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Ultisol is generally characterized by a high clay content in the argillic horizon, easy compaction, slow permeability, and unstable aggregates, resulting in low total porosity. Organic soil amendments such as compost and biochar can be used to improve soil organic matter, aggregate stability, and other physical properties of Ultisol. A field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design to assess the potential effects of Leucaena compost (LC) and coconut shell biochar (CB) on the physical properties of Ultisol and maize yield. The treatments included combinations of compost (0, 5, and 10 t/ha), biochar (0, 5, and 10 t/ha), and inorganic fertilizer (50% and 100% of the recommended dose). The results showed that the application of Leucaena compost and coconut shell biochar improved the physical properties of the soil. Compost and/or biochar applications at 10 t/ha enhanced soil organic matter, total porosity, aggregate formation, aggregate stability, pore size distribution, and reduced soil bulk density, improving maize growth and yield.

The hydrogeochemical characteristics and evaluation of saline water intrusion of shallow groundwater in the coastal aquifers of Vadakara have been investigated using geochemical analysis and spatial interpolation techniques. Major ion analysis of groundwater samples was employed to identify saltwater intrusion status. The major ions dissolved in water are Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, and SO4. Groundwater zones in coastal areas have to be delineated in terms of quality. To identify the origin of saline groundwater in the coastal reaches of Vadakara Taluk, Kozhikode district, Kerala, six different major ionic ratios viz. Na/Cl, (Ca+Mg)/CI, K/Cl, SO4/Cl, Na/Ca, and Ca/SO4 and Base Exchange Index (BEX) were computed from physio-chemical analysis of open wells in the study area. Groundwater aquifers, which have a direct connection to tide-influenced river stretches and the sea, are more susceptible to salinization due to seawater intrusion, according to the spatial representation of the ionic ratios.

A floristic study was conducted in two ultramafic formations in Palawan Island, selected for their differing land uses, to assess the role of ultramafic forests as a carbon sink based on plant diversity and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) content. A total of 17 tree species were identified inside an active mining area in Mt. Bulanjao, Rio Tuba, Bataraza, while only 15 tree species in Magarwak, Brgy. Sta. Lourdes, Puerto Princesa City. Palawan Mangkono (Xanthostemon speciosus Merr.), an island endemic species that thrives well in ultramafics, is the most dominant species in Rio Tuba, Bataraza, whereas Putian (Mastixia pentandra Blume) is the dominant species in Puerto Princesa City based on the Important Value Index (IVI). In terms of diversity, both sites exhibited low diversity index values, with Bataraza site having H'=2.232 while Magarwak, Puerto Princesa City had H'=2.286, respectively. Such data implied the alarming rate of species lost in ultramafic forest, primarily attributable to anthropogenic activities. Further analysis of SOC content indicated that Puerto Princesa City's ultramafic soils contained 99.05 t ha-1, while a much lower value of 85.68 t ha-1 at Bataraza was quantified. Considering the combined contribution of vegetation diversity and soil carbon, this study suggests that Puerto Princesa City's ultramafic formations have the potential to sequester atmospheric carbon and may act as a sink. Both the unusual characteristics of ultramafic soils and their existing vegetation contribute to the enhancement of the carbon storage potential of this forest type, although present land use serves as a crucial consideration. These findings underscore the importance of preserving and conserving native metallophytes in the area, making this research a pivotal basis for conservation efforts.

The utilization of rhizobacteria and cover crop residue for improving plant productivity has been widely applied in agricultural land. However, the effectiveness of those treatments for increasing the growth performance of crops in the post-mining soil is still not evaluated. This study investigated the potential use of rhizobacteria and cover crop residue for improving the growth of Sorghum sp. developed in the post-mining soil in Southeast Sulawesi. An experiment was established at the laboratory level using a completely randomized design with three replicates for every treatment. Four treatments were examined in this trial comprising of CE (control+Eleusine indica), CC (control+Centrosema sp.), BE (Bacillus sp.+Eleusine indica), and BC (Bacillus sp.+Centrosema sp.). Some parameters were observed to evaluate the growth of Sorghum sp., namely diameter, height, total leaves, leaf area, and biomass. The results demonstrated the use of rhizobacteria and cover crop residue potentially improves the growth of Sorghum sp. in the post-mining soil even though there was not a significant difference among treatments statistically. The highest average biomass of Sorghum sp. was noted in BE (3.72±1.06 g), BC (3.20±0.50 g), CC (2.95±1.40 g), CE (2.81±0.33 g). These findings indicated that the treatment of BE was the best way to improve the growth performance of Sorghum sp. at the post-mining. According to the results, this study concluded that rhizobacteria and cover crops play a key role in soil fertility. The utilization of rhizobacteria and cover crop residue has the potential to support the growth of Sorghum sp. developed in the post-nickel mining soil.

Bantul Regency, located on Java Island, is one of the areas in Indonesia with abundant groundwater sources, thus experiencing rapid urban growth. The hazard of groundwater vulnerability in this area has increased due to urban expansion that coevals with changes in land use and human population growth. The objective of this study was to analyze how groundwater vulnerability has changed due to land use conditions and what impact those changes have had. Because of the various variables associated with urban growth, the sub-districts of Bantul and Bambanglipuro were explicitly chosen as research areas. This study compared groundwater vulnerability and land use between 2009 and 2021 in a spatiotemporal manner. The vulnerability determination method used is the Susceptibility Index (SI), which consists of the parameters depth of groundwater table, groundwater recharge, aquifer media, topography, and land use. Each parameter is processed into an index of groundwater vulnerability by scoring and weighting methods. Techniques for descriptive comparative analysis are employed to ascertain how changes in land use will affect the degree of groundwater vulnerability. The results of the land use classification show that the agroforestry area has decreased while the semi-urban area has increased in 2009 and 2021. The sub-district of Bambanglipuro underwent numerous changes. On the other hand, it is known that medium and high vulnerability levels dominate groundwater vulnerability. In this instance, it is concluded that variations in land use have impacted how groundwater vulnerability levels are distributed.

The soil quality of Ultisol, which is indicated by its chemical properties, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and root nodules, is important for soybean growth. Cogongrass biochar enriched with N fertilizer solution using solvent from seaweed extract can change the soil quality. Using various seaweed extract solvents, this study sought to (i) test the impact of cogongrass biochar enriched with N fertilizer solution on the soil chemical quality and (ii) examine the effects of soil chemical changes on AMF, root nodules, tissue nutrient content, and soybean yield. The treatments consisted of (i) without biochar (B0), (ii) cogongrass biochar without enrichment (BN0), (iii) cogongrass biochar enriched with urea solution using solvent from extract of Kappapychus alvarezii (BNK), (iv) cogongrass biochar enriched with urea solution using solvent from extract of Sargassum sp. (BNS), and (v) cogongrass biochar enriched with urea solution using solvent extract of Ulva lactuca (BNU). In a randomized block design, each treatment was carried out three times. With or without fertilization, cogongrass biochar improves the chemical fertility of the soil. The increase in NH4+-N and nitrate-N content of the soil in enriched cogongrass biochar was greater than in unenriched. The AMF spores density and root nodules were reduced following enrichment. When biochar was added, there were more pods, pod dry weight, total seeds, and regular seeds per plant. In conclusion, the impact of increasing soil ammonium content led to decreased density of AMF spores, root infections, and root nodules. The level of available P greatly affected the components of soybean yield in Ultisol.

