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The article concerns a theoretical investigation on the ground thermal energy storage (GTES) applied to a low-temperature district heating (LTDH) distribution network. A general formula describing the time-dependent GTES temperature variation was introduced. The highest values of the GTES operating parameters were obtained for the second model. The ground temperature of a varying liquid fraction content (0, 0.1, 0.2) reached a value of 33.42 °C, 33.29 °C and 33.07 °C, respectively. After the GTES was applied, the heat flux transferred to the end-users increased by 14.5 kW. Deactivation of the GTES caused that the heat flux transferred to the consumers had a constant value of 149.5 kW. The LTDH heat supplier was able to provide the heat flux which decreased in time by 8.26% when the GTES was activated. The impact of the GTES insulation on the ground temperature was studied. The results have shown that reducing the insulation by 1/3 results in the GTES temperature decrease by about 3%. It was also found out that inappropriate GTES operation mode may cause larger thermal depletion of the GTES.

In Latvia to perform COVID-19 tests as well as for temporary shelters in case of a local disease outbreak the persons were located in special tents. Such practice was not only performed locally but also in other countries like the USA, UK, Russia, etc. The wide usage of tents was possible as the outbreak happened during the warm period of the year. At the same time, the indoor climate of tents can be quite unbearable during the warm summer days. Also, the situation was not getting better as fast as the prognosis, and the crisis was still ongoing during the winter period. Therefore, to test the thermal comfort of such temporary shelter’s measurements were performed. The thermal comfort was measured in a tent from 27th May to 28th September 2020. The data was logged with three different measuring devices inside of the shelter as well as outside air parameters like temperature and solar radiation was logged. The results show the rapidly changing indoor temperature which reaches 40°C during the daytime and falls to 10°C at night. The data of the globe thermometer to analyze the influence of radiation from tent canvas was also studied and showed that there is no noticeable heat radiation from external walls. The PMV measurements showed that the thermal comfort is very low as the PMV values were outside the range of-1 to 1 for 57% of the time. The influence of the precipitation was also noted, and the results showed that the adiabatic cooling effect is very variable but in general does not noticeably change the indoor temperature, the average temperature decrease was only 1 °C, but for a specific case it reached 10°C. © 2021, Kauno Technologijos Universitetas. All rights reserved.

Asian swamp eel, Monopterus albus/javanensis [Zuiew, 1973/Lacepede 1800], has been established in the southeastern USA since at least 1994, yet little is known about its ability to survive low winter temperatures. We use standard thermal methodologies to quantify low temperature responses and provide a detailed description of swamp eel reactions to cold temperatures. When exposed to chronic temperature decreases of 1.0 °C day-1, swamp eel ceased foraging at 15.0 °C, markedly diminished movements below 11.0 °C, and became incapacitated near 9.6 °C. During critical thermal minima trials, swamp eel exposed to acute temperature drops (0.25 °C min-1) tolerated temperatures as low as 6.2 °C. Swamp eel exhibited a moderate cold acclimation response, gaining 0.23 °C in cold tolerance for every 1 °C drop in acclimation temperature. Progressive time-series critical thermal minimum temperatures (CTmin) estimates for eel acclimated to 20.5 °C followed by an acute temperature decrease to 16.0 °C, revealed that cold acclimation may occur in only 8 days. Fringe populations of swamp eel in their native range periodically experience colder winter temperatures, which may explain the ability of introduced populations to survive winter cold fronts in Florida. Understanding Asian swamp eel acute and chronic thermal limits may be useful in assessing dispersal risk and range expansion in the southeastern USA.

