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On the basis of the long-term research and analysis of literary sources, an annotated catalogue of Heteroceran moths of Odesa Region of Ukraine is given. The catalogue contains data on 50 species from 6 families: Thyrididae (1), Drepanidae (11), Lasiocampidae (13), Brahmaeidae (1), Saturniidae (3), and Sphingidae (21). There are 15 species recorded for the first time in Odesa Region: Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufnagel, 1766), Tethea ocularis (Linnaeus, 1767), Ochropacha duplaris (Linnaeus, 1761), Polyploca ridens (Fabricius, 1787), Asphalia ruficollis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Watsonalla binaria (Hufnagel, 1767), Sabra harpagula (Esper, 1786), Cilix glaucata (Scopoli, 1763), Trichiura crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758), Malacosoma castrensis (Linnaeus, 1758), Eriogaster lanestris (Linnaeus, 1758), Gastropacha quercifolia (Linnaeus, 1758), Phyllodesma tremulifolia (Hübner, 1810), Euthrix potatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) and Lemonia dumi (Linnaeus, 1761). Maps of collecting sites are provided for each species.

A prepupa is a non-feeding stage that occurs between the final feeding larval instar and the pupa. It is less common in Lepidoptera because most species pass relatively directly from feeding cessation to pupation. This paper describes the occurrence of such a stage in the thyridid moth, Calindoea trifascialis (Moore). The prepupa is primarily a functional designation based on attributes associated with an extended wandering phase. The distinctness of this stage was demarcated by observed changes in the integument at the transition point to the prepupa. It was also corroborated by morphometric comparisons of length and mass with the final feeding instar. Measures of head capsule width indicated a potential stage-based departure from the Brooks-Dyar rule. The model fit changed with the number of instars assigned to the life cycle and depending on whether the prepupa was considered as a distinct instar. In the latter case the deviation was marked; but with the prepupa excluded, the growth curves still hinted at compensatory adjustments to growth increment prior to the non-feeding period. Molting was cryptic as a result of the use of leaf shelters and the consumption of exuviae after ecdysis.

Iza nubecula (Guenée, 1858) (Figs 2, 6, 10, 16) Siculodes nubecula Guenée, 1858, in Boisduval & Guenée. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Atlas, plate 1, fig. 3 (male d); no data.— Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (5) 7: 301, syn.: Iza nubecula.— Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 113.—Druce, 1895, in Godman & Salvin. Biologia Centrali-Americana: zoology, botany and archaeology 2: 186. Iza nubecula; Walker, 1865. List of the specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 31 (7): 521.— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 121.— Whalley & Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea–Pyraloidea–Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 3: 32; syn.: configurata Gaede. Rhodoneura nubecula; Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 20: 29. Rhodoneura configurata Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 6: 1205, fig. 173f (female d); 1 female [holo] type, Brazil, [MSFR]. Taxonomic history. Siculodes nubecula was described with an illustration of the male. Guenée (1877) noted that the species occurs in Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] and that the specimen was deposited in his personal collection, and also that the species must be the type species of the genus Iza. Druce (1895) also referred to I. nubecula as the type species of the genus. Rhodoneura configurata was described and illustrated based on a female [holo] type; synonymized with I. nubecula by Whalley & Heppner (1995). Type material. Iza nubecula: Guenée (1858) was described based on the male, but without specifying the number of specimens. Whalley (1964) mistakenly stated that the holotype is a female when in fact the syntype is a male deposited in the NHMUK. This syntype was found in the collection referred to by Whalley (1964) and includes the author’s original labels that correspond to the published description. To give stability to the proposed name and ensure the correct identification of the species, this syntype is herein designated as a lectotype, with the following labels: / Holotype / Type/ 4. S. Nubecula Gn pl. du Spec. 1 fig. 3.—Wlk 521. Sup. Rio jan. / Siculodes nubecula Rio Janeiro / Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guénée / Ex Oberth̹r Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3. / NHMUK 010921544 /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPE / LECTOTYPE Siculodes nubecula Guenée, 1858, Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande & Mielke 2020 /. Rhodoneura configurata: Gaede (1936) described the species based on a female [holo]type found in the MSFR, with the author’s original labels with information corresponding to the original description; the holotype bears the following labels: / Typus / configurata Type det. M. Gaede / Blumenau Sta. Catharina 25.XII.1929. Ad. Friedrich S. / Senckenb. Mus. / 4 / Fotografiert 2014 H. Thöny. / Redescription. As for genus. Geographic distribution (Fig. 16). BRAZIL: Bahia: Camacan; Reserva Serra Bonita; Mato Grosso: Alto Paraguai; Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina, Tirol; Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia; São Paulo: Salesópolis, Boraceia; São José do Barreiro, Bocaina; Santa Catarina: Blumenau. Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on label information the species occurs both in forest and cerrado and adults were caught from January to May, and November– December. Examined material (12 Ƌ, 6 ♀ total). BRAZIL: Bahia: Camacan, 1 Ƌ, XII. 2011, 800m, 15°25’S 39°34’W, 1 Ƌ, III.2011, 15°24’S 39°30’W, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.167 (MWM); Reserva Serra Bonita, 1 Ƌ, XI.2009, 1 Ƌ, I. 2014, 800m, 15°23’S 39°33’W, V.O. Becker leg., MVOB 145120, MVOB 152109 (MVOB); Mato Grosso: Alto Paraguai, 1 ♀, II. 1998, 300m, H. Thöny leg., MWM 36.272 (MWM); Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina, Tirol, 1 Ƌ, 15.V. 1997, 700m, 24’75’’S 40’50’’ W, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.166 (MWM); Rio de Janeiro: 1 Ƌ (Lectotype of Siculodes nubecula), NHMUK 010921544, 1 ♀, NHMUK 010921570 (NHMUK); Itatiaia, 1 Ƌ, III.1933, B. Pohl leg. (MZUSP), 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 5– 8.III.1951, 1300m, Travassos & Albuquerque leg. (CEIOC), 1 Ƌ, Zikán leg. (USNM), 2 Ƌ, Zikán leg. (USNM); São Paulo: Salesópolis, Boraceia, 1 ♀, 13.IV.1942, D’Almeida leg., DZ 39.288 (DZUP); São José do Barreiro, Bocaina, 1 Ƌ, 2–6.I. 2016, 1539m, 22°43’37’’S 44°37’57’’W, C. Mielke leg., CGCM 31.348 (CGCM); Santa Catarina: Blumenau, 1 ♀ ([Holo]type of Rhodoneura configurata), 25.XII.1929, 1 ♀, 28.II.1930, Ad. Friedrich S. leg. (MSFR).

