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We analyzed the impact of early marriage of women on children's education in Mali and Nigeria using data from the 2018 Demographic and Health Surveys. We employed instrumental variables, Binary Probit, and multiple linear regression models to conduct our analysis. Our findings reveal several key insights. Firstly, early marriage of women reduces the number of years of schooling for children in Mali and in Nigeria. Secondly, early marriage of women diminishes the likelihood of children completing primary school in Mali and Nigeria. This latter discovery is the most crucial contribution of our research, as no previous study has explored this relationship. Additionally, we confirmed the mother's education as a pathway through which this negative impact on children's number of years of schooling is transmitted, but we have not confirmed it as a channel for influencing school completion. As policy implications for the amelioration of children's education in these countries, we recommend that their governments work for an increase in the age at first marriage of girls, through an improvement in their education and a delay in their first sexual intercourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Nigerian society, underage marriage today remains one of the most challenging phenomena that demands urgent attention. It is often deployed by some parents as a response to crisis considered to be the best possible means of protecting children from rape and other related vices. The study investigated the issue of underage marriage in the Nigerian society: The Social and Economic Effects and the Way Forward. The study adopted a descriptive survey approach. Findings from the research showed that, religion, illiteracy and poverty were the reasons why parents gave out their underage children in marriage. The study recommended that government, religious leaders and traditional rulers should be engaged through conventional, traditional and social media with a view to sensitizing the parents on the social and economic effects of underage marriage for the way forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates show that, in 2019, only 41 per cent of students completed lower secondary and 28 per cent upper secondary education in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region (UNESCO, 2021). One of the reasons for the low completion rates is the poor transition across secondary education due to the significant impact of factors at individual, household, and community levels shaping demand and supply constraints. This article employs a three-level logit to investigate the key determinants for transitions and their variability across countries and communities, and explores whether less wealth inequality is at odds with increasing countries' and communities' performances. It finds that variation on transition rates is 40–50 per cent larger between communities within countries than between countries themselves, and that heterogeneity is larger for upper secondary transition. Leading sources of inequality are wealth, gender, and communities' prevalence of early marriage. Further, the article finds that the equity–performance trade-off does not hold across countries, but it does at the community level where communities with stronger rates of transitions are more unequal. The analysis suggests policies to improve SSA youth chances to move up to the next level of secondary education, starting for narrowing heterogeneity across communities, boosting chances for the poorest groups and female youth living in communities with weak social norms, and measures to diminish the impact of community wealth on their transition performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the historical development of rabbinic officiation at Jewish weddings, tracing its evolution from a spontaneous practice to an institutionalized role. Topics include the absence of rabbinic involvement in early marriage ceremonies described in the Talmud, the emergence of ordination as a formalized qualification for rabbis, and the gradual certification of the rabbinate as a recognized profession, particularly in matters of marriage and divorce.

Objective: Our goal is to measure change over time in the predictors of marital dissolution in the United States. Background: The last comprehensive comparative analysis of predictors of marital dissolution is more than 20 years out of date. Rising inequality in the United States requires a fresh look at the predictors of marital dissolution. The Diverging Destinies hypothesis predicts greater inequality over time in the divorce rate between groups, whereas the Converging Destinies hypothesis predicts convergence in divorce rates. Method: We use a variety of event history models to examine the change over time in race, ethnicity, intermarriage, premarital cohabitation, education, teen marriages, and family of origin intactness as predictors of marital dissolution using data on first marriages from the National Survey of Family Growth covering seven decades of marital histories. We examine racial differences in the nonracial predictors of divorce. Results: In the post‐Civil Rights era, Black women's and White women's marital dissolution rates converged. In the most recent marriage cohorts, marital dissolution rates for Black women have increased relative to White women and teen marriage is increasingly associated with divorce. Women without the BA degree appear to be increasingly at risk for divorce. We find that wives from racial minority groups have divorce rates that are less impacted by premarital cohabitation, low education, and teen marriage. Conclusion: The demographic profile of women at marriage has changed dramatically, while the predictors of divorce have changed modestly. Where there are changes in the predictors of divorce, we find more support for Diverging Destinies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under-age marriage is linked mainly to the socio-economic status of the family, the educational level, and the legislative awareness of the girl. Boys may have the choice while girls are forced to engage in such marriage. This study aims at gaining a deep understanding of different reasons behind early marriage, and its impacts and provide solutions for underage marriage in Morocco. The study's respondents are females and males aged between 15 and 52 years from different rural villages in Tafilalet. 62,3 % of them are females and 37,7 % are males. 