understand how XYZ has adapted to the principles and guidelines established by the PNRS, analyzing its solid waste management practices. The methodology adopted included a literature review on the subject, followed by a documentary analysis of XYZ's Sustainability Report and the application of the case method. The results revealed that XYZ faced initial challenges, such as waste classification issues and infrastructure adaptation, but showed resilience and determination in overcoming these obstacles. In addition, the company has made significant efforts to develop innovative financial approaches, seeking not only to reduce the costs associated with compliance with the PNRS, but also to generate economic benefits in line with the principles of the circular economy and corporate sustainability. XYZ's commitment to the PNRS stands out, representing an example of how organizations can not only comply, but actively embrace the principles and objectives of this policy.

Competition for Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) products is currently getting tougher, in terms of quality, timely delivery, and competitive prices. SME customers of bread and donut products sometimes complain about the visual quality of bread and donut products that are stale, burnt, and dirty. The purpose of this research is to reduce product defects during the production process and improve the quality of the bread and donut products. This research method uses a Kaizen approach combined with the Design of Experiment (DoE) one-shoot case study method and uses organoleptic tests to assess the quality of bread and donut products. This study found that there were 3 product defect problems, namely bread and donut defects that did not rise, burnt donut defects, bread defects, and dirty donuts. This research resulted in a decrease in defects of 65% from 3.84% to 1.07%. While the best DoE test results used dough type C with 10 grams fermipan/yeast composition and 15 grams bread improver, stove 165-1750C, equipment cleaning frequency 1 time for each dough, and organoleptic test with 10% beetroot extract addition resulted in a color aspect score of 70 %, 65% aroma aspect, 68.5% texture aspect, and 70% taste aspect which is liked by many people.

The evaluation of supplier selection is an important aspect that needs to be considered in supply chain management. The best suppliers contribute to a more efficient supply chain system. Companies operating in the food distribution sector are particularly attentive to their suppliers. One of the products that receives significant attention is spinach, a perishable item, making supplier evaluation crucial. This research aims to evaluate the supplier selection of spinach products based on several criteria, such as delivery, quality, price, service, and location. Weighting is done using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). In this case, assessment or weighting is carried out by distributing questionnaires to three respondents in the field. The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is employed to determine the rankings of each alternative. The results of this study indicate that the price criterion has the highest weight with a weight of 0.39. The recommended selected alternative is alternative 4, with the highest average value (Vi) based on the assessments of three experts. This model proves capable of addressing the issues of supplier selection evaluation, leading to the selection of alternative or supplier 4 as the spinach supplier for the food distribution company.

In the highly competitive retail industry, companies must continually innovate and develop unique business strategies to enhance their sales performance. The ABC Store, a mini market in Yogyakarta, has experienced fluctuating sales over the past year, failing to meet its targets. This study aims to analyze consumer purchasing behavior at the ABC Store and provide strategic recommendations to boost sales. The data analyzed in this study comprises three months of transaction records. The methods used include Association Rule - Market Basket Analysis (AR-MBA) with the FP-Growth algorithm and Clustering Analysis with K-Means. The clustering analysis identified four distinct customer segments: Mid-Morning Moderates, Diverse Afternoon Buyers, Evening Moderates, and High-Value Customers. Cluster 2, comprising Diverse Afternoon Buyers, was selected for AR analysis due to its relatively high transaction value and the variety of products purchased, indicating its potential to evolve into a High-Value Customers cluster. The analysis yielded 104 rules. The findings can inform marketing strategies to increase sales, including product bundling and customer loyalty programs such as a point system.In the highly competitive retail industry, companies must continually innovate and develop unique business strategies to enhance their sales performance. The ABC Store, a mini market in Yogyakarta, has experienced fluctuating sales over the past year, failing to meet its targets. This study aims to analyze consumer purchasing behavior at the ABC Store and provide strategic recommendations to boost sales. The data analyzed in this study comprises three months of transaction records. The methods used include Association Rule - Market Basket Analysis (AR-MBA) with the FP-Growth algorithm and Clustering Analysis with K-Means. The clustering analysis identified four distinct customer segments: Mid-Morning Moderates, Diverse Afternoon Buyers, Evening Moderates, and High-Value Customers. Cluster 2, comprising Diverse Afternoon Buyers, was selected for AR analysis due to its relatively high transaction value and the variety of products purchased, indicating its potential to evolve into a High-Value Customers cluster. The analysis yielded 104 rules. The findings can inform marketing strategies to increase sales, including product bundling and customer loyalty programs such as a point system.

Tegal Subur Aktif Farmer Group is one of the organic tea producers located in Menoreh Hills, precisely in Nglinggo, Pagerharjo, Samigaluh, Kulon Progo. The efforts carried out by this farmer group include the procurement of tea ingredients, the provision of production facilities, the cultivation and maintenance of tea plants, the processing of agricultural products and trade in general. Processed organic tea products, such as green, black, yellow, and roasted, are produced. Farmer groups have uncertain orders that can only be fulfilled partially, which can still affect customer satisfaction. In total, there are 95.39% of uncertain orders that can be fulfilled in the period August 2021 – March 2022. This is related to production planning with actual production caused by uncertain or regular supply of raw materials. If the collection of raw material supply is still carried out, it causes cost losses in collecting raw materials. The Tegal Subur Aktif Farmer Group has never measured its supply chain performance. If measurement is not carried out, supply chain performance may develop slowly. This study aims to measure the organic tea supply chain's performance and determine which indicators need improvement. This research uses the Supply Chain Operation References (SCOR) and Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods. Based on the data processing carried out, by measuring supply chain performance with Supply Chain Operation References (SCOR) and Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP), the supply chain performance of the Active Tegal Subur Farmer Group can be improved.