The snow cover in Jayawijaya, Papua, Indonesia, has been rapidly declining due to various climatic factors, posing significant threats to both the ecosystem and local culture. This research focused on the analysis of the impact of weather factors (temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, and wind speed) on the decrease in snow cover in Mt. Jayawijaya. Using the datasets from 2013 to 2022, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to ascertain the predictors for snow cover loss. The findings indicated that out of all the weather factors, relative humidity and wind direction were the most important, with a p-value of 0.005 and 0.032, respectively. The regression model indicates that higher humidity increases snow sublimation, while wind direction brings warm air that accelerates snow melting. Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong correlation (r = 0.81) between the observed snow cover decline and the model, with an RMSE of 20.70 ha. These findings contribute to the understanding of how atmospheric factors interact with snow dynamics in tropical regions and can aid in future conservation efforts for Jayawijaya’s snow cover.

This study aimed to assess the capacity of Bidens pilosa L. to absorb heavy metals, specifically arsenic (As) and lead (Pb), in contaminated soil environments, with the goal of laying a foundation for applying phytoremediation techniques to remediate agricultural soils polluted with heavy metals in Vietnam. The findings indicate that B. pilosa L. can thrive in soils contaminated with heavy metals at concentrations up to 700 mg/kg. Additionally, the absorption rates in the roots, stems, and leaves of B. pilosa L. were substantial. At a concentration of 700 mg/kg As, the absorption rates were 66.53% in roots, 20.45% in stems, and 13.03% in leaves. For Pb, at the same concentration, the absorption was 64.41% in roots, 21.27% in stems, and 14.32% in leaves. Moreover, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) further support the plant's potential. The BCF for As decreased from 0.123 at 0 mg/kg to 0.023 at 700 mg/kg, while the BCF for Pb showed a similar trend, ranging from 0.017 to 0.023 across increasing concentrations. The TF for As dropped from 1.202 at 100 mg/kg to 0.503 at 700 mg/kg, while the TF for Pb ranged from 0.959 to 0.552, indicating limited translocation of metals from roots to aerial parts at higher contamination levels. These results suggest that B. pilosa L. is a promising candidate for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with arsenic and lead, thanks to its ability to accumulate these metals predominantly in its roots, thereby limiting their movement to stems and leaves.

Lake Toba is one of the prioritized conservation lakes in Indonesia, crucial for domestic needs, tourism, fisheries, agriculture, and power generation. However, Lake Toba’s water levels and discharge have declined in recent decades. This study aimed to enhance water recharge and the water level of Lake Toba through hydrological modeling using the SWAT analysis and regional and specific conservation measures. The SWAT analysis utilized input data, including climate, soil, geomorphology, land use, and hydrology, to generate both existing and post-conservation water balance models. Conservation methods were categorized into civil engineering and vegetative approaches. Vegetative conservation techniques included agroforestry and MPTS (Multi-Purpose Tree Species), while civil engineering methods encompassed terracing, trenching, and infiltration wells. Regional conservation focused on land use plant types, while specific conservation involved detailed classification of the Lake Toba watershed by slope class, plant type, and land use. The analysis revealed significant land use changes in the Lake Toba catchment area, with dry fields increasing from 72,961 ha to 125,000 ha, a decrease in water level from 905 to 903 m above sea level, and a reduction in discharge from 180 m³/s to 125 m³/s. SWAT analysis shows that the existing inflow to Lake Toba is 131 m³/s (with 78% accuracy), with potential increases to 250 m³/s due to regional conservation and 180 m³/s due to specific conservation. Conservation efforts have also improved discharge rates across 39 sub-watersheds of Lake Toba, both monthly and annually.

Thailand exports the greatest amount of sweet corn globally; however, its value per unit is low. Soil property knowledge can help to produce sweet corn with the best nutrition and taste qualities that could improve its value. This study investigated the association between soil properties and sweet corn qualitative attributes in western Thailand. Soils and sweet corn samples were taken from 8 soil series at 47 sites in the dry season. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected and analyzed using physicochemical methods. Five selected sweet corn samples were determined for pod weight without husk, ß carotene concentration, and total soluble solids. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation was used to determine the most important variables and patterns among the physicochemical properties. Three components with eigenvalues greater than 1 explained more than 66% of the total variance. The linear mixed model showed that ß carotene concentration and total soluble solids were linearly correlated with only one principal component factor (R2 = 56.6 and 64.6%, respectively), whereas there were no significant associations for total yield nor pod weight without husk with any of the principal component factors. Cluster analysis indicated that most of the soil sites were Oxyaquic Haplustalfs, Aeric Endoaqualfs, and Typic Haplustalfs with moderately well drained, and producing high-quality sweet corn. These findings should inform land use planning to improve the quality of sweet corn plantations in the dry season in western Thailand.

Post-asphalt mining land is generally damaged and infertile; therefore, restoration efforts are necessary. The use of native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can improve plant growth and accelerate the success of restoration. This research aimed to elucidate the effect of native AMF inoculation on the growth of Vitex cofassus seedlings in greenhouse conditions. In this study, a completely randomized design was implemented with seven treatments, i.e., uninoculated (control), Racocetra crispi, Glomus intraradices, Glomus sp., Glomus sp-LW10, Glomus sp.-SW10 and Mycofer IPB (commercial AMF). The percentage of AMF colonization, plant growth, dry weight as well as P and Ca uptakes were measured after 3 months of planting. The results showed that AMF inoculation significantly increased the percentage of colonization, growth, and dry weight of shoots and total plants of V. cofassus. Mycorrhizal Inoculation Effect (MIE) ranged between 92.2% and 94.6%. Native and commercial AMF inoculation increased P and Ca uptakes in the roots and shoots of V. cofassus. There is a promising future for native AMF to be developed into a biofertilizer for restoring post-asphalt mining land in Indonesia.

Land subsidence is a significant issue in urban areas globally, including several cities with a growing population in Northern Sumatra, Indonesia. This study employs Sentinel-1 SAR data and the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) InSAR technique to monitor land subsidence in Medan, Deli Serdang, Dumai, North Aceh, and Lhokseumawe from 2015 to 2023. The SBAS algorithm was implemented in LiCSBAS with an unwrapped interferogram. Then corrected for atmospheric effects using GACOS, was employed to increase the results of the land subsidence. The analysis was enhanced using GRACE satellite data to assess the impact of groundwater depletion on subsidence. Results indicate significant subsidence across all study regions, particularly in Medan and Dumai, with rates ranging from -48.6 mm/year to +54.1 mm/year. The findings highlight the critical role of rapid urbanization, excessive groundwater extraction, and oil and gas exploration in driving subsidence. This study underscores the need for sustainable urban planning and aquifer management to mitigate future environmental and infrastructural risks.

Gold phytomining is the extraction of gold from the soil by harvesting specially selected hyperaccumulator plants. One of the potential plant species as a gold hyperaccumulator at the Ratatotok site, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, is Pteris vitata L, possibly because of the presence of rhizobacteria colonies in the roots to help the plant's resistance to metal stress in the soil. The isolation and identification show that the most resistant rhizobacteria to the gold stress is Pseudomonas aeruginosa RTKP1. The study aimed to assess the Pseudomonas aeruginosa RTKP1 to assist the gold bioaccumulation in Pteris vittata L. The phytomining test was carried out with four series of treatments for Pteris vittata L growing media, i.e., (1) tailings without compost and bacterial isolates, (2) tailings with bacterial isolates, (3) tailings with compost, and (4) tailings with compost and bacterial isolate. A descriptive analysis was carried out to analyze the role of the Pseudomnas aeruginosa RTKP1 on gold reduction in the media and gold bioaccumulation in Pteris vittata L. A quantitative analysis was carried out to analyze the bioaccumulation ability of Pteris vittata L with and without the addition of bacterial isolate. The role of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa RTKP1 is to increase the Translocation Factor (TF) and Biological Concentration Factor (BCF), particularly in the roots. The addition of compost to tailings as growing media for Pteris vittata L inhibits the effectiveness of the work of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa RTKP1 in increasing BCF and TF. However, this effect needs to be tested further to obtain significant results.

