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Against the background of price increases on the one hand and strong tenement regulations in Vienna's historic housing stock on the other, this article analyses the actors and strategies of commodification. Following a mixed-methods approach, this case study analyses 90 historic tenement buildings in nine neighbourhoods. Our analysis reveals the increasing relevance of institutional actors as (co-)owners, which goes hand in hand with declining holding periods. As local actors are highly diverse, we have identified five types of actors and four commodification strategies, pointing towards a spatially differentiated division of labour. This actor constellation, dominated by micro actors, suggests that the specific situation and regulation of a market brings different types of actors to the fore. Most of the identified actors, and particularly the funding of their projects, have no relation to financial markets and sources; from this perspective, the concept of commodification provides greater insight into the dynamic of this specific housing market segment than the lens of financialisation does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses literary representations of relations between the inhabitants of tenement houses who belong to different ethnic groups. Selected interwar novels by Henryk Drzewiecki, Halina Górska, Marcelina Grabowska, Władysław Pawlak, and Andrzej Strug are discussed as literary insights into historical and social conditions of the neighbourly coexistence of ethnically mixed communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction objects must be protected not only at the stage of their construction, but also during exploitation. Particular attention should be paid to objects included in the list of monuments. The Act on the Protection of Monuments and the Guardianship of Monuments states that any building that is important for history and science can become a heritage building and should therefore be preserved. The aim of this article was to improve the method of visual assessment of the technical condition of heritage buildings with the use of fuzzy logic. The improved method is to facilitate the comparison of assessments of the technical condition of a building performed at intervals specified in the regulations, often by different people. The research was conducted on the basis of technical expertise prepared for five examined buildings that were tenement houses entered in the register of monuments. The use of the visual method provides for the assessment of individual elements of the object by an expert and a verbal description of the elements using a five-point scale. A significant limitation of this method is uncertainty associated with the exact ranges of the acceptable values, as these ranges are subjective and depend on the opinion of an evaluator. The impact of this limitation can be reduced by applying fuzzy logic. In the fuzzy logic model, as input variables the following were applied; assessments of the technical condition of individual elements of the object (underground structure, load-bearing walls, ceilings, roof, other elements) and an integral indicator of the technical condition of the entire historic object, calculated as the output value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Santander. Estudios de Patrimonio is the property of Santander Estudios de Patrimonio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Paris is one of those cities that arouse extreme emotions. From the Middle Ages it was an important centre of culture and art. The article presents two themes that show the city as a palimpsest. One concerns the description of the eighteenth-century city, a city of narrow dangerous streets, devoid of technical infrastructure, based on Le Tableau de Paris by Sebastien Mercier. The second theme is the 19th-century revolutionary reconstruction of the city, which was ordered by Emperor Napoleon III and carried out by Georges Eugene Haussmann. The implementation of the vision of an orderly spatial arrangement resulted in the demolition of entire quarters of buildings. The new Paris with its monumental buildings, tenement houses and new infrastructure was to become the true capital of the world. Great changes affected both the inhabitants and all areas of social life. Haussmann's plan was so prophetic that both the administrative division into districts as well as the communication system and recreational areas created at that time serve the city's residents to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Housing Environment / Środowisko Mieszkaniowe is the property of Chair of Housing Environment, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results and conclusions of the research presented in the article concern the topic of the technical maintenance and wear of traditionally erected residential buildings. The cause and effect relations between the occurrence of damage to the elements of tenement houses, which are treated as an expression of their maintenance conditions, and the size of the technical wear of these elements were determined in a representative and purposefully selected sample of 102 apartment houses built in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Wroclaw, Poland downtown district "Srodmiescie". Recognition of the impact of the maintenance of residential buildings on the level of their technical wear was carried out using quantitative methods from fuzzy set categories, and also with the use of the authors' own model. The created model, based on the Zadeh function, was created in fuzzy conditions for the purpose of assessing the degree of damage to selected building elements. The treatment of the problem with regard to fuzzy criteria allowed for the synthesis of elementary criteria, which give the greatest approximations at the technical research stage of a residential building, into a global assessment of the degree of the wear of its elements. Moreover, it also significantly reduced the subjective factor of this assessment, which had a significant impact on the results of the research obtained in the case of good, medium and poor conditions of tenement houses. It was proven that the conditions of