Background Surgery under general anesthesia results in temperature decrease due to the effect of anesthetics and peripheral vasodilation on thermoregulatory centers. Perioperative temperature control is therefore an issue of high importance. In this study, we aimed to compare the warming effect of underbody and overbody blankets in patients undergoing surgery in the lithotomy position under general anesthesia. Methods From September 2018 to October 2019, 99 patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer in the lithotomy position were included in this randomized controlled trial and assigned to the intervention group (underbody blanket) or control group (overbody blanket). Results The central temperature was significantly higher in the underbody blanket group than in the overbody blanket group at 90 min after the beginning of the surgery (p = 0.02); also in this group, the peripheral temperature was significantly higher 60 min after the beginning of the surgery (p = 0.02). Regarding postoperative factors, the underbody blanket group had a significantly lower frequency of postoperative shivering (p

Nanograined materials have much denser grain boundary (GB) networks than their coarse-grained counterparts, thereby the hydrogen (H) diffusion and trapping behaviors in nanograined materials, which are strongly influenced by GBs, may differ greatly from those in coarse-grained materials. In the present research, the grain-size dependent hydrogen diffusion coefficient in nanograined Fe is studied by theoretical analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A theoretical model based on thermodynamics is developed. The GB-related material parameters required by the model are then obtained by fitting the MD simulation results. Finally, the grain-size dependent diffusion coefficients are compared with model predictions to evaluate the validity of the model. It is found that the trapping effect of triple junctions that usually ignored in coarse-grained materials becomes increasing important as grain size and temperature decrease. Due to the strong trapping effect of GBs in nanograined Fe, H diffusion is slowed down by the GBs.

he paper shows the results for resistance study of apple hybrid forms with columnar growth habit of I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center (Michurin FSC) to the temperature decrease upto 33 °C (First component of resistance) at autumn/winter period. The seedlings were obtained as a result of crossings of apple varieties and forms of popular local origin and of domestic breeding (Antonovka obyknovennaya, Bessemyanka Michurinskaya, Sokolovskoye, Tambovskoye, Blagovest, Kovrovoye, Svezhest), promising donors and sources of high winter hardiness, as well as of scab immunity. As a check variety, we used the columnar apple variety Strela, included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements and admitted for economic use in the Central Black Earth Region. The research was carried out in the Michurin FSC in the laboratory of individual genetics and breeding of fruit crops on the base of breeding and genetical center in 2017–2019. The artificial freezing technique is used. The method enables us to arrange the necessary temperature regime in laboratory conditions. The frost resistance of apples at the beginning of winter is significantly determined by summing up of temperatures, providing a successful transit of the second phase hardening. This can be realized just at slightly negative temperatures. In the years with a warm autumn/winter season, the plants do not take a definite resistance for the variety and they have to meet the winter being unprepead to low temperatures. In course of development of the new columnar apple varieties, the long-term researches enabled us to solve some items of low temperature resistance in plants at the beginning winter. According to the first component of winter resistance the following hybrids were singled out: 8–7(51) and 60–5(430) with previous names Druzhina and Brigada respectively which were sent to the State variety testing. The form 12–7(11) is studied still and is used in breeding for resistance to low temperatures at autumn and winter period.

With a decrease in ambient temperature, the heat gain on the refrigeration machine and condensation pressure decrease, which requires a decrease in cooling capacity and geometric compression ratio of the screw compressor. A condensation pressure decrease below a certain value disrupts the stable operation of throttling devices. The article describes the operation scheme of the refrigeration machine with a screw compressor and a liquid pump before the throttling devices, which allows it to work at a decreased condensation pressure. The dependences of changes in net efficiency, cooling capacity, power consumption and cooling coefficient at full and partial capacity with co-regulation of cooling capacity and geometric compression ratio are given. The experimental and calculated characteristics of a screw compressor operating with R22 freon are used

Quantitative climate reconstruction on long timescales can provide important insights for understanding the climate variability and providing valuable data for simulations. Unfortunately, the credibility of some attempts was hampered by incomplete reconstruction procedures. We here establish a comprehensive framework resting on high-quality Chinese modern pollen database, including modern pollen data screening, calibration set selection, major climate factor analysis, appropriate model selection, strict statistical assessment of results and ecological interpretation. The application of this framework to three high-resolution pollen records from the eastern Tibetan Plateau allows accurate quantitative inferences of Holocene temperature changes, which is the major control of regional vegetation. The results show that the mean warmest month temperature (MTwa) during the early Holocene was ca. 10.4°C and reached the highest value at 8.5–6 ka BP (ca. 11°C). The early and mid-Holocene (11–5 ka BP) warmth was followed by 1.2°C temperature decrease, culminating in the coolest temperatures of the Holocene during the Neoglacial cooling. Superimposing on the general cooling trend, MTwa reveals a significant 500-yr periodicity with varying intensities through time, showing that warm (cold) intervals are in phase with solar maxima (minima) periods. This spectral similarity indicates a possible connection of multi-century scale climate fluctuations with solar forcing.