A crucial component of water supply in arid tropical regions is the construction of small reservoirs. Interestingly, various problems arise in the construction and management of small reservoirs, so the role of small reservoirs in providing surface water is considered less than optimal. This study aimed to identify problems that cause the function of small reservoirs to be less than optimal and to provide direction for small reservoir management in dry tropical areas. The investigation was carried out in two primary stages: site analysis to identify issues with small reservoir usability and regional analysis to identify physical characteristics regionally. Determining small reservoir points was carried out using SPOT 6/7 imagery with a resolution of 1.5 m. Land system maps and morphometry were used to analyze the physical characteristics of the small reservoir site. Field surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted to identify the benefits and limiting factors in the construction of small reservoirs. The results revealed small reservoirs are found in locations with low altitudes (0-100 masl) and undulating terrain (8-15%). According to the findings, 95.3% of small reservoirs were still water-filled. However, many problems resulted in the suboptimal utilization of small reservoirs. Specifically, the problems faced were structural damage due to 1) erosion-landslides (74.77%), 2) sedimentation (33.64%), 3) seepage (7.48%), 4) embankment collapse (6.54%), and 5) leakage (2.80%). Most of the community does not utilize the small reservoirs due to the limited infrastructure. Pipes to distribute water are only available at around 46.73%, while water tanks are only 43.93%. Directions for future management are aimed at 1) adding infrastructure, 2) sediment management, and 3) community-based management.

Bandung City, the capital of West Java Province in Indonesia, has changed its physical face rapidly due to the many constructions of office buildings, hotels, and other facilities until now. To avoid the instability of existing buildings and for building construction in the future, knowledge of the subsurface conditions in the city must be enhanced. A sudden soil collapse in the yard of the PAG Building occurred in early 2018 and resulted in a sinkhole with a diameter of 5 m, which revealed a historic wastewater tunnel structure in the subsurface. Non-invasive, low-cost, and time-effective geophysical methods to solve those problems are proposed. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), widely applied to identify artificial objects underground, came to be used for these purposes. A research to know the suitability of both methods for application began with numerical simulation, followed by field measurement on 4 GPR and ERT lines and analysis of each method. The results show that GPR data, through both numerical and field data, could identify and locate the tunnel in a radargram due to its hyperbola shape, whereas ERT data provided the property contrast between the tunnel and its host. The results suggest that GPR and ERT techniques are effective for revealing water tunnels in the study area with a maximum depth of 1.8 m and a 65% reduction in size. These findings can be used as a guide to using both methods to reveal the water tunnel network in the central part of Bandung City for sustainable urban planning.

Hydrological response is a specific reaction of a watershed to rainfall, and one form is surface runoff, which can be influenced by climatic and physiographic factors. These factors are represented by various parameters that have their own impact on surface runoff, otherwise known as parameter sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to identify the hydrological response in the form of flow discharge based on the application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and to identify the sensitivity of parameters that affect the hydrological response in the Gajahwong subwatershed. The data used in this study came from secondary data obtained from relevant agencies and primary data collected through sampling and laboratory testing. Flow discharge modeling was carried out using SWAT+ software, and the modeling results were automatically calibrated and validated using statistical tests. Meanwhile, sensitivity analysis was conducted by calculating the relative sensitivity values. The results showed that the flow discharge modeling of the Gajahwong subwatershed exhibited a pattern that is similar to the observed discharge. Based on this finding and the validation results with statistical tests, it can be said that the SWAT model can model and predict the flow discharge in the watershed quite well. The input parameter that is very sensitive and has a significant influence on the hydrological response in the subwatershed is the curve number (cn2), with a relative sensitivity value of 1.12.

Aluminum waste recycling activities in Sumobito District, Jombang Regency, produce aluminum black dross that is classified as hazardous waste. Aluminum black dross dumped into the environment will become a potential hazard to human health and environmental quality. This study aimed to determine the soil condition at aluminum black dross landfills in Sumobito District. Soil quality was determined by comparing the concentration of heavy metals in the samples with the total concentration (TC) of heavy metal pollutants regulated by the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021. Soil samples were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The analysis of four landfill samples showed that all samples should be managed as hazardous waste. The analysis of soil samples carried out around the landfill area shows that three samples are managed as non-hazardous waste, and one soil sample must be managed as hazardous waste. This indicates that heavy metal infiltration of aluminum black dross from the landfill area into the soil area has occurred.

In the Koraiyar basin, located within the districts of Tiruchirappalli and Pudukkottai in Tamil Nadu, India, groundwater samples were investigated to evaluate their quality and appropriateness for both drinking and agricultural purposes. Groundwater is a dynamic source for sustaining human life and various activities; however, its overuse and deteriorating quality pose significant challenges. Groundwater faces threats from various factors, including climate change, changes in land use, and population growth, all of which impact both the quantity and quality of available groundwater. Salinity exerts a substantial influence on various parameters, as indicated by the strong correlation between electrical conductivity (EC) and many other factors. It is inferred that pre-monsoon samples exhibit slightly lower quality compared to post-monsoon samples, although they remain suitable for drinking, with only a few exceptions. Most of the samples are safe to drink and use in agriculture because they are within allowable levels. Total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness (TH) data show that the groundwater samples are mostly of the pre-monsoon hard to extremely hard type. The Gibbs plot's evaporation zone contains samples, indicating that surface activities like agricultural runoff and other human-induced variables like home sewage dumping can contaminate groundwater. With the exception of samples showing average salinity and high sodium concentrations, all other samples are suitable for irrigation across various soil types.

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) significantly contributes to global mercury pollution, posing serious environmental and health risks. This study assessed mercury contamination in the Ananea District, heavily impacted by ASGM activities. Mercury levels were measured in water, soil, and plant tissues using a Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA-80). Results showed water mercury concentrations ranging from 0.1169 mg/kg to 1.54 mg/kg, far exceeding the World Health Organization's safe limit of 0.001 mg/kg. Soil samples contained mercury levels between 0.0909 mg/kg and 22.49 mg/kg, surpassing typical uncontaminated soil levels. Plant tissues had mercury concentrations from 0.0909 mg/kg to 7.7467 mg/kg, indicating potential entry into the food chain. Elevated mercury levels closely correlate with proximity to mining and processing sites, highlighting ASGM's direct environmental impact. These findings align with global patterns observed in other ASGM regions. The study underscores the urgent need for mitigation strategies, including stronger regulations, promotion of mercury-free technologies, and community engagement to reduce mercury emissions and protect public health.

Slavneft-YANOS was one of the first in Russia to obtain the ISO 14001 compliance certificate for the Environmental Management System (EMS). This quality standard has the highest requirements for environmental management, environmental protection, and environmental safety. The paper presents the industry-specific features of the introduction of a risk-oriented approach to the EMS of oil refineries. It also uses fuzzy logic to describe analysis mechanisms and methods for assessing the risks of failure to meet the performance indicators of the EMS. The main advantage of fuzzy control in EMS is that it provides an effective means of mapping uncertainties and inaccuracies because the fuzzy logic on which control is based is identical to human thinking as opposed to traditional logical systems. Fuzzy control proves most useful as part of EMS performance analysis when processes become difficult to evaluate using common quantitative methods or when available information sources are interpreted inaccurately and uncertainly.