63% of the respondents are aged between 15 and 25, 24% are aged between 25 and 30 and 13% have more than 30 years old. 52,4% of the participants are undergraduates while 47,6% are graduates. The data of this study were gathered through the use of both qualitative and quantitative datacollecting procedures including interviews and questionnaires. The findings of the study indicate that poor girls and non-educated ones are more likely to engage in underage marriage in Morocco. The quantitative results illustrate that 73% of the respondents agreed that non-educated girls are more likely to marry at an early age. While highly educated and economically independent females are not engaged in such marriages. Only a few respondents (8%) consider early marriage not common at all, while 18 % believe that it is nearly common, and 20% think that it is very common in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the intricate relationship that exists amid psychological stress and immature marriages in Southern Punjab. More specifically, the research investigated specific obstacles that young brides in this region face. The focus of the research is on unions that occur during infancy. It is believed that these unions are responsible for the emission of stresses that originate from socio-cultural, economic, as well as gender issues. In order to see psychological characteristics that are linked with immature marriages, the research thus made use of the quantitative method approach, making use of quantitative survey data in conjunction with these findings. The study offered significant results in reaching desired conclusion and making decisions. This research contributes toward a better knowledge concerning psychological mechanisms that are responsible for immature marriages, which is necessary so as to provide an explanation for these elements in light of the local context. In addition to recognizing interventions and policies that can be used to construct culturally informed methods to meet the mental health needs of the young brides in Southern Punjab, the results also direct attempts at achieving more comprehensive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this analysis is to understand why young adult students in the US South marry in college or shortly afterwards. Background: While the median age at first marriage in the United States has risen and marriage delay has become culturally normative, a substantial minority of young adults marry in their late teens or early 20's, particularly in the US South. Young adult college students who marry negotiate conflicting imperatives of marriage and educational attainment, and how these are negotiated or resolved sheds light on the social, cultural, and economic forces that inform family formation. Method: This study draws from in‐depth interviews conducted with 45 18–23‐year‐old engaged or married college students in Mississippi. Results: Entering college, most participants had expected to marry close to median ages, with marriage perceived as a hindrance to educational achievement. This marriage timeline was negotiated downwards with the influence of four interrelated factors: personal orientation to marriage; a marriage‐oriented culture, being in the "right" relationship; and social and financial supports for marriage. Conclusion: The norm of marriage delay that these young adults embraced became perceived as inapplicable given evidence that marriage would not compromise college completion or financial stability. There were also social and cultural pressures toward marriage. "Why wait?" captures participants' sense of few barriers but clear incentives to marriage. Incentives were sometimes financial but also social, as marriage enabled students to establish themselves as more mature than peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents' future orientation toward marriage refers to the subjective ideas they form about the marriage they want in the future, including how they think, explore, and plan their lifetime development journey concerning marriage. Teenagers who lack future orientation in marriage frequently engage in promiscuity, unhealthy romantic relationships, and early marriages, which often result in divorce. For their future marriage to be successful, adolescents must develop a future-oriented marriage. This study examines how family function and peers support can predict the development of future orientation in marriage in class XII students of private schools in Tangerang City. This research explains the essential components needed in preparing for future orientation marriage, including romantic relationships. Through the convenience sampling technique, 212 students took part in the study. This study used three questionnaires with good validity and reliability: The McMaster Family Assessment Device (MMFAD), Peers Support, and The Prospective Life Course (PLC) Questionnaire -- Future Marriage and Family. With hierarchical regression analysis techniques, this study shows that family functioning, peers support, and gender are correlated with future orientation-marriage. Students who believe that their families have healthy and effective structures, organizations, and patterns of interaction between family members are better able to develop a more focused and clearer subjective picture of the future in the field of marriage. This study also shows that students who receive high peers support are more successful in developing a clear and focused future orientation marriage. Based on this research, we suggest examining the future orientation-marriage to a wider target population using a random sampling technique so the result will have a broader generalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does armed conflict influence female teen marriage? Despite increasing attention to early marriage, its drivers and consequences, quantitative research on whether teen unions are affected by situations of armed violence is minimal. This paper addresses this gap by examining the relationship between exposure to the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh over 1992–1996 and teen marriage outcomes in Azerbaijan. Using data from the 2006 Demographic and Health Survey and the Uppsala Conflict Data Program, I compare cohorts at risk of teen union before and during the conflict climax years with a modelling strategy that exploits information on forced displacement and spatial variation in conflict violence. Results show that experiencing war violence in adolescent ages, its intensity and frequency are associated with a lower risk of teen marriage. Reductions are largest for the cohorts who spent most of their adolescent ages under conflict and who were displaced as a result. For never-migrant conflict-affected girls, declines extend to the youngest cohorts. The combination of age at conflict occurrence and the experience of disruptive events like forced migration matters for teen marriage outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing socioeconomic development in Indonesia the issue of child marriages remains prevalent among teenage females. To date, there have not been any nationally representative studies examining child marriage determinants via multivariate regression modeling in Indonesia. The following study used data from the 2019 Indonesian Population and Health Survey and the Teenage Reproductive Health Survey to estimate the determinants of child marriage and marital expectations. Multivariate simulations were carried out in order to approximate the association between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and the following early marriage outcomes: 1) often married or cohabited, 2) married or cohabited before 19 years, 3) married or cohabited before 16 years, 4) self-reported marital age preferences and 5) behaviours that approve female child marriage. Among the child marriage research group, 17 percent reported being married before the age of 19 and 6 percent before 16 years of age (n = 6578, females aged 20-24 at the time of the survey). At