Loxiorhiza cervinalis (Pagenstecher, 1892) (Figs 3, 7, 11, 14, 16) Siculodes (Zeuzerodes) cervinalis Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. “Iris” 5: 82; 2 females [recte 1 male and 1 female] [syntypes], Chanchamayo, [Junín], South of Peru, Staudinger collection, [MfN]. Rhodoneura cervinalis; Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 616. Loxiorhiza cervinalis; Warren, 1904. Novitates Zoologicae, 11 (1): 494.— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 20: 37.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 6: 1204, fig. 180h (d).— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 122.— Whalley & Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea–Pyraloidea–Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 3: 32. Taxonomic history. Pagenstecher (1892) described the species, without illustration, based on two females [syntypes] from Chanchamayo, [Junín], Peru. The species was allocated to the subgenus Zeuzerodes, but this combination was not followed by subsequent authors. Finally, the species was transferred by Hampson (1897) to Rhodoneura and then by Warren (1904) to Loxiorhiza. Type material. Pagenstecher (1892) described the species based on two females from Chanchamayo, [Junín], Peru. The description alluded to the alar morphology and a tuft of setae on the inner margin of the hindwing, exclusive in males, which indicates that the description was based on the male as well. Two syntypes were found in the MfN. To give stability to the proposed name and ensure the correct identification of the species, the male syntype is herein designated as the lectotype and the female as the paralectotypes. Lectotype with the following labels: / Origin. / Chanchamayo / 555 / Siculodes cervinalis Pag. /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPE / LECTOTYPE Zeuzerodes (Siculodes) cervinalis Pagenstecher, 1892, Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande & Mielke det. 2020 /. Paralectotype with the following labels: / Origin. / Original / Chanchamayo, Thamm / Zeuzerodes (Siculodes) cervinalis Pg. / 14:7 /, and the following labels will be added: / PARALECTOTYPE / PARALECTOTYPE Zeuzerodes (Siculodes) cervinalis Pagenstecher, 1892, Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2020 /. Redescription. As for genus. Geographic distribution (Fig. 16). PERU: Iquitos: Loreto, Amazon river; Junín: Chanchamayo; Puno: Carabaya, Santo Domingo. BRAZIL: Pará: Santarém, Taperinha Farm; Rondônia: Cacaulândia, Rancho Grande Farm; Ceará: Guaramiranga; Goiás: Leopoldo Bulhıes; Mato Grosso do Sul: Miranda, Salobra, Serra da Bodoquena; Minas Gerais: Aiuruoca; Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina, Biriricas, Tirol; Paraná: Ponta Grossa, Vila Velha. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: Buenavista. ARGENTINA: Santiago del Estero. Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on label data, the species occurs both in forest and cerrado and adults were caught in January, March to June and August to November. Examined material (13 Ƌ, 11 ♀ total). PERU: Iquitos: Loreto, Amazon river, 1 Ƌ, 9–12, 17–21.IX. 1991, 200m, Ron Leuschner leg. (MGCL); Junín: Chanchamayo, 1 Ƌ (Lectotype of Zeuzerodes (Siculodes) cervinalis), 1 ♀ (Paralectotype of Zeuzerodes (Siculodes) cervinalis), 1 Ƌ (MfN); Puno: Carabaya, Santo Domingo, 1 Ƌ, V. 1902, 1830m, Ockenden leg., NHMUK 010921610 (NHMUK). BRAZIL: Pará: Santarém, Taperinha Farm, 1 ♀, 19.II.1918 (USNM); Rondônia: Cacaulândia, 1 Ƌ, XI. 1994, 140m, V. O. Becker leg., MVOB 95618 (MVOB), Rancho Grande Farm, 1 Ƌ, III. 1999, 350m, R. Alves dos Santos leg. (MWM); Ceará: Guaramiranga, 1 ♀, 9.IV.1994, 1000m, V. O. Becker leg., MVOB 92013 (MVOB); Goiás: Leopoldo Bulhıes, 1 ♀, X.1935, R. Spitz leg., NHMUK 010921560 (NHMUK); Mato Grosso do Sul: Miranda, Salobra, 2 Ƌ, III.1940 (CEIOC), Serra da Bodoquena, 1 Ƌ, XI.1941 (CEIOC); Minas Gerais: Aiuruoca, 1 ♀, 10– 12.X.2018, 1300m, 22°00’S 44°38’W, V. O. Becker leg., MVOB 157430 (MVOB); Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina, 1 Ƌ, 1897, Michaelis leg. (MfN), Biriricas, 1 ♀, I. 1998, 700m, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.195 (MWM), Tirol, 1 ♀, VI.1998, 1 ♀, VI. 1999, 700m, H. Thöny leg. (MWM); Paraná: Ponta Grossa, Vila Velha, 2 ♀, 11.X.2017, C. Mielke leg., CGCM 34.135, CGCM 34.133 (CGCM). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: Buenavista, 1 Ƌ, VIII–X.1906, 1 ♀, 2 Ƌ, VIII.1906 – IV. 1907, 750m, Steinbach leg., NHMUK 010921576, NHMUK 010921618, NHMUK 010921527, NHMUK 010921617 (NHMUK). ARGENTINA: Santiago del Estero: 1 ♀, 1905–1906, J. Steinbach leg., NHMUK 10921600 (NHMUK)., Published as part of Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the monotypic genera of Siculodini (Lepidoptera, Thyridoidea, Thyrididae, Siculodinae), pp. 235-253 in Zootaxa 4920 (2) on page 242, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4475213, {"references":["Pagenstecher, A. (1892) Ueber die Familie der Siculiden (Siculidae) Guenee. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. \" Iris \", 5 (1), 5 - 131.","Hampson, G. F. (1897) On the Classification of the Thyrididae- a Family of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1), 603 - 633, fig. 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1897. tb 03111. x","Warren, W. (1904) New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae and Geometridae. Novitates Zoologicae, 11 (1), 493 - 582.","Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1914) Thyrididae. In: Wagner, H. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 20. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82093","Gaede, M. (1936) Familie: Thyrididae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwarmer. Band 6. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1186 - 1213, figs. 173 f + 174 e + 175 h + 180 h.","Whalley, P. E. S. (1964) Catalogue of the world genera of the Thyrididae (Lepidoptera) with type selection and synonymy. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 7 (74), 115 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651447","Whalley, P. E. S. & Heppner, J. B. (1995) Thyridoidea. 59. Thyrididae. In: Becker, V. O., Brown, J. W., Brown, R. L., Davis, D. R., Donahue, J. P., Eichlin, T. D., Epstein, M. E., Gielis, C., Heppner, J. B., Miller, S. E., Munroe, E. G., Powell, J. A., Razowski, J., Schaffer, J. C., Shaffer, M., Solis, M. A., Tarmann, G. M. & Whalley, P. E. S. (Eds.), Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea Tortricoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 3, Gainesville, Washington, Hamburg, Lima, Taipei, Tokyo, pp. 31 - 34."]}

Four monotypic genera of the tribe Siculodini are revised and adults and their genitalia illustrated for both sexes. Hepialodes Guenée, 1858, Iza Walker, 1865 and Loxiorhiza Warren, 1904 were originally described to include only one species each and they have not been subject to taxonomic revision since that time. From our study, Meskea Grote, 1877, previously with two species, becomes the monobasic Meskea horror Dyar, 1913 syn. nov. of Meskea dyspteraria Grote, 1877. These genera occur in South America, and of these only Meskea extends to the southern North America. Lectotypes are designated for Hepialodes follicula Guenée, 1858, Siculodes nubecula Guenée, 1858 and Zeuzerodes (Siculodes) cervinalis Pagenstecher, 1892.

Meskea Grote, 1877 (Figs 4, 8, 12, 15) Meskea Grote, 1877. The Canadian Entomologist, 9: 114; species included: Meskea dyspteraria Grote, 1877.— Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 631.— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 20: 43.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 6: 1211.— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 122.— Whalley & Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea–Pyraloidea–Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 3: 31. Type species: Meskea dyspteraria Grote, 1877, by monotypy. Taxonomic history. Grote (1877) described the genus to accommodate Meskea dyspteraria from Bastrop, Texas, USA; type species. Diagnosis. Meskea is distinguished from the remaining genera of Siculodini by: (i) wings with general ocher coloration stained by dark ocher to grayish spots, and diffuse whitish spot with dark pupil on the apex of both sides (Fig. 4); (ii) hindwing lanceolate, (iii) abdomen in both sexes subequal to forewing; (iv) choremata on the eighth segment of males; (v) uncus and tegumen fused; (vi) gnathos Y-shaped; (vii) valva formed by two parts; (viii) aedeagus larger than the valva; (ix) vesica without cornuti; (x) without signum and (xi) papillae anales taller than long. Redescription. Forewing: length—males 16.0 mm (n = 40), females 18.8 (n = 40); apex rounded and outer margin slightly convex; retinaculum below CuA 2. Hindwing: length—males 11.5 mm (n = 40), females 13.9 (n = 40); lanceolate, apex projected, outer margin concave; white submarginal broad band on both sides, extending from the costal margin close to the apex, to the base; male with one and female with two bristles in the frenulum. Male genitalia (Fig. 8): tegumen rectangular in dorsal view, slightly longer than wide; saccus in ventral view reduced and with numerous thin and long setae in the posterior portion; uncus fused to tegumen and of the same length, serrated on the dorso-lateral margins, up to the posterior tip, the latter directed ventrally and coated with thin and short setae immediately after the base; gnathos Y-shaped, forming a loop and with a median ventral projection; valva formed by two parts, both with setae on the inner face, dorsally elongated and posterior half bifid (the structure is distorted in figure), and ventrally elongated with spinous anterior process; fultura inferior rectangular and distally crenulated (the structure is distorted in figure); aedeagus cylindrical, straight and long, larger than the valva, with proximal opening for the ejaculatory ductus rounded and vesica without cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 12): tergum VIII square in lateral view, lamella antevaginalis and ostium slightly sclerotized; posterior apophyses longer than the anterior apophyses; bursae copulatrix with the anterior third of ductus bursae sclerotized and corpus bursae half the length of the ductus, without signum; papillae anales taller than long and covered with short a thin setae. Etymology. According to Grote (1877), the genus was named after a lepidopterologist from Albany, USA— Otto von Meske., Published as part of Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the monotypic genera of Siculodini (Lepidoptera, Thyridoidea, Thyrididae, Siculodinae), pp. 235-253 in Zootaxa 4920 (2) on pages 243-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4475213, {"references":["Hampson, G. F. (1897) On the Classification of the Thyrididae- a Family of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1), 603 - 633, fig. 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1897. tb 03111. x","Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1914) Thyrididae. In: Wagner, H. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 20. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82093","Gaede, M. (1936) Familie: Thyrididae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwarmer. Band 6. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1186 - 1213, figs. 173 f + 174 e + 175 h + 180 h.","Whalley, P. E. S. (1964) Catalogue of the world genera of the Thyrididae (Lepidoptera) with type selection and synonymy. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 7 (74), 115 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651447","Whalley, P. E. S. & Heppner, J. B. (1995) Thyridoidea. 59. Thyrididae. In: Becker, V. O., Brown, J. W., Brown, R. L., Davis, D. R., Donahue, J. P., Eichlin, T. D., Epstein, M. E., Gielis, C., Heppner, J. B., Miller, S. E., Munroe, E. G., Powell, J. A., Razowski, J., Schaffer, J. C., Shaffer, M., Solis, M. A., Tarmann, G. M. & Whalley, P. E. S. (Eds.), Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea Tortricoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 3, Gainesville, Washington, Hamburg, Lima, Taipei, Tokyo, pp. 31 - 34."]}