This study aimed to determine the benefit of a bioagent (Trichoderma hazianum) to lessen the adverse effects of NaCl stress on date palm offshoots (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Varying concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 dS m-1) were used to observe the effect on photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes, total proline, total phenolics, and hydrogen peroxide in date palm offshoots in the presence and absent of the bioagent T. harzainum. Results of the study showed that enhancing the NaCl concentration from 10-20 dS m-1 did not affect the mycelial growth colony of the T. harzianum in the potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The results indicated a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoid), levels of peroxidase and catalase enzymes, total proline, and total phenolic content in the date palm offshoots with the application of T. harzainum. A higher concentration of NaCl leads to a higher level of hydrogen peroxidation. Additionally, salt stimulated the production of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and peroxidase. The study has indicated a significant reduction in salt stress's negative physiological and biochemical effects on date palm offshoots after applying the bioagent T. harzianum. This study showed that Trichoderma, with its ability to promote plant growth, may be employed to increase the growth of date palm offshoots developing under NaCl stress conditions.

The wide areas of critical land in Indonesia are attracting a high level of attention due to the significant influence of global warming. Addressing this issue requires several priority efforts, such as critical land rehabilitation programs. The level of critical land rehabilitation can be evaluated with remote sensing technology. Therefore, this research aimed to assess critical land in South Sulawesi rehabilitated by PT Vale Indonesia Tbk (PT VI) as compensation for mining nickel from the forest areas. The assessment was conducted in three villages across Luwu, namely Binturu, Lamasi, and Rante Alang. Successful critical land rehabilitation was determined by monitoring land cover changes (LCC) based on satellite data generated using Harmonized Sentinel-2 from 2019 to 2023. Furthermore, analysis was performed using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform with the Random Forest machine learning algorithm and correlation matrix. The result showed five LC classes, including high-density, low-density, shrubs, bare land, and buildings. Before rehabilitation in 2019-2020, non-forested LC in the three villages was only at a proportion of 23.41%, while forested LC reached 58.92% and increased to 80-95% in 2021-2023. Critical land rehabilitation in Luwu was considered a success due to increased LC at high- and low-density classes, along with declines in bareland and buildings. Additionally, an inverse correlation was detected between high- and low-density LC classes and buildings, barelands, and shrubs. Elevation in high- and low-density LC could significantly contribute to mitigating climate change.

The frequency ratio (FR) model is employed for the landslide susceptibility analysis of Iruvazhinji watershed of Chaliyar river basin, central Kerala. For the present study, slope, slope aspect, slope curvature, elevation, Slope Forming Material (SFM), drainage density, distance from river, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), and Normalised Vegetation Index (NDVI) have been considered as landslide causative factors. The spatial relationship between these factors and landslide occurrences in the study area was examined, and the results showed that SFM, elevation, and slope angle have a significant control over landslide occurrence. Using the FR algorithm, we generated a Landslide Susceptibility Map (LSM) and zonal categorization of the study area into low, moderate, high, and very high susceptibility zones. Most of these areas are classified as either high or very high susceptibility zones, reflecting a higher potential for landsliding in the study area. The validation of the susceptibility map was carried out via calculation of the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, which points to a high level of landslide susceptibility model accuracy. The findings of this study help in land use planning, hazard mitigation, and disaster risk in vulnerable landslides, as well as support in improving resistance measures against disaster management due to landslides.

This study investigated the trace metal concentrations in the agricultural area on diverse soil parent materials in the western part of central, Thailand. The soils of 84 areas under vegetable cultivation were sampled. The results revealed that the median concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mo, and Zn are lower than that of the background concentration of heavy metals in Thailand based on the standard of the National Environment Board 2021, whereas the maximum concentrations of As and Cr in some soils were higher than the soil quality standard. Principal component analysis showed that clay, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, and As were correlated with clay content in a positive way except for Cd. The general levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in edible parts of vegetables are within permissible limits for human food. The median concentration of As, Cd, Ni, and Pb in vegetables is higher than the WHO/FAO maximum permissible limits. Besides, the Fe, Mn, and Zn are most abundant in Chinese flowering cabbage. As, Cd, Ni, and Pb are more abundant in Chinese kale, Chinese cabbage, and cabbage. The maximum concentration of trace metals in some areas is of concern for both food safety and human health.

Soil health is a global concern related to food health issues, and the intensity of using agrochemicals contributes greatly to contamination by Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Cu (copper), Zn (zinc), and other heavy metals. Land contaminated with heavy metals is absorbed by plants and transferred to tissue, causing food to be unhealthy for consumption. Soil improvers such as biochar and chitosan have been widely used for improvement, but the use remains partial. In this context, granular coating technology is the right choice for overcoming soil problems. Chitosan-coated biochar technology is an effort to combine biochar and chitosan, which are made into granules and function as soil amendments. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain oil amendments that are effective in reducing heavy metals in soil. The target was for the soil to be healthy as well as produce healthy and safe food products. A completely randomized design was used with three replications. The production of granular chitosan biochar was then investigated on vegetable plants. Growth observations were carried out every week until the plants were about to be harvested, while soil and heavy metal analysis was conducted before and after planting. The observed data were analyzed using an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests. The results showed that a chitosan-coated biochar dose of 20 t/ha increased plant growth in all observed parameters. The use of chitosan-coated biochar reduced Pb from 10.77 mg/kg to 6.73 mg/kg, Cd from 5.01 mg/kg to 2.56 mg/kg, and Cu from 71.22 mg/kg to 25.65 mg/kg.

Tangerines (Citrus reticulata var. Tejakula) were destroyed in 1984 by CVPD, allegedly because the use of chemicals was too intensive, resulting in land degradation. Since ten years ago, these oranges have been successfully cultivated again using healthy organic cultivation, but farmers have difficulty getting organic fertilizer. This research aimed to identify and isolate the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on tangerines cv. Tejakula, their colonization of the roots and effect on soil fertility. Exploration was conducted by collecting root and soil samples in tangerine cv. Tejakula production centers are in the Tejakula District, Buleleng Regency. Spore isolation was conducted using wet filtration and centrifugation techniques, while root colonization by AMF was carried out using the staining method with trypan blue. The isolated spores are composited into AMF biofertilizer using volcanic sand as a carrier medium. The biofertilizer was then tested for its effect on soil fertility with three treatment levels of AMF spore doses (0, 20, and 40 spores/50 g of carrier media per plant). The results of exploration, isolation, and identification showed that three genera and six species of AMF were found. The spore density ranged from 17 to 32 per 100 g of soil (mean 24.17 ± 2.02 spores). The average root colonization by AMF was very high, ranging from 90 to 100%, and the application of AMF biofertilizer at a dose of 20 and 40 spores per plant provided soil fertility was much better than the control (0 AMF spores per plant).