This study aims to determine and analyze body parts that experience musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and muscles that experience fatigue in guitar-making workers. The method used is the Nordic Body Map (NBM) to determine MSDs complaints, including complaints of pain in 28 parts of the worker's body, and the Muscle Fatigue Analysis (MFA) method to determine muscle fatigue that occurs in each part of the body by determining the level of effort, duration of work, and frequency of work movements. The results of research using NBM were 2 workers with high risk, 3 workers with medium risk, and 7 workers with low risk. The results of the MFA method were that 3 workers experienced muscle fatigue in the very high category with priority in the neck, back, shoulders, right arm, wrist and feet. Efforts to minimize the risk of MSDs by redesigning work facilities using SolidWorks software and reducing the risk of muscle fatigue by improving work facilities, improving the layout of the production floor, and encouraging workers to stretch their muscles and exercise regularly.

The Central Business District (CBD) office building is making efforts to reduce building electricity costs, and one alternative is solar power plant installation. PT. Rancang Prima Sejahtera, engaged in the solar energy industry, conducts consulting services with Central Business District office buildings, so PT. Rancang Prima Sejahtera made an indicative proposal with several solar power plant installation scenarios to be installed on the roof of the Central Business District office building. Four scenarios are created from the combination of 2 PV modules and two inverters. Each scenario created will be assessed for the level of opt, and the investment value will be calculated. In combining components using the principles of the Vereun Deutsche Ingineuer (VDI) 2222 method and assessed each scenario using six aspects of assessment. Meanwhile, the investment analysis assessment uses the parameters of Cost of Energy (CoE), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit-Cost Ratio (B-CR), and discounted payback period. The results of the analysis conducted found that the third scenario was the best scenario with a percentage of the design value of 82.5%, CoE value of Rp398.31/kWh, NPV value of Rp2,451,719,005, IRR percentage of 23.75%, B-CR value of 7.8, and DPP value for 6.8 years with a project life of 30 years. The findings of the investment research indicate that the implementation of solar power plant installations in office buildings located in Central Business Districts yields long-term cost reductions in electricity expenses over a 30-year period, as opposed to relying solely on the services provided by the State Electricity Enterprise.

Fulfillment of orders for a product in the lathe industry often misses the processing deadline because the production process time is not well measured. One of the products produced by a lathe is crimping, this product often takes a long production process until 23.80 working hours. The purpose of this research is to identify the problems that cause the standard time for the crimping process to be high and provide the best solution for companies to reduce the standard time for the crimping production process. This research method uses the Design Thinking Process (DTP) which is divided into 5 stages, including Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Test also called the EDIPT stage. The application of the EDIPT method also uses several methods or improvement tools. The improvements that have been made by the company are from the causes of methods, humans, and the environment. This research has resulted in a decrease in the standard time for the crimping process which originally obtained a processing time in 1 product of 1,428 minutes, while the standard time for the implementation of improvements was 1,375 minutes, so this research has succeeded in reducing the standard time in the crimping production process or reducing CSF by 3.71%.

PT. Sewangi Sejati Luhur, a palm oil plantation company, manages 7,000 hectares divided into 12 divisions across 3 estates. The company primarily focuses on cultivating and processing Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB), with the harvesting unit employing the most workers. This research aims to investigate the implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) program within the harvesting unit at PT Sewangi Sejati Luhur, designed to prevent work accidents and occupational diseases. Conducted in Tapung Hulu Subdistrict, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, the study employs a quantitative descriptive method using the HIRARC method to assess OHS application and employee working conditions. A saturated sample of 30 harvesting employees was surveyed through interviews and documentation of the OHS program. The findings reveal that the OHS program includes periodic health exams, OHS awareness campaigns, monthly activities, and training sessions. The program's implementation has led to low accident rates and satisfactory achievement of goals. Correlation analysis shows a significant link between OHS program implementation and improved employee working conditions. Additionally, 82% of respondents reported that the OHS program significantly influenced their working conditions, while 18% cited other factors. Overall, the OHS program in PT Sewangi Sejati Luhur's harvesting unit has been effective, ensuring a low accident rate and meeting monthly targets.

Performance evaluation is essential for an industry's ability to operate successfully. Efficiency management is becoming crucial and important to enhancing the sustainability of the industry. The industry needs to measure its performance for the following reasons: (i) develop the economy and its operation efficiency in a sustainable way; (ii) supply data for decision-making units (DMUs); and (iii) optimize output using the fewest resources. Performance measurement indicators relate to the performance of the industry itself, such as: added value/cost of production factors, indirect taxes, number of workers, input costs, number of companies, added value/market prices, and production index. The purpose of this research is to measure the performance of large and medium-sized industries (LMIs) in Indonesia. LMIs have a strategic role as the main engine and driver of the economy. Measuring LMI performance is very necessary so that LMI can grow and develop sustainably. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a method for measuring performance. DEA is a non-parametric linear programming technique and used to determine comparisons between DMUs with different inputs and outputs. The research results indicate that there are three DMU classification categories, namely: Category 1 (ES = 1), Category 2 (ES = 0.9986-0.9998), and Category 3 (ES = 0.9971-0.9974). The percentages for each category are 50%, 37.5%, and 12.5%.

The construction sector is a sector that employs many people who have high risk of work accidents, because a lot of work in this sector is possibility carried out by unsafe actions or unsafe conditions. PT. Arto Moro Sentosa is company which operates in general trading, general construction, suppliers, outsourcing, etc., is aware that the business has a high risk of work accidents. The lack of employee awareness will have an impact on the magnitude of the risks that must be borne by the worker and the company. The purpose of this research is determining work accident records for the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) system, employee risks, and existing improvements at company. By knowing the classification of hazards based on the type of accident, this research uses the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method, histograms, Pareto diagrams, and cause-and-effect (fish bone) diagrams. Based on the author's observations, company data related to OHS (Occupational Health and Safety) and interviews with the directors, could be obtained a history of work accidents based on the type of accident. Here are ergonomic work accidents (57.89%), physical factor accidents ( 31.58%), chemical factor accidents (5.26%), biological factor accidents (5.26%), and psychological factor accidents (0%). Several recommendation is performed to avoid repeated accident by providing training programs on OHS to workers, paying more attention to OHS supervision, giving sanctions to workers who violate OHS.