Hepialodes follicula Guenée, 1858 (Figs 1, 5, 9, 13, 15) Hepialodes follicula Guenée, 1858, in Boisduval & Guenée. Species général des Lépidoptères, Atlas, plate 1, fig. 1 (male d); no data.— Walker, 1865. List of the specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 31 (70): 523.— Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (5) 7: 304.— Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, (1): 631.— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 20: 40.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 6: 1205, fig. 174e (d).— Costa Lima, 1949. Insetos do Brasil. Lepidópteros 6 (2): 15.— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 120.— Whalley & Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea–Pyraloidea–Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 3: 32. (Hepialodes) Siculodes [sic] follicula; Pagenstecher, 1892. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift “Iris”, 5: 125. Taxonomic history. Guenée (1858) described the species with an illustration of male. Later he added a description of the female (possibly in error as there is no information provided to verify differences between sexes) from Cayenne [French Guiana] deposited in his own collection (Guenée 1877). Pagenstecher (1892) placed the species in the subgenus Siculodes, but without justification. Type material. A male syntype was found in the NHMUK that included the author’s original labels that correspond to information provided in the original description. To give stability to the proposed name and ensure the correct identification of the species, this male is herein designated as a lectotype with the following labels: Hep [ialodes]. Follicula Gn. pl. du Spec. Cayenne. Étrange créature qui a du reste, tous les caractères des Siculides. / Gen. Hepialodes Gn. pl. du Species. Antennes filiformes (?) à base velue—Palpes minces, recourbés, à 3° article filiforme, long.—trompe presque nulle.—pattes post[érieures]. fortement velus, à ergot longs et minces.—Corps lisse: l’abdomen comique obtus, ne dépassant pas les ailes—ailes très larges, les 1 tronquées et falquées à l’apex, échancrés au bord interne, les II prolongées à l’angle intern—en queue spatulée fripcés [unreadable] ou gaufrées, cellules fermées par un trait métalliq [sic] droit / Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guenée / Ex Oberth̹r Coll. Brit. Mus. 1927—3. / Ƌ Pyralidae Brit. Mus. Slide n° 8283 / Holotype / NHMUK 010921064. /, and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPE / LECTOTYPE Hepialodes follicula Guenée, 1858, Queiroz-Santos, Casagrande & Mielke 2020 /. Redescription. As for genus. Geographic distribution (Fig. 15). SURINAME: Brokopondo: Bersaba. FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne. CO-LOMBIA: Cauca: Gorgona Island. ECUADOR: Napo: Misahualli, Río Napo. PERU: Junín: Chanchamayo; Pasco: Pozuzo. BRAZIL: Pará; Maranhão: Feira Nova do Maranhão, Retiro; Goiás: Campinaçu, Fazenda Barra Mansa; Minas Gerais: São Roque de Minas, S„o José do Barreiro; Espírito Santo: Santa Leopoldina, Tirol; Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia; Petrópolis, Independência; São Paulo: Casa Branca; Cubatão, Piassaguera; Luís Antônio, Fazenda Jataí. BOLIVIA: La Paz: La Paz, Yungas Natural history. Immature stages and host plant unknown. Based on specimen label data, the species occurs in forests and cerrado biotopes and adults were caught in January, February, May, July, September, October and December. Examined material (10 Ƌ, 17 ♀ total). SURINAME: Brokopondo: Bersaba, 1 ♀, 1898 – 1899, Michaelis leg. (MfN). FRENCH GUIANA: 1 Ƌ, NHMUK 010921572 (NHMUK), Cayenne: 1 Ƌ (Lectotype of Hepialodes follicula), NHMUK 010921064 (NHMUK). COLOMBIA: Cauca: Gorgona Island, 1 Ƌ, 10.VII. 1924, 61m, C. L. Collenete leg., NHMUK 010921577 (NHMUK). ECUADOR: Napo: Misahualli, Río Napo, 1 ♀, 6 – 18.IX. 1998, 366m, 1.034°S 77.664°W, Ron Leuschner leg. (MGCL). PERU: Junín: Chanchamayo, 1 Ƌ, 1912, Oswald Schuncke leg., NHMUK 010921604 (NHMUK); Pasco: Pozuzo, 1 ♀, Hoffmann leg., NHMUK 010921619 (NHMUK). BRAZIL: Pará: 2 ♀, A. M. Moss leg., NHMUK 010921585, NHMUK 010921615 (NHMUK), 3 Ƌ, A. M. Moss leg., NHMUK 010921567, NHMUK 010921571, NHMUK 010921609 (NHMUK), 1 m, 11 – 26.V.1927, Zerny leg. (NHMV); Maranhão: Feira Nova do Maranhão, Retiro, 1 ♀, 23.I. 2016, 480m, 07°00’31’’S 46°26’41’’W, C. Mielke leg., CGCM 31.738 (CGCM); Goiás: Campinaçu, Fazenda Barra Mansa, 1 ♀, 12.X.1992, Tangerini leg., DZ 39.216 (DZUP); Minas Gerais: São Roque de Minas, São José do Barreiro, 1 ♀, 10–13.X.1988, 1 ♀, 16–19.X. 1987, 900m, 20°18’36.19’’S 46°32’25.45’’W, C. Mielke leg., CGCM 37.604, CGCM 38.600 (CGCM); Espírito Santo: 1 ♀ (USNM), Santa Leopoldina, Tirol, 1 Ƌ, 15.II. 1997, 700m, 24’75’’S 40’50’’ W, H. Thöny leg., MWM 19.163 (MWM); Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, 1 ♀, 16.XII.1928, Zikán leg. (USNM), 1 Ƌ, XII.1932, B. Pohl leg. (MZUSP), Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, 1 ♀, 4.IX. 1960, 750m, E. Gouvêa leg. (MNRJ); Petrópolis, Independência, 1 ♀, 30.V.1935, Gagarin leg., DZ 39.266 (DZUP); São Paulo: Casa Branca, 1 ♀, 1894, Garbe leg. (MfN); Cubatão, Piassaguera, 1 ♀ (MZUSP); Luís Antônio, Fazenda Jataí, 1 ♀, 13–18.X. 2001, 500m, 21°35’S 47°44’W, V. O. Becker leg., MVOB 133256 (MVOB). BOLIVIA: La Paz: La Paz, Yungas, 1 ♀, XII.1899, 1000m, Garlepp leg., NHMUK 010921564 (NHMUK)., Published as part of Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the monotypic genera of Siculodini (Lepidoptera, Thyridoidea, Thyrididae, Siculodinae), pp. 235-253 in Zootaxa 4920 (2) on pages 237-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4475213, {"references":["Guenee, M. A. (1858) s. n. In: Boisduval M. M. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Species general des Lepidopteres, Atlas, Uranides, Phalenites, Siculides, Siculides Planche 1. Figs. 1 - 8. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 58.","Walker, F. (1865) Catologue of Lepidoptera Heterocera. List of the specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 31 (7), 1 - 706.","Guenee, A. (1877) Monographie de la famille des Siculides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 7 (5), 275 - 304.","Hampson, G. F. (1897) On the Classification of the Thyrididae- a Family of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1), 603 - 633, fig. 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1897. tb 03111. x","Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1914) Thyrididae. In: Wagner, H. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 20. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82093","Gaede, M. (1936) Familie: Thyrididae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwarmer. Band 6. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1186 - 1213, figs. 173 f + 174 e + 175 h + 180 h.","Costa Lima, A. da (1949) Insetos do Brasil. Lepidopteros. Escola Nacional de Agronomia, Rio de Janeiro, Serie Didatica, 6 (2), 1 - 420.","Whalley, P. E. S. (1964) Catalogue of the world genera of the Thyrididae (Lepidoptera) with type selection and synonymy. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 7 (74), 115 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651447","Whalley, P. E. S. & Heppner, J. B. (1995) Thyridoidea. 59. Thyrididae. In: Becker, V. O., Brown, J. W., Brown, R. L., Davis, D. R., Donahue, J. P., Eichlin, T. D., Epstein, M. E., Gielis, C., Heppner, J. B., Miller, S. E., Munroe, E. G., Powell, J. A., Razowski, J., Schaffer, J. C., Shaffer, M., Solis, M. A., Tarmann, G. M. & Whalley, P. E. S. (Eds.), Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea Tortricoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 3, Gainesville, Washington, Hamburg, Lima, Taipei, Tokyo, pp. 31 - 34.","Pagenstecher, A. (1892) Ueber die Familie der Siculiden (Siculidae) Guenee. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. \" Iris \", 5 (1), 5 - 131."]}

Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (2021): Taxonomic revision of the monotypic genera of Siculodini (Lepidoptera, Thyridoidea, Thyrididae, Siculodinae). Zootaxa 4920 (2): 235-253, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.5