approximately 26 years, the average respondent supported marriage, and 5 percent approved of child marriage (n = 8779, unmarried females 15-24). Schooling, wages and media participation have beneficial effects on marriage results, whereas rural residency is a risk factor. There are significant regional differences, reflecting the locations of geographically disparate religious, racial, and social elements. The following study addresses a gap in the knowledge of the Indonesian determinants of child marriage. There seems to be little tolerance for child marriage by girls and young people, suggesting an entry point for systemic interventions that might contribute to lasting progress. Future projects should point to cost-effectiveness factors and assist the government and women activists in understanding programs and strategies that can halt child marriage in Indonesia. Society should prioritize vigorous testing of gendertransformative education and methods for economic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite past research demonstrating a strong link between teenage marriage and high school dropout for teenage girls, mechanisms underlying the relation are not well-understood. Drawing from family life-course perspective and its growing literature, this narrative review found teenage girls’ marriage most likely to occur in the poor families was strongly linked to their early high school dropout, via early family formation, role transition, and school risk behavior. Longitudinal mediating research is needed to understand teenage marriage and high school dropout via early family formation, role transition & high school risk behavior among poor teenage girls in Bangladesh.

Background: Health status in adolescents is difficult to evaluate and compare horizontally, vertically and longitudinally among different regions and nations of the world. Methods: With repeated surveys conducted with relatively uniformed standards, the UNICEF Data warehouse compiles and publishes a wide spectrum of health indicators, of which data analysis and visualization would reveal the underlying statuses and trends on global, regional and national levels. Results: Apparent geographic disparity is present in that sub-Saharan African countries lag far behind their counterparts in other regions with regard to most health indicators on adolescents. Education attendance rates sequentially drop from primary to secondary school levels, and display correlation with youth literacy. Harmful practices of early marriage, early childbearing and female genital mutilation have decreased but the presences of peer violence and sexual violence are worthy of attentions. Although incidence and mortality rates of HIV/AIDS have dropped (most notably in sub-Saharan Africa), adolescents' HIV/AIDS awareness remains suboptimal in selected countries. Cumulative COVID-19 cases and deaths in the adolescents are comparable to the children but relatively lower than the adult and senior groups. Conclusions: Findings on the health indicators of adolescents until 2019 reveal the most recent status quo for reference right before the hit of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Progresses made on the various health indicators as well as the associated disparity and inequality underlie the remaining gaps to fill for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of educating female adolescents has been recognized as critical to the development of any country. However, in low income countries like Zambia they often drop out of school due to poverty, early pregnancy and early marriages. Some studies indicate that economic support such as Social Cash Transfers (SCTs) can mitigate the effects of poverty on female adolescents by improving their school participation and helping postpone pregnancy and marriage. This study aimed to explore the role of economic support in influencing education and sexual decision making among female adolescents in a randomised controlled trial in Zambia.Methods: The study adopted a qualitative approach. It utilized purposive and convenient sampling. Data were collected from 6 schools using 18 in-depth interviews (IDIs) and 4 focus group discussions (FGDs) comprising 48 school-going female adolescents in grade 8 aged 14 to 17. All participants received economic support in form of SCTs and payment of school fees as part of the Research Initiative to Support the Empowerment of Girls (RISE), a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: Findings suggested several benefits of the economic support for the female adolescents such as economic independence and empowerment; increased assertiveness and autonomy; reduced desire for sexual relationships with boys in exchange for cash and gifts; increased motivation for school; enhanced parental and community support for female adolescents' education and; reduced school dropouts. However, they also experienced jealousy from those who did not benefit from the economic support.Conclusion: Economic support played a significant role in influencing both educational and sexual decision making among female adolescents.Trial Registration: ISRCTN Registry: ISRCTN12727868 , (4 March 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early marriage and early childbearing are common practices in Ethiopia. Girls who get married and give birth at a very young age are more likely to experience several health problems including anemia among others. However, the effects of early marriage and early childbearing on anemia status of adolescent girls have not been quantified in previous studies. In this study, we assessed whether early marriage and early childbearing measured at both individual and community levels are associated with adolescent anemia.Methods: We analyzed data from the 2016 demographic and health survey of Ethiopia. Our study focused on 3172 late female adolescents (15-19 years). We used the chi-squared test and spearman correlation coefficients for bivariate analysis. The relationship between early marriage and childbearing with anemia was evaluated using multilevel binary logistic regression models while controlling other determinants.Results: Overall prevalence of anemia among female adolescents was 23.8% (95% CI; 22.3-25.2). Our multivariable multilevel analysis showed that individual-level marital status (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.06-2.02) and community-level childbearing status (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.25-6.29) were positively associated with anemia among female adolescents.Conclusion: Our findings show the presence of significant association between early marriage & early childbearing with adolescent anemia. Therefore, there is a need for effective policies and programs to end the practice of early child marriage and the consequent adolescent pregnancy in Ethiopia. This will help to improve nutritional status of adolescent girls as well as nutritional outcomes of their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite child marriage receiving increased attention over the past two decades, research on child marriage in humanitarian settings remains scarce. This study sought to quantify child marriage among Somali adolescent girls residing in Kobe refugee camp in Ethiopia and to identify its correlates and consequences.