maintenance and use of buildings determine the amount of technical wear of their elements. The state of exploitation of the examined tenement houses is reflected in the mechanical damage to the internal structure of the elements (determined in fuzzy categories). This damage has a significant frequency and cumulative effects, and is characteristic for buildings with satisfactory and average maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presented in the article, which includes methods, models, and conclusions, contains synthetic and analytical model solutions concerning the problems of the technical maintenance and wear of residential buildings with a traditional construction. The cause and effect relationships between the occurrence of damage in the elements of tenement houses (treated as proof of their maintenance conditions), and the size of the technical wear of these elements were determined using a representative and purposefully selected sample of 102 residential buildings erected during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Wroclaw's "Downtown" district. Quantitative damage analysis, which was carried out using empirical (visual) methods of assessing the technical condition of a building, indicates the type and size of damage to the building's elements that are characteristic for the relevant maintenance conditions. Research concerning the cause–effect relationships ("damage–technical wear") in observed states allows for a numerical approach to the impact of building maintenance conditions on the degree of the technical wear of its components. The maintenance and exploitation conditions determine the degree of the technical wear of the elements of an old residential building. The exploitation condition of these buildings is manifested by damage to elements caused by water and moisture penetration, which is especially important for poorly maintained buildings. The article shows that the age of the elements of an old residential building with a traditional construction is of secondary importance in the process of the intensity of losing its serviceability value. It was calculated that no more than 30% of the damage of building components is explained by the passage of time, and it is therefore not age that determines the course of the technical wear of the elements of the analyzed tenement houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent shift towards site-specific performance in Ireland brings to the fore the role of distance in a theatre culture long structured around the spatial divisions of the proscenium. This essay uses theories of space and haunting to examine the ways in which two Irish theatre companies, ANU Productions and Company SJ, negotiate the ghostly presence of Sean O'Casey's dramaturgy within a former tenement building, Dublin's 14 Henrietta Street. Through performance analysis, the essay shows how these companies pose afresh questions about Irish history and bring to light the role of distance in the politics of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Charring (cleaning) and charwomen constituted important elements of Dublin city's informal economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Char work was the most common form of paid work for working-class married women and widows, who formed a sizeable, ubiquitous cohort within the urban workforce. Their ubiquity was represented in the frequent presence of charwomen in the contemporary slum literature. However, charwomen were largely neglected by social surveyors and officialdom, and omission from the historical record has been compounded by their absence from historians' work on social conditions in Dublin's slums. This is surprising given that charring and charwomen were indispensable parts of life in Dublin's tenements, wherein charwomen were the largest occupational group, after (male) labourers, to act as heads of their household. Charring, was also emblematic of the precariousness of tenement life, which was shaped by men and women's casual, unskilled labour in low-paid jobs, and short-term leases. This article focuses on this particular group of women as a means to expand understanding of working-class women's experiences of paid work of life in Dublin's tenements and of the city's informal economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results and conclusions of the research presented in the article concern the topic of the technical maintenance and wear of traditionally erected residential buildings. The cause and effect relations between the occurrence of damage to the elements of tenement houses, which are treated as an expression of their maintenance conditions, and the size of the technical wear of these elements were determined in a representative and purposefully selected sample of 102 apartment houses built in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Wroclaw, Poland downtown district “Srodmiescie”. Recognition of the impact of the maintenance of residential buildings on the level of their technical wear was carried out using quantitative methods from fuzzy set categories, and also with the use of the authors’ own model. The created model, based on the Zadeh function, was created in fuzzy conditions for the purpose of assessing the degree of damage to selected building elements. The treatment of the problem with regard to fuzzy criteria allowed for the synthesis of elementary criteria, which give the greatest approximations at the technical research stage of a residential building, into a global assessment of the degree of the wear of its elements. Moreover, it also significantly reduced the subjective factor of this assessment, which had a significant impact on the results of the research obtained in the case of good, medium and poor conditions of tenement houses. It was proven that the conditions of maintenance and use of buildings determine the amount of technical wear of their elements. The state of exploitation of the examined tenement houses is reflected in the mechanical damage to the internal structure of the elements (determined in fuzzy categories). This damage has a significant frequency and cumulative effects, and is characteristic for buildings with satisfactory and average maintenance.