PT ASA is a leather tanning company. Almost 65% of the company's assets are allocated for the procurement of raw leather, which consists of goat and sheepskin. In addition to being expensive, the availability of raw leather is also very limited. The company faces a trade-off where, on one hand, the raw material is easily decayed, but on the other hand, its availability is extremely limited, and if there is not enough inventory, the production process will be disrupted. In this research, a multi-objective optimization model is developed for controlling the inventory of raw leather using the Fuzzy Goal Programming approach. The objectives to be achieved are to minimize the total inventory cost, maximize the total quantity of raw leather that meets standards, and minimize the total cost of losses due to decayed raw leather. Based on the calculations, the fuzzy goal programming membership function value is obtained at 0.9155, with a total inventory cost over the planning horizon of IDR 10,341,630,000, a total of 1,279,542 sq ft of raw leather meeting standards, and a total loss cost due to decayed raw leather of IDR 142,911,691.

This study explores the unique mandatory residence, Ma'had Sunan Ampel Al Alyi (MSAA), at the State Islamic University (UIN) Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, aiming to develop Quranic reading competence in new students. The varying educational backgrounds of admitted students lead to differences in their Quranic reading capabilities, highlighting the need for adaptive learning. In response to this diversity, adaptive learning using artificial intelligence is employed, implemented through the serious education game "The Ma'had." Survey results from expert individuals using a Game Design Factor Questionnaire reveal the game's substantial potential. The results show high agreement (100%) on clear goals, engaging gameplay, and a sense of freedom, with 67% strongly agreeing on improved understanding. Challenges are motivating, and the game successfully sparks curiosity. "The Ma’had" Game proves effective, but further research is recommended to explore variations in player engagement and compare results with expert test subjects, employing alternative quantitative testing methods for a comprehensive analysis.

The development of a suggested model for rating suppliers is the goal of this research. In this study, suppliers are rated and ranked using Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) and Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA). The suggested approach incorporates both objective and subjective criteria while applying Delphi to a subset of the criteria. In order to test the proposed model in a leather company for actual use, a case study is provided. The model is able to capture all objective and arbitrary criteria in the dynamics of the group of decision-makers when rating suppliers. To help in decision-making, this proposed model includes criteria selection. Because the results of the ranking of suppliers will depend on how accurately the criteria are chosen. The suggested approach produces a workable resolution because it is not sensitive to changes in the parameters

The increasing demand for wedang uwuh during the pandemic requires Weeka Wedang Uwuh as a producer to be quick and responsive in meeting demand. Competition for sales of wedang uwuh is currently quite tight because there are more and more wedang uwuh producers. One way to anticipate current business competition, especially in the herbal beverage industry, is to try to manage the resources owned by SMEs, including labor. The right number of workers will guarantee product availability and also provide minimum costs for labor costs. This research aims to provide suggestions for determining the optimal number of workers in order to minimize labor costs. ToC is a problem solving approach that focuses on eliminating constraints using available methodologies. Therefore, this approach is very suitable for eliminating obstacles at Weeka Wedang Uwuh in order to determine the optimal number of workers. To support the TOC approach, the Dynamic Program method will be applied to the obstacle removal step. The optimal number of workers in UKM Weeka Wedang Uwuh will be obtained by reducing 5 (five) workers in the Wedang Uwuh packing section. The savings that occurred during the research time period were Rp. 21,500,302.00 compared to expenses if it had the current number of workers.

Quality control is intended to ensure that the products are in accordance with the predefined standards. PT. XYZ is a garment company that manufactures products with global target market. Hence, product quality assurance becomes an important issue for PT. XYZ. This research focuses on the Just Brand-MCJA216142 jacket product at the sewing work station on line-4 of PT. XYZ. Preliminary observations show that the number of reworked-products was experiencing an increasing trend. This study aims to determine whether the company has carried out quality control properly. Specifically, the research objectives are to identify the type and level of product defects, identify the factors causing product defects, and provide proper improvement suggestions to reduce the occurrence of product defects. This study applied DMAIC (Define–Measure–Analyze–Improve–Control) Six Sigma concept. The results showed that the quality of the Just Brand-MCJA216142 jacket product has exceeded the Indonesian industry average and is classified as the USA industry average. However, quality improvement is still needed since the products are targeted for the export market. Based on Pareto diagram at the Analyze stage, it was found that the most dominant defects occurred in the Just Brand-MCJA216142 jacket production process were broken threads and puckering. The frequency of occurrence for these two types of defect reaches 23% of the total 16 types of defects. The defects were caused by human, machine, material, method, and environmental factors. Recommendations for improvement at the Improve stage are based on root cause analysis of each causative factor that is identified using a fishbone diagram. This research results strengthen the previous related researches regarding the effectivity of DMAIC Six Sigma for analyzing quality control of products.

National Waste Management Information System shows that the amount of waste handled in Semarang City over the last three years has decreased with an average decline index of 1.06% per year. This is reinforced by the results of interviews with the Semarang City Environmental Service, that the handling of organic waste is still very limited because so far the handling has been more focused on an-organic waste. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate supply chain performance to determine the constraints in organic waste management from upstream to downstream. Based on the research results using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method through a focus group discussion process involving eight experts in the field of waste management, it is known that the supply chain performance for handling organic waste in Semarang City has 11 elements of constraints, which are divided into seven priority levels. The element with the highest priority is related to the availability of organic waste supplies, while the element with the lowest priority is technological innovation and the application of appropriate technology. Improving the performance of organic waste management supply chains should focus on elements according to priority.