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) acquires freezing tolerance during a period of fall acclimation when both photoperiod and temperature decrease. The above-ground vegetative growth may be important for sensing changing environmental conditions and translocating compounds to the below-ground crown. Defoliation experiments, repeated over 2 yr, were conducted by removing fern in mid-August, -September, and -October and evaluating crown metabolites and LT50, the temperature at which 50% of plants die, at monthly intervals to mid-November. Spring emergence and vigor were also assessed in separate experiments. In the first year, only mid-August defoliation affected LT50 values, decreasing freezing tolerance, which was associated with diminished rhizome proline concentration and storage root low- and high-molecular-weight fructan concentrations. All defoliation treatments in the second year decreased LT50 values, or increased freezing tolerance, possibly resulting from an interaction between defoliation and drought which increased rhizome sucrose concentrations. Defoliation decreased spring vigor in both experiments; the response was proportional to the earliness of the treatment and associated with rhizome and storage root fructan levels. Crowns of plants defoliated in mid-August had increasing proline concentrations during the fall, similar to control plants, suggesting the below-ground organs may have sensed soil temperature to cold acclimate. Autumn defoliation to control disease, harvest seed, or implement other cultural practices can reduce vigor and likely attenuate long-term performance of a plantation.

The edible coating is biodegradable and sustainable packaging has come into attention since the past few decades as an effort to reduce packaging waste. On a landmark fruit, the edible application layer is used to reduce the occurrence of loss of moisture, improve appearance, acts as a barrier to the exchange of gases, as well as having functions as an antifungal and antimicrobial. In addition to extending shelf life can be eaten these many layers are used such as it does not endanger human health, can be eaten as well as easy to untangle nature. One of the natural ingredients that can be used such as a layer of edible is Aloe Vera. From the results obtained that the weight without warming treatment gel stored at cool temperatures is relatively constant, while to gel without or with the treatment of warming that is stored at room temperature a little decline. The reduction drastic invisible on the gel with the saved warming treatment in cold temperatures. Aloe gel good shaped pieces that are stored at room temperature has decreased the weight but that is stored on the cold temperatures are relatively stable. The aloe vera gel with warming and stored at cool temperatures until day 5 relatively stable, as seen from the variable weight shrinkage, color, pH, viscosity, and moisture content. While the gel is stored at room temperature decrease began day 2. Aloe Vera gel should be stored at cool temperatures with a sealed container. The best characteristics of Aloe Vera gel that treatment with sorbitol can extend the shelf life strawberry fruit. edible coating base on Aloe gel can be applied at post-harvest handling fruits.

Mechanical ventilation systems are applied in greenhouses for temperature adjustment, but they consume a large amount of energy. This research aims to optimize the energy consumption of a variable air volume (VAV) fan-pad evaporative cooling system via experimentation. We discuss the effects of adjusting the VAV fan-pad evaporative cooling system on temperature and humidity, and we provide an estimate of the corresponding energy consumption under different highest stable temperature conditions. The test results demonstrate that a higher fan frequency is typically accompanied by greater ventilation quantity, faster cooling speed, more pronounced effects of the fan-pad evaporative cooling system fan, and more intensive energy consumption during the cooling process compared with a low fan frequency. When the temperature increased for 71 seconds or 60 seconds in a specific temperature zone (34 to 35 °C), the indoor temperature could be reduced to the optimum for crops with a fan frequency of 20 Hz, saving more than 87% of the energy output. When the warm-up time for a specific temperature zone (34 to 35 °C) was 41 seconds, the indoor temperature could be reduced to the optimum temperature for crops only when the fan frequency was 50 Hz. The VAV fan-pad evaporative cooling system increased the relative humidity in the greenhouse to satisfy crop production demands. The temperature of crops shared the same variation trend as temperatures inside the greenhouse. Our research results theoretically benefit cooling control and energy-saving design of greenhouses in the subtropics.

