Search

Taurine is a conditionally essential micronutrient and one of the most abundant amino acids in humans1-3. In endogenous taurine metabolism, dedicated enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of taurine from cysteine and in the downstream metabolism of secondary taurine metabolites4,5. One taurine metabolite is N-acetyltaurine6. Levels of N-acetyltaurine are dynamically regulated by stimuli that alter taurine or acetate flux, including endurance exercise7, dietary taurine supplementation8 and alcohol consumption6,9. So far, the identities of the enzymes involved in N-acetyltaurine metabolism, and the potential functions of N-acetyltaurine itself, have remained unknown. Here we show that the body mass index associated orphan enzyme phosphotriesterase-related (PTER)10 is a physiological N-acetyltaurine hydrolase. In vitro, PTER catalyses the hydrolysis of N-acetyltaurine to taurine and acetate. In mice, PTER is expressed in the kidney, liver and brainstem. Genetic ablation of Pter in mice results in complete loss of tissue N-acetyltaurine hydrolysis activity and a systemic increase in N-acetyltaurine levels. After stimuli that increase taurine levels, Pter knockout mice exhibit reduced food intake, resistance to diet-induced obesity and improved glucose homeostasis. Administration of N-acetyltaurine to obese wild-type mice also reduces food intake and body weight in a GFRAL-dependent manner. These data place PTER into a central enzymatic node of secondary taurine metabolism and uncover a role for PTER and N-acetyltaurine in body weight control and energy balance.

Dietary betaine supplementation has been reported to alleviate the adverse effects of high‐carbohydrate diets on Megalobrama amblycephala, while the regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, a 79‐day feeding trial was conducted with 450 juvenile Megalobrama amblycephala (average weight 6.75 ± 0.10 g), which were fed with five high‐carbohydrate diets (43%) supplementing betaine at 0% (CD group), 0.2% (0.2Bet group), 0.4% (0.4Bet group), 0.8% (0.8Bet group), and 1.6% (1.6Bet group), respectively. Results showed M. amblycephala in 0.8Bet group exhibited the best growth performance, indicated by the largest weight gain ratio (142.88%) and least feed conversion ratio (1.63). Moreover, liver health was promoted in 0.8Bet group, with decreased number of non‐nucleated cells and less lipid accumulation, which was accompanied by the lowest hepatosomatic index (1.38%). In order to further illustrate the regulatory mechanism, metabolites assay indicated that dietary betaine supplementation significantly increased plasma contents of methionine, serine, hypotaurine, and taurine, but did not affect plasma contents of cystathionine, cystine, or cysteic acid. Accordingly, the mRNA expressions of cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase in cysteine sulfinic acid pathway and cysteamine dioxygenase (ADO) in sulfinic acid (CS) pathway, which were both involved in taurine synthesis, were also upregulated in the liver. Meanwhile, the microbial communities in M. amblycephala intestine were more stable and uniform with betaine supplementation. Therefore, dietary betaine supplementation may exert its protective roles in improving feed efficiency and liver health of M. amblycephala via promoting de novo taurine synthesis and stabilizing intestinal microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a neurodegenerative dementia is reviewed based on its mechanisms of development, the impact of genetic factors on its aetiology, and epigenetic interaction. The hypotheses proposed on AD mechanisms examined briefly include amyloid-β, protein cascade, tau-protein, cholinergic neurone, vascular, inflammation cascade, and calcium hypotheses. This review provides insight into the potential of antioxidant intervention in the management of AD in retrospect of the pathophysiology. The database search engines PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched in writing this article; using the keywords pathophysiology, Alzheimer's disease, natural antioxidants, camel milk, and taurine, emphasis is laid on the oxidative stress mechanism underlying AD development and the role of oxidative biomarkers. The promising interventions by antioxidants and their beneficial effects on AD amelioration are highlighted. Natural antioxidants with potential beneficial effects in the management of AD include taurine and active constituents of medicinal plants and food, such as flavonoids, non-flavonoids, and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants. Others are organo-sulphate compounds, carotenoids, and camel milk. The natural antioxidants exhibit neuroprotective activities by neutralising reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting the brain cells from ROS-induced damage. They inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-β and ameliorate inflammatory responses, leading to a reduction in AD-associated neurodegeneration. In conclusion, prophylactic and therapeutic interventions, involving anti-amyloid and/or anti-inflammatory agents, as well as co-administration of antioxidants as an adjunctive therapy, based on consideration of individual variations in oxidative stress levels and genetic factors, may yield substantial benefits. Such interventions may enhance the efficacy of treatment outcomes in AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze whether taurine has a nootropic effect on short-term and long-term memory in a model of sporadic dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT). Moreover, we evaluated the immunoreactivity and insulin receptor (IR) distribution and markers for neurons and glial cells in the hippocampus of rats with SDAT and treated with taurine. For this, Male Wistar rats received STZ (ICV, 3 mg/kg, bilateral, 5ul per site, aCFS vehicle) and were treated with taurine (100 mg/kg orally, 1 time per day, saline vehicle) for 25 days. The animals were divided into 4 groups: vehicle (VE), taurine (TAU), ICV-STZ (STZ) and ICV-STZ plus taurine (STZ + TAU). At the end of taurine treatment, short- and long-term memory were assessed by performance on object recognition and Y-maze tasks. Insulin receptor (IR) was evaluated by immunoperoxidase while mature neurons (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP, S100B, SOX9), and microglia (Iba-1) were evaluated by immunofluorescence. STZ induced worse spatial and recognition memory (INDEX) in YM and ORT tasks. Taurine protected against STZ-induced memory impairment. SDAT reduced the population of mature neurons as well as increased astrocytic and microglial reactivity, and taurine protected against these STZ-induced effects, mainly in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Taurine increases IR expression in the hippocampus, and protects against the reduction in the density of this receptor in CA1 induced by STZ. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that taurine is able to enhance memory, up-regulates IR in the hippocampus, protects the neuron population, and reduces the astrogliosis found in SDAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a brain disorder, is the leading cause of dementia among older adults. Taurine, an amino acid abundantly present in the brain, and shows potential neuroprotective properties. Therefore, we investigated the effects of taurine on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and the expression changes of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a in the SH-SY5Y cell line.Taurine’s impact on the SH-SY5Y cell line was evaluated via the 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MMP-9 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, while the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a genes was assessed through Real-Time PCR analysis.The MTT assay revealed no toxic effects on SH-SY5Y cells with increasing concentrations of taurine. Analysis of gene expression indicated a rise in miRNA-21 expression and a decline in miRNA-146 expression with increasing taurine concentration, with the most notable change observed at 1 mg/mL taurine (p<0.001). ELISA results demonstrated a significant increase in MMP-9 levels in the SH-SY5Y cell line treated with 1 mg/mL taurine compared to the untreated group (p<0.001).Our study revealed that taurine can alter the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-21. In conclusion, taurine therapy presents promising therapeutic avenues for treating AD or mitigating severe symptoms. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to comprehensively grasp the precise mechanisms at play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the top 10 most common cancers worldwide and caused approximately 10 million deaths in 2022. CRC mortality has increased by 10% since 2020 and 52.000 deaths will occur in 2024, highlighting the limitations of current treatments due to ineffectiveness, toxicity, or non-adherence. The widely used chemotherapeutic agent, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is associated with several adverse effects, including renal, cardiac, and hepatic toxicity; mucositis; and resistance. Taurine (TAU), an essential β-amino acid with potent antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory properties, has demonstrated protective effects against tissue toxicity from chemotherapeutic agents like doxorubicin and cisplatin. Taurine deficiency is linked to aging and cancers such as breast and colon cancer. This study hypothesized that TAU may mitigate the adverse effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Carcinogenesis was chemically induced in rats using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Following five months of cancer progression, taurine (100 mg/kg) was administered orally for 8 days, and colon tissues were analyzed. The results showed 80% of adenocarcinoma (AC) in DMH-induced control animals. Notably, the efficacy of 5-FU showed 70% AC and TAU 50% while, in the 5-FU + TAU group, no adenocarcinoma was observed. No differences were observed in the inflammatory infiltrate or the expression of genes such as K-ras, p53, and Ki-67 among the cancer-induced groups whereas APC/β-catenin expression was increased in the 5FU + TAU-treated group. The mitotic index and dysplasia were increased in the induced 5-FU group and when associated with TAU, the levels returned to normal. These data suggest that 5-FU exhibits a synergic anticancer effect when combined with taurine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occurrence of low blood taurine concentrations (B‐TauC) and predisposing factors to taurine deficiency in English Cocker Spaniels (ECS) are incompletely understood. Objectives: Investigate the occurrence of low B‐TauC in a Swedish population of ECS and evaluate the association between B‐TauC and dog characteristics, clinical variables, and diet composition. Animals: One‐hundred eighty privately owned ECS. Methods: Dogs were prospectively recruited and underwent physical examination, blood analyses, and echocardiographic and ophthalmic examinations. Dogs with clinical signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) also underwent thoracic radiography. Taurine concentrations were analyzed in plasma (EDTA and heparin) and whole blood. Diets consumed by the dogs at the time of the examination were analyzed for dietary taurine‐ (D‐TauC), cysteine‐ (D‐CysC), and methionine concentrations (D‐MetC). Results: Fifty‐three of 180 dogs (29%) had low B‐TauC, of which 13 (25%) dogs had clinical and radiographic signs of CHF, increased echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) dimensions and volumes, and impaired LV systolic function. Five (9%) dogs with low B‐TauC had retinal abnormalities. Dietary MetC, dietary animal protein source (red/white meat), and age were associated with B‐TauC in the final multivariable regression model (P <.001, R2adj =.39). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Low B‐TauC suggests that taurine deficiency may play a role in the development of myocardial failure and CHF in ECS. Low D‐MetC and diets with red meat as the animal protein source were associated with low B‐TauC. Dogs with B‐TauC below the normal reference range were older than dogs with normal concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the effect of taurine supplementation on sweating and core temperature responses, including the transition from compensable to uncompensable heat stress, during prolonged low-intensity exercise of a fixed-heat production (~ 200W/m2) in hot conditions (37.5 °C), at both fixed and incremental vapour-pressure. Methods: Fifteen females (n = 3) and males (n = 12; 27 ± 5 years, 78 ± 9 kg, V ˙ O2max 50.3 ± 7.8 mL/kg/min), completed a treadmill walking protocol (~ 200W/m2 heat production [Ḣprod]) in the heat (37.5 ± 0.1 °C) at fixed-(16-mmHg) and ramped-humidity (∆1.5-mmHg/5-min) following 1 week of oral taurine supplementation (50 mg/kg/bm) or placebo, in a double-blind, randomised, cross-over design. Participants were assessed for whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), local sweat rate (LSR), sweat gland activation (SGA), core temperature (Tcore), breakpoint of compensability (Pcrit) and calorimetric heat transfer components. Plasma volume and plasma taurine concentrations were established through pre- and post-trial blood samples. Results: Taurine supplementation increased WBSL by 26.6% and 5.1% (p = 0.035), LSR by 15.5% and 7.8% (p = 0.013), SGA (1 × 1 cm) by 32.2% and 29.9% (p < 0.001) and SGA (3 × 3 cm) by 22.1% and 17.1% (p = 0.015) during the fixed- and ramped-humidity exercise periods, respectively. Evaporative heat loss was enhanced by 27% (p = 0.010), heat-storage reduced by 72% (p = 0.024) and Pcrit was greater in taurine vs placebo (25.0-mmHg vs 21.7-mmHg; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Taurine supplementation increased sweating responses during fixed Ḣprod in hot conditions, prior to substantial heat strain and before the breakpoint of compensability, demonstrating improved thermoregulatory capacity. The enhanced evaporative cooling and reduced heat-storage delayed the subsequent upward inflection in Tcore—represented by a greater Pcrit—and offers a potential dietary supplementation strategy to support thermoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taurine (TAU) and caffeine (CAF), as common ergogenic aids, are known to affect exercise performance; however, the effects of their combined supplementation, particularly in high temperature and humidity environments, have not been studied. Hypothesis: The combination of TAU and CAF will have a greater effect on endurance cycle performance and improve changes in physiological indicators during exercise compared with TAU or CAF supplementation alone and placebo. Study Design: Single-blind crossover randomized controlled study. Level of Evidence: Level 1. Methods: Twelve university students majoring in physical education volunteered to receive 4 different supplement ingestions: (1) placebo (maltodextrin), (2) TAU, (3) CAF, (4) TAU + CAF. After a 7-day washout period, participants completed a time to exhaustion (TTE) test in the heat (35°C, 65% relative humidity). Results: All experimental groups improved TTE compared with the placebo group. Peak and mean power of countermovement jump were significantly higher in the CAF group compared with the placebo group before the exhaustion exercise (P = 0.02, d = 1.2 and P = 0.04, d = 1.1, respectively). Blood lactate was significantly lower after the exhaustion test in the TAU group compared with the CAF (P < 0.01, d = 0.8) and TAU + CAF (P < 0.01, d = 0.7) groups. Core temperature in the TAU group was significantly reduced in the placebo group later in the exhaustion test (P < 0.01, d = 1.9). Conclusion: In high temperature and humidity environments, acute TAU, CAF, and combined supplementation all improved TTE and did not affect recovery from lower limb neuromuscular fatigue compared with placebo, with TAU having the best effect. Combined supplementation failed to exhibit superimposed performance. Clinical Relevance: The results provide suggestions for the effects of TAU, CAF, and their combined intake on exercise performance in high temperature and humidity environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mantle muscle of common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, is responsible both for high‐magnitude and rapid movements for locomotion, as well as sustained ventilation, which require specific metabolic, electrophysiological, and structural organization. Young cuttlefish have a highly oxidative phenotype and a rapid growth rate. Here, we show high rates of oxygen consumption and protein synthesis in juveniles, and these rates decay exponentially over the first few weeks of growth. This is associated with considerable citrate synthase activity (relative to larger cuttlefish) but a lack of glucose metabolism based on zero uptake of glucose by isolated muscle sheets and minimal activity of hexokinase (similar to larger animals). In contrast to glucose metabolism in the heart, glucose metabolism in these muscle sheets was not stimulated by extracellular taurine. Previous research revealed an unusual ion channel complement in mantle myocytes, the most notable feature of which is the lack of a Na+ current during depolarization. Because this adaptation is not consistent across the coleoid clade, we investigated excitation–contraction coupling. Here, mantle energetics and contractility, including the individual components of the total Ca2+ flux driving contraction, were studied. Results indicate that the majority of Ca2+ current underlying contractile stress development capacity in cuttlefish juveniles is not mediated by dihydropyridine‐sensitive L‐type channels, in contrast to their adult counterparts, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum contributes little to routine contractility. We had previously noted an influence of physiological levels of taurine in limiting cardiac contractility but found no analogous sensitivity in mantle muscle. Finally, transmission electron microscopy of subcellular architecture revealed the presence of sarcoplasmic tubular aggregates, suggesting that oxidative inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum function limits its role in this life stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Aging skin, exacerbated by external factors like UV radiation and pollutants, is a major cosmetic concern. Taurine, renowned for its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, may combat skin aging. We performed mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal link between taurine and immune cells linked to skin aging.To investigate the association between taurine and immune cells using mendelian randomization, to thereby explore the mechanism through which taurine exerts anti‐aging effects on the skin via immune modulation.A MR approach was employed using taurine‐level data from the Ieu Open GWAS Project and immunocyte traits from a large European cohort. MR‐Egger regression, weighted median estimation, and inverse variance weighting all provided statistical insights into causality. Sensitivity analyses assessed the heterogeneity and pleiotropy among the genetic instruments used.MR analysis identified a causal relationship between taurine levels and 10 immunocyte phenotypes, with taurine found to be negatively and positively associated with three and seven phenotypes, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed no significant heterogeneity or pleiotropy, suggesting reliable MR findings.This study provides insights into the immunological pathways by which taurine contributes to skin anti‐aging effects, suggesting that increasing taurine levels could offer a novel strategy for anti‐aging skincare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative damage resulting from weaning stress significantly impacts the growth performance and health status of piglets. Taurine, a dietary antioxidant with diverse functions, was investigated in this study for its protective role against weaning stress-induced oxidative damage and its underlying mechanism. Forty 28-day-old male castrated weaned piglets were randomly assigned to four groups. The control group received the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.2%, or 0.3% taurine over a 28-day period. In vitro, H2O2 was utilized to induce oxidative damage to the jejunal mucosa of piglets via IPEC-J2 cells. The results demonstrated that taurine supplementation reduced the incidence of diarrhea in piglets compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05); the addition of 0.2 and 0.3% taurine led to increased average daily gain and improved feed conversion efficiency in weaned piglets, showing a linear dose-response correlation (p < 0.05). Taurine supplementation at 0.2 and 0.3% enhanced the activities of serum CAT and GSHPx while decreasing the levels of serum NO, XOD, GSSG, and MDA (p < 0.05). Moreover, it significantly elevated the levels of GSS, Trx, POD, complex I, mtnd5, and mt-nd6, enhancing superoxide anion scavenging capacity and the hydroxyl-free scavenging rate in the livers of weaned piglets while reducing NO levels in the liver (p < 0.05). Additionally, 0.2 and 0.3% taurine supplementation decreased serum IL-6 levels and elevated the concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IL-10 in weaned piglets (p < 0.05). The levels of occludin, claudin, and ZO-1 in the jejunum mucosa of weaned piglets increased with 0.2 and 0.3% taurine supplementation (p < 0.05). In IPEC-J2 cells, pretreatment with 25 mM taurine for 24 h enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT; reduced the MDA content; upregulated the mRNA expression of various genes, including ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, Nrf2, and HO-1; and reversed the oxidative damage induced by H2O2 exposure (p < 0.05). Overall, the findings suggest that the inclusion of 2 and 3% taurine in the diet can enhance growth performance, reduce diarrhea rates, ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation, and promote intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the