The high market attractiveness index and competitive position made Dewi Media Lestari invest in building a new factory. The factory specifically is used to produce convection products and apparel. Development is carried out using a systematic layout planning and computerized relative allocation of facilities technique. The objective of this research is to obtain an ideal layout that can minimize the distance between departments. As a result, there are nine departments with a total area of 385 m2 consisting of 18 m2loading dock department, 36 m2 raw material department, 86 m2cutting department, 42 m2 branding department, 21 m2 screen printing department, 105 m2 sewing department, 28 m2 finishing department, 28 m2 packing department, and 21 m2 warehouse department. Material handling costs for the initial layout produced using the systematic layout planning method are IDR 29,808.95 per day. After adjusting with Computerized Relative Facility Allocation Technique, the most ideal final layout was produced with minimal material handling costs of IDR 24,411.40 per day.

The COVID-19 pandemic has altered lifestyle and sparked a greater interest in GSCM. This study logically contributes to the branch of knowledge by demonstrating how resource-based attributes and integration can improve SME business performance while concurrently facilitating the successful transition from traditional to green supply chains. This study focused on batik SMEs that make their products using natural resources. The goal is to analyze SME performance models that affect GSCM, owner commitment, and supply chain connectivity. The data analyzed were gathered from a total of 163 experienced SME managers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. PLS-SEM is the data analysis method used. The results validate that SME business performance is positively impacted by OC, SCC, and GSCM. The function of OC and SCC in SME business performance can also be mediated by GSCM.

Battery waste needs to be managed immediately and thus electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular as a sustainable replacement for internal combustion engine vehicles. This review discusses waste battery recycling industry practices and emphasizes the need for authorized battery management services for electric motorcycles. This gap allows third-party businesses not affiliated with the primary manufacturer to emerge and potentially grow sustainably. The literature review methodology involves an in-depth search of relevant literature using the Scopus database with strategically selected keywords. The VoS Viewer collects, organizes, and graphically maps references to synthesize them orderly. The search initially yielded 138 relevant articles. This number was then narrowed to 66 articles published in English journals. Thirty-nine articles were found when the search was modified to focus on full-text availability. These findings indicate an important need for more targeted research to design effective management frameworks for recycling waste batteries in electric motorbike workshops. All critical components increased waste management awareness and expertise among workshop managers, government policies, funding support, and a well-coordinated supply chain. This assessment identifies barriers to developing a viable battery waste recycling sector and makes recommendations for future policy and research initiatives.

This research article explains the product design and development optimization of multi feature engine carbon cleaning maintenance tools. The implementation of the Reverse Engineering method was integrated with VDI 2222 in the research process. The results of the optimal design and development of this tool obtained a component structure that was able to meet 14 types of consumer needs with a total tool cost of IDR 1.137.900 with a total tool weight of 6.9 kg. The results of the load test simulation concluded that the housing case was able to withstand the overall weight of the components that make up the tool. Depending on the liquid chemical used, the results of tool tests on a limited scale have proven to be able in save fuel consumption by ±12.5% per hour with engine workload which can also be reduced by 3,14%.

Purpose: This paper investigates a batch scheduling problem where pre-processing is required for parts before processing, considering time-changing effects from part deterioration and operator learning-forgetting. Design/methodology/approach: A mathematical model was developed with the decision variables of the number of batches, the number of pre-processings, batch sizes, and the schedule of processes and pre-processings to minimize total actual flow time. Different numbers of batches were gradually tried and increased until the objective function stopped improving. The minimum number of pre-processings that resulted in a feasible solution was examined at each number of batches. Findings: Our experiment showed that: (1) A faster operator learning led to a lower optimal number of batches and a lower total actual flow time, (2) A faster part deterioration brought a higher number of batches and a higher total actual flow time, (3) The model minimized the number of pre-processings by only scheduling pre-processings before the operations at machine 1, and (4) The model divided the parts into small batches to prevent increased processing time due to part deterioration. Research limitations: The research did not consider multi-due date and multi-item system which require pre-processings with different times and capacities. Practical implications: Production managers should assign fast learning operators to shorter batches and faster deteriorating parts. Originality/value: This research was the first to consider pre-processing in batch scheduling.

Purpose: This paper investigates the impact of special replenishing modes within a 2-echelon inventory system under seasonal demand. Within this system, a periodic-review base-stock policy is employed. Two special replenishing modes are considered: emergency and transshipment in addition to a regular mode. The regular mode serves as the primary replenishment method, while emergency and transshipment modes, characterized by shorter lead times and higher costs, are reserved to prevent stockouts. It specifically examines the differences in outcomes between static and dynamic ordering policies for these special modes. Design/methodology/approach: Methodologies to determine static and dynamic policies of two special replenishments: emergency and transshipment are proposed. Both emergency and transshipment replenishments are based on. A simulation method was used to evaluate the proposed policies. Findings: Special modes can be used to maintain service level while utilizing a lower safety stock, thereby reducing overall holding cost. The 60% higher frequency of emergency orders under static policies compared to dynamic policies leads to a lower number of transshipment orders. For short cycles with high per-period demand variability, the gap between static and dynamic policies shrinks, making static policies a viable, less-complex alternative. Levels of demand fluctuations between periods impact a policy choice. While dynamic policies may not provide a distinct advantage over static policies in low-fluctuation scenarios, they can yield cost savings in high-fluctuation environments, albeit with increased effort. Practical implications: The result from this paper can be adopted to a 2-echelon inventory system with multiple replenishing modes under seasonal demand. It can help inventory managers choose the appropriate policy for their situation. Originality/value: This paper provides managerial insights regarding the circumstances in which static policy or dynamic policy should be applied and explores the relationship between regular and special replenishing modes in various circumstances.