To investigate the effects of preventing temperature decrease on the reproductive activity of the male cold-water teleost, Cottus pollux SE, testicular development, serum 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels, and physiological responses associated with nesting behavior (i.e., elevation of serum 11-KT levels and accumulation of urine in the urinary bladder) were observed from November to January. Specifically, males were exposed to three different cooling regimes (control, 16 to 6 °C; H1, 16 to 11 °C; H2, 16 to 14 °C), and the results were compared. In addition, the effects of temperature on male reproductive behavior were also clarified. At higher water temperature regimes, the rate of testicular development and serum 11-KT levels were both higher from November to mid-December than from mid-December to January. However, the results showed that high water temperature regimes in the coldest period of winter did not suppress spermatogenesis completely. Conversely, the physiological responses to nesting were affected by high water temperatures, with serum 11-KT levels increasing and urine accumulation in the urinary bladder being suppressed. Furthermore, frequencies of two behaviors associated with nesting, i.e., body undulation and face displays, were also suppressed under high water temperatures (~ 14 °C) compared with normal temperatures (~ 7 °C) during the breeding season. Based on the physiological and behavioral responses to nesting, findings showed that preventing a water temperature decrease during winter suppresses reproductive activity in Cottus pollux SE.

Purpose The water evaporation rate (WER) is not only crucial for fabric drying, but also an important parameter affecting cooling from a body wearing sweat wetted clothing. The purpose of this paper is to predict the WERs of wet textile materials in a pre-defined environment. Design/methodology/approach The maximum water evaporation rate (WERmax) from a saturated surface in a pre-defined environment was first predicted based on the Lewis relationship between the evaporative and the convective heat transfer in this paper. The prediction results were validated by the comparisons with experimental measurements in various environments obtained in this paper and reported in the literature. Findings Experiment results show that the ratios of WERs to WERmax are lower than 100 percent but higher than 50 percent, which confirmed that the prediction of WERmax is reliable. The temperature decrease of the wet material surface due to evaporation was considered to account for the difference between measured WERs and the WERmax, and the WER variation among materials. The lower ratios of WERs to WERmax in the higher wind condition were speculated to be due to the greater temperature decrease caused by the increased evaporation. Practical implications It provides a reliable way to obtain both WERmax and WER (WERmax multiplied by a proper ratio), which can be useful in clothing physiological modeling to predict clothing comfort. Originality/value This study contributes to the understanding of the evaporation process of textile materials.

The paper considers the stability property of tubes of discontinuous solutions of a bilinear system with a generalized action on the right-hand side and delay. A feature of the system under consideration is that a generalized (impulsive) effect is possible non-unique reaction of the system. As a result, the unique generalized action gives rise to a certain set of discontinuous solutions, which in the work will be called the tube of discontinuous solutions.The concept of stability of discontinuous solutions tubes is formalized. Two versions of sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability are obtained. In the first case, the stability of the system is ensured by the stability property of a homogeneous system without delay; in the second case, the stability property is ensured by the stability property of a homogeneous system with delay. These results generalized the similar results for systems without delay. © 2020 Irkutsk State University. All rights reserved.

This paper presents a multiphysics investigation of the effectiveness of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) composite modified by the addition of phase change materials (PCMs). The potential of this composite lies in the combination of the lightweight characteristic of TRC with the heat storage capacities provided by PCMs. This study focuses on the effects of PCMs on both the mechanical and thermal performances of TRCs. The efficiency of an innovative concept of PCM–TRC slab resulting from the reinforcement of a PCM modified matrix with a textile grid is mechanically and thermally evaluated. Despite the degradation of the mechanical performance of PCM–TRC slabs with PCM content, the ductile and multicracking behaviors of the slabs are conserved. The temperature and thus the PCM state (solid or liquid) affect the mechanical performance of the PCM–mortar matrix and PCM–TRC slabs. This can be attributed to the PCM volume change that occurs during phase change. In terms of thermal performance, in comparison with the reference TRC slab, the 10 wt% PCM–TRC slab (4.5 cm thick) results in an energy saving of 37% and a temperature decrease of 4 °C at the peak.