foremost cause of mortality globally. Taurine, an amino acid, holds promise for cardiovascular health through mechanisms such as calcium regulation, blood pressure reduction, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite these potential benefits, previous studies have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aims to evaluate the existing evidence on the quantitative effects of taurine on hemodynamic parameters and cardiac function grading, which are indicative of overall cardiovascular health and performance. Methods: We conducted an electronic search across multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov, from their inception to January 2, 2024. Our analysis focused on key cardiovascular outcomes, such as heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification. Meta-regression was applied to explore dose-dependent relationships based on the total taurine dose administered during the treatment period. A subgroup analysis, stratified according to the baseline disease status of patients, was also conducted. Results: The analysis included a pooled sample of 808 participants from 20 randomized controlled trials. Taurine demonstrated a significant reduction in HR (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -3.579 bpm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -6.044 to -1.114, p = 0.004), SBP (WMD = -3.999 mm Hg, 95% CI = -7.293 to -0.706, p = 0.017), DBP (WMD: -1.435 mm Hg, 95% CI: -2.484 to -0.386, p = 0.007), NYHA (WMD: -0.403, 95% CI: -0.522 to -0.283, p < 0.001), and a significant increase in LVEF (WMD: 4.981%, 95% CI: 1.556 to 8.407, p = 0.004). Meta-regression indicated a dose-dependent reduction in HR (coefficient = -0.0150 per g, p = 0.333), SBP (coefficient = -0.0239 per g, p = 0.113), DBP (coefficient = -0.0089 per g, p = 0.110), and NYHA (coefficient = -0.0016 per g, p = 0.111), and a positive correlation with LVEF (coefficient = 0.0285 per g, p = 0.308). No significant adverse effects were observed compared to controls. In subgroup analysis, taurine significantly improved HR in heart failure patients and healthy individuals. Taurine significantly reduced SBP in healthy individuals, heart failure patients, and those with other diseases, while significantly lowered DBP in hypertensive patients It notably increased LVEF in heart failure patients and improved NYHA functional class in both heart failure patients and those with other diseases. Conclusions: Taurine showed noteworthy effects in preventing hypertension and enhancing cardiac function. Individuals prone to CVDs may find it advantageous to include taurine in their daily regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Aim of this study was to investigate in type 2 diabetes whether expression level of GALNT2, a positive modulator of insulin sensitivity, is associated with a metabolic signature. Methods: Five different metabolite families, including acylcarnitines, aminoacids, biogenic amines, phospholipids and sphingolipids were investigated in fasting serum of 70 patients with type 2 diabetes, by targeted metabolomics. GALNT2 expression levels were measured in peripheral white blood cells by RT-PCR. The association between GALNT2 expression and serum metabolites was assessed using false discovery rate followed by stepwise selection and, finally, multivariate model including several clinical parameters as confounders. The association between GALNT2 expression and the same clinical parameters was also investigated. Results: GALNT2 expression was independently correlated with HbA1c levels (P value = 0.0052), a finding that is the likely consequence of the role of GALNT2 on insulin sensitivity. GALNT2 expression was also independently associated with serum levels of the aminoacid glycine (P value = 0.014) and two biogenic amines phenylethylamine (P value = 0.0065) and taurine (P value = 0.0011). The association of GALNT2 expression with HbA1c was not mediated by these three metabolites. Conclusions: Our data indicate that in type 2 diabetes the expression of GALNT2 is associated with several serum metabolites. This association needs to be further investigated to understand in depth its role in mediating the effect of GALNT2 on insulin sensitivity, glucose control and other clinical features in people with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy with Vincristine (Vcr) is often compromised by undesirable gastrointestinal, myeloid and hepatic effects. In this study, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of taurine (Tau) and/or protocatechuic acid (Pca) in alleviating Vcr-induced hepatotoxicity, enterotoxicity and myelotoxicity in rats. In two cycles of five daily injections each, rats were exposed to Vcr (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in combination with orally administered Tau (50 mg/kg) and/or Pca (50 mg/kg). Blood was collected for haematology and measurement of liver enzymes and inflammatory cytokines. Genotoxicity assay was performed on bone marrow, while the liver and intestines were subjected to biochemical assays, histopathology and immunohistochemical staining. Administration of Vcr triggered bone marrow suppression (anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, MnPCEs), increased serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and altered hepatic and intestinal morphology. However, supplementation with Tau and/or Pca alleviated most of the toxic effects of Vcr by reducing tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), but stimulating glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. In addition, Tau and/or Pca enhanced anti-inflammatory (reduced serum TNFα) and anti-apoptotic mechanisms (reduced cytochrome c/Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression) in the ileum and liver. Overall, Tau or Pca protected the liver, ileum and bone marrow against Vcr-induced toxicities via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. The data supports their individual use, rather than their combination, as adjuvant therapy in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyraclostrobin, a strobilurin-derived fungicide, causes oxidative stress and DNA damage in the organism. Taurine plays an important role in metabolic processes such as osmoregulatory, cytoprotective, and antioxidant effects. The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of taurine in Sprague Dawley male rats exposed to pyraclostrobin. The rats were separated into 6 groups and were found 8 animals in each group. Rats were given 30 mg/kg pyraclostrobin and pyraclostrobin together with three different taurine concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) via oral gavage for 28 days. While pyraclostrobin increased biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage, it decreased glutathione levels and enzyme activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. Pyraclostrobin increased apoptotic, proinflammatory, and CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels, whereas antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels decreased in liver tissue. Additionally, pyraclostrobin caused histopathological alterations in tissues. Taurine in a dose-dependent manner reversed the changes caused by pyraclostrobin. As a result, taurine exhibited a cytoprotective effect by showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities against oxidative damage caused by pyraclostrobin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine can ameliorate hypercholesterolemia by facilitating cholesterol efflux and increasing cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1) without clear underlying molecular mechanisms. This study aims to elucidate the molecular action of taurine in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Male Wistar rats were fed a high cholesterol diet containing 5% taurine for 14 days. Three-dimensional primary hepatocytes from rats were exposed to 10 mM taurine for 24 h. Transcriptome analyses of both the liver and hepatocytes were performed using DNA microarray. Taurine significantly decreased serum cholesterol levels and increased hepatic CYP7A1 mRNA levels and transcription rates in rats. Taurine altered the expression of seventy-seven genes in the liver, involving lipid, drug, amino acid metabolism, and gluconeogenesis pathways. The small heterodimer partner (SHP), a transcription factor regulated by taurine, was suppressed. "Network analysis" revealed a negative correlation between the SHP and induction of CYP7A1 and cytochrome P450 8B1 (CYP8B1). However, CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 levels were not altered by taurine in 3D-primary hepatocytes. Venn diagram analyses of the transcriptomes in both hepatocytes and the liver indicated a consistent upregulation of organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2) and betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). Taurine ameliorated hypercholesterolemia in rats fed a high cholesterol diet by directly enhancing the hepatic expression of BHMT and OATP2, which modulated the SHP and induced CYP7A1 and CYP8B1, thereby promoting cholesterol catabolism and lowering blood cholesterol levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Context: Hepatic and renal damages manifest in patients with acute or chronic heart failure after the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI). Objective: Our objective in this study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and taurine, which are bioactive compounds with protective functions, on liver and kidney toxicity rat exposed to isoprenaline, a popular tool for MI induction. Materials and methods: Following two (2) consecutive days of exposure to isoprenaline (200 mg/kg, i.p.), adult Wistar rats were treated with CoQ10 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and taurine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) singly and in combination for 19 days. Following 21 days of experimentation, blood, liver and kidney were collected for biochemical and histological studies indicative of hepatic and kidney damage. Results: Our result showed that CoQ10 and taurine significantly decreased serum LDH, AST, ALT, and ALP, indicative of hepatic damage compared to isoprenaline groups. The increased creatinine and urea release suggestive of kidney dysfunction were suppressed by CoQ10 and taurine relative to the isoprenaline group. Additionally, CoQ10 and taurine significantly reversed isoprenaline-mediated oxidative stress-induced liver and kidney damage, which are shown by decreased malondialdehyde and nitrite accompanied by increased antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GST, GSH). Modifications to cellular histoarchitectural and fibrosis of the hepatic and renal tissues were attenuated by CoQ10 and taurine therapy. Discussion and conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that CoQ10 and taurine supplements may prevent isoprenaline-induced hepatorenal dysfunctions, possibly by alleviating oxidative stress and histoarchitectural protective functions of the hepatic and kidney cells.