Debates sobre a disparidade salarial entre homens e mulheres vem aumentando nos últimos anos e este é um tema bastante relevante atualmente. No contexto brasileiro essa temática tem sido objeto de discussão em inúmeros estudos, os quais abordam as discrepâncias salariais em relação ao sexo, à experiência profissional, à etnia, à região, entre outros fatores, evidenciando a importância fundamental deste debate. O setor da TI é significativo para o mundo, representando 5% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) em 2011 e 6,8% no Brasil em 2019. Visto esta importância, verificou-se a necessidade de trazer o debate das diferenças salariais para o setor de TI no Brasil. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a disparidade salarial entre homens e mulheres na área de Tecnologia da Informação (TI). Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa descritiva, utilizando como base os dados provenientes da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), que passaram por um processo de pré-processamento para viabilizar a análise proposta. Os processos foram realizados por meio da linguagem de programação Python e seus pacotes. Como resultados verificou-se a existência de diferenças salariais em desvantagem para o sexo feminino. A diferença salarial nos dados analisados foi de -19,97% em 2009 e -22,86 em 2019, comportamento semelhante à desigualdade salarial em geral no país. Para os recortes conforme as ocupações internas de TI (diretoria, gerência etc.) e raça, na maioria, desvantagem salarial para as mulheres, com significativa piora de cenário entre os anos.

O presente estudo estabeleceu como objetivo identificar os impactos gerados a partir da implementação de um sistema de informação em uma agroindústria. Para alcançar este objetivo, a pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, teve como instrumento de coleta de dados entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com dois gestores de uma agroindústria localizada no Litoral Norte da Paraíba. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio da técnica da análise de conteúdo, agrupando-os em categorias. A pesquisa apresentou, por meio das perspectivas dos gestores entrevistados, todo o processo de implementação, funcionalidades, impactos e desafios relacionados ao sistema utilizado pela empresa. Os resultados permitem concluir que o sistema adquirido apresenta diversos benefícios para a empresa, notadamente do ponto de vista de processos, produção e econômicos. Contudo, alguns desafios apontados pelos entrevistados, sobretudo diante da resistência dos usuários em utilizar o sistema, demonstram a necessidade de estabelecimento de uma política de tecnologia da informação na empresa, incluindo desde o planejamento participativo das necessidades de tecnologia, até os aspectos relacionados à avalição do desempenho do sistema.

O setor cafeeiro brasileiro deu ao país o título de segundo maior consumidor do grão, destacando-se também, no mercado internacional como um dos países que mais produz e exporta café. A competitividade promovida pela gourmetização para a qualidade de determinados produtos e o consequente retorno pela oferta diferenciada dos mesmos, desperta o interesse de agricultores e demais integrantes do setor cafeeiro, na busca por agregar valor ao café brasileiro, tornando-o mais competitivo em um mercado dominado por grandes empresas internacionais. A pesquisa objetiva em termos gerais constatar se “A gourmetização do café contribui para inserção competitiva das empresas brasileiras nas cadeias globais de valor”. Caracterizar a gourmetização do café – tipos e tecnologias; e analisar as vantagens e desvantagens proporcionadas pela gourmetização do café; correspondem aos objetivos específicos definidos. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como exploratória, a amostra de pesquisa foi definida pelos critérios da tipicidade, a saber: que a empresa tivesse comercializado o café gourmet no mercado internacional, que a empresa fosse localizada no estado de São Paulo, e que possuísse a certificação da Alta Mogiana Specialty Coffee (AMSC). A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas fazendo o uso de um roteiro de entrevistas. A técnica de análise de conteúdo foi a utilizada para análise e resultado dos dados. Como resultado principal tem-se que a gourmetização café contribui para inserção competitiva das empresas brasileiras nas cadeias globais de valor, pela a agregação de valor promovida, sendo necessário um maior investimento na busca por qualidade e excelência – comumente associadas ao processo – gerando, além das perspectivas mercadológicas, um maior retorno sobre o investimento.

A expressividade do setor de consumo não cíclico no desenvolvimento econômico dos países é notória por alcançar quase toda a população. No âmbito decisório, a utilização da análise técnica das demonstrações contábeis é um dos principais instrumentos. Já modelos de avaliação de investimentos que aplicam medidas financeiras com embasamento no mercado, como o Q de Tobin, ainda é principiante na literatura nacional. Dessa forma, o objetivo do artigo é analisar a existência de relação entre o Q de Tobin e medidas de desempenho em empresas do setor de consumo não cíclico listadas na [B]³. Para tal, delineou-se ao estudo como sendo descritivo, documental e quantitativo. A amostra final é composta por 17 empresas listadas no mercado de capitais brasileiro, totalizando 85 observações. Para a coleta dos dados utilizou o Economática®, sendo possível capturar as informações para mensurar todas as variáveis do estudo, sendo o Q de Tobin como a variável dependente e o Retorno Sobre o Ativo (ROA), Retorno Sobre o Patrimônio Líquido (ROE), Retorno Sobre Investimentos (ROI), Retorno Sobre Vendas (ROS) e Margem Líquida Operacional (MLO) definidas como as variáveis independentes. Para analisar os dados utilizou-se a regressão linear múltipla, com o software SPSS versão 28. Os resultados apontam que o ROA e o ROI são significativos em relação ao valor do Q de Tobin das empresas estudadas, enquanto o ROE, ROS e MLO apresentaram relação não significativa. O estudo contribui tanto para o campo teórico como para o campo prático ao evidenciar medidas de desempenho que podem impactar na criação de valor das organizações.

O Relato de Experiência é uma abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa cientifica, cujo objetivo é descrever a experiência do pesquisador, na prática docente do ensino sobre Educação Financeira, para um grupo de jovens entre 17 e 21 anos que fazem parte do programa de Aprendizagem Profissional, em uma instituição de ensino profissional privada do interior do estado de São Paulo. Ao todo foram ministradas quatro aulas sobre a temática Educação Financeira, dentre os principais conceitos abordados estão: o que é o dinheiro, consumo, crédito, spread bancário, juro, empréstimo, financiamento, planejamento financeiro e investimentos. O Relato de Experiência descreve, com detalhes, as práticas docentes utilizadas nas aulas assim como os desafios identificados pelo pesquisador. O estudo ainda conta com a autoavaliação que os alunos fizeram sobre o aprendizado obtido nessas aulas. Pelo relato dos alunos fica evidente que a Educação Financeira é relevante para a conquista de sua autonomia e de seus objetivos pessoais, visto que com o conhecimento adquirido eles entenderam que também precisam agir de forma responsável com os seus recursos financeiros, também fica evidente que a formação continuada do docente em Educação Financeira é essencial para se alcançar bons resultados, sugere-se que a instituição crie uma formação continuada em Educação Financeira de no mínimo 60 horas. O currículo do programa de Aprendizagem Profissional também deve adequar o tempo, para se tratar de um assunto tão importante para a formação cidadã-crítica dos jovens, que estão adentrando ao mercado de trabalho e construindo assim sua autonomia.