The progress of the GAG gas flow in a conveyor drift is investigated. The output of a calculation model is evaluated and compared with experimental results from full-scale inertisation experiments. Expressions presenting the fastest and most extensive condensation of water resulted in well fitted arrival times of the GAG gas front. A common denominator for the two sets of expressions is that the type of flow is considered and thus better fitted to the actual flow situation. The model was further refined to include the surface roughness factor in the condensation calculations, which resulted in time lengths even closer to the measured time length. The measured rapid temperature increase at certain positions along the conveyor drift was found to fit well with the calculated GAG gas front arrival at the corresponding positions. The magnitude of the GAG flow was found to have a large impact on the arrival time of the GAG gas front. Knowing and understanding the GAG gas behaviour would increase the likelihood of successful inertisation of all or part of a mine. Keywords: GAG, Inert gas, Condensation, Temperature decrease, Gas velocity, Mine drift

Thermal perception is crucial for the fitness of marine invertebrates in intertidal and shallow waters. TRPA1 is a non-selective cation channel that belongs to the TRP family with pivotal roles in initiating signal transduction of thermal perception. We investigated expression patterns of SiTRPA1 in different tissues (tube feet, coelomocytes, gonads and gut) of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. SiTRPA1 expression patterns under acute and long-term temperature stimuli were investigated in tube feet of sea urchins. In the present study, the highest expression of SiTRPA1 was detected in tube feet of S. intermedius. The SiTRPA1 expression level in tube feet were significantly 235.7-fold, 450.0-fold and 3299.7-fold higher than those in the coelomocytes, gonads and gut (df = 3, F = 47.382, P < 0.001). Expression levels of SiTRPA1 in the other tissues (coelomocytes, gonads and gut) were not significantly different (df = 3, F = 47.382, P = 0.972). There was no significant difference of SiTRPA1 expression among all groups in the acute temperature increase experiment (df = 4, F = 0.25, P = 0.902). In the acute temperature decrease experiment, the expression of SiTRPA1 showed no significant difference among all groups (df = 4, F = 1.802, P = 0.205). With long-term exposure (6 weeks) to different temperatures, SiTRPA1 expression in the low temperature group (10°C) was significantly higher than those in the high temperature (20°C) and the control groups (15°C) (df = 2, F = 9.57, P = 0.014). There was no significant difference of SiTRPA1 expression between the high temperature (20°C) and the control temperature (15°C) groups (df = 2, F = 9.57, P = 0.808). These results indicate that SiTRPA1 expression significantly responds to long-term low temperature but not to acute temperature decrease. The present study provides new insights on the distribution and temporal expression of TRPA1 in marine invertebrates after acute and long-term temperature stimuli.

The simplex lattice method has been applied to studying the chemical composition influence of CaO–SiO2–B2O3 oxide system containing 15% Al2O3 and 8% MgO on viscosity and solidification point (hereinafter wt % are used). The addition of boron oxide to slags of the considered oxide system expands the range of slag composition with low solidification point and viscosity. The slags with basicity of 2.0–3.0 containing 1– 3% B2O3 are characterized by low (1400–1450°C) solidification point and high viscosity. Viscosity of such slags upon their heating to 1550 and 1600°C does not exceed 0.20 and 0.15 Pa s, respectively. An increase in B2O3 content to 4–6% in slags with basicity of 2.0–3.0 is accompanied by a decrease in solidification point to 1350–1425°C with retention of low (not higher than 0.15 Pa s) viscosity at heating temperature of 1550 and 1600°C. Generated slag displacement containing 1–6% B2O3 to the basicity regions increasing to 3.0–5.0 retains a sufficiently high fluidity. Herewith, it can be observed that the considered oxide system is displaced to a low solidification point region with an increase in boron oxide concentration. A slag solidification point with basicity of 3.0–4.0 containing 6% B2O3 reaches 1400°C and actually does not exceed 1475°C for the slags with basicity of 4.0–5.0 containing 1–2% B2O3. At 1600°C, the slag viscosity varies from 0.15 Pa s at basicity of 3.0 and B2O3 content of 5– 6% to 0.25 Pa s at basicity of 4.0–5.0 and B2O3 content of 1–3%. A temperature decrease of the considered oxide system by 50°C is accompanied by an insignificant (not more than 0.05 Pa s) increase in viscosity.