The healing process after acne lesion extraction provides a miniature model to study skin wound repair mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to identify solutions for acne scars that frequently occur on our faces. We performed acne scar cytokine profiling and found that Interleukin 8 (IL8) and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2) were significant factors at the wounded site. The effect of chlorogenic acid and taurine on human epidermal cells and irritated human skin was investigated. Chlorogenic acid and taurine regulated IL8 and TIMP2 expression and accelerated keratinocyte proliferation. Moreover, tight junction protein expression was upregulated by chlorogenic acid and taurine synergistically. Further, these compounds modulated the expression of several inflammatory cytokines (IL1α, IL1β, and IL6) and skin hydration related factor (hyaluronan synthase 3; HAS3). Thus, chlorogenic acid and taurine may exert their effects during the late stages of wound healing rather than the initial phase. In vivo experiments using SLS-induced wounds demonstrated the efficacy of chlorogenic acid and taurine treatment compared to natural healing, reduced erythema, and restored barrier function. Skin ultrasound analysis revealed their potential to promote denser skin recovery. Therefore, the wound-restoring effect of chlorogenic acid and taurine was exerted by suppression of inflammatory cytokines, and induction of cell proliferation, tight junction expression, and remodeling factors.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the foremost cause of mortality globally. Taurine, an amino acid, holds promise for cardiovascular health through mechanisms such as calcium regulation, blood pressure reduction, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite these potential benefits, previous studies have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aims to evaluate the existing evidence on the quantitative effects of taurine on hemodynamic parameters and cardiac function grading, which are indicative of overall cardiovascular health and performance. Methods We conducted an electronic search across multiple databases, including Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov, from their inception to January 2, 2024. Our analysis focused on key cardiovascular outcomes, such as heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification. Meta-regression was applied to explore dose-dependent relationships based on the total taurine dose administered during the treatment period. A subgroup analysis, stratified according to the baseline disease status of patients, was also conducted. Results The analysis included a pooled sample of 808 participants from 20 randomized controlled trials. Taurine demonstrated a significant reduction in HR (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -3.579 bpm, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -6.044 to -1.114, p = 0.004), SBP (WMD = -3.999 mm Hg, 95% CI = -7.293 to -0.706, p = 0.017), DBP (WMD: -1.435 mm Hg, 95% CI: -2.484 to -0.386, p = 0.007), NYHA (WMD: -0.403, 95% CI: -0.522 to -0.283, p

The study aimed to develop a potential biomaterial for neuroregeneration by the electrospinning of the biocompatible polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with innovative functionalized boron nitride quantum dots (F-BNQDs) synthesized via green chemistry using the amino acid taurine as a functionalization. The F-BNQDs were characterized and were found to be 16-21 nm in diameter, showed good photoluminescent characteristics, and their elemental composition was confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The PVDF with F-BNQDs was prepared at three different concentrations, and the resulting electrospun fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle, biodegradation, water uptake, Schwann cell cytotoxicity, and cell behavior studies. The results of the study showed that the addition of F-BNQDs to PVDF resulted in enhanced mechanical properties, decreased contact angle, increased degradability, and water uptake. The lactate dehydrogenase assay revealed that 5% BN-PVDF had the lowest cytotoxicity. Fluroscent 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining showed that the increase in F-BNQD concentration up to 5% BN-PVDF enhanced cell behavior on the electrospun fibers. Therefore, the study concluded that 5% BN-PVDF would be suitable for further testing as a potential biomaterial for neuroregeneration in vivo. Highlights * Functionalized boron nitride quantum dots (F-BNQDs) were prepared using amino acid taurine. * The F-BNQDs were characterized and electrospun with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). * The incorporation of F-BNQDs to PVDF has enhanced its physicochemical properties. * All samples showed a single [beta]phase PVDF. * Schwann cells showed excellent compatibility and cell adhesion on F-BNQDs/PVDF. KEYWORDS electrospinning, functionalized boron nitride quantum dots, PVDF, Schwann cells, taurine, 1 | INTRODUCTION Peripheral nerve injuries have the potential to cause total transection of the nerve, necessitating surgical intervention to enable the regrowth of axons from the injured site to [...]

BACKGROUND: The nutritional intake of formula‐fed newborns is often limited to a single source, so it must be supplemented with essential nutrients for the growth and proper development of infants. Taurine, l‐carnitine, and choline are considered conditionally essential nutrients especially in newborns and infants. RESULTS: In this work, a simple routine hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC‐ESI‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of these semi‐essential nutrients in infant and adult/pediatric milk formulas. The extraction recoveries were between 90% and 114%. Precision of the method offered relative standard deviation below 5% and 7% for intra‐day and inter‐day precision, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantification of taurine, l‐carnitine, and choline in milk formula. The contents found were in good agreement with those provided on the product label for almost all samples. CONCLUSION: In view of these results, it can be concluded that the developed method can be a useful approach for the simultaneous determination of taurine, l‐carnitine and choline in powdered milk samples, so it can be useful in the routine quality control of this kind of samples. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiotherapy, a highly effective method of radiation-based treating cancers, can reduce the size of tumors and affect healthy tissues. Radiation-induced lymphopenia as a side effect of radiation therapy can reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. Objective: This study aimed to examine how taurine can protect peripheral blood lymphocytes from radiation-based apoptosis. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, the effects of the taurine on lymphocytes were studied, and blood samples were divided into three groups: a negative control group that was not treated, a positive control group that was treated with cysteine (100 μg/ml), and a group that was treated with taurine (100 µg. mL-1) in three different doses (4, 8 & 12 Gy) before irradiation. The percentage of apoptotic and necrotic lymphocytes was measured using flow cytometry 48 and 72 hours after the irradiation, respectively. Results: According to the groups treated with taurine, the number of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis was lower and higher compared to the negative and positive control groups, respectively. The decrease in this value was more pronounced 48 hours after radiation compared to 72 hours. Furthermore, there was a slight increase in the number of apoptotic lymphocytes with increasing radiation dose. Conclusion: Taurine effectively protects human peripheral blood lymphocytes from radiation-based apoptosis.