Meskea dyspteraria Grote, 1877 (Figs 4, 8, 12, 15) Meskea dyspteraria Grote, 1877. The Canadian Entomologist, 9: 115; 1 female [holo] type, Bastrop, Texas, [USA], Heiligbrodt leg., Meske collection, Albany [USA].— Hampson, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 632, fig. 24 (male d).— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 20: 43.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross - Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 6: 1211, fig. 175h (d).— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 122.— Whalley & Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea–Pyraloidea–Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 3: 31. Meskea horror Dyar, 1913. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44: 317; [holo] type 1 male, Jalapa, Mexico, V-1908, R. M̹ller leg., N° 13370, USNM.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes. Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 6 : 1211.— Whalley & Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea–Pyraloidea–Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 3: 31.— Day et al., 1997. Entomophaga, 42 (3): 393. Syn. nov. Taxonomic history. Meskea dyspteraria was described without illustration, based on a female [holo] type from Bastrop, Texas, USA. Meskea horror was described without illustration, based on a male [holo]type from Jalapa, Mexico, May, 1908, R. M̹ller leg, nº 13370 and four paratypes: one male from Córdoba, Mexico, W. Schaus leg. and three females from Cuernavaca, [Morelos], Mexico, June and July, 1906, W. Schaus leg., USNM. Taxonomic comments. Dyar (1913) noted that M. horror is distinguished from M. dyspteraria by the apex of the hindwing being more tapered and the outer margin more emarginate. After examining the [holo]type of M. dyspteraria, the [holo]type and the paratypes of M. horro r, genitalia, wing morphology and geographic distribution of males and females, we concluded that the hindwing differences described by Dyar (1913) represent variations of the same species. Thus, M. horror is considered a new junior synonym (syn. nov.) of M. dyspteraria. Type material. Meskea dyspteraria: The female [holo] type was found in the USNM, with the author’s original labels, which correspond with the information provided in the original description. [Holo] type having the following labels: / Meskea dyspteraria ♀ Grote Type / Tex / 230 / Collection O. Meske / Type N° 339 U.S. N.M. /. Mistakenly, Whalley (1964) mentioned that the [holo] type is a male deposited in the NHMUK. Meskea horror: The male [holo]type and the four paratypes were found in the USNM, with the author’s original labels corresponding to the original description. [Holo]type with the following labels: / Jalapa Mex / May 08 / R Muller Collector / 1723 / Meskea horror Type Dyar / Type N° 13370 U.S. N.M. / Ƌ genitalia Slide, 18 Oct. ’32 C.H. #2 / Genitalia Slide By ME Ƌ USNM 110, 112 /, and the following labels are added: / HOLOTYPE / HOLOTYPE Meskea horror Dyar, 1913 /. The four paratypes are labeled similarly to the [holo]type. The paratype from Córdoba, Mexico listed as male, is actually a female. Redescription. As for genus. Geographic distribution (Fig. 15). USA: Arizona: Pima, Baboquivari Peak Wilderness; Alabama: Mobile; Mississippi: Harrison, Handsboro; Hanckock, Diamondhead; Florida: Washington, Chipley, Rock Hill Prsv.; Liberty, Torreya State Park; Leon, Tallahassee; Escambia, Pensacola, Miami-Dade, Baía de Biscayne, Paradise Key; Texas: Brown, Lake Brownwood State Park, San Jacinto, Coldspring, San Houston National Forest; Kimble, Junction; Burnet, Shovel Mountain; Montgomery, Conroe; Bastrop, Bastrop; Harris, Crosby; Chambers, Wallisville, Lake Charlotte; Uvalde, ConCan, Rio Frio; Bexar, San Antonio; Bexar, Ebony Hill Res Station (EHRS); San Patricio, Sinton, Welder National Wildlife Refuge; Hidalgo, Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge; Pharr, Bentsen Rio Grande Valley State Park; Mercedes; Cameron, Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, Sabal Palm Sanctuary, Brownsville. MEXICO: Sinaloa: Venadio; Durango; San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale; Yucatán: Cansahcab; Veracruz: Jalapa; Cardel; Veracruz; Córdoba; Orizaba; Presidio; Catemaco; Colima: Comala; Morelos: Cuernavaca; Estado de México: Zacualpan; Puebla: Tehuacán; Chiapas: La Polka, S. of Tonala; Mapastepec. GUA-TEMALA: Retalhuleu: San Sebastian; Guatemala: Ciudad de Guatemala, Río Platanos. EL SALVADOR: San Salvador. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Santa Rosa National Park; Area de Conservación Guanacaste; Puntarenas: Aranjuez; San José; Cartago: Cachi. PANAMA: Panamá: La Cabima. VENEZUELA: Guárico: Hato Masaguaral, 45 km S Calabozo. PERU: Lima: San Isidro. Natural history. Immature induces galls in Sida acuta Burman, 1768 and Sida rhombifolia Linnaeus, 1753 (Malvaceae). Females oviposit on the abaxial side of the host plant leaf. Larvae form a gall on the stem which increases with larval size. An opening is made at the base to allow adult emergence. Larval development lasts approximately 192 days (Day et al. 1997). The species occurs in forests and open areas, and adults were caught throughout the year other than December. Examined material (103 Ƌ, 176 ♀ total). USA: Arizona: Pima, Baboquivari Peak Wilderness, 1 ♀, 2 Ƌ, 1 – 15.VII.1923, 1 Ƌ, 15 – 30.VII.1923, 1 Ƌ, 15 – 30.VIII.1923, 2 ♀, 15 – 30.VI.1924, 1 ♀, 15 – 30.VII.1924, 3 ♀, 15 – 30.VIII.1924, C. Poling leg. (USNM), 1 ♀, 1 – 15.VIII.1923, 1 ♀, 1 – 15.VII.1924, C. Poling leg., 1 ♀, 16.VI.1967, J. H. Hessel leg. (AMNH); Alabama: Mobile, 1 ♀, 5.V.1921, C. Dukes leg., 1 Ƌ, 20.III.1922, 1 ♀, 25.IV.1923 (USNM); Mississippi: Harrison, Handsboro, 1 ♀, 30.IV.1967, R. & B. Taylor leg. (AMNH); Hanckock, Diamondhead, 1 ♀, 10.V.1991, H. Xeroobien leg. (USNM); Florida: Washington, Chipley, Rock Hill Prsv., 1 ♀, 28.IV.2017, J. Hayden leg. (MGCL); Liberty, Torreya State Park, 1 ♀, 16.V.1968, H. V. Weems Jr. leg., 1 ♀, 15.V.1970, H. Greenbaum leg., 1 ♀, 21 – 24.V.1987, H. O. Baggett leg., 1 ♀, 22.V.1987, Charles Stevens leg. (MGCL); Leon, Tallahassee, 1 ♀, NHMUK 10921563 (NHMUK); Escambia, Pensacola, 1 ♀, 13.V.1941, Shirley Hills leg. (MGCL), Miami-Dade, Baía de Biscayne, 1 ♀ (AMNH), Paradise Key, 1 ♀, 1.III.1910, 1 ♀, III.1910, 1 ♀, II.1927 (USNM); Texas: 2 ♀, 4 Ƌ, 13.IV.1924, 2 ♀, 21.IV.1924, 7 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 28.IV.1924, 1 ♀, 29.IV.1924, L. J. Bottimer leg., 1 ♀, H. C. Hanson leg., 1 ♀, Friedrich leg. (MfN), 1 Ƌ (USNM); Brown, Lake Brownwood State Park, 1 ♀, 8.V.1964, A. & M. E. Blanchard leg. (USNM); San Jacinto, Coldspring, San Houston National Forest, 1 ♀, 8.V.1988, E. C. Knudson leg., 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 2.V.1990, Linwood C. Dow leg. (MGCL); Kimble, Junction, 4 ♀, 20.V.1966, A. & M. E. Blanchard leg. (USNM); Burnet, Shovel Mountain, 1 ♀ (USNM); Montgomery, Conroe, 1 ♀, 11.V.1969, A & M. E. Blanchard leg. (USNM); Bastrop, Bastrop, 1 ♀ ([Holo] type of Meskea dyspteraria); Harris, Crosby, 1 Ƌ, 4 – 10.V.1919 (AMNH), 4 ♀, 5 Ƌ, 4 – 10.V.1919, 1 ♀, 14.IV.1919, H. C. Hanson leg. (USNM); Chambers, Wallisville, 1 Ƌ, 12.V.1919, (AMNH), 3 Ƌ, 9.V.1919, 1 Ƌ, 9 – 19.V.1919, C. P. Heinrich leg., 3 Ƌ, 1 ♀, 12.V.1919, 1 ♀, 3 Ƌ, 12 – 15.V.1919, 2 Ƌ, 12 – 19.V.1919, A. Busck leg. (NMHN), Lake Charlotte, 1 Ƌ, 11.IV.1923, 1 Ƌ, 17.IV.1923, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 19.IV.1923, 1 ♀, 25.IV.1923 (AMNH), 1 ♀, 6 Ƌ, 17.IV.1923, 3 ♀, 18.IV.1923, 1 Ƌ, 19.IV.1923, 1 ♀, 3 Ƌ, 20.IV.1923, 6 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 23.IV.1923, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 25.IV.1923, 2 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 26.IV.1923, L. J. Bottimer leg. (NMHN); Uvalde, ConCan, 1 ♀, 1.V.1992, 1 ♀, 2.V.1992, C. Bordelon leg., 1 ♀, 1 – 2.V.1992, E. C. Knudson leg., 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 6 – 7.V.2005, Bordelon & Knudson leg. (MGCL), Rio Frio, 1 Ƌ, 30.IV – 2.V.1992, Ron Leuschner leg., 1 ♀, 9.V.1994, Kurt Leuschner leg. (USNM); Bexar, 2 Ƌ, 28.IV.1928, H. B. Parks leg. (USNM), San Antonio, 1 ♀, 16.V.1976, E. C. Knudson leg., 1 Ƌ, 17.V.1977, William W. & Nadine M. leg. (MGCL); Bexar, Camp Bullis Road x Loop 1604, 1 ♀, 1.IV.1977, William W. & Nadine M. leg. (MGCL); Bexar, Ebony Hill Res Station (EHRS), 1 Ƌ, 25.IV.1985, Roy O. Kendall & C. A. Kendall leg. (MGCL); San Patricio, Sinton, Welder National Wildlife Refuge, 3 ♀, 20.IV.1963, 1 ♀, 12.V.1963, 1 ♀, 22.IV.1964, 1 ♀, 19.V.1965, A. & M. E. Blanchard leg. (USNM); Hidalgo, Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 7.IV.1972, A. & M. E. Blanchard leg. (USNM); Pharr, 8 ♀ (AMNH), Bentsen Rio Grande Valley State Park, 1 Ƌ, 1.XI.1974, B. C. Knudson leg. (MGCL); Mercedes, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 30.IV.1959, 1 ♀, 7.V.1959, 1 ♀, 24.VIII.1958, 3 Ƌ, 1 ♀, 31.VIII.1958, 2 ♀, 14.IX.1958, 1 ♀, 21.IX.1958, H. Smalzried leg. (AMNH); Cameron, Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, 1 Ƌ, IV.1973, A. & M. E. Blanchard leg., 1 ♀, 25.IV.1995, Don Bowman leg. (USNM), Sabal Palm Sanctuary, 1 ♀, 19 – 20.VI.1998, E. C. Knudson leg. (MGCL), Brownsville, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 7.IV.1919, 1 ♀, 17.IV.1919, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 21.IV.1919, 1 ♀, 23.IV.1919, 1 ♀, 27.IV.1919, 1 ♀, V.1919, 1 Ƌ, 5.V.1919, 1 ♀, 14.V.1919, 1 Ƌ, 22.V.1919, H. C. Hanson leg. (USNM). MEXICO: Sinaloa: 4 ♀ (USNM), Venadio, 1 Ƌ, USNM 110.114 (USNM), 1 ♀, 1919, NHMUK 10921555 (NHMUK); Durango: 3 Ƌ, VI.1933, Macias leg. (AMNH); San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 9.IX.1947, P. & C. Vaurie leg., 1 ♀, 20.V.1952, M. Cazier, W. Gertsch & R. Schrammel leg. (AMNH); Yucatán: Cansahcab, 1 Ƌ, 17.VI.1988, R. Segura & Brown leg. (USNM); Veracruz: Jalapa, 1 Ƌ ([Holo]type of Meskea horror), V.1908, R. Muller leg. (USNM); Cardel, 1 Ƌ, 4.VI.1940, 2 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 14.VI.1940, J. Camelo G. leg. (USNM); Veracruz, 1 Ƌ, 14.III.1986, John D. Gillett leg. (USNM); Córdoba, 1 ♀ (Paratype of Meskea horror) (USNM); Orizaba, 1 Ƌ, I.1945 (USNM); Presidio, 4 ♀, X.1939, C. C. Hoffmann leg. (AMNH); Catemaco, 1 ♀, 29.V.1964, John Pallister leg. (AMNH); Colima: Comala, 2 ♀, 2 Ƌ, 3 – 11.VI.2000, 1600m, 19°27’N 103°42’W, V. O. Becker leg., MVOB 121627 (MVOB); Morelos: Cuernavaca, 2 ♀ (Paratypes of Meskea horror), VI.1906, 1 ♀ (Paratype of Meskea horror), VII.1906 (USNM), 1 Ƌ, VI.1926, Dr. C. Mayer leg. (ZSM); Estado de México: Zacualpan, 2 ♀, VI.1915, C. C. Hoffmann leg. (AMNH); Puebla: Tehuacán, 1 Ƌ, 27.V.1937, C. C. Hoffmann leg. (AMNH); Chiapas: La Polka, S. of Tonala, 1 ♀, 26.IX.1986, S. J. Weller & M. J. Ryan leg. (AMNH); Mapastepec, 2 ♀, 27.V.1933, 6 Ƌ, 29.V.1933, 1 ♀, 30.V.1933, 2 ♀, 2 Ƌ, 31.V.1933, Escalante leg. (USNM). GUATEMALA: 1 ♀, B. Brückner S. G. leg. (MfN); Retalhuleu: San Sebastian (L Thiel), 5 ♀ (USNM); Guatemala: Ciudad de Guatemala, Río Platanos, 1 ♀, 29.X. 1973, 750m, 14°48’N 90°15’W, Erwin & Hevel leg. (USNM). EL SALVADOR: San Salvador, 1 Ƌ, 1 ♀, 4.V.1930, Calderon leg. (USNM), 1 Ƌ, 1951, 1 Ƌ, 2.II.1951, 3 ♀, 5.V.1951, 1 ♀, 16.VII.1951, 1 Ƌ, 3.IX.1951, 1 ♀, 4.IX.1951, 1 ♀, 7.IX.1951, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 9.IX.1951, 1 Ƌ, 17.IX.1951, 1 Ƌ, 25.IX.1951, 1 ♀, 2.X.1951, 1 Ƌ, 5.X.1951, 1 ♀, 7.X.1951, Dr. A. Zilch S. leg., 1 ♀, 18.V.1956, Dr. E. Möhn leg. (MSFR), 1 ♀, 5.VII.1957, Pab leg. (AMNH), 1 Ƌ, 1.V.1960, 1 ♀, 15.V. 1960, 600m, B. Bechyné leg. (ZSM). COSTA RICA: 1 ♀, 2 Ƌ, P. Biolley leg. (USNM), 1 Ƌ, Brade leg. (NHMV); 1 Ƌ, NHMUK 010921502 (NHMUK); Guanacaste: Santa Rosa National Park, 1 ♀, 13 – 15.VI.1979, NHMUK 010921616, 1 Ƌ, 20 – 22.V.1980, NHMUK 010921531, 1 ♀, 23 – 25.V.1980, NHMUK 010921530, 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ, 5 – 7.VI.1980, NHMUK 010921550, NHMUK 010921587, 1 Ƌ, 11 – 13.VI.1980, NHMUK 010921588, 1 ♀, 22 – 27.VI.1981, NHMUK 010921534, D. H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs leg. (NHMUK); Area de Conservación Guanacaste, 1 ♀, 6.IV. 1989, 160m, 1 ♀, 15.VI. 2010, 295m, D. H. Janzen & W. Hallwachs leg. (USNM); Puntarenas: Aranjuez, 1 ♀, IX. 1987, 100m, J. M. Garua leg., NHMUK 010921533 (NHMUK); San José: 1 ♀, 1 Ƌ (MNHN); Cartago: Cachi, 2 ♀, NHMUK 010921568, NHMUK 010921569 (NHMUK), 1 ♀, 15.VII.1917, NHMUK 10921514 (NHMUK). PANAMA: Panamá: La Cabima, 1 ♀, 16 – 30.V.1911, August Busck leg. (USNM). VENEZUELA: 1 ♀ (MNHN); Guárico: Hato Masaguaral, 45 km S Calabozo, 1 ♀, 3 – 5.VI.1988, 1 ♀, 8.VI.1988, 1 ♀, 16 – 18.IX. 1990, 75m, 8.57N 67.58W, M. Epstein leg., 1 ♀, 20 – 21.IX. 1990, 75m, 8.57N 67.58W, M. Epstein & J. Wilterding leg. (USNM). PERU: Lima: San Isidro, 1 ♀, 24.IV.1957, Salazar leg. (AMNH)., Published as part of Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the monotypic genera of Siculodini (Lepidoptera, Thyridoidea, Thyrididae, Siculodinae), pp. 235-253 in Zootaxa 4920 (2) on pages 244-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4475213, {"references":["Hampson, G. F. (1897) On the Classification of the Thyrididae- a Family of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1), 603 - 633, fig. 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1897. tb 03111. x","Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1914) Thyrididae. In: Wagner, H. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 20. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82093","Gaede, M. (1936) Familie: Thyrididae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwarmer. Band 6. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1186 - 1213, figs. 173 f + 174 e + 175 h + 180 h.","Whalley, P. E. S. (1964) Catalogue of the world genera of the Thyrididae (Lepidoptera) with type selection and synonymy. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 7 (74), 115 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651447","Whalley, P. E. S. & Heppner, J. B. (1995) Thyridoidea. 59. Thyrididae. In: Becker, V. O., Brown, J. W., Brown, R. L., Davis, D. R., Donahue, J. P., Eichlin, T. D., Epstein, M. E., Gielis, C., Heppner, J. B., Miller, S. E., Munroe, E. G., Powell, J. A., Razowski, J., Schaffer, J. C., Shaffer, M., Solis, M. A., Tarmann, G. M. & Whalley, P. E. S. (Eds.), Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea Tortricoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 3, Gainesville, Washington, Hamburg, Lima, Taipei, Tokyo, pp. 31 - 34.","Dyar, H. G. (1913) Descriptions of New Lepidoptera, Chiefly from Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44, 279 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.44 - 1951.279","Day, M. D., Segura, R. & Martinez, M. (1997) Life cycle host range of the gall-forming moth, Meskea horor (Lep.: Thyrididae), and its suitability as a biological control agent for Sida acuta and S. rhombifolia (Malvaceae). Entomophaga, 42 (3), 393 - 403. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02769833","Burman, N. L. (1768) Flora indica: cui accedit series zoophytorum indicorum, nec non prodromus florae capensis. Apud Cornelium Haek & Johannem Schreuderum, Leiden & Amsterdam, 242 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60581","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Vol. 2. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm], 639 pp."]}