The technical maintenance of old tenement houses traditionally constructed is an ongoing problem, and will continue to be so in the coming years. The subject of the article includes old residential buildings from the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, which are a part of Wroclaw’s downtown district. They can be understood as an essential link in the process of shaping the cultural and social microenvironment of man. The ability of them to meet the multiple expectations of residents depends on the natural aging of tenement houses’ materials, the methods of their maintenance and use, and the influence of the many factors that cause their accelerated wear. The assumed durability is the main reference parameter of the changing age of the inspected tenement houses. The course of the theoretical and observed degree of the technical wear of these buildings was compared with their durability. For the age of these buildings, the technical wear should reach 100%. It was observed that in the first period of use of tenement houses, the phenomenon of “infradurability” occurs, and after exceeding a certain age—depending on the maintenance conditions of the building—the phenomenon of “overdurability” of the building occurs. It was shown that the durability of important elements of old buildings, as a parameter that was defined “a posteriori”, ranges from 153 to 177 years, and is greater than the corresponding literature values indicated “a priori”. The probability of reaching such an age of an element, in which the observed values of technical wear exceed the theoretical values, is much higher than the probability of an opposite event. A comparative analysis of the distribution functions of these probabilities indicates that the probabilities of theoretical wear values are higher than those observed in the case of the assumed literature durability of elements. There is also an inverse relationship for durability that corresponds to the age of the oldest examined elements of tenement houses.

The article aims at analyzing the possibility of including developers (private companies focused on profits) into the process of revitalizing tenement houses located in the center of Poznan. The consideration is located in the capital city of Wielkopolska and takes into account the analysis of both the local housing real estate market and developers' enterprises in the city. The authors, supported by economic calculation and a case study, have researched the case of a free-market developer's project of revitalizing a well-located, yet run-down tenement house, and, on the contrary, the case of a developer taking over a property being a municipal resource. Having researched the market in order to set the parameters of further research works, both scenarios where evaluated when it comes to their economic, social and spatial results. The main purpose of the article was to analyze possibilities and to point out the determinant factors of using the economic potential of developers in the process of revitalizing housing resources located in downtown areas. The work is to contribute to the discussion on making the actions of public administration more flexible when it comes to cooperation with private investors. By outlining the research concept, the authors aim to set the basis for further and deeper analysis. The paper is to test the scientific community when it comes to the appropriateness of the diagnosis and the direction of potential research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents an application of forensic engineering methods in civil engineering problems. Under the case study based on the failure of a tenement building from the 1930s, the authors want to present the analyses of the influence of design and contractor errors on this situation. These analyses were carried out using an advanced computer program - ABAQUS v.6.6. The work was split into three parts. In the first one, only the most cracked wall was analysed as a 2D model. Next, a 3D model of a building fragment with the floor removed was created. In the last stage, the entire building was modelled, including all the structural walls as well as window and door openings. In order to evaluate the percentage responsibility for the building failure, simple FA (failure analysis) was applied. The results show that the most significant influence on the current state resulted from subsequent modernization works and not from the piling works at the site to the north. These simply triggered the accumulated damage in the structure. Highlights • The paper analyses the causes of failure of the building, • These analyses were carried out using an advanced computer program - ABAQUS v.6.6, • In order to evaluate the percentage responsibility for the building failure, simple FA (failure analysis) was applied, • The causes of cracking was analyses and the mechanism was explained, • The analysis will be useful for engineers that supervise this kind of building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presented in the article, which includes methods, models, and conclusions, contains synthetic and analytical model solutions concerning the problems of the technical maintenance and wear of residential buildings with a traditional construction. The cause and effect relationships between the occurrence of damage in the elements of tenement houses (treated as proof of their maintenance conditions), and the size of the technical wear of these elements were determined using a representative and purposefully selected sample of 102 residential buildings erected during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Wroclaw’s “Downtown” district. Quantitative damage analysis, which was carried out using empirical (visual) methods of assessing the technical condition of a building, indicates the type and size of damage to the building’s elements that are characteristic for the relevant maintenance conditions. Research concerning the cause–effect relationships (“damage–technical wear”) in observed states allows for a numerical approach to the impact of building maintenance conditions on the degree of the technical wear of its components. The maintenance and exploitation conditions determine the degree of the technical wear of the elements of an old residential building. The exploitation condition of these buildings is manifested by damage to elements caused by water and moisture penetration, which is especially important for poorly maintained buildings. The article shows that the age of the elements of an old residential building with a traditional construction is of secondary importance in the process of the intensity of losing its serviceability value. It was calculated that no more than 30% of the damage of building components is explained by the passage of time, and it is therefore not age that determines the course of the technical wear of the elements of the analyzed tenement houses.