The technology of thermionic thermal protection of thermostressed elements for aviation and space equipment is discussed. This technology is based on the thermionic emission phenomenon. Estimations of temperature decrease of the surface of thermostressed subsystems of reusable spacecraft and orbital launch vehicles at the thermionic thermal protection application are given.

One of the aspects of climate change is temperature rise. Temperature rise or fluctuations affect human economic activities and electricity consumption. This paper estimates the changes in electricity consumption due to temperature fluctuation at the county scale in rural China. By using the statistics of counties from 2006 to 2015 in a fixed-effect panel model, the results indicate that a one-degree temperature increase in summer days may lead to 0.015% more electricity consumption per capita, and this correlation may be weaker as income increases. Moreover, a one-degree temperature decrease in winter days may lead to 0.002% more electricity consumption. The northern region may consume 0.021% more electricity than the southern region when facing the same temperature drop. Overall, the effect of temperature on electricity consumption is modest, particularly for a drop in temperature, but the usage of other types of energy may increase to adapt to the cold.

International audience; An experimental study was performed in order to investigate the effects of operating conditions, including door opening frequency, ambient air temperature and product-occupied volume, on the air and product temperature distributions inside a closed refrigerated display cabinet. The product position in the cabinet is a determining factor of its temperature: a high temperature was observed at the front, particularly at the top of the cabinet, and a low temperature was observed at the back. Air infiltration due to door openings caused a product temperature increase at the front and a temperature decrease at the back. At a higher door opening frequency (more than 60 openings per hour per door), the product temperature at the level of the front middle shelf was the most affected. Both the ambient temperature and occupied volume also affected product temperature variations in the closed display cabinet. In comparison to an open display cabinet, a closed display cabinet achieves lower product temperature and better temperature homogeneity, even with a high door-opening frequency. These findings indicate that the use of closed refrigerated display cabinets should be advocated in order to achieve better food preservation.

Analysis of the time series of climatic characteristics of the Crimean peninsula for the period of 19832-2005 showed an enhanced growth (compared to other points of the Crimea) of the insolation of the Earth’s surface at Kara-Dag and an anomalous temperature decrease of the Earth’s surface at the Cape Fonar. The parameters of the geomagnetic field of the Kara-Dag mount were estimated. To derive the geomagnetic field variations in Crimea, the IGRF-12 online calculator was used. Regular oscillations were found in the analyzed time series, whose periods coincide with the solar-terrestrial cycles. The coherence functions were calculated and the periods of coherent variations were determined. As a result of the analysis of corrections to the vertical deformations of the Earth’s surface, a seasonal component was selected at Katsiveli and its parameters were calculated.

International audience; 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the naturally abundant folate vitamer, has been proposed as an alternative to folic acid for fortification. However, it is less stable than folic acid. In a formate buffer (pH 3.5), folic acid was entirely preserved after heating the solution for 3 h at 80 °C. In contrast, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was completely degraded in less than 15 min. As in the buffer, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in apple or carrot purées degraded rapidly without the addition of ascorbic acid. By adding ascorbic acid, the stability could be increased, but the chosen amount was crucial. An excess of vitamin C compared to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was not always sufficient for the complete protection of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate during 3 h at 80 °C. Only by adding 2840 μmol/kg of ascorbic acid (equivalent to 500 mg/kg), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate seemed to remain stable. Degradation started after approximately 60 min when 570 μmol/kg of ascorbic acid (equivalent to 100 mg/kg) were added; after 120 min with 1420 μmol/kg (equivalent to 250 mg/kg). In addition, a temperature decrease to 70 °C or 60 °C did not increase the stability of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.