Hepialodes Guenée, 1858 (Figs 1, 5, 9, 13, 15) Hepialodes Guenée, 1858, in Boisduval & Guenée. Species général des Lépidoptères, Atlas, plate 1, fig. 1 (male d); species included: Hepialodes follicula Guenée, 1858.— Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 7: 303.— Hampson, 1897, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1): 631.— Dalla Torre, 1914. Lepidopterorum Catalogus 20: 40.— Gaede, 1936, in Seitz. Die Gross -Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwärmer 6: 1205.— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 120.— Whalley & Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea–Pyraloidea–Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 3: 32. Type species: Hepialodes follicula Guenée, 1858, by monotypy. Taxonomic history. Hepialodes was originally described based on the male figure of Hepialodes follicula. Diagnosis. Hepialodes is distinguished from the remaining Siculodini by: (i) wings (Fig. 1) with an ocher ground color with a dry leaf appearance in various shades of brown; (ii) hindwing with the costal margin biconcave; (iii) fenestra triangular; (iv) saccus oval, (v) valva with anterior portion bilobed; (vi) fultura inferior U-shaped; (vii) aedeagus S-shaped; (viii) vesica with cornuti; (ix) tergum VIII rectangular and (x) signum spanning the entire width of the bursa. Redescription. Forewing: length—males 40.5 mm (n=10), females 39.6 mm (n = 17); apex and distal third of the inner margin concave; divided by dark brown lines on both sides from just over half of the costal margin to the middle of the inner margin, markings less intense on the ventral face, basal area slightly lighter; single tiny white area on the ventral face between R 4 –M 3 at the interception with the mesal line; retinaculum absent. Hindwing: length—males 34.2 mm (n = 10), females 32.2 mm (n = 17); distal half of the costal margin biconcave; dorsal face with a diffuse line, as a continuation of that of the forewing, to the center of the outer margin, with a second similar line sub-basal from the costal margin to the inner margin; on the ventral face the basal half lighter and lines poorly defined; white spot on both sides, over sub-basal line between M 1 –M 3; frenulum absent. Male genitalia (Fig. 5): tegumen rectangular in dorsal view, with rounded apex, lateral margins slightly concave, forming lateral lobes; fenestra triangular; saccus oval in lateral view; uncus proximally enlarged, narrowing in the second third and ending in a slightly curved, ventral point, with thin short setae at the beginning of the tapered section; gnathos thin, projected ventrally in a U-shape; valva with developed costa and sacculus, anterior portion bilobed, costa slightly concave, ventral margin sinuous, apex rounded and internal face with scattered setae; fultura inferior U-shaped, with oval ends and short setae; aedeagus cylindrical and S-shaped with rounded opening for the ejaculatory ductus and vesica with a row of approximately 50 thin cornuti. Female genitalia (Fig. 9): tergum VIII rectangular in lateral view, lamella antevaginalis slightly sclerotized, ostium membranous; anterior apophyses as long as the posterior apophyses; bursa copulatrix with slightly sclerotized ductus in the first third, ductus six and a half times longer than the corpus bursae; signum (Fig. 13) spanning the entire width of the bursa with numerous sclerotized spines, more abundant and smaller in the central region; papillae anales oval, longer than tall and covered with short and thin setae., Published as part of Queiroz-Santos, Luziany, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2021, Taxonomic revision of the monotypic genera of Siculodini (Lepidoptera, Thyridoidea, Thyrididae, Siculodinae), pp. 235-253 in Zootaxa 4920 (2) on pages 236-237, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4475213, {"references":["Guenee, M. A. (1858) s. n. In: Boisduval M. M. & Guenee, M. A., Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Species general des Lepidopteres, Atlas, Uranides, Phalenites, Siculides, Siculides Planche 1. Figs. 1 - 8. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, pp. 58.","Guenee, A. (1877) Monographie de la famille des Siculides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 7 (5), 275 - 304.","Hampson, G. F. (1897) On the Classification of the Thyrididae- a Family of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1897 (1), 603 - 633, fig. 24. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1897. tb 03111. x","Dalla Torre, K. W. von (1914) Thyrididae. In: Wagner, H. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 20. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 82093","Gaede, M. (1936) Familie: Thyrididae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge des Amerikanischen Faunengebietes, Die amerikanischen Spinner und Schwarmer. Band 6. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1186 - 1213, figs. 173 f + 174 e + 175 h + 180 h.","Whalley, P. E. S. (1964) Catalogue of the world genera of the Thyrididae (Lepidoptera) with type selection and synonymy. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 7 (74), 115 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651447","Whalley, P. E. S. & Heppner, J. B. (1995) Thyridoidea. 59. Thyrididae. In: Becker, V. O., Brown, J. W., Brown, R. L., Davis, D. R., Donahue, J. P., Eichlin, T. D., Epstein, M. E., Gielis, C., Heppner, J. B., Miller, S. E., Munroe, E. G., Powell, J. A., Razowski, J., Schaffer, J. C., Shaffer, M., Solis, M. A., Tarmann, G. M. & Whalley, P. E. S. (Eds.), Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea-Pyraloidea Tortricoidea. In: Heppner, J. B. (Ed.), Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Vol. 3, Gainesville, Washington, Hamburg, Lima, Taipei, Tokyo, pp. 31 - 34."]}