As estatais foram criadas para viabilizar a participação direta do Estado na economia, assumindo forma similar às empresas privadas. Nesse contexto, o estudo tem como objetivo analisar a adoção das práticas de governança em instituições financeiras brasileiras controladas pelo Estado. A população do estudo são as estatais brasileiras que desenvolvem a atividade bancária: Banco da Amazônia, Banco do Brasil, Banco do Nordeste, Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social e Caixa Econômica Federal. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que as estatais financeiras apresentam alto grau das boas práticas de governança. Constatou-se que o grau de adoção das práticas recomendadas para o setor público pelo Tribunal de Contas da União é uniforme entre as estatais federais de atuação financeira. De modo geral, esta pesquisa busca contribuir para ampliar o campo do conhecimento científico sobre as práticas de gestão e o atendimento às recomendações do controle estatal relativas à governança em organizações que contemplam majoritariamente capital público e que atuam na atividade empresarial.

Este estudo investiga a implementação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) em uma empresa localizada em Sorocaba, São Paulo, denominada temporariamente como XYZ. utilizando uma abordagem de estudo de caso, a pesquisa visa compreender como a XYZ tem se adaptado aos princípios e diretrizes estabelecidos pela PNRS, analisando suas práticas de gestão de resíduos sólidos. a metodologia adotada incluiu uma revisão da literatura sobre o tema, seguida por uma análise documental do relatório de sustentabilidade da empresa XYZ e a aplicação do método de caso. os resultados revelaram que a XYZ enfrentou desafios iniciais, como questões de classificação de resíduos e adaptação de infraestrutura, mas demonstrou resiliência e determinação em superar esses obstáculos. além disso, a empresa empreendeu esforços significativos para desenvolver abordagens financeiras inovadoras, buscando não apenas reduzir os custos associados à conformidade com a PNRS, mas também gerar benefícios econômicos alinhados com os princípios da economia circular e da sustentabilidade empresarial. destaca-se o compromisso da XYZ com a PNRS, representando um exemplo de como as organizações podem não apenas cumprir, mas também abraçar ativamente os princípios e objetivos dessa política.

Abstract To solve the problems of the low efficiency of parameter allocation and time-consuming computation of output weights in the hidden layers of stochastic configuration networks (SCNs), an optimization method is proposed to improve the SCNs construction efficiency. Firstly, with the increase in the number of hidden layer nodes, the key parameters that determine the strictness of the supervision mechanism are reconstructed to speed up the configuration efficiency of hidden layer input weights and biases. Then, the incremental mechanism of the SCNs are combined with the QR decomposition method, and the output weights are calculated by iteratively updating the transformation matrix, thus reducing the computational complexity of training the SCNs. Finally, the proposed method is validated on four standard datasets and historical data of a municipal solid waste incineration process. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the efficiency of SCN construction while guaranteeing the prediction accuracy of SCNs model.

Purpose: This paper presents the concept of an Employee Suggestion System (ESS) that integrates a strategy originated from Neuro-Linguistic Programming with application in Coaching (Disney Strategy) to face the human challenges of Industry 4.0. Design/methodology/approach: A four-phase methodology was followed, starting with a systematic literature review of the ESS to obtain a theoretical perspective about this concept and its characteristics. Subsequently, 30 interviews were carried out to recognize the ESSs of three partner companies and, as well as to perceive the receptivity of the new concept of ESS. Finally, the concept of the system was modelled, prototyped and tested and combines the Japanese (Kaizen Teian) and American ESS (Kaizen Teian adapted to the western industry) approaches. Findings: Given the existing systems in organizations, the platform presented brings more maturity to the suggestions made (through the Disney strategy applied in Coaching), greater visibility of their status and evaluation, and greater promotion of workforce engagement (through the promotion of voice behaviour). At the same time, it supports the collection of tacit ideas from employees, preserving organizational knowledge and, therefore, a source of competitive advantage. Originality/value: This paper presents a digital tool with Lean origins, which includes Coaching principles, essential in empowering the workforce (through the voice behaviour) and preserving organizational knowledge. It is a platform built in a way adapted to today's Lean shop floor and intends to prove itself as a resource to promote happy, engaged and committed employees.

Carbon credit is known as one of the most effective market-based tools to control the genera- tion of carbon emissions. In order to mitigate carbon intensity and enhance energy efficiency within product systems, the utilization of carbon credits emerges as a valuable tool for com- panies striving to achieve ambitious targets in reducing greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. This study aims to investigate the impact of employing carbon credits in contrast to traditional inventory models. To overcome these shortcomings, a two-stage inventory model to design a green supply chain in a carbon trading environment is presented in this paper. The model solves a pricing problem and determines the optimal production run time of component and the carbon credit price. The presented model is employed in a real-world case study, and the numerical results are meticulously analysed and interpreted. The results of the model showed that there exists an optimal solution or optimizer. We have presented an algorithm to compute the value of an optimal solution. After the computation of an algorithm, there was more than sufficient evidence to show the beneficial effects of Taiwan bike manufacturer’s model. The findings of sensitivity analysis also have implications for this proposed model. As an illustration, the outcomes achieved through pollution prevention can be juxtaposed with those derived from non-investment operations, considering various parameter settings. This comparison aids in identifying an opportune moment for implementing pollution prevention measures.

