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While the population of indigenous peoples living in Mexico's cities has steadily increased over the past four decades, both public policy and popular representations have failed to recognize this geographic heterogeneity. As a result, indigenous peoples are largely expected to reside in romanticized rural landscapes considered anathema to a modern Mexico. The present work examines the discursive and material legacy of the racial imaginary in Mexico with a specific focus on popular and governmental representations of the Wixárika (Huichol) indigenous peoples. I subsequently explore how Wixárika university students and professionals living in the western cities of Tepic and Guadalajara experience and negotiate these racial and spatial representations. I draw on over five years of collaborative ethnographic research with Wixárika students, professionals, and their respective organizations. During the 2011-2012 Academic Year, I received the Bancroft Library Award which allowed me to extensively explore documents, photographs, maps and manuscripts pertaining to the historical development of the cities of Tepic and Guadalajara. This work engages with the extensive scholarship on indigenismo and state representations and policies geared toward indigenous peoples in Latin America. As a geographer, I take this analysis a step further by arguing that racialized landscapes are part and parcel of Mexico's historical understanding of indigenous peoples and carry significant implications for the livelihoods of native peoples and for interracial relations more generally. Most significantly, this research takes a close look at the individual and organizational experiences of young indigenous professionals in Mexico's cities and offers new insight for understanding how race and place inform contemporary struggles over citizenship and the right to the city. Portions of my research have been published in cross-disciplinary peer-reviewed journals and in a chapter of an edited anthology, Comparative Indigeneities of the Américas: Toward a Hemispheric Approach (University of Arizona Press, 2012). My dissertation is divided into three parts in order to examine the trajectory of Mexico's racial discourses and practices as they become manifest and contested within the urban landscape. The first part examines the origins of perceptions regarding indigenous peoples' spatial and temporal belonging within the Mexican nation-state. From the colonial period onward, I examine the contradictory indigenist discourses that celebrate the country's indigenous heritage while foreclosing living aboriginal peoples from being part of a modern Mexico. The second part analyzes the political, economic and cultural development of Guadalajara and Tepic as two western cities that currently hold an important Wixárika population. By examining the historical development of these two cities, I draw crucial analytical links for understanding the ways in which each city has crafted a particular ethnic identity. While Guadalajara has long prided itself as a city with a rich European heritage, Tepic strongly identifies with a folkloric indigenous past and present. As such, both cities offer distinct forms of inclusion and exclusion. This analysis is then used as a platform for understanding the social, political and economic conditions that Wixárika residents currently face in each place. The third and final part directly draws on my ethnographic research with Wixárika university students, professionals, and their respective organizations. This last segment demonstrates the implications of enduring racial stereotypes, but most importantly illustrates how contemporary indigenous peoples are making claims to a more heterogeneous citizenship that crosses deep-rooted spatial boundaries. I argue that indigenous claims to the city carry fundamental material implications for the livelihoods of urban indigenous residents who often are deemed to be transient and "out of place." Ultimately, I argue for the centrality of place as a site of articulation in shaping distinct forms of social belonging and political activism in contemporary Mexico.