Bu araştırma, çay fabrikalarından elde edilen çay çöpü atıklarından kompost yapımı sürecinin kısaltılması ve oluşan kompostun temel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaç için; Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi (ÇOMÜ) Teknoloji ve Tarımsal Araştırma Uygulama Merkezi (TETAM)’nde kurgulanan çalışmada çay fabrikalarından elde edilen çay atıkları taze keçi gübresi, kuru yonca ve su ile karıştırılmıştır. Karışım, sıcaklık ve hava kontrollü otomatik reaktörlere doldurularak kompost yapımı süresi boyunca karışımın sıcaklığı, nemi ve hava sıcaklıkları düzenli şekilde takip edilmiştir. Her sıcaklık azalması sırasında açılan tanktan örnek alınarak pH, EC, % C, % N değerleri ile C/N oranı analizleri takip edilmiş, hazır hale gelen komposttan son bir örnek alınarak bazı element (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, B, Na) analizleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre; kompost öncesi kullanılan çay atığının pH değeri 5.48 den 6.89 değerine yükselirken, suda eriyebilir tuz 1.885 dS m-1 değerinden 1.690 dS m-1 değerine düşmüştür. Takip edilen C ve N değerleri çay atığında %45.54 ve %1.58 olup C/N değeri 28.82 iken, kompostlaşma süreci sonunda alınan örnekte bu değerlerler %45.55 ve %2.57 olup C/N oranı 17.70 değerine düşmüştür. Element içerikleri ise P: 2659, K: 17146, Ca: 7990, Mg: 2766, Fe: 185, Cu: 15, Zn: 38, Mn: 832, B: 30, Na: 669 mg kg-1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre çay çöpü kompostunun kısa sürede oluşturulabileceği ve tarımda kullanılabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Impact of relative air humidity (RAH) and watering mode on responses of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants to a daily short-term (2 h) temperature decrease to 10oC (DROP treatment) was investigated. Plants were grown at comparably high (80%) or low (30%) RAH under conditions of normal watering or in the mode of artificially created “periodic drought.” It was found that RAH and watering mode exhibit strong quantitative and qualitative influence on plant responses to DROP treatment. Under high RAH, DROP treatment exhibits significant morphogenetic effect increasing plant biomass and compactness. Under the conditions of low RAH, effects of DROP treatment on plant compactness were leveled due to strong morphogenetic effect of the RAH itself and significant decrease in DROP-treated plant biomass under “drought”. Watering mode influenced on the effect of DROP treatment in a different manner depending on RAH. At high RAH, DROP treatment, together with “drought,” led to increase in plant compactness as well as their chilling tolerance. Besides, these plants became more tolerant to water stress induced by low temperature (4°C). At low RAH, no increase in compactness of DROP-treated plants was observed.

About 80% of the energy used for material cutting transforms into heat at the cutting zone. This affects the mechanical properties of the cutting tool, resulting in accelerated tool wear and tool failure. Due to the increasing focus on sustainable and environmentally friendly machining, efforts to reduce these temperatures have focused on the indirect cooling of the tool. This paper proposes a mathematical description for a rotating end mill with internal cooling. The mathematical model is supported with Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations and indicate that up to 65 percent temperature decrease at the tool tip can be by using internal cooling.

Perioperative hypothermia causes postoperative complications. Prewarming reduces body temperature decrease in long-term surgeries. We aimed to assess the effect of different time-periods of prewarming on perioperative temperature in short-term transurethral resection under general anesthesia. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in patients scheduled for bladder or prostatic transurethral resection under general anesthesia. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive no-prewarming or prewarming during 15, 30, or 45 min using a forced-air blanket in the pre-anesthesia period. Tympanic temperature was used prior to induction of anesthesia and esophageal temperature intraoperatively. Primary outcome was the difference in core temperature among groups from the induction of general anesthesia until the end of surgery. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance modeled the temperature response at each observation time according to prewarming. We examined modeled contrasts between temperature variables in subjects according to prophylaxis. We enrolled 297 patients and randomly assigned 76 patients to control group, 74 patients to 15-min group, 73 patients to 30-min group, and 74 patients to the 45-min group. Temperature in the control group before induction was 36.5 ± 0.5 °C. After prewarming, core temperature was significantly higher in 15- and 30-min groups (36.8 ± 0.5 °C, p = 0.004; 36.7 ± 0.5 °C, p = 0.041, respectively). Body temperature at the end of surgery was significantly lower in the control group (35.8 ± 0.6 °C) than in the three prewarmed groups (36.3 ± 0.6 °C in 15-min, 36.3 ± 0.5 °C in 30-min, and 36.3 ± 0.6 °C in 45-min group) (p Study Registration Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03630887).