Additive manufacturing as a new manufacturing process contributes to production systems progress, decreasing the lead time between product requests and customer delivery. The article presents a measurement system to verify the additive manufacturing performance in a Brazilian metal-mechanical industry, stratified methodologically in a top-down hierarchical decision-making structure with critical success factors and key performance indicators based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process to obtain the performance index. The performance mea- surement system was applied in a multinational metal-mechanical manufacturer of motorized tools from Brazil. The results show a neutral performance for the tooling sector, emphasizing key performance indicators related to new product research and development, importation cost rate, and traditional manufacturing processes reduction. Also, according to the experts consulted, the main factors related to additive manufacturing in developing countries’ production chains are new product development, workforce training, and export activity.

The most labor-intensive and time-consuming part of warehouse operations is order picking. This paper proposes a correlation-based storage location assignment (CBSLA) approach to minimize the travel distance of the picker in a picker-to-parts warehouse. At first, the proposed CBSLA approach forms some groups of stock-keeping units (SKUs) for different warehouse aisles. Then these groups of SKUs are assigned to the storage locations consider- ing both the correlations between SKUs in a group and the correlation between groups of SKUs for efficient order picking. The effectiveness of the proposed method is measured for various warehouse configurations using simulation and compared with other well-known storage allocation methods.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the convection flow of a self-propelled 1-pentanol droplet. The droplets move spontaneously when 1-pentanol droplets are dropped into an aqueous 1-pentanol solution. This self-propulsion is due to the interfacial tension gradient caused by the concentration differences. The shape of the droplet is closely related to its behavior because the shape of the droplet changes the interfacial tension gradient. In this study, an exoskeleton is used to fix the droplet shape. In our preliminary experiments, we observed Marangoni convection in droplets dropped in exoskeleton frames with boomerang and round holes. The results showed that a large difference in surface tension was necessary to control the self-propulsion of the 1-pentanol droplets. Herein, we prepared two exoskeletons with different holes, an elongated symmetrical elliptical shape, and an asymmetrical shape to fix the shape of the droplet. The droplets were then dropped into each exoskeleton, and the droplet behavior, Marangoni convection inside the droplet, and convection in the aqueous phase were analyzed. We found that the direction of the self-propulsion of the droplet was determined by these exoskeletons, particularly in the case of the asymmetrical exoskeleton, and the direction of self-propulsion was fixed in one direction. Marangoni convection was observed in the droplet from the direction of lower surface tension to that of higher surface tension. In the aqueous phase, two convections were generated from the aqueous phase to the droplet because of the diffusion of 1-pentanol. In particular, when an asymmetrical exoskeleton was used, two convections of different sizes and velocities were observed in the aqueous phase. Based on these experimental results, the relationship between droplet behavior and convection is discussed.

The research aims to assess the input (raw water, RW) and output water (produced water, PW) specifications within the treatment unit of the Abu Ghraib dairy factory. The goal is to ensure that the output water aligns with Iraqi environmental standards outlined in Law 25 of 1967, addressing river water and discharged wastewater, and Law 3 of 2012, pertaining to the reuse of treated water for agricultural irrigation. Analysis of the provided PW samples indicates general adherence to approved specifications for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), acidity (pH), nitrate (NO3), phosphates (PO4), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (S.S), chloride, and sodium adsorption rate. Effective removal of organic content is observed, with percentages ranging from 92% to 97% for COD and 92% to 97.8% for BOD across all samples. To enhance the treated water quality further, adsorption using activated carbon (AC) was implemented through a batch system involving 800 ml of PW and 2 gm of AC, with a variable time and an equilibrium period of 5 hours. Remarkably, this approach resulted in a 100% removal of both COD and BOD. Sodium absorption rate (SAR) values, before and after adsorption, were 4.7 and 4.86, respectively. In a continuous system using a fixed bed activated at different depths (10, 20, and 30 cm), maintaining a constant flow rate of 15 ml/min and an initial COD concentration of 75 ppm, breakthrough curve time and empty bed contact time increased proportionally with bed depth, showing the impact of this parameter on system performance.

This study investigates the combined impact of temperature and dust on the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The investigation took place during the summer of 2022 in Baghdad (33.28°N, 44.39°E), known for its extremely high temperatures. Two distinct scenarios were examined: a dusty day and a dusty panel (typically occurring after a dusty day). The research initially compared the performance of clean and dusty PV modules under severe summer conditions and later extended its analysis to the on-grid PV system of the Renewable Energy and Environment Research Center building. The results reveal that temperature predominantly reduces voltage, while dust primarily diminishes current. However, during dust storms, temperatures significantly drop below their average, potentially leading to an increase in PV output. This creates a dual effect where the negative impact of temperature is partially offset by dust because dust mitigates the ambient temperature, resulting in a relatively smaller decrease in PV output. This phenomenon is most pronounced at high temperatures. For instance, the loss ratio for a clean module was 24%, whereas for a dusty module, it was 6%, highlighting this beneficial impact of dust. However, at low and moderate temperatures, dust continues to have a detrimental effect. This finding is significant for optimizing PV system efficiency in similar environmental contexts.

Corrosion inhibitors play a crucial role in mitigating the detrimental effects of chemical and electrochemical interactions over time. This phenomenon poses significant threats to structural integrity, strength, and has far-reaching economic implications across various industries such as construction, petrochemicals, mining, fertilizer, and energy units. The environmental repercussions, including toxic outflows and plant failures, underscore the need for comprehensive assessments. Despite the commendable contributions of Iraqi researchers in developing organic, inorganic, natural, and nano-corrosion inhibitors, there is a critical gap in considering potential side effects. This study explores a pioneering approach to evaluating the toxicity of corrosion inhibitors on both human health and the environment. Leveraging mathematical modeling and mechanisms, we present a mimic estimation of environmental factors influencing corrosion phenomena. The out-lab experimental calculations employ Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) techniques, providing a structural-based predictive model for assessing the potential impact of chemicals before embarking on experimental complexities. Drawing from Iraqi journals, seven corrosion inhibitors with diverse chemical structures, experimental conditions, and publishing sources were selected. These compounds were subjected to scrutiny using online prediction websites that evaluate Embro-toxicity, Cardio-toxicity, and crop-toxicity. Each inhibitor underwent screening by specific toxicological web servers. The findings revealed that all studied compounds posed moderate to extremely unsafe risks to fetal health during pregnancy, potentially categorizing them as teratogens with elevated risks of preterm labor, miscarriage, or stillbirth. Additionally, none of the tested materials exhibited herbicidal activity.