Iza Walker, 1865 (Figs 2, 6, 10, 16) Iza Walker, 1865. Lepidopterous insects in the Collection of the British, 31 (70): 521; species included: Iza nubecula (Guenée, 1858), Iza botydana Walker, 1865, Iza ? terminalis Walker, 1865, Iza perlula (Guenée, 1858).— Guenée, 1877. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (5) 7: 301.—Druce, 1895, in Godman & Salvin. Biologia Centrali-Americana: zoology, botany and archaeology 2: 186; type species designation Siculodes nubecula Guenée, 1858.— Whalley, 1964. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (13) 7 (74): 121.— Whalley & Heppner, 1995, Thyridoidea, in Becker et al. Checklist: Part 2, Hyblaeoidea–Pyraloidea–Tortricoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera 3: 32. Type species: Siculodes nubecula Guenée, 1858 by subsequent designation (Guenée 1877) (“Cette espèce deviendra par la suite le type d’un genre (Iza Walk.) que je n’ai pas cru devoir adopter dans l’état imparfait de la science”). This fact was later confirmed by Druce (1895). Taxonomic history. Iza was described to include the following species: I. nubecula, I. botydana, I. ? terminalis and I. perlula, but without designation of the type species. Currently, the only species in the genus is the type species. Iza botydana was transferred by Whalley & Heppner (1995) to Pseudendromis Köhler, 1924 as I.? terminalis and I. perlula was transferred by Hampson (1897) to Rhodoneura Guenée, 1858. Diagnosis. Iza is distinguished from the remaining genera of Siculodini by: (i) wings dark brown ground color with irregular beige patches and bands dorsal and ventrally (Fig. 2); (ii) abdomen dark brown on the dorsal face and beige on the ventral face; (iii) valva triangular; (iv) valva with spiniform process; (v) fultura inferior U-shaped; (vi) aedeagus narrowing distally with spines; (vii) lamella antevaginalis sclerotized and (viii) papillae anales straight. Redescription. Forewing: length—males 16.6 mm (n = 11), females 25.4 mm (n = 5); slightly concave tornus; retinaculum absent. Hindwing: length—males 12.6 mm (n = 11), females 15.8 mm (n = 5); apex right angled and tornus concave; male with sand-colored patch on the costal margin ventrally; frenulum absent. Male genitalia (Fig. 6): tegumen with proximal and distal margins convex in dorsal view; saccus oval in lateral view; uncus triangular in dorsal view, with thin and short setae; gnathos reduced and distally sclerotized, projected disto-ventrally; valva triangular, costa slightly concave, spiniform process in the proximal part, clasper projected dorsally, apex rounded and ventral margin convex, slightly concave at the posterior end of sacculus; fultura inferior U-shaped, broad and thickly sclerotized arms with blunt apex and short setae; aedeagus cylindrical, proximal half thicker, narrowing distally with numerous spines, opening for the vesica extending along the entire posterior half, vesica without cornutus. Female genitalia (Fig. 10): tergum VIII rectangular in lateral view, lamella antevaginalis sclerotized, ostium membranous; posterior apophyses longer than the anterior apophyses; bursa copulatrix with sclerotized wide ductus at anterior 1/4, second 1/4 membranous and narrow, and posterior half membranous and slightly thicker, corpus bursae membranous, without signum; papillae anales straight, taller than long and covered with short and thin setae.

A total of 972 species of Macrolepidoptera belonging to 28 families are reported for the territory of Omsk Oblast. The most numerous is Noctuidae family represented by 358 species, followed by Geometridae (252 species), Erebidae (48), Lycaenidae (42), Arctiidae (40), Nymphalidae (37), Satyridae and Notodontidae (27 species in each family), Pieridae, Sphingidae, Lasiocampidae (17 species in each family), Hesperiidae (15), Lymantriidae (13), Zygaenidae and Sesiidae (12 species in each family), Drepanidae (10), Nolidae (7), Cossidae (4), Papilionidae and Hepialidae (3 species in each family), Syntomidae, Saturniidae and Lemoniidae (2 species in each family), Endromididae, Uraniidae, Thyrididae, Limacodidae and Brachodidae (1 species in each family). A total of 13 species were registered in Omsk Oblast for the first time, among them Pennisetia hylaeiformis (Laspeyres, 1801), Synanthedon martjanovi Sheljuzhko, 1918, Synanthedon spheciformis ((Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Synanthedon uralensis (Bartel, 1906, Bembecia sp., Chamaesphecia astatiformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846), Alcis jubata (Thunberg, 1788), Dysstroma infuscata (Tengström, 1869), Scopula tessellaria (Boisduval, 1840), Panchrysia deaurata (Esper, 1787), Amphipoea crinanensis (Burrows, 1908), Euxoa eruta (Hübner, (1827), Xestia sexstrigata (Haworth, 1809). The list of doubtful and erroneously records is given.