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using multi-stage cluster-based sampling with probability proportional to size. We randomly sampled households that have at least one female aged 15-49 and at least one adolescent female aged 10-19. In addition to calculating the proportion of girls married under age 18, we used survival methods - namely Kaplan Meier graphs and Cox proportional hazard models - to identify risk factors associated with child marriage in this context. We also used descriptive statistics to describe marital age preferences among female adults and presented measures of important sexual and reproductive health indicators among married adolescent girls.Results: A total of 603 adult women were surveyed and a household roster was created with information on 3319 household members, of whom 522 were adolescent girls aged 15-19. Of those, 14% were currently married (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.11-0.18), and 11% were ever married under age 18 (95% CI 8-15%). Several variables were found to be significantly associated with hazard of child marriage including schooling, sex and employment status of head of household, as well as number of girls under age 18 in the childhood home.. Adult women tended to incorrectly identify minimum legal age at marriage and preferred low marital age for boys and girls - particularly in households of child brides. Among married adolescent girls, contraceptive use was very low (11%; 95% CI 4.94-22.40), and early childbearing was common (60%; 95% CI 45.56-72.89).Conclusions: This research contributes to the evidence base on child marriage in humanitarian settings. Insights generated from this study have the potential to inform programs and interventions aiming to prevent and mitigate the impacts of this harmful practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gendered moral rationalities (GMRs) have been proposed as a means of grounding mothers' employment-related choices in the structural, policy, and social support contexts of their maternal routines. This article analyzes a form of GMR that is anchored in the class-ethno-national position of mothers and comprises a manifestation of their maternal responsibility toward their daughters' futures. By focusing on this form of parenting among working-class parents, we are bridging a gap in the scholarship, which has overlooked the salience of the intergenerational transmission of GMRs. Based on the analysis of semistructured interviews with 20 working-class Palestinian mothers living in poverty in Israel, we found that their responsibility for their daughters' future reflects both the struggle to resist early marriage and prioritize education and the struggle to encourage a model of market citizenship. These struggles reshape mothers' own GMRs and their attempts to transmit these values to their daughters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Early marriage and childbearing have substantial detrimental effects on both, the affected girls and women at the micro level, as well as entire economies on the macro level. West and Central African countries have some of the highest prevalence rates of early marriage and maternity worldwide. This work attempts to quantify the long-term economic, societal, and fertility effects of marriage and pregnancy in early and late adolescence in West and Central Africa. Methods We used pooled cross-sectional data collected between 1986 and 2017 in 21 West and Central African countries within the DHS and MICS programs to estimate the associations of marriage and maternity during early (10-14) and late (15-19) adolescence retrospectively on wealth accumulation, educational attainment, as well as the woman's lifetime fertility. Results Descriptively, women who married or gave birth as young or very young adolescents are overrepresented among the poorest and least educated quintiles of the adult population and underrepresented among the richest and most educated. These gradients were confirmed within a regression analysis which additionally controlled for current age of the woman and PSU fixed effects. Marrying in early/late adolescence was associated with a 12%/6% higher likelihood of being in the poorest wealth quintile in later life and 29%/20% increased likelihood of not completing primary education, as compared to women who married as adults. Maternity in early/late adolescence was associated with a 7%/4% higher likelihood of belonging to the poorest quintile and 17%/10% higher likelihood of being uneducated. Moreover, women who married/gave birth during early or late adolescence, on average, have 2.2/2.3 or 1.4/1.5 more children than those who have married/become mothers as adults. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the dire consequences of early marriage and maternity hit youngest girls the hardest - both immediately and long-term. Hence, it is not only worthwhile to prevent adolescent marriage and pregnancy in general, but also specifically target very young girls below age 15 to attempt to at least delay such far-reaching demographic life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Early marriage and maternity prevalence rates among adolescent girls remain alarmingly high in West and Central Africa (WCA). This study aims to explore the associations between socio-economic factors and the prevalence of early marriage and maternity, thus contributing to the identification of girls at risk of early pregnancy or marriage. Methods We pooled data from national representative surveys (1986 - 2017) for 23 countries in WCA to examine associations between wealth, educational attainment, religious affiliation, and place of residence with adolescent marriage and maternity. We decomposed the wealth and education gradients for individual countries, while controlling for common characteristics of the local environment via the use of primary sampling unit fixed-effects. The pooled sample provides information on 262 721 girls (age 15-19 years). Survey weights and population share weights were used in the estimations. Results The prevalence of adolescent maternity and marriage exhibited a wealth and education gradient. Prevalence of marriage in the poorest wealth quintile was 41.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 38.8%-43.5%) and 10.5% (95% CI = 9.5%-11.6%) in the richest. For maternity it was 38.3% (95% CI = 36.4%-40.3%) in the poorest quintile and 12.7% (95% CI = 11.5%-13.9%) in the richest. Marriage/maternity is three/two times more likely to occur among girls with incomplete primary or no formal education than in those with at least primary. Maternity and marriage among adolescents exhibit a geographical pattern and differences between religious groups. Adolescent marriage prevalence was 34.4% (95% CI = 32.9%-35.8%) in rural areas compared to 13.3% (95% CI = 12.3%- 14.2%) in urban areas. Adolescent maternity prevalence was 32.8% (95% CI = 31.7%-33.9%) in rural compared to 16.3% (95% CI = 15.3%-17.3%) in urban areas. Finally, the prevalence of adolescent marriage was sub-stantially higher among Muslims compared to all other religious groups. Conclusions Our results highlight the disparities in the prevalence of adolescent marriage and maternity and confirm the existence of wealth and education gradients. These findings can help to improve targeting of vulnerable adolescents and to identify areas for policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the probability of the age at first marriage in predicting the occurrence of marital dissolution in Java, Indonesia. Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012 data were employed and selected a total of 10,046 ever-married women residing in Java. About 28% of Javanese women who married before or at age 16, and 14.7% of women who married after age 16 experienced divorce. The proportion of divorce was higher among women with lower educational attainment, rural women, East Javanese women who married early, West Javanese women who delayed marriage, and women with no children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Teenage marriage is still found in developing countries, including Indonesia. The percentage of teenage marriage in females in Indonesia is 11.5%. Various factors related to teenage marriage are education, knowledge, economy, and culture. Impacts caused by teenage marriages include pregnancy in adolescence which results in increased maternal and infant deaths, dropouts, and poor quality of the family. The prevalence of teenage marriage in Banjarnegara in 2016 was 23%, higher than the national prevalence. Objective: This study aims to determine the correlation between factors related to knowledge of marriageable age, education, matchmaking and child marriage in females in Banjarnegara Indonesia. Methods: This was a correlational cross sectional study. There were 96 respondents selected using proportionated stratified random sampling Chi square and logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: Findings show that there were statistically significant correlations between knowledge of marriageable age, education and child marriage. There was no signifciant relationship between matchmaking and child marriage, Respondents with low knowledge were 0.5 times more likely to have child marriage compared with those with high knowledge (p = 0.001, 95% CI = 0.320-0.782). Conclusion: Knowledge of marriageable age is cosidered as the dominant factor affecting child marriage in Banjarnegara Indonesia. It is suggested that health care providers should continuously promote about the impact of child marriage to increase the knowledge of marriageable age.

An estimated 650 million girls and women alive today married before their 18th birthday. Referred to as girl child marriage, the formal or informal union of the girl-child before age 18, the practice is increasingly recognized as a key roadblock to global health, development, and gender equality. Although more research than ever has focused on girl child marriage, an important gap remains in deconstructing the construct. Through an extensive review of primary and secondary sources, including legal documents, peer-reviewed articles, books, and grey literature across disciplines, we explore what the term "girl child marriage" means and why it more accurately captures current global efforts than other terms like early, teenage, or adolescent marriage. To do this, we dive into different framings on marriage, children, and gender. We find that there has been historical change in the understanding of girl child marriage in published literature since the late 1800s, and that it is a political, sociocultural, and value-laden term that serves a purpose in different contexts at different moments in time. The lack of harmonized terminology, particularly in the global public health, prevents alignment amongst different stakeholders in understanding what the problem is in order to determine how to measure it and create solutions on how to address it. Our intent is to encourage more intentional use of language in global public health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the impact of school starting age on teenage marriage and motherhood in Vietnam. The investigation uses data from the 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census and regression discontinuity methods to identify the causal effects of school starting age on teenage marriage—a first in the literature—and early motherhood. Results show that girls who start school earlier are more likely to marry and/or give birth as teenagers than their counterparts who begin school later. School starting age impacts are heterogeneous across girl subgroups. The deleterious effects of starting school early are particularly pronounced for teenage girls who are members of ethnic minorities, whose mothers have relatively less education, and whose households are relatively poor. Girls that fall into these subgroups are more likely to benefit from a delay in school entry. Government may wish to adopt a more flexible approach to its age at entry regulations to allow disadvantaged girls the option of starting school later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article study the social phenomena of early marriage from a cultural and customary law perspective, providing adolescents with a great understanding of maintaining eastern culture, preserving local cultural values by filtering the current of globalization and providing knowledge about the impact of early marriage on their rculture, manteining family integrity. Therefore, we recommend that the community carry out a socialization on the importance of maintaining local cultural knowledge and wisdom about preparing for marriage in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study intends to explore the factors associated with the prevalence of early marriage among female teenagers in Bangladesh. Data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS, 2014) were used to meet the study objective. Two binary logistic models were run to estimate the factors that influence early marriage. In Model-I, the covariates were considered in a bivariate setup, and unadjusted odds ratios (UOR) were obtained from Model-II, where all the covariates were taken into account to get the adjusted odds ratio. Results show that the level of education for both females and their partners, religiosity, possession of wealth and geographical location are some important factors with significant effects on the prevalence of early marriage in Bangladesh. Based on the findings, this study recommends gearing up provisions of education for all, awareness-building through social mobilization, reform initiatives concerning Islamic beliefs and strengthening poverty-reduction strategies to speed up the process of eliminating early marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of the early marriage of girls (under 16 years old) in the rural communities of Indonesia has remained to this day. This article aims to examine how the role of female leaders and local women's organisations in rural communities and how they seek to eliminate the practice of child marriage. This article is based on a study conducted in 2 (two) poor villages on Madura Island, East Java Province, namely Sampang District and Bangkalan District. The subjects of this study were women who married at a young age, their husbands, parents, members of the women's organisations and the leaders of the women's organisations. The data collection techniques applied in this study