Enterobacteriaceae are Gram-negative bacteria that have many mechanisms to survive in contaminated environments. Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of them that express efflux pump genes in the presence of heavy metals, like AcrAb and OqxA genes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the existence of efflux pump genes in K. pneumoniae, and heavy metal contamination in the Tigris River. By comparing important indicators to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, this study aims to analyze the river's water quality. It focuses on detection of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe), and cobalt (Co). Fifteen samples of the Tigris River near the Al-Dura project of water remediation were obtained and cultured on selective media, and the water quality parameters, like TSS, TDS, TH, pH, turbidity, EC, BOD, COD, OD, TOC, and heavy metals, were estimated. Bacterial DNA was extracted, then efflux genes were detected with the presence of heavy metals in the tested samples. Results illustrated that K. pneumoniae gave positive results in nine of the total fifteen samples, and the water quality parameters were within the normal ranges, except for elevated levels of DO and TOC, and decreased levels of BOD and COD, with a significant relationship among heavy metal levels with both AcrAB and OqxA genes at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.

In the field of information theory, the significance of low-power techniques cannot be overstated. Among these, clock gating stands out as a potent method to mitigate power dissipation in synchronous designs. The landscape has been further shaped by VLSI innovations, which, in their initial stages, necessitated substantial equipment, incurred high power consumption, and exhibited occasional unreliability. This paper explores the evolution from these challenges to a paradigm where advancements in VLSI technology have resulted in smaller, more affordable, reliable, and power-efficient systems. Focusing on the Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) design, our study presents a comparative analysis of power consumption across various existing clock gating techniques. Introducing an innovative signal clock gating method, we address contemporary challenges with an accessible mechanism, enhancing immunity. Our proposed Gated Clock Generation design, employing a tri-state connection and logic gate, demonstrates superior power savings, even when applied to the target module. This approach optimizes power efficiency in digital design while proving particularly effective in reducing dynamic power within logic circuits. Implementing an improved gate-based clock gating technique in ALU design, our results show a noteworthy reduction in clock delay (71% to 78%), a 23% improvement in area, and a substantial 66.67% enhancement in power efficiency. Notably, this clock gating scheme surpasses alternative methods in terms of area requirements. The experiments, exclusively conducted on ALU design, utilized 130 nm standard logic libraries for implementation. The design architecture was meticulously crafted using Verilog HDL, and simulations were executed with ModelSim-Altera 10.0c (Quartus II 11.1) Starter Version.

There are many ways to increase the quality and productivity of the chili pepper plant, one of which is the use of organic fertilizer, to improve the properties of the soil as well as provide the nutrients needed. A pot experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Samarra University, during the agricultural season 2022, with the aim of studying the effect of using seven types of fertilizers (bread yeast fertilizer A2, decomposed cow dung fertilizer A3, tea residue fertilizer A4, coffee residue fertilizer A5, rice soaked fertilizer A6, and chemical fertilizer A7in addition to the control A1) on the growth and yield of chili pepper using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The results were as follows: Fertilizer treatment A3 was significantly superior in vegetative growth characteristics, as the plant length reached 81.69 cm, stem diameter 7.95 mm, number of branches 10.75, and number of leaves 95.0 leaves. Plant- 1, leaf area 178.14 cm2, number of fruits 34.26 fruits. Plant- 1, and total yield 1.76 kg.plant-1, while treatment A2 excelled in the characteristics of root length 27.84 cm and root fresh weight 26.75 g. Fertilization treatment A4 had the lowest rate in all traits.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrinological disorder, occurring in young women at reproductive age. This study was carried out to investigate the association between the fat mass and obesity associated gene (Omentin-1V109D gene) polymorphism with some physiological and biochemical Parameters. The present study indicates to the association between PCOS patients and control groups according to the hormonal profile and there is a link between obesity and pathogenesis of hyperprolactinemia, our data showed highly significantly difference. This study shows demonstrated the comparison of the mean of selected Lipid profile between PCOS patients and control group involving (T. Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL). The mean value of serum total cholesterol (T.C), Triglyceride, HDL, LDL and VLDL are highly significantly increased (p

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age, requiring diverse management strategies. This study, conducted at Kamal Al-Samarrai Hospital Fertility Center/Baghdad from January to March 2023, included 80 Iraqi women aged 18-45, comprising 40 with PCOS and 40 healthy controls. Hormonal markers (FSH, LH, T, PRL, Ca2+, and Vitamin D3) were systematically assessed, along with Apa1 gene polymorphisms in whole blood genomic DNA using PCR-RFLP. PCOS patients showed significantly elevated LH, LH/FSH, T, and PRL levels (p < 0.01) and lower Vitamin D and calcium levels (p < 0.05) compared to controls. The scrutiny of VDR gene Apa1 polymorphism uncovered a notable prevalence of "Aa" and "aa" genotypes among PCOS patients, constituting 65.00% and 25.00%, respectively, in contrast to the control group's 17.50% and 0.00% in controls. The "aa" allele, more frequent in PCOS, emerged as a potential risk factor for the condition. This study establishes a strong association between VDR gene (Apa1) polymorphism and PCOS, highlighting the significance of the "aa" allele. It emphasizes the homozygous variant genotype "aa" as a substantial risk factor for PCOS, providing insights into its genetic basis.