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Banisia argutula Whalley, 1976 Banisia argutula was described by Whalley (1976) based on Le Moult and Klages specimens in the BMNH. Banisia argutula has been confused with B. myrsusalis Walker since 1990 in south Florida (Myers et al. 2008). It also looks similar to B. aldabrana Fryer, which is found in Africa (Fryer 1912). Both of these other species of Banisia can be distinguished from B. argutula by their male genitalia (Martinez et al. 2017). Description. Egg. Conical and reddish orange with white ridges before eclosion, after which they change to orange with horizontal red wine lines. Larva. First instar orange with gray spots, and a black band on mesothorax through to the dorsal view and dark brown head. Second instar white with black spots; head brown; mesothoracic band as in first instar. Third and fourth instars yellow with black spots; thorax and head copper. Length 8.2���10.9 mm (Fig. 1H). Pre-pupa. Similar to last instar but paler and wider. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, the male smaller and darker than the female. Wing expanse: males 15.4���17.9 mm, females 18.1���19.3 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: Forewings grayish-brown with dark-brown strigiform markings and two translucent elongated spots in postdiscal area, anterior spot larger than posterior, males sometimes without translucent spots. Costal and median areas orangishbrown. Hindwings with black strigiform markings, no translucent areas. Ventral surface: Both wings pale-gray with black strigiform markings surrounded by pink lines. Head. Antennae: Diminutively ciliate. Vertex: Grayish-brown. Mouthparts: Labial palp copper; third segment smaller than second, with pinkish-purple dot on the tip. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Grayish-brown above and pale-gray below. Legs: Grayish-brown (Fig. 2H). Distribution. Banisia argutula is native to the Neotropics. This moth has been found in French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname (Whalley 1976). Martinez et al. (2017) reported this species from the USA in south Florida based on some specimens previously misidentified as B. myrsusalis. Hosts. Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen (Martinez et al. 2017). Natural history. Adults are active almost all year, mainly during the rainy season (late May to late October in south Florida). The females lay eggs primarily on the base of the floral buds or open flowers, but will also lay eggs on twigs, leaf buds, and on the fruit. Upon emerging from the egg (after four days), the larva chews a hole in a floral bud, enters the flower, and spins a silk plug covering the entrance hole. While the larva feeds, it covers the walls of flowers or fruits with silk. The larval stage lasts about 12���16 days. Pupation occurs mainly on fruits and flowers. Pupal stage lasts 17���20 days. Damage. The larva chews holes in the base of floral buds or mature flowers, enters the flower, and consumes everything except the sepals. A single larva is able to join together several flowers and floral buds using silk to avoid exposure to predators. Larvae can also feed on leaves rolling them together as well, or bore into the fruit. It can complete its development in the rolled leaves, damaged flowers or inside of the fruit. When flowers are infested with larvae, they turn reddish brown and larval excrement is evident before drying completely. Management. Chemical insecticides have not been thoroughly investigated. There are many natural enemies that help to control B. argutula (e.g. orb weaver spiders, lizards, birds)., Published as part of Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y. & Carrillo, Daniel, 2019, Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control, pp. 1-26 in Insecta Mundi 739 (739) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599, {"references":["Whalley, P. E. S. 1976. Tropical leaf moths: a monograph of the subfamily Striglininae (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae). British Museum Natural History. The Gresham Press; London. 194 p. + 68 pls.","Myers, L., J. E. Pena, R. Duncan, and J. B. Heppner. 2008. Microlepidoptera complex affecting sapodilla (Manilkara zapota van Royen) in Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 121: 10 - 13.","Fryer, J. F. C. R. 1912. The Lepidoptera of Seychelles and Aldabra exclusive of the Orneodidae and Pterophoridae and of the Tortricina and Tineina. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 15: 1 - 28.","Martinez, J. I., J. E. Hayden, J. B. Heppner, J. E. Pena, L. Xiao, and D. Carrillo. 2017. Banisia argutula (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) is the dominant sapodilla borer in southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 100: 57 - 62."]}

Banisia myrsusalis (Walker, 1889) Pyralis myrsusalis Walker, 1859 Pyralis elaralis Walker, 1859 Siculodes cinereola Felder, Felder and Rogenhofer, 1875 Siculodes scallula Guen��e, 1877 Durdara lobata Moore, 1882 Durdara pyraliata Moore, 1882 Durdara zonula Swinhoe, 1886 Striglina radiata Pagenstecher, 1892 Walker (1859) described Banisia myrsusalis from specimens of Tweedie���s collection at the BMNH. Description. Egg. Shiny pink and reddish-brown with white ridges. After hatching, they turn orange as in B. argutula. Larv a. First and second instar are transparent yellow changing to green after feeding; thorax brown. Third and fourth instar as previous, but with two dark-brown lateral patches on thorax. Larva length 6.8���8.9 mm (Fig. 1G). Pre-pupa. Similar to the last instar but paler and wider. Adult. Sexually dimorphic, male cinereous and slightly smaller than female; female reddish-cinereous. Wing expanse: males 19.4���20.1 mm, females 20.8���21.7 mm. Wings. Dorsal surface: Forewings grayish-brown with strigiform markings and from one to three translucent small spots in postdiscal area, anterior spot larger than posterior, bilateral asymmetry may occur. Males sometimes without translucent spots; costal and median areas ochraceous brown. Hindwings without translucent spots; brownish-black strigiform markings and a thin pink marginal line present. Ventral surface: both wings pale-brown with brownishblack strigiform markings surrounded by pale orange. Head. Antennae: Diminutively ciliate. Vertex: Cinereous. Mouthparts: Labial palp cinereous with third segment smaller than second. Body. Thorax and abdomen: Cinereous dorsally and pale-brown ventrally. Legs: Pale-brown (Fig. 2G). Distribution. Banisia myrsusalis is a species that it is native to the Neotropical Region, it was introduced to Asia and had been recorded in the USA mainly in Florida USA (Whalley 1976; Martinez et al. 2017), Brazil (Guen��e 1877; Soares-da Silva et al. 2003; Monteiro et al. 2007). It has also been reported in the West Indies (Pagenstecher 1892; Whalley 1976; Bendicho-Lopez 1998; N����ez-��guila 2004) and Asia including India, Sri Lanka (Sandhu and Sran 1980; Jhala et al. 1988; Patel et al. 1993; Sathish et al. 2013, 2015), Malaysia (Corbett 1929; Holloway 1970), Hong Kong (Ades and Kendrick 2004), Japan (Hiroshi 1998) Indonesia, Madagascar, Thailand (Whalley 1976) and Vietnam (Konvička et al. 1998). Widely distributed in Africa (Whalley 1976; De Prins and De Prins 2019), Papua New Guinea and Australia (Whalley 1976; Herbison-Evans and Crossley 2014). Hosts. Banisia myrsusalis is an oligophagous moth previously associated only with plants of the Sapotaceae including Chrysophyllum cainito L., C. oliviforme L., Madhuca longifolia (J. Konig) J. F. Macbr., Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen, M. subsericea (Mart.) Dubard, Mimusops elengi L. and Pouteria caimito Radlk.) (Bendicho-Lopez 1998; Robinson 1999; Silva et al. 2003; Monteiro et al. 2007). However, it has also been reported feeding on Terminalia elliptica Willd. (Combretaceae) (De Prins and De Prins 2019), and Ficus sp. (Moraceae), the latter of which is a new host record. Natural history. The adults are active during late summer (early August in southern Florida), increasing their populations during the rainy season. The females have been observed laying eggs mainly on the twigs, leaf buds, and fruit (Soares-da Silva et al. 2003). Four or five days after hatching, the larva rolls up in a leaf and chew a small hole where it starts to feed. When the larva finishes feeding within the leaf, it makes a second hole and moves to another leaf. The larval stage lasts 12���15 days. The pupal stage lasts 16���21 days. Pupation occurs mainly inside rolled leaves. Damage. When leaves are infested with larvae, they are transparent green with many blotch mines. After the larvae emerge from the leaves, the leaves become pale yellowish brown. Management. Contact pesticides are not effective because the larvae feed inside the leaves. For this reason, control is very difficult. Myers et al. (2008) used pesticides in sapodilla without significant effects. During our investigation we saw many predators that are natural enemies of both B. myrsusalis and B. argutula (see, B. argutula management)., Published as part of Martinez, Jose I., Crane, Jonathan H., Wasielewski, Jeff, Miller, Jacqueline Y. & Carrillo, Daniel, 2019, Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control, pp. 1-26 in Insecta Mundi 739 (739) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3676599, {"references":["Walker, F. 1859. Pyralides. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Heterocera Series 4: 892.","Guenee, A. 1877. Ebauche d'une monographie de la famille Siculides. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 7: 275 - 304.","Moore, F. 1882. Descriptions of Indian Lepidoptera Heterocera from the collection of the late Mr. W. S. Atkinson. p. 89 - 198. In: C. W. Hewitson and F. Moore. 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D. 1970. The biogeographical analysis of a transect sample of the moth fauna of Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, using numerical methods. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2: 259 - 286.","Ades, G. W. J., and R. C. Kendrick. 2004. Hong Kong fauna: a checklist of selected taxa: (including dragonflies, butterflies, moths, ladybird and rove beetles, stick insects, freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). Farm and Botanic Garden. Fauna Conservation Department (2 nd edition). Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden; Chai Wan, Hong Kong. 86 p.","Hiroshi, I. 1998. The Zygaenidae, Hyblaeidae, Thyrididae, Limaeodidae, Uraniidae, Sphingidae, Aretiidae and Nolinae (Noctuidae) of the Ogasawara Islands, with additions and corrections to the Geometridae and Pyralidae (Lepidoptera) (Moths of Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Part IV). Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 49: 271 - 287.","Konvicka, M., K. Spitzer, and J. Jaros, 1998. Notes on Striglininae (Lepidoptera Thyrididae), tropical leaf moths from Vietnam with a description of a new species. Tropical Zoology 11: 1 - 9.","De Prins, J., and W. De Prins. 2019 Afromoths, online database of Afrotropical moth species (Lepidoptera). Available at http: // www. afromoths. net /. (Last accessed June 10, 2019.)","Herbison-Evans, D. and S. Crossley. 2014. Families of Moths in Australia. Available at http: // lepidoptera. butterflyhouse. com. au / cosm / cosmopterigidae. html. (Last accessed September 3, 2015).","Robinson, G. S. 1999. HOSTS-a database of the hostplants of the world's Lepidoptera. Nota Lepidopterologica 22: 35 - 47.","Myers, L., J. E. Pena, R. Duncan, and J. B. Heppner. 2008. Microlepidoptera complex affecting sapodilla (Manilkara zapota van Royen) in Florida. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 121: 10 - 13."]}