included the in-depth interview technique with 20 informants and questionnaires with 200 respondents who had been purposively selected. This study shows that the knowledge of women on the issue of child early marriage reflects a lack of gender awareness. However, this study identified the important role of local female leaders in eliminating the practice of child marriage. Through empowerment activities and programs, female local leaders have been raising the knowledge and consciousness of women on the issue of early marriage. The role of local female leaders was also important in trying to raise the consciousness of local male leaders about the risks of child marriage practices for the young wives and their children and the importance of ending the practice of child marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project aims to explore the effect of wealth shocks on education and marriage for young women in Pakistan. Financial shocks are used to estimate the probability of dropping out of education and into marriage. Using the Pakistan Rural Household Panel survey for the years 2000–10, the effects of financial shocks on the probability of dropping out of education and into marriage are estimated for boys and girls in rural areas. Second, the returns to education in the marriage market are estimated using information on marital payments of dowry and brideprice. Lastly, the intergenerational effects of women's increased bargaining power due to marital assets is estimated. The results show wealth shocks do not have a gendered effect on school dropout. Also, adverse shocks during the teenage years do not increase the probability of early marriage. However, this relationship is negative in villages where marital payments are typically higher—that is, marriage costs can delay early marriage in shock-hit households as they are more credit-constrained. Lastly, higher educated women receive more marital assets, which can contribute to increased bargaining power within the marriage. This increased bargaining power also has intergenerational effects on children's schooling. • This study explores the gender dynamics of coping mechanisms of rural households. • How do wealth shocks effect schooling and early marriages in Pakistan? • Adverse shocks during school years do not increase drop outs beyond 12 months. • There is also no strong evidence that wealth shocks lead to early marriages for girls. • However, in villages with higher marital payments, costs can delay early marriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates marital satisfaction, emotional intelligence, and religious orientation among women with early marriage in Iran. The 'emotional intelligence scale', 'religious orientation scale' and 'marital satisfaction scale' were used and a rare set of data from 194 women with early marriage were collected. The results of Pearson's correlation showed a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and marital satisfaction (P < 0.001, r = 0.38), and age at marriage and marital satisfaction (P < 0.005, r = 0.20). The results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that emotional intelligence (P < 0.001, B = 0.33) and age at marriage (P < 0.05, B = 0.90) are predictive of marital satisfaction among girls with early marriage in Iran and explain 16.4% of the variation of women's marital satisfaction. A greater understanding of the factors increasing or reducing the marital satisfaction may help the marital satisfaction of women with early marriage in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing interest in the ability of cash transfers to facilitate safe transitions to adulthood in low-income settings; however, evidence from scaled-up government programming demonstrating this potential is scarce. Using two experimental evaluations of unconditional cash transfers targeted to ultra-poor and labor-constrained households over approximately three years in Malawi and Zambia, we examine whether cash transfers delayed early marriage and pregnancy among youth aged 14 to 21 years at baseline. Although we find strong impacts on poverty and schooling, two main pathways hypothesized in the literature, we find limited impacts on safe transition outcomes for both males and females. In addition, despite hypotheses that social norms may constrain potential impacts of cash transfer programs, we show suggestive evidence that pre-program variation in social norms across communities does not significantly affect program impact. We conclude with policy implications and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the effects of the extension of compulsory schooling from 5 to 8 years in Turkey on marriage and birth outcomes of teenage girls, using a regression discontinuity design. This law increases girls' schooling by roughly 1 year on average, substantially reducing the probability of marriage by age 16 and first birth by age 17. These effects disappear after ages 17 for marriage and 18 for first birth. These results suggest that this law has strong compulsory-attendance effects during the newly mandated years and human capital effects afterward on marriage and birth outcomes. However, the human capital effects vanish after a couple of years, when students become free to leave school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early marriage is still a problem in the world, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. The problem of early marriage in Indonesia takes place both in urban and rural areas with diverse population economic status. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between early marriage and child development. Method: This study used a cross-sectional approach design. The independent variable in this research was early marriage, while the dependent variable in this research was the development of the child. The population in this research was all toddlers residing in a region of Situbondo Regency. The total sample was 67 respondents who got married when 18 years old or younger. Data were collected through questionnaires and measurements of height, weight, and nutritional status and progress was assessed through interviews and the Denver Development Screening Test (DDST) II. Data were analyzed with the Pearson correlation test with p < 0.05. Results: Early marriage has no association with child growth but it has a relationship with child development. In this study there was a significant relationship found between early marriage of the mother and child development (p < 0.001). The risk of a child experiencing developmental disorders when the mother marries early was found to be 62 times compared to mothers who married at an early age. Conclusion: Early marriage does not cause growth disorders of children, but early marriage has the potential to cause delay in child development. Early childbirth does not cause growth disorders of children. Women who experienced early childbirth might cause general developmental delays in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines under-18 marriage in urban Tanzania from an ethnographic perspective. Due to poverty and high unemployment, some girls aspire to early marriage. Two pathways to early marriage are identified: first, poverty and gendered economic disparities motivate girls to