Monolithische Phasen werden seit ca. 20 Jahren entwickelt und sind in den letzten Jahren eine attraktive Alternative zu etablierten mit Partikeln gefüllten Säulen geworden. Sie werden in anorganische Phasen und organische Polymermonolithe unterteilt. Monolithe bestehen aus einem einzigen, durchgehenden Stück. Charakteristisch ist das sie durchziehende Porennetzwerk, durch das der Eluent mit geringerem hydraulischen Widerstand fließen kann und das somit schnellere Flussraten ermöglicht. Polymermonolithe werden vorwiegend für die Separation großer Biomoleküle aufgrund eines durch Konvektion beschleunigten Massentransfers eingesetzt. Zudem sind sie über einen breiten pH-Wert-Bereich stabil und können direkt (in situ) im gewünschten Format polymerisiert werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit gelang die Herstellung neuartiger epoxidbasierter Phasen nach einem von Weller et al. entwickelten Konzept, die im Affinitätsexperiment angewendet wurden. Die Herstellung erfolgte durch Autopolymerisation polyfunktioneller Glycidylether. Für die Funktionalisierung wurden nicht polymerisierte Epoxide genutzt. Als Monomere dienten TEPIC, GE 100 sowie GE 500. Die Arbeiten konzentrierten sich vor allem auf die bei Raumtemperatur durchführbaren Synthesen mit dem höher funktionellen GE 500. Die Polymerisationsbedingungen wurden hinsichtlich Porogenmischung und -anteil optimiert. Eine mit 75 Vol.-% Porogen (Dioxan/ MTBE (2:3)) hergestellte und mit rProtein A funktionalisierte Kapillarsäule (66 %, 12 µm, 7m2/g) ergab im Affinitätsexperiment eine Kapazität von 0,44 mg/mL aus Kaninchenserum isolierbarem IgG. Durch Beimischung von 60 % BDE konnte der Epoxidgehalt vervierfacht und die Porengröße auf 400 nm bei 59 % Porosität reduziert werden. Die spezifische Oberfläche wurde verdreifacht und die Kapazität präparierter Disks auf 0,90 mg/mL etwa verdoppelt. Die in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Disks können zur Isolierung von IgG aus einer komplexen Probe, wie beispielsweise Blutserum, eingesetzt werden. Monolithic supports have been developed since 20 years and have become an attractive alternative to well-established columns packed with particles over the past years. They are classified into inorganic media and organic polymer monoliths. Monoliths consist of a single, continuous piece with an integrated characteristic porous network through which the eluent can flow with lower hydraulic resistance and which consequently offers higher flow rates. Due to an accelerated mass transfer caused by convection polymer monoliths are mainly used for separation of large biomolecules. In addition, they are stable over a wide pH range and can be polymerized directly (in situ) in the desired format. In the present work the successful preparation of new epoxide-based supports according to a concept introduced by Weller et al. as well as their application in affinity chromatography are reported. Their preparation was carried out by self-polymerization of polyfunctional glycidyl ethers and for functionalization non-polymerized epoxide groups were used. As monomers TEPIC, GE 100 and GE 500 were utilized. The work has focused especially on the polymerization of the higher functional GE 500, which can be perfomed at room temperature and was optimized in terms of both composition and amount of porogen. The extraction of IgG from rabbit serum with a capillary column (66 %, 12 µm, 7m2/g) prepared by 75 vol.-% porogen (dioxane/ MTBE (2:3)) and functionalized with rprotein A resulted in a capacity of 0,44 mg/mL. By addition of 60 % BDE the epoxide content was quadrupled and the pore size reduced to 400 nm while maintaining consistently high porosity of 59 %. The specific surface area was tripled and the capacity of prepared disks approximately doubled to 0,90 mg/mL. The disks developed in this work can be applied for the isolation of IgG from complex samples such as serum.

Local economic development and the gender perspective are closely related issues, we can not forget that for there to be real development in the town of Tepic, is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the population, the culture, the ideologies, the way in which society positions the "being and doing of women", the gender identity that more than a simple biological question is based on the identity that forms the culture where both men and women develop. It is necessary to eliminate the biases of information about certain aspects of women's lives. groups that identify themselves as actors or actresses of the development scenario identify how they contribute or do not contribute to it. El desarrollo económico local y la perspectiva de genero, son temas íntimamente relacionados, no podemos olvidar que para que exista real desarrollo en la localidad de Tepic, es necesario tomar en cuenta las características de la población, la cultura, las ideologías, la forma en que la sociedad posiciona el "ser y hacer de las mujeres", la identidad de genero que más que una simple cuestión biológica se basa en la identidad que forma la cultura donde se desenvuelven tanto hombres como mujeres. Es necesario eliminar los sesgos de información acerca de determinados grupos que se identifican como actores o actrices del escenario del desarrollo económico local así mismo identificar como contribuyen o no al mismo.

This paper analyzes the level of competitiveness and some social and economic aspects of avocado hass producers in the municipalities of Tepic and Xalisco in the state of Nayarit. In order to develop the above, the method applied by Bonales (2003) was taken as a base, in which competitiveness is considered to be determined by the independent variables of quality, price, technology, training and channels. distribution. To this end, through the application of a survey, information was obtained that was processed to obtain the distribution of frequencies and the measures of central tendency of each of them in order to evaluate the variability measured within the Likert scale. In addition, the coefficient of Pearson product-moment correlation (r) and determination coefficient (r2) in order to test the incidence of variables independent in the dependent. The results show the low level of competitiveness and the poor organization with which producers market each year, even with the expansive trend that presents this crop in the state of Nayarit. En el presente trabajo se analiza el nivel de competitividad y algunos aspectos socio económicos de los productores de aguacate hass de los municipios de Tepic y Xalisco en el estado de Nayarit. Para desarrollar lo anterior, se tomó como base el método aplicado por Bonales (2003), en el que se considera que la competitividad esta determinada por las variables independientes de calidad, precio, tecnología, capacitación y canales de distribución. Para ello, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta, se alcanzó información que se procesó para obtener la distribución de frecuencias y las medidas de tendencia central de cada una de ellas para evaluar la variabilidad medida dentro de la escala tipo Likert. Además, se aplicó el coeficiente de correlación de producto-momento de Pearson (r) y el coeficiente de determinación (r2) con el fin de probar la incidencia de las variables independientes en la dependiente. Los resultados muestran el bajo nivel de competitividad y la escasa organización con la que los productores comercializan cada año, aun con la tendencia expansiva que presenta este cultivo en el estado de Nayarit.