代谢性脑血管病以代谢危险因素引起的脑血管损害为核心，其概念已被提出并处于早期探索阶段。代谢性脑血管病的防治重点在于控制代谢危险因素，目前临床用药策略仍是对各个代谢危险因素进行单独干预，因用药种类多和剂量大给患者带来很多困扰。因此，临床亟需一种具有多作用靶点、可协同作用的药物以减少代谢性脑血管病患者的用药负担并提高疗效。牛磺酸作为一种条件必需氨基酸，具有调节糖脂代谢、调节渗透压、稳定细胞膜、抗氧化、抗衰老等多种生物学作用，对代谢性脑血管病治疗具有潜在临床价值。本文聚焦牛磺酸多效性，探讨牛磺酸在代谢性脑血管病中的作用机制及其临床应用前景。 Abstract: The concept of cerebro-metabolic disease, which centers on cerebrovascular damage caused by metabolic risk factors, has been proposed and is in the early stages of exploration. The prevention and treatment of cerebro-metabolic disease focus on the control of metabolic risk factors. At present, the clinical drug strategy is still based on the individual intervention of each metabolic risk factor, which brings a lot of trouble to patients due to the variety of drugs used and the high dosage. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a synergistic drug with multiple targets to reduce the drug burden and improve the efficacy in patients with cerebro-metabolic disease. Taurine, as a conditionally essential amino acid, has a variety of biological effects such as regulation of glycolipid metabolism, osmotic pressure regulation, cell membrane stabilization, antioxidation, anti-aging, etc., which has potential clinical value for cerebro-metabolic disease treatment. This paper focused on the pleiotropy of taurine and discussed the mechanism of taurine in cerebro-metabolic disease and its clinical application prospects.

Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is one of the most effective antipsychotic drugs used for managing psychotic related disorders owing to its dopamine receptor blocking action. However, pharmacological investigations against CPZ’s cytotoxic effect have remained scarce. Hence, this study investigated the preventive and reversal effects of taurine and coenzyme-Q10 (COQ-10), which are compounds with proven natural antioxidant properties, against CPZ-induced hematological impairments in male rats. In the preventive study, rats received oral saline (10 ml/kg), taurine (150 mg/kg/day), COQ-10 (10 mg/kg/day) or in combination for 56 days, alongside CPZ (30 mg/kg, p.o.) between days 29–56. In the reversal protocol, rats had CPZ repeatedly for 56 days before taurine and COQ-10 treatments or their combination from days 29–56. Rats were also given taurine (150 mg/kg/day), and COQ-10 (10 mg/kg/day) alone for 56 days. Serums were extracted and assayed for hematological, with oxidative and inflammatory markers. CPZ induced decreased red/white blood cells, erythropoietin, platelet count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin, neutrophil, and lymphocyte, which were prevented and reversed by taurine and COQ-10, or their combination. Taurine and COQ-10 improved mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin concentration, with increased erythropoietin levels relative to CPZ groups. CPZ-induced increased malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels with decreased interleukin-10, glutathione, and superoxide-dismutase were prevented and reversed by taurine and COQ-10 in comparison with CPZ groups. Taurine and COQ-10 alone notably improved the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory status relative to controls. Among other mechanisms, taurine and COQ-10 abated CPZ-induced hematological deficiencies, via decreased serum levels of oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines release, with increased antioxidants and anti-inflammation function.

Abstract Background Taurine, a semi-essential micronutrient, could be utilized as a sulfur source for some bacteria; however, little is known about its effect on the accumulation of fermentation products. Here, it investigated the effect of taurine on co-production of bioethanol and Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs) for a fungus. Results A newly isolated fungus of 98.92% identity with Monascus purpureus co-produced 23.43 g/L bioethanol and 66.12, 78.01 and 62.37 U/mL red, yellow and orange MonAzPs for 3 d in synthetic medium (SM). Taurine enhanced bioethanol titer, ethanol productivity and ethanol yield at the maximum by 1.56, 1.58 and 1.60 times than those of the control in corn stover hydrolysates (CSH), and red, yellow and orange MonAzPs were raised by 1.24, 1.26 and 1.29 times, respectively. Taurine was consumed extremely small quantities for M. purpureus and its promotional effect was not universal for the other two biorefinery fermenting strains. Taurine intensified the gene transcription of glycolysis (glucokinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase and alcohol dehydrogenase) and MonAzPs biosynthesis (serine hydrolases, C-11-ketoreductase, FAD-dependent monooxygenase, 4-O-acyltransferase, deacetylase, NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoredutase, FAD-dependent oxidoredutase, enoyl reductase and fatty acid synthase) through de novo RNA-Seq assays. Furthermore, taurine improved cell membrane permeability through changing cell membrane structure by microscopic imaging assays. Conclusions Taurine reinforced co-production of bioethanol and MonAzPs by increasing gene transcription level and cell membrane permeability for M. purpureus. This work would offer an innovative, efficient and taurine-based co-production system for mass accumulation of the value-added biofuels and biochemicals from lignocellulosic biomass.

Simple Summary: Taurine has a wide range of biological functions in vertebrates but does not participate in protein synthesis. Recent studies showed taurine exhibits an important role in the regulation of fat metabolism in fish and has the effect of reducing liver fat accumulation in high-fed fish. However, it is still unclear how taurine exerts the effect and the underlying metabolic mechanism of taurine intervention. In this study, we conducted an experiment to investigate the fat-lowering effect of taurine on orange-spotted groupers at the proteomic level. Furthermore, we performed an integrated analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics and excavated the key genes and key proteins involved in the regulation of liver fat metabolism, in an attempt to better understand the intrinsic connection between the transcriptional and translational levels and interpret the trajectories in terms of the biological phenomena in a more comprehensive way after taurine intervention on high-fat fed orange-spotted groupers. In order to understand the intervention effect of taurine on liver fat deposition induced by high fat intake in the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), we performed proteomic analysis and association analysis with previously obtained transcriptomic data. Three isoproteic (47% crude protein) diets were designed to contain two levels of fat and were named as the 10% fat diet (10F), 15% fat diet (15F), and 15% fat with 1% taurine (15FT). The 10F diet was used as the control diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, the 15F diet exhibited comparable weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and hepatosomatic index as the 10F diet, but the former increased liver fat content vs. the latter. Feeding with the 15FT diet resulted in an improvement in weight gain and a reduction in feed conversion ratio, hepatosomatic index, and liver fat content compared with feeding the 15F diet. When comparing liver proteomic data between the 15F and 15FT groups, a total of 133 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, of which 51 were upregulated DEPs and 82 were downregulated DEPs. Among these DEPs, cholesterol 27-hydroxylase, phosphatidate phosphatase LPIN, phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C, and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase were further screened out and were involved in primary bile acid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and the AMPK signaling pathway as key DEPs in terms of alleviating liver fat deposition of taurine in high-fat fed fish. With the association analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data through KEGG, three differentially expressed genes (atp1a, arf1_2, and plcd) and four DEPs (CYP27α1, LPIN, PLCD, and PTK2B) were co-enriched into five pathways related to fat metabolism including primary bile acid synthesis, bile secretion, glycerolipid metabolism, phospholipid D signaling, or/and phosphatidylinositol signaling. The results showed that dietary taurine intervention could trigger activation of bile acid biosynthesis and inhibition of triglyceride biosynthesis, thereby mediating the liver fat-lowering effects in high-fat fed orange-spotted grouper. The present study contributes some novel insight into the liver fat-lowering effects of dietary taurine in high-fat fed groupers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has focused on alternative plant materials or additives that can be used instead of fish meal due to limited stocks and increased feed prices, although it is important for carnivorous fish species. Taurine is a functional amino acid supplemented to low fish meal diets to improve the growth performance of fish. In this study, eight experimental diets with 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% ratios of taurine supplemented (T0, T0.5, T1 and T2) high (HFM) and low fish meal (LFM) diets were prepared (defined as HFMT0, HFMT0.5, HFMT1, HFMT2, LFMT0, LFMT0.5, LFMT1 and LFMT2). The experiment was carried out in twenty-four 400 L rectangular fiberglass tanks conducted in a marine water system, and fish (initial mean weight of 23.5 g) were stocked in each tank. The nutrition trial was carried out for 90 days with three replicates. Meagre fed with the HFMT1 diet had a higher final mean weight (FMW) and specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed with HFMT0 and all LFM diets. Including taurine in all LFM diets also enhanced growth performance. The FMW and SGR of fish fed the LFMT0.5 diet were similar when compared to HFMT0 (P>0.05) and increased compared to that of other LFM diets with taurine (P<0.05). Meagre fed the LFM0.5 diet had a lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than those provided for all HFM diets, although there was no significant difference between treatments. Dietary taurine has decreased the hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and total ammonia-nitrogen excretion (TAN), irrespective of taurine and fish meal levels. Including dietary taurine at both fish meal levels enhances the number of red blood cells (RBC) and whole-body amino acids of meagre. The most remarkable conclusion of this study is the inclusion of taurine in low fish meal diets improved growth performance and profitability in meagre, and the level of 0.5% has been recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine supplementation has shown survival and feeding efficiency in larval fish development. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of adding taurine to the longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana) diet for 60 days. Fish (n = 270) were distributed in three treatments: T0 without taurine, T1, and T2, supplemented with taurine at 1 and 2%, respectively. Growth performance, blood serum biochemistry, fatty acid, and amino acid profiles in skeletal muscle were evaluated. Notable improvements (P < 0.05) were observed in T1 and T2 in terms of specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG). Survival rates (SR) did not show significant differences (P > 0.05). In addition, a decrease was observed in intraperitoneal fat (IPF). Still, an increase was observed in blood parameters, including higher total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO) concentration, as well as a reduction in cholesterol (CHO) levels. Changes in fatty acid profiles were also detected in skeletal muscle with an increase in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and elevation in taurine concentration in T2. The results showed that adding 20 g kg-1 of taurine to the diet improved growth, skeletal muscle, and blood serum biochemistry. Therefore, the use of higher taurine concentrations is recommended in future studies to understand fully the extent of the benefits to longfin yellowtail juveniles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high mortality rate in the gold rabbitfish larvae of Siganus guttatus has been found during the initial developmental phase. This condition is thought to be due to unprepared larvae obtaining exogenous feed. Various efforts have been conducted to prevent high mortality rates, such as nutrient enrichment. This study was performed to evaluate the combined effect of βcarotene and taurine on the growth performance and survival rate of the gold rabbitfish larvae of S. guttatus. This study had four treatments for rotifer enrichment, namely BT0 without β-carotene and taurine enrichment, B7.5 (7.5mg L -1 β-carotene), T50 (50mg L -1 taurine), and a combination of 7.5mg L -1 β-carotene and 50mg L -1 taurine (Com-BT). The S. guttatus larvae were reared for 10 days after hatching (DAH). The parameter observed was growth performance, which contained absolute growth (body length and weight), fin development (dorsal, pectoral, and caudal), visual development (eye diameter and retina), total prey intake, and survival rate. The results indicated that enrichment of the rotifers with β-carotene and taurine can improve the absolute growth rate, fin development, visual development, and total prey intake. These parameters obtained better values as both ingredients were combined together (P< 0.05) Com-BT. Nutrient enrichment with β-carotene and taurine had no significant difference (P< 0.05) on the survival rate of S. guttatus larvae, but significantly showed a better survival rate in the combination of β-carotene and taurine treatment (Com-BT). In conclusion, β-carotene and taurine can be applied to improve the growth and survival rate of S. guttatus larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about how plasma and whole blood taurine and plasma carnitine correlate to concentrations in skeletal and cardiac muscle and the effects of diet in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation among plasma, skeletal and cardiac muscle carnitine and taurine and whole blood taurine and determine the effect of diet. The study protocol was approved by the Pet Food Solutions Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Thirty‐three mixed‐breed hounds and 32 beagles were evaluated at Day 0 then removed from their baseline diet and randomized to a test diet: high animal protein, grain‐inclusive (HA‐GI), low animal protein, grain‐free (LA‐GF), low animal protein, grain‐inclusive (LA‐GI), or high animal protein, grain‐free (HA‐GF). Blood was drawn every 30 days and endomyocardial (mixed breeds only) and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected at Days 0 and 180. The correlations between plasma and whole blood taurine, or plasma carnitine and skeletal and cardiac muscle concentrations were weak (p < 0.01–0.05). Mixed‐breed hounds had increased (p = 0.029) whole blood taurine compared to beagles. Plasma taurine was lower with diet HA‐GF, (p = 0.009) however, all diets had increased taurine from Day 0 and were, on average within the laboratory reference range. Dogs fed the HA‐GI diet had increased cardiac muscle carnitine esters (p = 0.014). Increased carnitine esters were also appreciated in cardiac muscle in all diets from Day 0 to 180 (p = 0.0001). On Day 180 mixed‐breed hounds had increased skeletal total carnitine (p < 0.001) compared to all time points and breeds. This study observed no correlation between plasma, whole blood, skeletal and cardiac muscle taurine concentrations but noted some effects between time, breed and diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taurine transporter (TauT, SLC6A6) is a member of the solute carrier 6 (SLC6) family, which plays multiple physiological roles. The SLC6 family is divided into four subfamilies: GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), monoamine, glycine and neutral amino acid transporters. Proteins from the GABA group, including the taurine transporter, are primarily considered therapeutic targets for treating central nervous system disorders. However, recent studies have suggested that inhibitors of SLC6A6 could also serve as anticancer agents. Overexpression of TauT has been associated with the progression of colon and gastric cancer. The pool of known ligands of this transporter is limited and the exact spatial structure of taurine transporter remains unsolved. Understanding its structure could aid in the development of novel inhibitors. Therefore, we utilized homology modelling techniques to create models of TauT. Docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to describe protein–ligand interactions. We compared the obtained information for TauT with literature data on other members of the GABA transporter group. Our in silico analysis allowed us to characterize the transporter structure and point out amino acids crucial for ligand binding: Glu406, Gly62 and Tyr138. The significance of selected residues was confirmed through structural studies of mutants. These results will aid in the development of novel taurine transporter inhibitors, which can be explored as anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Chronic amphetamine (AMPH) use leading to addiction results in adaptive changes within the central nervous system that persist well beyond the drug's elimination from the body and can precipitate relapse. Notably, alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission play a crucial role in drug-associated behaviours. Objectives: This study aimed to identify changes induced by amphetamine in glutamate levels and the neuromodulators of glutamatergic neurotransmission (taurine and kynurenic acid) observable after 14 and 28 days of abstinence in key brain regions implicated in addiction: the cortex (Cx), nucleus accumbens (Acb), and dorsolateral striatum (CPu-L). Methods: The rats were administered 12 doses of amphetamine (AMPH) intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 1.5 mg/kg. The behavioural response was evaluated through ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the levels of glutamate, taurine, and kynurenic acid in the Cx, Acb, and CPu-L after 14 and 28 days of abstinence. Results: AMPH administration led to sensitisation towards AMPH's rewarding effects, as evidenced by changes in USV. There was a noticeable decrease in kynurenic acid levels and an increase in both taurine and glutamate in the CPu-L, along with an increase in glutamate levels in the Cx, 28 days following the final AMPH injection. Conclusions: The most significant changes in the tissue levels of glutamate, taurine, and kynurenic acid were seen in the CPu-L 28 days after the last dose of AMPH. The emergence of these changes exclusively after 28 days suggests that the processes initiated by AMPH use and subsequent abstinence take time to become apparent and may be enduring. This could contribute to the incubation of craving and the risk of relapse. Developing pharmacological strategies to counteract the reduction in kynurenic acid induced by psychostimulants may provide new avenues for therapy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the quantitative methionine requirements in the diets of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). Eight practical diets using soybean meal, poultry meal, and red lentil meal as the primary protein sources were formulated using graded levels of methionine supplement (0 to 0.70 g/100 g diet). Groups of 15 juvenile Florida pompano (4.04 ± 0.05 g) were size-sorted and placed into one of 40 glass aquaria (132 L) with five replicates per diet. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were observed in overall biomass, mean weight, weight gain, thermal growth coefficient (TGC), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). To estimate the dietary methionine requirement, a series of statistical models, including the one-slope broken line model (BLM1), two-slope broken line model (BLM2), broken quadratic model (BQM), and four-parameter saturation kinetic model (SKM-4) were used to assess mean weight, weight gain, TGC, apparent net protein retention (ANPR), and methionine retention (MR). The model selection showed that BLM1 fit the data best for MW and TGC, SKM-4 for PWG and ANPR, and BQM for MR. Based on these results, a minimum dietary methionine requirement of 0.68% of the diet or 1.70 g/100 g protein is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricate process of neuronal differentiation integrates multiple signals to induce transcriptional, morphological, and electrophysiological changes that reshape the properties of neural precursor cells during their maturation and migration process. An increasing number of neurotransmitters and biomolecules have been identified as molecular signals that trigger and guide this process. In this sense, taurine, a sulfur-containing, non-essential amino acid widely expressed in the mammal brain, modulates the neuronal differentiation process. In this study, we describe the effect of taurine acting via the ionotropic GABAA receptor and the metabotropic GABAB receptor on the neuronal differentiation and electrophysiological properties of precursor cells derived from the subventricular zone of the mouse brain. Taurine stimulates the number of neurites and favors the dendritic complexity of the neural precursor cells, accompanied by changes in the somatic input resistance and the strength of inward and outward membranal currents. At the pharmacological level, the blockade of GABAA receptors inhibits these effects, whereas the stimulation of GABAB receptors has no positive effects on the taurine-mediated differentiation process. Strikingly, the