In Summer 1930 the tenement houses with galley access, the so-called Laubenganghäuser, were completed in Dessau-Törten. The project reflects the radical rationalism of Bauhaus director Hannes Meyer as well as his sensitivity to the needs of everyday life. The buildings can be considered like organisms with their own specific metabolism. Appreciated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, they have recently been examined in highest detail by an interdisciplinary team ranging from architects to archaeologists. By excavations and the review of rediscovered archival sources, it became possible to reconstruct the state at which the Laubenganghäuser were created. Furthermore, conclusions about the lives of the first residents could be drawn. Aspects of everyday life in a Bauhaus building as well as historical events appear as if under a magnifying glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During redevelopment of the site of 24--26 Minories, an archaeological excavation revealed multi-period remains dating from the Roman period to the 19th century. Medieval activity began during the 12th century when part of the site was exploited for quarrying. Properties fronting onto the main streets were established by the 13th century and several of these tenements were subsequently acquired by the Abbey of St Clare, Aldgate (in existence by 1293), for the extension of their precinct. A large portion of the site fell within the north-western part of the outer precinct of the abbey, which from the mid-14th century was developed into a residential quarter reserved for lay tenants. The most significant features to be uncovered were the remains of a row of these properties which lined the northern side of the access road into the precinct. The excavations revealed stone-lined cesspits, cellars and the masonry foundations of two large buildings arranged around a central courtyard, one of which had a large cellar. Documentary sources confirm that this building was leased to a series of wealthy tenants and evolved into a large property known as the 'great house' during the late 16th century. The medieval cellars and cesspits remained in use for centuries, ensuring their survival during a period of heightened urban development in the 17th and 18th centuries. As the demand for housing in London's eastern suburb increased these large properties were subdivided into smaller units. Three of the properties were turned into a tavern, the 'Sieve', which served the locality into the 19th century. A brick furnace was uncovered in one of these 19th-century cellars and finds of elephant ivory and turtle bone, possibly waste after removal of the 'tortoiseshell' layer, show the types of small scale industries that existed locally. The extent of the late 19th-century warehouses followed the boundaries of these historic tenements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does a social history museum end up obfuscating issues it intends to highlight? How does the Tenement Museum-an institution committed to 'challenging the future' by 'revealing the past'-come to obscure structural issues related to housing, immigration, and poverty? Through a comparison of participant observation of tours and analysis of institutional archives at the Tenement Museum, I show how decisions made for pragmatic reasons and materialized into domestic spaces obfuscate structural issues, both in the past and the present. Specifically, I demonstrate how the museum advances historic role models and the American Dream through depictions of tenement apartments, thereby displacing the very issues that tenement housing encapsulates. It is not news to sociologists that museums depict selective narratives that reinforce cultural tropes. Nor is it surprising that museums use domestic space as a mnemonic vehicle through which to portray the narratives they select. What is surprising, however, is that this happens in a museum that is invested in challenging the narratives it ends up depicting. Unpacking how this happens is especially pertinent because of the prevalence of museums that depict domestic spaces of the past, given the increased necessity for museums to educate in order to secure funding, and in light of contemporary political debates over housing and immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the decision of the Chancery Division of the High Court of Great Britain in the case Regency Villas Title Ltd v Diamond Resorts Ltd on the contractual rights with the transfer of either the servient or dominant tenement the break in contractual nexus.

The article explores the impacts of the tenement programs in the U.S. An overview of the impacts on increase in immigration and urban crowding towards the housing programs in the country is explained. It mentions the challenges to the implementation of the antilot crowding campaign in New York and its impacts to the U.S. housing policy. It also outlines the value of affordable housing in the country.

The article presents a method of determining numerical relationships between defects occurring to some elements of the analysed structures, expressing their maintenance conditions, and the magnitude of their technical degradation. Unmeasurable (qualitative) variables, i.e. individual defects with dichotomous values, and measurable variables (quantitative), i.e. the extent of technical wear of particular structures, were identified. An attempt to numerically express the correlation between them was made. In the calculation of the strength of this relationship, the method of determination of the point bi-serial correlation coefficient for different types of properties. The significance of this coefficient for a typologically selected, nonprobability sample was investigated. The results obtained for this sample were extrapolated to a uniform population of pre-war tenement houses in Wrocław. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper the authors examined the relations between the physical deterioration degree and the price of the tenement-houses in Wrocław. The researches concern the year's 1991–2009. According to the following analyses: technical, technical-economic (concerning the relations between buildings technical condition and buildings price) and economic the authors have come the conclusions concerning the sensibility of the revitalization work. The authors also estimated the purchase limit profitability of the tenement-houses, which are going to be repaired and modernized or to be demolished and next to be built a new tenement-house. The direction of the engineering activities was shown. They could improve the economic effectiveness of the revitalized tenement-houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]