In this study, we achieved a noncontact tactile display that presents a pinpoint and instantaneous cooling sensation on the skin surface with no devices directly in contact with the user's body. We employed ultrasound phased arrays to generate a focused ultrasound, which locally and instantaneously expedites the vaporization of room-temperature water mist floating near the surface of the user's skin, offering a sudden pinpoint cooling sensation. In this article, we describe the physical configuration of the proposed method and show the measurement results, demonstrating how the user's skin surface was cooled. During the experiments, we discovered that a part of the skin exposed to a focused ultrasound within the floating mist was selectively cooled with negligible delay. Our prototype system offers a cooling spot of approximately 15 mm in diameter, which causes a temperature decrease of 4.6 K in 1 s and 3.3 K in the first 0.5 s on a hand situated 500 mm away from the device. Additionally, the ultrasound-driven cooling spot can be controlled on the skin surface, which is felt as a cool moving spot. Such a position-free cooling system with a high spatiotemporal resolution will open the door to unprecedented practical tactile applications.

Thin films of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) were deposited by thermal evaporation technique on to a glass substrate at different temperatures. The variation of electrical property with temperature as well as with UV irradiation was studied. The substrate temperature seems to affect the electrical property of the deposited films. The electrical resistivity decreases as the substrate temperature decrease. The effect of UV irradiation on samples were systematically investigated with different substrate temperature. All samples were exposed to UV irradiation for one hour. By exposing samples to UV irradiation, electrical resistivity was found to decrease as a function of time. A correlation is established between, UV irradiation, and the substrate temperature of the MoO3 films. This dependence of the substrate temperature is important in the point of view of applications, where the we can control the resistivity of the MoO3 film depending on the application needed.

Clinical studies have been performed to evaluate the thermal response of topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (THBOT) in patients suffering from hard-to-heal wounds diagnosed as venous leg ulcers located on their lower extremities. It was found that this therapy leads to a temperature decrease in areas around the wound. Moreover, a minor temperature differentiation between all areas was seen in the third period of topical hyperbaric oxygen therapy (THBOT) that may suggest that microcirculation and thermoregulation improvement start the healing process. On the other hand, the results of the conducted studies seem to prove that thermal imaging may provide a safe and effective method of analyzing wound healing of hard-to-heal wounds being treated with THBOT. This is the first study that tries to show the possibilities of a very new method by evaluating treatment of hard-to-heal wounds using thermal imaging, similar to the hyperbaric oxygen therapy effects evaluated by thermal imaging and described previously. However, the first clinical results showed a decrease in temperature due to the THBOT session and some qualitative similarities in the decrease in temperature differentiation between the studied areas and the temperature effects obtained due to hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Background Existing literatures demonstrated that meteorological factors could be of importance in affecting the spread patterns of the respiratory infectious diseases. However, how ambient temperature may influence the transmissibility of COVID-19 remains unclear. Objectives We explore the association between ambient temperature and transmissibility of COVID-19 in different regions across China. Methods The surveillance data on COVID-19 and meteorological factors were collected from 28 provincial level regions in China, and estimated the instantaneous reproductive number (Rt). The generalized additive model was used to assess the relationship between mean temperature and Rt. Results There were 12,745 COVID-19 cases collected in the study areas. We report the associated effect of temperature on Rt is likely to be negative but not of statistical significance, which holds for most Chinese regions. Conclusions We found little statistical evidence for that the higher temperature may reduce the transmissibility of COVID-19. Since intensive control measures against the COVID-19 epidemics were implemented in China, we acknowledge this may impact the underlying effect size estimation, and thus cautiousness should be taken when interpreting our findings., Highlights • We explored the association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 in different regions across China. • To avoid the noncausal association on infectious disease, the R t is calculated to quantify the transmissibility of COVID-19. • We find little evidence that supports the association between temperature and the transmissibility of COVID-19. • It appears unlikely to mitigate the COVID-19 outbreaks relying on the change in temperature.