International audience; El planteamiento central de este trabajo, responde a la presencia sintomática de un ambiente y un contexto sociocultural que durante ciertos procesos de transformación social, de transiciones violentas, dramáticas y dolorosas produce la manifestación de un sustrato común proclive a la incubación de un influjo mítico característico del humor negro. La melancolía desborda a aquellos que padecen enfermedades mentales o delirios revolucionarios, a seres reprimidos o frustrados, a indígenas que se creen monarcas o poderosos funcionarios coloniales que deliran en medio de una campaña militar desastrosa.

In the present work we apply a set of basic techniques of regional economic analysis to provide basic elements of a systematic aggregative study type socio-economic diagnosis of the municipality of Tepic. For her, following the methodology presented by Morales Barragan (1998) we worked with statistical information published by the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI), to build a system of indicators to identify the branches of the municipal economy that, a Based on the behavior and evolution that they have had up to now, they constitute opportunities for investment and investment, for government and businessmen, as the case may be. En el presente trabajo aplicamos un conjunto de técnicas básicas del análisis económico regional para aportar elementos base de un estudio sistemático agregativo tipo diagnóstico socioeconómico del municipio de Tepic. Para ella, siguiendo la metodología presentada por Morales Barragan (1998) se trabajó con información estadística publicada por el lnstituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGl), para construir un sistema de indicadores para identificar las ramas de la economía municipal que, a partir del comportamiento y evolución que hasta hoy han tenido, se constituyen en oportunidades de intervención e inversión, para gobierno y empresarios, según sea el caso.

The phenomenon of unemployment at the national, state and municipal levels has its origins in a multifactorial manner, but one factor that eventually contributes to this stage may be the globalizing aspect of the Mexican economy, which may provide benefits at the levels of opportunities but carries intrinsic impacts that destabilize the economy and its levels of employment; Therefore, this work makes a proposal to increase employment levels in the municipality of Tepic through the development of an approach study to observe the cultural conditions, economic, fauna, flora and potentialities of tourist attractions and be able to generate proposals for the implementation of rural restaurants throughout the territory of Tepic, such establishments are contemplated in the rural area; Therefore, the municipality of Tepic was segmented into eight regions in which each has a similar proposal for a rural restaurant, however each of the proposals has its own particularities of the region, given that the municipality under study has a physical-social-demographic diversity which allows each of the eight proposals with its own characteristics in the implementation of joint activities to the proposal of the gastronomic center, the realization of the proposals seeks to promote the reactivation of the economy of the region, it should be noted that for purposes of this paper is made only the full and formal evaluation of only one of the proposals for rural restaurants projecting similarity in the results of the remaining seven. El fenómeno del desempleo a nivel nacional, estatal y municipal tiene sus orígenes de manera multifactorial, pero un factor que eventualmente contribuye a dicho estadio puede ser el aspecto globalizador de la economía mexicana, el cual puede aportar beneficios a los niveles de oportunidades pero que lleva intrínseco impactos que desestabilizan la economía y sus niveles de empleo; por lo anterior el presente trabajo realiza una propuesta para incrementar los niveles de empleo en el municipio de Tepic mediante la elaboración de un estudio de acercamiento que permita observar las condiciones culturales, económicas, fauna, flora y potencialidades de atractivos turísticos y poder generar propuestas de implementación de restaurantes rurales en lo largo y ancho del territorio de Tepic, dichos establecimientos gastronómicos se contemplan en la zona rural; por ello, el municipio de Tepic fue segmentado en ocho regiones en las cuales cada una tiene una propuesta semejante de restaurante rural, sin embargo cada una de las propuestas contempla sus propias particularidades de la región, dado que la municipalidad en estudio cuenta con una diversidad física-social-demográfica lo que permite realizar cada una de las ocho propuestas con sus propias características en la implementación de las actividades conjuntas a la propuesta del centro gastronómico, la realización de las propuestas busca propiciar la reactivación de la economía de la región, cabe hacer mención que para efectos del presente trabajo se hace únicamente la evaluación completa y formal de una sola de las propuestas de restaurantes rurales proyectando similitud en los resultados de las siete restantes.