begin transactional sexual activity at an early age, leading parents to favour early marriage as a risk-reduction measure. Second, educational opportunities are often closed off to girls before marriage, as a result of which early marriage becomes the only culturally approved pathway that allows girls to present themselves to others as a self-sufficient agent. These pathways are reinforced by cultural and religious concepts surrounding the transition from childhood to adulthood. The study finds that, in urban Tanzania, two important factors associated with early marriage are the prevalence of premarital sex leading to out-of-wedlock pregnancies, and the relatively high cost of secondary schooling, which blocks educational opportunities for girls after the age of 15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage is a great institution to bind two of the opposite sex in one family bond. The occurrence of early marriage In the village of Daandung Atas Sumenep is influenced by several factors driving and causing some impact. The purpose of this study is to describe the factors driving early marriage and to determine the impact of early marriage. The research method used is qualitative research method. The number of respondents 24 couples who married early and 4 community leaders. Data collection was done by interview, observation, and documentation. In analyzing the data using three plots of Miles data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the factors driving early marriage in Daandung Atas Village are economic, education, parents and customs factors. Early marriage also has an impact on married couples that is often a quarrel because each no one wants to budge, the problem of children and husbands who do not work, and the impact for each parent is when there is an argument on the child then indirectly make each parent's relationship becomes harmonious, while the positive impact is to reduce the economic burden of parents, avoid children from bad deeds and children will learn how to live a family life. The conclusion and suggestion of this research are that early marriage in Daandung Atas village of Sumenep happened because of the driving factor that is the economic factor, education, parents, and customs. And the impact on couples and their parents. Participation of community organizations should be improved to provide counseling on the terms and conditions of marriage is good and right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the rapid increase in the numbers of Pakistani and Bangladeshi girls entering higher education, practitioners of widening participation (WP) interventions continue to focus on access, under the mistaken belief that both groups have a strong cultural prevalence for early marriage and motherhood, have low attainment levels, or lack sufficient or effective careers guidance to help inform their academic or career choices. While more recent research has set out to challenge these stereotypes, there remains a paucity of research exploring the experiences of those who have successfully made the transition into, through and beyond higher education (HE). As a result, these stereotypical perspectives continue to prevail. This qualitative study examines the ways in which young Pakistani and Bangladeshi women have not only absorbed these stereotypical views but also, explicitly and implicitly, use stereotyping to define themselves in opposition to those women they deem 'unsuccessful'. In adopting a position of 'defensive othering', taken in opposition to what they perceive to be 'your typical Asian', the women also position themselves as the Other. Drawing upon interviews with young women, we explore how the tensions between constructions of identity and the use of stereotypes from within their communities reveal some of the emotional difficulties they encounter in accessing both higher education and the workplace. Our paper therefore has importance for policy makers and academics involved in widening participation and student progression activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility postponement and the concomitant decline in fertility levels are the most prominent trends in the demographic behaviours of the former Eastern Bloc countries in Central Europe. A number of studies have analysed period fertility development but the cohort perspective is often neglected. The postponement transition has evolved over a long time span and affected many cohorts, so the cohort approach is appropriate for studying long-term changes in fertility tempo and quantum. A cohort analysis engenders an analysis in detail of the onset, dynamics and ultimate extent of this process. Using the cohort benchmark model, we have been able to pinpoint differences in postponement and recuperation levels and have combined it with projection scenarios. Thus we have been able to model the hypothetical trajectory of the completed cohort fertility rate. Our analysis highlights differences in the timing of the onset of the postponement transition, its trajectory and extent, as well as in the recuperation of postponed childbearing. These findings suggest differences in completed fertility across the selected four Central European countries are likely to continue and perhaps increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage among African teenagers is currently a central focus of campaigns by UN agencies and international NGOs. Yet marriage has received only limited attention from geographers and has largely escaped the attention of geographers of youth. In this paper we explore the relational geographies of age that underlie young people's motivations for, and experiences of, marriage in two rural African settings with differing marriage practices: matrilocal southern Malawi and patrilocal Lesotho. We draw on participatory research activities and life history interviews conducted with 80 people aged between 10 and 24 years old. While the young people's attitudes and experiences were varied and complex, starkly different accounts emerged from the two settings. In particular, young women in Lesotho offered very negative assessments of marriage, while those in Malawi were very much more positive. Through these examples, we highlight how young people's marriage choices and experiences are relationally produced. Decisions about whether, when and whom to marry reflect socially entrenched expectations concerning generational allocations of resources, labour and responsibilities, which intersect with contemporary social and economic processes including poverty, unemployment, land scarcity and AIDS. Experiences of marriage, too, are produced through practices that are spatially structured and contextually situated in relation to socio‐economic conditions. Thus marriage, as a “vital conjuncture” in young people's lives, plays a key role in the relational construction of individual lifecourses and in (re)constructing relationships of age, gender and, especially, generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: School dropout has been linked to early pregnancy and marriage but less is known about the effect of school performance. We aimed to assess whether school performance influenced age at sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage, and from what age