To restore the function of ex-mining land according to its designation, the ex-mining area must be reclaimed. Ecological dynamics, especially soil conditions and the composition, structure, and biodiversity that occur in reclamation areas, need to be understood so that the reclamation area meets the criteria for the success of mine reclamation. This study aimed to understand the composition, structure, biodiversity, and soil conditions that influence growth in the reclamation area. The research was conducted in a silica mine reclamation area with a 17.8 m radius (r) circular plot (0.1 ha) of 10 plots (±1 ha) for vegetation and 9 points for soil sampling at a depth of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. In general, the results of the vegetation inventory show that the tree species recorded are dominated by Pinus merkusii, Hevea brasiliensis, and Enterolobium cyclocarpum with mean values of diameter, height, and low diversity conditions. The condition of soil physical and chemical properties in the reclamation area at both depths shows low mean values, which can affect the growth rate of plants in the reclamation area. The species of Schima wallichii that grow naturally in the reclamation area was found, indicating that the reclamation activities have created a good environment for other tree species to grow naturally. However, enrichment activities need to be carried out to increase biodiversity.

Gully erosion can cause significant soil loss; thus, it must be controlled. This study aimed to develop a landscape design for controlling gully erosion in a volcanic environment with a thin soil layer. The primary data used was Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data combined with field surveys and in-depth interviews. A collaborative approach was used to develop the landscape design to minimize the impact of gully erosion. The finding showed that gully erosion had entered adult to old age since the scars (incisions) at the gully bottom existed. According to the community, gullies must be controlled, although they do not affect land productivity. Vegetative control is the most favored method of gully erosion control. Local vegetation with the potential for additional value is chosen to control gully erosion. Strengthening community capacity is the most favorable way to manage gullies. Through good understanding, local communities can control the development of gullies. Further strengthening of regulations related to gully erosion control will have a domino effect on land sustainability. This finding can be extrapolated globally to locations with similar land characteristics.

Land degradation in Ethiopia is a pressing issue that demands immediate attention. Although various sustainable land management options have been introduced through top-down approaches, farmers have shown low adoption rates. The objective of this research was to assess the community prioritization of landscape restoration technologies and the appropriation of ecosystem services in the Basona-Worena and Doyo-Gena woredas of Ethiopia. The evaluation of land management option tool was used to survey farmers' preferences and compare different land management options based on input, cost, perceived advantages, and potential drawbacks.Data from 64 participants revealed that farmers were interested in a wide range of benefits. However, their top three preferences were increased food supply, enhanced soil fertility, and improved water supply. The study emphasized the need for site-specific land management measures. Farmers in Basona-Worena favored terrace and bund practices, while farmers in Doyo-Gena preferred exclosure and agroforestry practices. Conversely, the propensity of terracing to attract rodents and pests, the lengthy time takes to see results from bunding, and the cost of gabions were among the shortcomings that farmers identify in conservation techniques. Terracing was the first option for supplying fundamental ecosystem services in both locations, followed by biological measures, water percolation pits, and bunds. All farmers ranked the business-as-usual option as their least preferred option because they perceived it to have limited potential for yielding desired benefits. These findings provide a robust model for informed decision-making on suitable restoration technologies, holding promise for landscape restoration initiatives in Ethiopia and similar locations worldwide.

To access the ecological sustainability and resilience, it is necessary to periodically examine various ecological properties in areas with high pollution and contaminant risks. Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) in Kolar, Karnataka, showcases one amongst the India's most contaminated zones because of the extensive gold mining and their lingering effects. In KGF, quality of ground water has severely reduced as there exist extensive mining tailings, locally referred as cyanide dumps, which have been neglected for several preceding years without proper disposal strategies. The current approach focuses on the water pollution caused by heavy metal deposits in the KGF region. Groundwater samples were sampled from Oorgam, an abandoned region in KGF, and subsequently filtered for water quality examinations. The investigation documented concentrations of several metals, including cadmium (0.068 ± 0.0024 ppm), lead (0.288 ± 0.0016 ppm), nickel (0.058 ± 0.0047 ppm), and chromium (0.23 ± 0.0235 ppm) and have met the standard specifications in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO). Prominent pH disparity was documented amongst the experimental samples, with a detectable pH drop in the aqua-purified water on comparison to the positive control. The test results imply that the water samples collected from KGF remains unpotable for consumption or irrigation due the persistence of high levels of heavy metals concentration. This study underscores the urgent requisite for remedial approach to ensure water safety for drinking and irrigation in the area.

The study area (Enfraz to Addis Zemen) is located in northwestern Ethiopia, which frequently experiences landslides, causing damage to farmland, engineering structures, infrastructures, and villages, as well as animal and human fatalities. To manage this catastrophic hazard, a comprehensive GIS-based frequency ratio model (FR) was applied to produce a landslide susceptibility map. In this study, 134 landslides were identified from detailed fieldwork and Google Earth imagery analysis, split into 70% to develop the model and 30% for model validation. The relationship between landslide probability with landslide factor classes of lithology, annual mean rainfall, slope, aspect, curvature, elevation, distance to the river, and land use-land cover was analyzed in a GIS environment. FR model assigns weights to each factor class based on observed frequencies. These weighted factors were summed using a raster calculator to produce landslide susceptibility indexes (LSIs), which were classified into very low, low, moderate, high, and very high susceptibility classes using the natural break classification method. The model’s accuracy and performance were validated using the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC), which showed an AUC success rate of 92.2% and a predictive rate of 86.05%. These results confirm that the FR model is effective in landslide susceptibility modeling. The generated map can support decision-makers, urban planners, and researchers in land use planning, landslide mitigation strategies, and future research.

Erosion and sedimentation resulting from land use changes can negatively impact watershed quality and threaten sustainability. Watershed quality is particularly crucial in areas designated for energy sector development, such as Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). One potential NPP site in Indonesia is located downstream of the Raya watershed, where high river sedimentation may affect its performance. This study aimed to determine the spatial pattern of mean annual sediment yield in the Raya watershed using hydrological models. Due to the limited availability of data, secondary data analysis was employed, utilizing a geospatial hydrological modeling approach with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) was used as an analytical unit to identify physio-geographic similarities based on land use, soil type, and slope, which serve as dynamic hydrological controls. The results reveal the hydrological characteristics of the Raya watershed: an elongated shape, a dendritic river network, and moderate drainage density. The average slope is 12.6%, with a clay-loam soil texture and land cover dominated by dryland forests, oil palm plantations, and mining activities. The SWAT model produced an average sediment yield of 251.7 t/ha/year over a 10-year simulation period, classified as high sedimentation. High to very high sedimentation was predominantly found in the upstream areas, moderate sedimentation at the foothills, and low sedimentation in the alluvial plains downstream. These findings indicate a decline in land quality in the Raya watershed, highlighting the need for conservation measures to ensure the sustainability of the watershed ecosystem.

Monitoring total suspended solids (TSS) is essential as suspended sediments impact the environment and human health in various ways. However, TSS data are limited in many regions because the methods currently applied through in situ measurements are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to develop algorithms to estimate TSS using data derived from UAVs and field measurements. Remote sensing technology, such as unmanaged aerial vehicle (UAV), was applied to obtain imagery data to estimate TSS content. These results were then compared with laboratory analysis of in-situ water samples, determined by gravimetric methods following standard protocols. The results showed that the algorithm developed using three-band ratios, the blue/green + red/green + NIR (near infra red)/green, produces a high R2 (0.70), indicating that this combination is reliable for use in estimating TSS content in a river section. The high accuracy of the red band for suspended sediment prediction is attributed to its spectral signature in turbid water, which shows higher reflectance compared to clean water. The results of this study have the potential to help river managers obtain TSS data quickly at a relatively low cost.