blockade of the GABAB receptor with CGP533737 stimulates neurite outgrowth, dendritic complexity, and membranal current kinetics of neural precursor cells. The effects of taurine on the differentiation process involve Ca2+ mobilization and the activation of intracellular signaling cascades since chelation of intracellular calcium with BAPTA-AM, and inhibition of the CaMKII, ERK1/2, and Src kinase inhibits the neurite outgrowth of neural precursor cells of the subventricular zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature induces heat stress, adversely affecting the growth and lactation performance of cows. Research has shown the protective effect of taurine against hepatotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro. This study aimed to investigate the effect of taurine on the metabolomics of mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows under high-temperature conditions. Mammary epithelial cells were exposed to 0mmol/L (HS, control), 8mmol/L (HT-8), and 32mmol/L (HT-32) of taurine, then incubated at 42°C for 6h. Metabolomics analysis was conducted using Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS). Compared with the HS group, 2,873 and 3,243 metabolites were detected in the HT-8 group in positive and negative ion modes. Among these, 108 and 97 metabolites were significantly upregulated in positive and negative ion modes, while 60 and 166 metabolites were downregulated. Notably, 15 different metabolites such as palmitic acid, adenine and hypoxanthine were screened out in the HT-8 group. Compared with the HS group, 2,873 and 3,243 metabolites were, respectively, detected in the HT-32 group in the positive and negative ion modes. Among those metabolites, 206 metabolites were significantly up-regulated, while 206 metabolites were significantly downregulated in the positive mode. On the other hand, 497 metabolites were significantly upregulated in the negative mode, while 517 metabolites were reported to be downregulated. Noteworthy, 30 distinct metabolites, such as palmitic acid, phytosphingosine, hypoxanthine, nonanoic acid, and octanoic acid, were screened out in the HT-32 group. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these metabolites were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, purine metabolism and other biological processes. Overall, our study indicates that taurine supplementation alters the metabolites primarily associated with purine metabolism, lipid metabolism and other pathways to alleviate heat stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a non-protein β-amino acid essential for cellular homeostasis, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties that are crucial for life maintenance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of taurine administration on hippocampal neurogenesis, neuronal preservation, or reverse damage in rats exposed to forced ethanol consumption in an animal model. Wistar rats were treated with ethanol (EtOH) for a 28-day period (5% in the 1st week, 10% in the 2nd week, and 20% in the 3rd and 4th weeks). Two taurine treatment protocols (300 mg/kg i.p.) were implemented: one during ethanol consumption to analyze neuroprotection, and another after ethanol consumption to assess the reversal of ethanol-induced damage. Overall, the results demonstrated that taurine treatment was effective in protecting against deficits induced by ethanol consumption in the dentate gyrus. The EtOH+TAU group showed a significant increase in cell proliferation (145.8%) and cell survival (54.0%) compared to the EtOH+Sal group. The results also indicated similar effects regarding the reversal of ethanol-induced damage 28 days after the cessation of ethanol consumption. The EtOH+TAU group exhibited a significant increase (41.3%) in the number of DCX-immunoreactive cells compared to the EtOH+Sal group. However, this amino acid did not induce neurogenesis in the tissues of healthy rats, implying that its activity may be contingent upon post-injury stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine, a non-proteogenic amino acid and commonly used nutritional supplement, can protect various tissues from degeneration associated with the action of the DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. Whether and how taurine protects human ovarian cancer (OC) cells from DNA damage caused by cisplatin is not well understood. We found that OC ascites-derived cells contained significantly more intracellular taurine than cell culture-modeled OC. In culture, elevation of intracellular taurine concentration to OC ascites-cell-associated levels suppressed proliferation of various OC cell lines and patient-derived organoids, reduced glycolysis, and induced cell protection from cisplatin. Taurine cell protection was associated with decreased DNA damage in response to cisplatin. A combination of RNA sequencing, reverse-phase protein arrays, live-cell microscopy, flow cytometry, and biochemical validation experiments provided evidence for taurine-mediated induction of mutant or wild-type p53 binding to DNA, activation of p53 effectors involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle (p21), and glycolysis (TIGAR). Paradoxically, taurine's suppression of cell proliferation was associated with activation of pro-mitogenic signal transduction including ERK, mTOR, and increased mRNA expression of major DNA damage-sensing molecules such as DNAPK, ATM and ATR. While inhibition of ERK or p53 did not interfere with taurine's ability to protect cells from cisplatin, suppression of mTOR with Torin2, a clinically relevant inhibitor that also targets DNAPK and ATM/ATR, broke taurine's cell protection. Our studies implicate that elevation of intracellular taurine could suppress cell growth and metabolism, and activate cell protective mechanisms involving mTOR and DNA damage-sensing signal transducti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidazole dipeptides (IDPs) and taurine (Tau) have several health benefits and are known to be contained in natural seafoods. However, their levels vary widely in different natural seafoods, making their simultaneous determination desirable. Herein, we employ a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry approach using a novel amino group derivatization reagent, succinimidyl 2-(3-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-1-methyl-5-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl) acetate ((R)-CIMa-OSu), for the simultaneous quantification of IDPs (carnosine (Car) and anserine (Ans)), their related amino acids, and Tau in natural seafoods. Each seafood sample contained different concentrations of IDPs (Car: ND to 1.48 mmol/100 g-wet, Ans: ND to 4.67 mmol/100 g-wet). The Car levels were considerably higher in eel, while Tau was more abundant in squid, boiled octopus, and scallop. Thus, the derivatization reagent (R)-CIMa-OSu provides a new approach to accurately assess the nutritional composition of seafoods, thereby providing valuable insight into its dietary benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taurine, an amino acid abundantly found in the brain and other tissues, has potential neuroprotective properties. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a commonly occurring type of dementia, which becomes more prevalent as people age. This experiment aimed to assess the neuroprotective effects of taurine on SH-SY5Y cells by examining its impact on Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), Dihydroprogesterone (DHP), as well as the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-181. Methods: The effects of various taurine concentrations (0.25, and 0.75 mg/mL), and LPS (0.1, and 12 mg/mL) on the SH-SY5Y cell line were assessed using the MTT assay. The levels of DHT and DHP were quantified using an ELISA kit. Additionally, the expression levels of miRNA-181 and miRNA-21 genes were examined through Real-Time PCR analysis. Results: The results of the MTT assay showed that treatment with taurine at concentrations of 0.25, and 0.75 mg/mL reduces the toxicity of LPS in SHSY5Y cells. ELISA results indicated that taurine at a concentration of 0.25, and 0.75 mg/mL significantly elevated DHT and DHP hormones in the SH-SY5Y cell line compared to the untreated group (p < 0.01). The expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased under the influence of LPS in SH-SY5Y cells after taurine treatment (p < 0.01). Gene expression analysis revealed that increasing taurine concentration resulted in heightened expression of miRNA-181 and miRNA-21, with the most significant increase observed at a concentration of 0.75 mg/mL (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study findings revealed that the expression of miRNA-181 and miRNA-21 can be enhanced by taurine. Consequently, exploring the targeting of taurine, miRNA-181, and miRNA-21 or considering hormone therapy may offer potential therapeutic approaches for treating AD or alleviating severe symptoms. Nonetheless, in order to fully comprehend the precise mechanisms involved, additional research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A subset of individuals (10–20%) experience post-COVID condition (PCC) subsequent to initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, which lacks effective treatment. PCC carries a substantial global burden associated with negative economic and health impacts. This study aims to evaluate the association between plasma taurine levels with self-reported symptoms and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with PCC. Methods and findings: We analyzed the plasma proteome and metabolome of 117 individuals during their acute COVID-19 hospitalization and at the convalescence phase six-month post infection. Findings were compared with 28 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Plasma taurine levels were negatively associated with PCC symptoms and correlated with markers of inflammation, tryptophan metabolism, and gut dysbiosis. Stratifying patients based on the trajectories of plasma taurine levels during six-month follow-up revealed a significant association with adverse clinical events. Increase in taurine levels during the transition to convalescence were associated with a reduction in adverse events independent of comorbidities and acute COVID-19 severity. In a multivariate analysis, increased plasma taurine level between acute and convalescence phase was associated with marked protection from adverse clinical events with a hazard ratio of 0.13 (95% CI: 0.05–0.35; p<0.001). Conclusions: Taurine emerges as a promising predictive biomarker and potential therapeutic target in PCC. Taurine supplementation has already demonstrated clinical benefits in various diseases and warrants exploration in large-scale clinical trials for alleviating PCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the revision of the chemical structures of a group of bacterial sulfur-containing aminolipids called cysteinolides. The study used various analytical techniques to determine the absolute stereochemistry of these lipids and found that they have an unusual N,O-acylated cysteic acid head group. The research also mapped the distribution and structural diversity of cysteinolides in different bacteria. The article also discusses the synthesis and structural analysis of sulfonolipids, the purification and analysis of lipid extracts, and the evaluation of the bioactivity of aminosulfonolipids. The findings provide valuable insights into the characteristics and functions of these substances. [Extracted from the article]