school drop-out and performance were associated with these later life events. Methods: Data from 2007–2016 from a demographic surveillance site in northern Malawi with annual updating of schooling status and grades, and linked sexual behaviour surveys, were analysed to assess the associations of age-specific school performance (measured as age-for-grade) and status (in or out of school) on subsequent age at sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage. Landmark analysis with Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios of sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage by schooling at selected (landmark) ages, controlling for socio-economic factors. Results: Information on at least one outcome was available for >16,000 children seen at ages 10–18. Sexual debut was available on a subset aged ≥15 by 2011. For girls, being out of school was strongly associated with earlier sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage. For example, using schooling status at age 14, compared to girls in primary, those who had dropped out had adjusted hazard ratios of subsequent sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage of 5.39 (95% CI 3.27–8.86), 2.39 (1.82–3.12), and 2.76 (2.08–3.67) respectively. For boys, the equivalent association with sexual debut was weak, 1.92 (0.81–4.55), but that with marriage was strong, 3.74 (2.28–6.11), although boys married later. Being overage-for-grade was not associated with sexual debut for girls or boys. For girls, being overage-for-grade from age 10 was associated with earlier pregnancy and marriage (e.g. adjusted hazard ratio 2.84 (1.32–6.17) for pregnancy and 3.19 (1.47–6.94) for marriage, for those ≥3 years overage compared to those on track at age 10). For boys, overage-for-grade was associated with earlier marriage from age 12, with stronger associations at older ages (e.g. adjusted hazard ratio 2.41 (1.56–3.70) for those ≥3 years overage compared to those on track at age 14). For girls ≥3 years overage at age 14, 39% were pregnant before they were 18, compared to 18% of those who were on track. The main limitation was the use of reported ages of sexual debut, pregnancy and marriage. Conclusions: School progression at ages as young as 10 can predict teenage pregnancy and marriage, even after adjusting for socio-economic factors. Early education interventions may reduce teenage pregnancy and marriage as well as improving learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research explores the causes of early marriage and assesses the consequences of early marriage on maternal and child well-being in a district of Nepal. A two week long field operation was carried out to collect data where 126 respondents were selected through convenience sampling methods on the basis of two criteria, including 1) being a married women only who got married before 19 years of age; and 2) those who have children below three years. The interviews were mainly focused on those who have a neonatal child. A structured interview schedule found that early marriage is still prevalent among the illiterate group. A paradigm shift was found in some aspects, such as the shift in decision-making from parents to children, a shift from arranged to love marriages, and from parental pressure to marry to love and fulfillment of sexual desire as reasons for marrying. Most of the respondents have no idea about the legal marriage age and punishment for underage marriage. Most of the respondents suffered from different physical health-related problem including poor maternal and child well-being, weakness, immaturity, miscarriage, sexual problems, no prenatal check up, and/or low birth weight. To deal with the problem a number of strategies have been suggested, mainly providing economic opportunities to young girls, improving the strictness of legal strategies about marriage age, promoting education of girls, and using mass media to increase the awareness of the whole community about the consequences of early marriage on girls themselves and on her children along with their family. Efforts need to be made in the community and other parts of Nepal where early marriage and child marriage is prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Early marriage threatens the health and human rights of millions of girls all around the world. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of Iranian teenage women about marriage in adolescence. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted based on the conventional content analysis approach on 14 teenage married women (aged13-19 years) who attended all urban-rural healthcare centers (4 centers) in Ardabil, Iran between May 2016 and Jan 2017. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Purposeful sampling was continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using the Graneheim and Landman strategies. Results: The mean age at marriage was 13.2 (SD=1.25) years and the duration of marital life ranged from 45 days to 3 years. During the data analysis, three main categories were extracted that each of them consisted of three sub-categories. The main categories, included "a false sense of sexual development", "death of dreams", and "threatened independence". Conclusion: Results of this study revealed that teenage women could not comprehend opportunities in life. These findings could help health care providers and policy makers to provide teenage women with special care and better support to prevent negative consequences of early marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In refugee generating situations, flight conditions and actual refugee circumstances, Gender Based Violence take different forms like rape, female genital mutilation, physical, psychological and emotional abuse, defilement and bride kidnapping in the name of 'early marriage' and sexual harassment among others. These forms are heightened by the adverse conditions of lack of basic needs, unequal power relations, breakdown of institutions of social control and order, exposure to the dangers of group violence and low capacity of protection agencies both local and international, and the host governments. This study intended to detail refugee experiences of Gender Based Violence among refugees in Uganda as well as the associated factors. We conducted a qualitative study and used content-thematic approach analysis. While there was high GBV awareness; this did not translate into reduced susceptibility. Detection, prevention and response to GBV were curtailed by an intersectionality of unequal power relations, poverty, and a multiplicity of cultures that concealed the nature, extent and reality of GBV. Effective GBV prevention requires an array of interventions and 'capacities' especially access to basic needs for individuals and households. Our findings aver that, gender based violence is endemic in peripheral hard to reach, conflict and post-conflict settings than in more stable communities due to underreporting and concealment that are associated with numerous capacity challenges in access and utilisation of the available services. The extreme conditions that refugees go through during displacement, flight and resettlement tend to exacerbate and sustain GBV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]