The environment consists of land, the earth's atmosphere, and air. Air quality is a measure of air conditions relative to the needs of one or more biotic species. The results of the air quality analysis obtained cloudy water at sampling points 1-5, parameters below class II water quality standards are found in pH parameter at points 6-15, DO parameter at all points, BOD parameter at all points, COD parameter at points 4-6, TSS parameters at points 1-5 and 7, while the temperature and TDS parameter are still below the quality standards at all sampling points. The results of heavy metal measurements obtained Pb parameter at all points, Cu parameter at points 4-15, Cd parameter at point 7, Fe parameter at all points, Mn parameter at points 1-3 and 6-15, while the Cr parameter is still below the quality standards at all sampling points. Point 8 obtained an index value of 5.13, which means moderate pollution, while points 1 to 7 and points 9 to 15 were lightly polluted.

Sanggau Regency is a highland area that has a rough topography with a relief of undulating hills, causing the potential for landslides. One of the steps to reduce the impact of landslides is to identify the characteristics of landslide-prone areas by conducting magnetic susceptibility analysis in landslide-prone areas. This analysis is a method to identify landslide indicators based on their magnetic properties. This method identifies landslide potential through superparamagnetic grains on the surface soil. The presence of the grain can be known from the frequency-dependent susceptibility . The study was conducted on 40 soil samples taken at a 20-30 cm depth at Jalan Sabang Merah, Sanggau Regency. The results showed that the average values of low-frequency and high-frequency were 5.555 cm3/g and 5.478 cm3/g, respectively. A total of 36 soil samples have a percentage of 0% (containing less than 10% superparamagnetic grains), two soil samples have a percentage of 3.51% and 6.45%, respectively (containing 10%-75% superparamagnetic grains, and two samples have a percentage of 10.48%-12.63% (containing more than 75% superparamagnetic grains). The interpretation results show that soil samples with more than 75% superparamagnetic grains indicate landslide-prone areas in the study site; thus, the areas suspected to have a high level of vulnerability are in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the study site.

This study assessed heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in the sediments of the Dong Nai River section flowing through Binh Duong Province, Vietnam. Four monitoring stations (DN1, DN2, DN3, DN4) were established to analyze the concentrations of heavy metals, including arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr). The results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals were generally low and within acceptable limits established by Vietnam national standards (QCVN 43:2012/BTNMT). Notably, chromium and arsenic exhibited the highest concentrations among the metals analyzed. The Degree of Contamination (Cd) across the sampling sites ranged from 1.48 to 1.64, indicating a low level of overall sediment contamination. Correspondingly, the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) values ranged from 5.23 to 6.73, reflecting low ecological risk levels across all monitoring stations. These findings suggest that while the current sediment quality in this section of the Dong Nai River is stable, ongoing monitoring is essential to prevent potential risks associated with heavy metal accumulation, particularly for chromium and arsenic. The study underscores the importance of proactive environmental management to safeguard the aquatic ecosystem against future contamination threats.

With the rising demand for copper driven by technological advancements and the depletion of high-grade resources, there is increasing interest in recycling secondary sources to extract copper and reduce mining tailings. This study examined legacy copper mine tailings from Benguet, Philippines, to assess their reprocessing potential, using historical data and geochemical analysis. The tailings have a loamy sand texture, with measured porosity of 39.2% and a permeability coefficient of 1.0952 x 10-² cm s-1, indicating low porosity and medium permeability. Water infiltration rates vary from 0.37 to 4.71 cm min-1, suggesting a heterogeneous particle size distribution. The primary components of the tailings are quartz, biotite, and plagioclase feldspars, with minor amounts of calcite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. Copper (0.19%) and sulfur (0.11%) ratios indicate copper is present in both chalcopyrite and smectite minerals. Notably, the highest copper concentration is found in particles smaller than 63µm, with 0.29 wt.% Cu and 0.24 g t-1 Au, or 0.434 wt.% Cu equivalent, exceeding the mining company's cut-off grade of 0.274% CuEq. This study highlights a promising opportunity to recycle secondary sources of copper and gold, helping to meet the increasing demand for these metals driven by modern technological advancements.

The present study focuses on estimating the Trophic State Index (TSI) of Renuka Lake, the smallest Ramsar site in India, utilizing in-situ observed Secchi disk transparency (SDT) and satellite data. Site-specific algorithms were developed by establishing the relationship between the spectral band ratio of Landsat 8 OLI and LISS-III with that of in-situ measured SDT data. Notably, the exponential regression model outperformed other regression models (linear, logarithmic, polynomial, and power), achieving a better model output (R2=0.94). Additionally, water quality parameters, namely pH and dissolved oxygen (DO), were measured using the TROLL 9500 multi-parameter instrument. Various interpolation methods were applied to the in-situ data, with the exponential regression model yielding the most accurate results.This method was subsequently selected to generate two-dimensional water-quality images of Renuka Lake. The combined analysis of in-situ and satellite-derived trophic status indicates the eutrophic to hypereutrophic condition of the lake’s eastern and western parts. Satellite imagery spanning 2010-2019 consistently reveals a eutrophic state in the lake, with fluctuations in intensity over the period. The sustained eutrophic condition is attributed to escalating human-induced activities surrounding the lake, particularly in the western region.

Soil stabilization is a very important method of science and engineering for improving the properties of soil. This paper aims to stabilize expansive black cotton soil through a biological approach involving plant extracts, plant waste materials, and microorganisms. While chemical methods exist, i.e., lime stabilization, geotextiles, etc., they are not economically feasible for large-scale applications. The primary issue with black cotton soil is due to the presence of montmorillonite clay mineral, which makes it unsuitable for the construction of roads and airfields. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) can be defined as the ability of soil to absorb and exchange positively charged ions; thus, if free positively charged ions are not available, the soil will not exchange them with others. The CEC of the soil is diminished, and ultimately, the soil is stabilized to some extent. This paper explores the preparation of plant extract, which contains a high number of anions, and directly inoculates it with soil, which nullifies the positive charge of the soil and diminishes the CEC. The use of cellulose and lignin-degrading microorganisms as an energy source and other minerals that are needed for their growth will be utilized from the soil to reduce CEC, i.e., Mg required for DNA replication and Ca required for their growth and maintenance. Another approach to diminishing the CEC is to use the microorganisms that produce EPS, which require Ca and Mg as adhesions for the formation of biofilm, i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli. The use of microorganisms that have specific enzymes is also used in the diminishing soil CEC, i.e., by using ureolytic enzyme-producing bacteria like Sporosarcina pasteurii, Bacillus paramycoides, Citrobacter sedlakii, and Enterobacter bugadensis.

The majority of flood assessment and warning systems primarily focus on the occurrence of floods caused by river overflow, taking into account factors such as intense precipitation. Improving flood resilience, on the other hand, requires a deeper understanding of how these factors affect each other and how specific local conditions can have an impact. This study offers impartial tools for estimating the severity of the effects brought on by heavy rainfall to facilitate the prompt communication of effective measures, such as the evacuation of livestock and human settlements and the provision of medical assistance. These tools take into account the cascading effects of various causative factors contributing to heavy rainfall. This article aims to assess the various factors that contribute to the impacts of heavy rainfall, including the timestamp (indicating soil saturation and moisture levels), river gauges (determining water congestion in canal systems), average aerial precipitation (indicating runoff), and the rainfall itself, taking into account both in situ and ex-situ impacts. Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), and Naive Bayes are some of the machine learning methods used in the study to find out how dynamically vulnerable affected districts are to flooding in different compound scenarios. This analysis is conducted by leveraging historical observed datasets. The results demonstrate the feasibility of mitigating the issue of excessive and insufficient flood warnings resulting from the cumulative effects of intense precipitation. By implementing a categorization system that divides the affected areas into various portions, or districts, according to the main factors contributing to flooding, namely rainfall, river discharge, and runoff, The suggested model presents novel insights into the sequential consequences of intense precipitation in the regularly inundated regions of North Bihar, India. Innovative tools can serve as valuable resources for flood forecasters and catastrophe managers to comprehend the extent of flooding and the consequential effects of intense precipitation.