Taurine is a nonessential amino acid that has been increasingly consumed due to its various beneficial biological effects. Excessive taurine intake has been linked to the positive regulation of inflammatory responses and endoplasmic reticulum stress through the modulation of intracellular calcium levels. However, research on the potential adverse effects of taurine consumption on the respiratory system is limited. To address this, we investigated the respiratory responses of 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats to taurine administered orally at 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute volume were monitored in accordance with the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) Harmonized Tripartite Guideline S7A for Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals. We found that taurine administration did not significantly alter respiratory rate or tidal volume; however, a significant increase in minute volume was observed 6 h after administration of 200 mg/kg taurine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on cholestasis in duck liver and its nutritional regulation. Three hundred sixty 1-day-old ducks were randomly divided into six groups and fed for 4 weeks. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the experimental group diet contained 90 μg/kg of AFB1. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin were added to the diets of four experimental groups. The results show that in the AFB1 group, the growth properties, total bile acid (TBA) serum levels and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione (GSH) liver levels decreased, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) and TBA liver levels increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, AFB1 caused cholestasis. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin could reduce the TBA serum and liver levels (p < 0.05), alleviating the symptoms of cholestasis. The qPCR results show that AFB1 upregulated cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and cytochrome P450 family 8 subfamily B member 1 (CYP8B1) gene expression and downregulated ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11 (BSEP) gene expression in the liver, and taurine and emodin downregulated CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 gene expression (p < 0.05). In summary, AFB1 negatively affects health and alters the expression of genes related to liver bile acid metabolism, leading to cholestasis. Cholestyramine, atorvastatin calcium, taurine, and emodin can alleviate AFB1-induced cholestasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burkina Faso relies on its substantial bovine population for meat and milk production, ensuring food security. The country hosts three primary taurine cattle populations: Lobi, Gourounsi Nahouri, and Gourounsi Ténado. These cattle are adapted to local conditions and exhibit valuable trypan tolerant traits, playing a crucial role in sustaining local communities and holding cultural and socioeconomic significance. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and structure of Burkina's primary taurine cattle populations using 27 microsatellite markers. Blood samples from 143 cattle representing these populations were genotyped. The analysis included assessing genetic diversity, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, calculating genetic distances, and population structure. The results revealed that all loci were polymorphic, indicating high allelic diversity. The overall mean FIS was moderate (0.028), ranging from -0.36 (CSRM60) to 0.73 (INRA035). Genetic differentiation between populations was moderate, accounting for 4% of the total differences. The highest pairwise FST was observed between Lobi and Gourounsi Ténado. The neighbor-joining tree displayed high admixture levels between Gourounsi populations, while Lobi cattle clustered as a distinct population. The population structure analysis indicated significant zebu gene introgression in Burkina taurine populations with relatively higher levels of admixtures in Gourounsi cattle compared to Lobi. The study provided a thorough genetic analysis of Burkina Faso's taurine cattle populations, uncovering the diversity and population structure. The study also revealed the differences in the prevalence of tsetse flies and associated trypanosomosis across the native tracts of Burkinabe taurine cattle populations had shaped the level of zebu introgression in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid that has been reported to have antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects either directly or through its interactions with gut microbiome. Although taurine has been widely used as a health supplement and also for treatment of congestive heart failure in Japan, its roles in the perioperative setting have not been well characterized. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess whether oral or intravenous taurine, or its derivatives such as taurolidine, can offer benefits compared to placebo in the perioperative setting. Non-randomized studies, trials assessed topical taurine or taurolidine, or trials did not report clinical outcomes were excluded. Six randomized-controlled-trials (RCTs) involving a total of 596 adult surgical patients, in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases on September 14, 2023 were identified and meta-analyzed using a fixed-effect model. Biases were assessed by reporting individual trial elements. Taurine or taurolidine (which is readily metabolized by hydrolysis to taurine) supplementation was associated with a reduction in all-cause infection (5 trials: pooled odds ratio (OR) 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38–0.92; p = 0.020) but not delirium (2 trials: OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.38–1.04; p = 0.071) or mortality (4 trials: OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.43–1.58; p = 0.557) compared to placebo. Using the 'trim and fill' technique to adjust for publication bias did not change the favorable effect of taurine on risk of infection (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40–0.95). Because the number of studies included was small, the promising benefits of taurine on risks of perioperative infection should be confirmed by adequately-powered RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review was conducted to fully comprehend the nutritional value of the Opuntia spp., alongside the impact of the bioactive components on health and how well they combat disease. Opuntia ficus-indica fruit is plentiful with the amino acid taurine, a therapeutic compound, alongside vitamins C, E, and K. Opuntia plants are renowned for having a high level of phenolic acids, antioxidants, and pigments like betalains in all of their parts (pulp, roots, cladodes, seeds, and juice). Bioactives content enables Opuntia ficus-indica fruit to generate significant antidepressant effects, an anticancer impact, and the ability to prevent fatty liver disease or hepatic steatosis. Opuntia ficus-indica fruit has a desirable technique of consumption that may be applied as a nutritious component in several edible and value-added items. Fruits and stems may be eaten, making them a great natural energy source and supplement antioxidants and nutritional components that may be added to the diet. Traditionally, Opuntia ficus-indica seed oil is used in various foods, cosmetic products, and medications, mainly for treating chronic disorders, wound healing, and urinary tract infections in traditional folk medicine. In addition, Opuntia fruits could be utilized successfully in various food and nonfood applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Here we studied the effects of anti-epileptic substance GIZh-298 and the drug of comparison sodium valproate (NaV) on the contents of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, striatum, and hippocampus of the mouse brain in a model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES). The levels of excitatory amino acids such as aspartate in the hypothalamus and glutamate in the hippocampus were decreased by 20.8 and 16.7%, respectively, and of inhibitory amino acids, such as glycine, GABA, and taurine were also decreased by 16–20% in average in those structures 5 min after the MES application indicating the exhaustion of aminoacidic neurotransmission. Intragastric administration of NaV at a dose of 200 mg/kg, which causes the anti-seizure effect, prevented the MES-induced decrease in the content of GABA and the GABA/glutamate ratio in the hypothalamus. NaV similarly decreased the aspartate level in the hypothalamus, striatum, and hippocampus in the intact group of mice and in mice after seizures. Intragastric administration of GIZh-298 at a dose of 60 mg/kg prevented the MES-evoked decrease in the GABA/glutamate ratio and the levels of GABA, glycine, and taurine in the hypothalamus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of beverages containing caffeine has increased significantly in recent years due to their stimulant effects. The aim of this study was to determine the possible adverse effects of caffeine and taurine on young adults' cardiovascular systems using linear and nonlinear parameters for this analysis. This study was carried out with 56 students from Aydın Adnan Menderes University. The participants were divided into four main groups: caffeine, taurine, caffeine + taurine, and a control. Blood pressure and electrocardiogram measurements were performed before the ingredients were consumed. After 30 and 60 min, the measurements were repeated. Linear and nonlinear analyses were performed on the heart rate variability data 60 min after consumption. Compared with taurine and the combination of caffeine + taurine, caffeine was found to have the most adverse effects on the hemodynamic parameters and the linear and nonlinear parameters of heart rate variability in the young adult participants. It was also found that the presence of taurine may have repressed the adverse effects of caffeine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Stroke is the property of Chinese Journal of Stroke Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)