The present study aims to characterize the water and sediment quality of the Colorado and Alajua rivers within Ecuador’s Ambato River watershed, with a specific focus on the presence of heavy metals. Measurements were conducted at five sampling points along the upper and lower zones of each river, where both physicochemical and microbiological parameters, as well as concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediments, were analyzed. Most parameters exhibited statistically significant differences, as determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), between the values observed in the upper and lower zones of the micro-watersheds. Water quality in the mentioned rivers was assessed using specific water quality indices, WQI, namely the NSF-WQI and Dinius WQI. Additionally, the impact of heavy metal presence in the water and sediments was evaluated using the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI). While most parameters met the Ecuadorian quality standards for water sources intended for human consumption, concerns emerged regarding elevated levels of total and fecal coliforms along both rivers, which could limit the suitability of these rivers as a water source for human use and consumption. At various sampling points, water quality criteria for the preservation of aquatic life were not met for several heavy metals. For example, the Colorado River exhibited elevated levels of zinc (59-76 μg.L-1), copper (12-47 μg.L-1), lead (1.2-3.9 μg.L-1 ), iron (0.33-0.37 mg.L-1 ), and manganese (0.37-0.47 mg.L-1), while the Alajua River showed excess copper (11 μg.L-1), iron (0.61-0.72 mg.L-1), and manganese (0.62-0.98 mg.L-1). Geological factors likely contribute to the concentration of heavy metals in the upper segments of the rivers, while agricultural runoff may contribute to concentrations in the lower segments. Sediments exhibited higher average values of the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) (20.6-26.7) compared to water samples (13.9-15.4), indicating a potential accumulation of heavy metals in the river sediments. Overall, both rivers exhibited contamination levels ranging from regular to moderate, as indicated by the calculated average Water Quality Indices (WQI), with certain areas showing slight contamination or meeting acceptable standards. These results highlight the influence of anthropogenic activities on water quality, emphasizing the necessity of continuous monitoring to assess and control their impact.

This paper examines electronic waste and cycling in Lebanon. It describes the current situation regarding e-waste among government agencies and non-governmental organizations. It addresses two research questions: The first one asks if the Lebanese society and government are aware of the dangers posed by electronic waste and whether any action has been taken to prevent an environmental catastrophe. The second question asks about Lebanese attitudes toward e-waste and whether they are willing to fight against it. Interviews provided the first question’s responses. The authors have visited Organization A and NGO B. The first is worried about gathering waste in more prominent Beirut, while the second targets spreading attention to e-waste’s risks on legislative and social levels the same. Question two was discussed through surveys filled out by arbitrary people from Lebanese society. The answers to both research questions came in a manner that demonstrates the two hypotheses expected toward the start of the study, specifically that e-waste represents an incredible danger to the Lebanese climate. Hypothesis two, if climate neighborliness and proclivity to right e-garbage removal rely upon the instructive level of some random resident, has been confirmed while analyzing the answers in the survey.

This study meticulously explores the intricate hepatotoxic effects stemming from acute exposure to gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and their amalgamation on sea bass (Centropristis striata). Employing a comprehensive approach involving hematological, cytotoxic, and histochemical analyses, the research provides crucial insights into the potential adverse impacts of these pollutants on fish health. The examination specifically focuses on the effects of SO2+NO2 on hematological, histochemical, and serum biochemical parameters in Centropristis striata. Treatment groups, subjected to LC30, LC50, and LC90 acute exposure of gaseous SO2, NO2, and SO2+NO2, alongside a control group, underwent evaluation of parameters such as red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin, serum creatinine, and blood urea. At the 96th hour, RBC values decreased, and WBC values increased in all experimental conditions compared to the control group (p>0.05). MCV and MCH increased with the concentration of gaseous pollutants and exposure time (p>0.05). Hematological parameter variations underscore disruptions in blood composition and immune responses. Simultaneously, alterations in serum biochemical parameters suggest potential impairments in liver and kidney functions, along with disturbances in lipid metabolism. Significant declines in albumin levels, indicating potential liver dysfunction or inflammation due to SO2 and NO2 exposures, were observed at all experimental conditions, while decreased globulin levels suggest immunosuppressive effects from combined pollutants. A substantial increase in the albumin/globulin ratio further signals an imbalance indicative of potential liver dysfunction or inflammation. Varied responses in liver enzyme levels (SGPT/ALT, SGOT/AST, ALP) underscore potential liver damage or injury (p< 0.05). These findings deepen our understanding of environmental impacts on aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the need for ongoing efforts to ensure the health and sustainability of fish populations in polluted environments.

The mountainous region of the Hunza River watershed basin, especially along the Karakorum highway, and also known as a third pole for the high accumulation of glaciers, which leads to huge devastating landslides occurring every year. Landslide susceptibility mapping was carried out using two deep machine learning techniques (DeeplabV3+ & universal network U-Net) and two statistical models (Intuitionistic Fuzzy divergence IF-D & Frequency ratio FR). The landslide susceptibility mapping is conducted using landslide inventory data and twelve conditional factors. The landslide susceptibility maps obtained from the two statistical models were compared with those generated by two deep machine learning models based on prediction accuracy measures, such as the Area Under the Curve (AUC) and Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI). The Success Rate Curve (SRC) was obtained using the training dataset, and the AUC values for the four models were as follows: 76.9% for IF-D, 76.9% for FR, 80.4% for DeeplabV3+, and 76.3% for U-Net. In terms of the Prediction Rate Curve (PRC) obtained from the validation dataset, the AUC values were found to be 80.8% for IF-D, 80.8% for FR, 81% for DeeplabV3+, and 77.8% for U-Net. To assess the classification ability of the models, the Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI) test was conducted. The results indicated that the SCAI (D-value) was 7.3 for U-Net, 10 for DeeplabV3+, 7.6 for IF-D, and 9.1 for FR. Overall, the findings revealed that DeeplabV3+ exhibited the highest prediction accuracy and classification ability, making it the most suitable choice for landslide susceptibility mapping in the relevant study area.

Urban xenobiotics are a vital contamination phenomenon of urban plants in the overall country. They are a result of human activity due to growing urbanization and population growth. There are extensive sources of both natural (soil or rock erosion, fires, biodegradation, and volcanic eruptions) and anthropogenic (soil pollution, air, and herbicides). Currently, the demand for pharmaceuticals, compared to the growing population, has placed a risk on the urban plant. Additionally, the production of illegal drugs has caused the release of dangerous carcinogens into fungal activities, which will have an impact on plant health, microbial structure, and fungal interaction. Because of the harsh environment, higher temperatures, heavy metals, and higher N deposition, most urban trees suffer from stress conditions, and mycorrhiza is negatively impacted by plant conditions. Some mycorrhiza fungi are unable to sporulate and hyphal at higher xenobiotic concentrations in urban areas. This chapter takes a look at the sources and compounds of xenobiotics and their harmful impact on mycorrhiza; and its association with the urban plants.

The high rate of generation of plastic waste in the country and the fact that all other means of Municipal Plastic Waste (MPW) management techniques had failed leading to the requirement of efficient and alternative disposal technique-depolymerization. The technique involves heating the polymeric waste at an elevated temperature in an inert environment to produce condensable, non-condensable, hydrocarbon and biochar. The plastic waste was collected at the Ilokun dumpsite in Ado-Ekiti, southwest Nigeria. Each component of the waste samples was depolymerized in a batch reactor without the use of a catalyst and with the addition of 10 g of activated carbon (AC) and calcium oxide (CaO) as catalysts. The liquid fuels which were produced between the temperature range of 219 and 232 were blended with standard fuel. Fuel samples with conventional diesel and depolymerized plastic diesel were characterized based on ASTM standards. The results of the proximate and ultimate analysis indicated that percentage moisture content ranges from 0.00-0.18%, volatile matter ranges between 96.66-99.75% and percentage ash content ranges from 0.13-3.03%. Fixed carbon ranges from 0.004-0.31% while the Gross Heating Value (GHV) ranges from 42.66-45.87 MJ/kg. The CHONS analyzer indicated the percentage of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur content range 81.64-85.51%, 12-31-18.04%, 0.00-1.51%, 0.00-0.73%, and 0.10- 0.97% respectively. The results of the physiochemical properties of the samples show that the density, API gravity, Kinematic viscosity and Flash point vary from 0.76-0.83 (g/cm3), 38.98-54.68, 17-2.80 (cm2/s) and 50.0-70.0 (°C) respectively while Cloud point, Pour point, Fire point and Cetane index range from -20-15.0 (°C), -23-7 (°C), 61.0-79.0 (°C) and 38.50-47.0. The pH values of the liquid fuel samples vary from 6.60-3.30. The overall results of the characterization indicated the fuel samples have proximity to the properties of the conventional diesel following the ASTM D975, ASTM D4737, ASTM D1298, ASTM D445, ASTM D2709, and ASTM D482 standards. The depolymerized polymeric waste is sustainable, with a low cost of production. Hence a good substitute as an alternative fuel and means of wealth creation from waste.

This study was conducted to determine strategies to enhance the sustainable forest management practices of the Tagbanua tribe. Specifically to describe the biodiversity and soil characteristics of the ancestral domain. The modified belt-transect method for biodiversity assessment developed by B+WISER (2014), further modified by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the assessment, was used in this study. Results of soil chemical analysis showed significant variations among various land uses. The ancestral domain had at least 73 plant species belonging to 34 families and 59 genera. Four (4) taxa whose SN/families were still undetermined and another three (3) genera under families Annonaceae, Meliaceae, and Sapindaceae were unidentified. It had 12 plant species that are threatened with one critically endangered based on the list of threatened Philippine plants of the DENR. On the other hand, a total of 372 birds representing 61 species from 29 families were recorded. The high Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H’=3.69) and Shannon’s Evenness (HE=0.90) values indicate high avifaunal diversity and equitable distribution among the detected species. Most of the conservation priority species recorded in the area are Palawan endemic species. The survival of these birds is threatened by extinction due to habitat loss. This observation emphasized the importance of the ancestral domain as a refuge for these endemic species and conservation priority areas.

This study aims to design a community-based plastic waste management model specifically for Bangun Village, Mojokerto. Using a qualitative approach through a detailed case study, we gathered rich data from observations, interviews, and document reviews. Our findings reveal that the plastic waste management situation in Bangun Village is fraught with significant social, economic, and environmental challenges. These include inadequate waste segregation, limited recycling facilities, and a general lack of community awareness and participation. The proposed model seeks to address these issues by implementing several key components: community-based plastic waste collection and processing, educational programs to raise awareness and promote sustainable practices, partnerships with external stakeholders such as local government bodies, NGOs, and private sector entities, and institutional restructuring to support and sustain these initiatives. Central to this model is the belief that community education and awareness are crucial foundations for fostering sustainable behavior. By actively involving the community in the waste management process, the model not only aims to mitigate the plastic waste problem but also seeks to provide economic and social benefits to the residents of Bangun Village. This includes creating job opportunities, improving public health, and enhancing the overall quality of life. The strength of this model lies in its ability to integrate community participation, policy support, and external partnerships, making it a robust and effective solution for sustainable plastic waste management. By fostering a collaborative and inclusive approach, the model aims to create a sustainable and resilient community that can effectively tackle the plastic waste challenge while reaping economic and social benefits. In conclusion, the community-based plastic waste management model proposed for Bangun Village has the potential to bring about significant positive changes in the way plastic waste is managed. Through this model, we hope to empower the community to contribute to solving the plastic waste problem while also benefiting economically and socially.

Campus 2 of the National Institute of Technology (ITN) Malang shows its commitment to utilizing solar energy by adopting a 500 kWp photovoltaic solar power plant (PV), making it the largest in Indonesia for a private university. This research aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of photovoltaic solar power plants (PV) at Campus 2 of the National Institute of Technology Malang. The implementation of renewable energy, particularly photovoltaic solar power, is gaining attention due to its contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth. However, the development of renewable energy sources faces several challenges, including the limitations of economic feasibility studies in Indonesia. A mixed-methods research approach is used, combining qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data are obtained from interviews with PV management staff, while quantitative data include net present value (NPV) calculations and payback periods (PBP). The research findings indicate that the on-grid photovoltaic solar power plant at Campus 2 of the National Institute of Technology (ITN) Malang has a capacity of 500 kWp, with a peak load reaching 380 kVA. The total project cost is Rp. 4,084,498,826, with annual operational and maintenance costs of Rp. 81,595,607. The price of electricity from the on-grid photovoltaic solar power plant is Rp. 930 per kWh. An NPV value of Rp. 7,789,395,602 indicates future profitability, while a PBP of 8.55 years demonstrates feasibility in terms of return on investment. In conclusion, the on-grid photovoltaic solar power plant at Campus 2 of the National Institute of Technology Malang has good economic feasibility due to factors such as controlled costs, competitive prices, a positive NPV, and a short PBP. Regular evaluations are necessary to ensure efficient operation and maximum benefits.

The research was carried out to determine the potential effect of microbiota, organic carbon, percentage of moisture content, and microbial biomass concentration as an evaluator of variation in basal soil respiration rate. Relative distribution and composition of the microbial population were estimated from six different chronosequence manganese mine spoil (MBO0, MBO2, MBO4, MBO6, MBO8, MBO10) and forest soil (FS). The variation was seen in moisture content (6.494±0.210-11.535±0.072)%, organic carbon (0.126±0.001- 3.469± 0.099)%, MB-C (5.519±1.371- 646.969± 11.428) μg.g-1 of soil. A positive correlation was shown between OC with MB-C (r = 0.938; p< 0.01) and moisture content (MC) (r = 0.962; p< 0.01). Variation in the basal soil respiration (BSR) and microbial metabolic quotients (MMQ) was shown to range between 0.352 ± 0.007- 0.958 ±0.014μg CO2-C.g-1 and 6.5× 10-3 - 1.481×10-3 μg CO2-C.g-1 microbial-C.h-1 with BSR: OC from (2.793-0.276)% respectively. This result shows that there is a gradual increase in OC, MC, MB-C, and BSR across seven different sites due to progressive enhancement in soil fertility that leads to the initialization of succession. Stepwise multiple regression analysis further confirms the degree of variability added by microbial biomass C, moisture content, organic carbon, and microbial population on basal soil respiration in microbes. Principal component analysis enables the differentiation of seven different soil profiles into independent clusters based on cumulative variance given by physico-chemical and microbial attributes that indicate the level of degradation of land and act as an index to restore soil fertility.