Banisia myrsusalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) has been regarded as the most damaging pest of sapodilla, Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen (Sapotaceae), in Florida, where it causes extensive damage to blooms. Two commercial sapodilla groves were surveyed for lepidopteran eggs and larvae affecting floral buds and mature flowers. All collected specimens were raised in the laboratory until adult emergence. A careful revision of reared individuals and specimens deposited in institutional collections since 1990 brought into question the identity of Banisia species affecting sapodilla in southern Florida. Specimens initially identified as B. myrsusalis are herein re-identified as Banisia argutula Whalley, based on female and male genitalic characters. Total DNA was extracted from 2 specimens raised in the survey and the COI gene sequence determined and deposited in GenBank. Larvae of B. argutula were observed chewing holes in the base of floral buds or mature flowers, entering the flower, and consuming all floral structures except the sepals. A single larva would tend to clump several flowers and floral buds together by using silk. Larvae could also fold leaves or bore into the fruit and could complete their immature development feeding on folded leaves, flowers, or inside a fruit. In contrast, B. myrsusalis is reported as strictly a leaf-folder. Banisia myrsusalis was found to be a minor part of the sapodilla pest complex. Banisia argutula was the dominant sapodilla borer in southern Florida. Resumen Banisia myrsusalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae) ha sido considerado como la plaga mas danina del zapote Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen (Sapotaceae) en Florida, causando un excesivo dano a las florez. Dos huertos comerciales de zapote fueron monitoreados debido a que huevos y larvas de lepidopteros afectaban los brotes florales y las flores maduras. Todos los especimenes colectados fueron criados en el laboratorio hasta la emergencia del adulto. Una revision minuciosa de los especimenes criados y de los especimenes depositados en colecciones institucionales desde 1990, puso en cuestion la identidad de la especie de Banisia que afectaba al zapote en el sur de Florida. Especimenes identificados inicialmente como B. myrsusalis son aqui re-identificados como Banisia argutula Whalley basado en las caracteristicas de la genitalia del macho y la hembra. El ADN total fue extraido de dos especimenes criados en el estudio y la secuencia de COI fue determinada y depositada en GeneBank. Las larvas de B. argutula fueron observadas masticando agujeros en la base de los brotes florales y flores maduras, entrando a las flores y consumiendo todas las estructuras florales excepto los sepalos. Una simple larva tiende a agrupar varias flores y brotes florales usando seda. Las larvas pueden incluso enrollar las hojas o perforar dentro de los frutos, y pueden completar su desarrollo inmaduro alimentandose de hojas dobladas, flores o dentro de un fruto. En contraste, B. mysusalis esta reportada estrictamente como enrollador de hojas. Banisia myrsusalis fue encontrada como una parte minoritaria del complejo de plagas de zapote. Banisia argutula es el perforador de zapote comun en el Sur de Florida. View this article in BioOne

We describe 22 new species in the genus Hyphantrophaga Townsend, 1892 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in north-western Costa Rica. All species were reared from an ongoing inventory of wild-caught caterpillars spanning a variety of families (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae, Crambidae, Depressariidae, Doidae, Erebidae, Euteliidae, Gelechiidae, Geometridae, Hedylidae, Hesperiidae, Immidae, Lasiocampidae, Limacodidae, Megalopygidae, Mimaloniidae, Noctuidae, Nolidae, Notodontidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Phiditiidae, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae, Riodinidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae, Thyrididae, Tortricidae and Zygaenidae). We provide a morphological description of each species together with information on life history, molecular data and photographic documentation. In addition to the new species, we provide a redescription of the genus, as well as the redescription of three previously described species, which were also collected within ACG during this study: Hyphantrophagaangustata (van der Wulp), Hyphantrophagamyersi (Aldrich) and Hyphantrophagavirilis (Aldrich & Webber). The following 22 new species of Hyphantrophaga are described: Hyphantrophagaadrianguadamuzi Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaalbopilosa Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaanacordobae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagacalixtomoragai Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagacalva Fleming & Wood sp. n.., Hyphantrophagaciriloumanai Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagadanausophaga Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagadiniamartinezae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaduniagarciae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaedwinapui Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaeldaarayae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaeliethcantillanoe Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagagilberthampiei Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaguillermopereirai Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagahazelcambroneroae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaluciariosae Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagamanuelriosi Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagamorphophaga Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophaganigricauda Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagaosvaldoespinozai Fleming & Wood sp. n., Hyphantrophagapabloumanai Fleming & Wood sp. n. and Hyphantrophagasimilis Fleming & Wood sp. n. The following are proposed by Wood as new synonyms of Hyphantrophaga Townsend, 1892: Brachymasicera Townsend, 1911 syn. n., Ommasicera Townsend, 1911 syn. n., Ophirosturmia Townsend, 1911 syn. n., Patillalia Curran, 1934 syn. n. and Ypophaemyiops Townsend, 1935 syn. n. The following nine new combinations are proposed as a result of the new synonymies: Hyphantrophagaadamsoni (Thompson, 1963), comb. n., Hyphantrophagafasciata (Curran, 1934), comb. n., Hyphantrophagaglauca (Giglio-Tos, 1893), comb. n., Hyphantrophagagowdeyi (Curran, 1926), comb. n., Hyphantrophagamyersi (Aldrich, 1933), comb. n., Hyphantrophaganigripes (Townsend, 1928), comb. n., Hyphantrophagaoptica (Schiner, 1868), comb. n., Hyphantrophagapolita (Townsend, 1911), comb. n., Hyphantrophagasubpolita (Townsend, 1912), comb. n.

Angarita-Sierra, Teddy, Lynch, John D. (2017): A new species of Ninia (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Chocó-Magdalena biogeographical province, western Colombia. Zootaxa 4244 (4): 478-492, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4244.4.2

Ninia teresitae sp. nov. Fig. 2 Cresonyms. Ninia atrata (ICN 10661) and Ninia maculata (ICN 6906): Casta��o-M, O. V., Cardenas-A, G., Hern��dez-R, E. & Castro, F, 2004, Reptiles en el Choc�� biogeogr��fico-cat��logo, p. 613, 619. In: Rangel-Ch, J. O. (Ed.), 2004. Holotype. Adult male, ICN 12527, collected by Lucas Barrientos on April 9 2010 at Santa Helena oil palm plantation (01��37��30���N, 78��44��20���W; 20 m asl), municipality of Tumaco, Km 28 of the Tumaco���Llorente road, 1 km S of Tumaco, department of Nari��o, Colombia. Paratypes. Nine specimens: adult female (ICN 10661) collected at La Caba��a (6��3���7.82���N, 76��15���4,7���W; 1404m asl), near Calles River, Parque Natural Nacional Las Orquideas, municipality of Urrao and adult female (MHUA 14860) collected at the Hydroelectric dam San Carlos (06��12���39.00���N, 74��50���26.00���W; 740 m asl), vereda Juarez, municipality of San Carlos, both of department of Antioquia; adult male ( ICN 7927) collected between vereda La Cristalina and Dosquebradas near the Police station of Puerto Romero (05��54���41.83���N, 74��21���8.65���W; 704 m asl), municipality of Puerto Boyac��, department of Boyac��; five specimens all from the municipality of Tumaco, department of Nari��o, male (ICN 12528) same provenance as the holotype, females (ICN 12523���25) and male (ICN 12526) collected at Santa F�� oil palm plantation (1��24��8.5���N; 78��33��30��� W; 105 m), Km 63 of the road Tumaco ��� Llorente, 4 km west near Llorente; and adult female (ICN 6906) from corregimiento de Santa Cecilia (5��11��25.22���N, 76��24��16.41���W), municipality of Pueblo Rico, department of Risaralda. Diagnosis. Ninia teresitae can be distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: ventral surfaces of head and body spotted without regular pattern (Fig. 3), subcaudal surface homogenously black or dark brown; two nasal scales; bilobed hemipenis (50��74% respect to hemipenial body); centrifugal, bifurcation of the sulcus spermaticus proximal to midpoint of the hemipenial body; lateral projection ornamented with a large basal hooked spine that is larger than any other spine on the hemipenial body. Comparisons. Ninia teresita was previously identified as N. atrata and N. maculata by Casta��o-M et al. (2004). Nevertheless, conspicuous characters distinguish it from both these species, such as the uniformly black or dark brown dorsal ground color (vs. dark body bands in N. maculata), ventral surfaces of head and body spotted without regular pattern, chin surface black or dark brown (vs. ventral surfaces of head and chin homogeneously cream in N. atrata or arranged in checkered patterns in N. maculata); subcaudal surface homogenously black or dark brown (vs. subcaudal surface cream in N. atrata, or arranged in checkered pattern in N. maculata), hemipenis with a lateral projection ornamented with a large basal hook-shaped spine that is larger than any other spine on the hemipenial body (vs. hemipenial body without lateral projection), and two nasal scales (vs. one nasal scale in N. atrata) (Table1). Description of the holotype. Adult male, 429 mm TL; 105 mm CL; 324 mm SVL; CL/SVL ratio 0.32; head distinct from body; HL 11.72 mm; HW 7.14 mm; rostral wider than high; internasals wider than long (1.64 x 1.12 mm); internasal suture 0.88 mm; prefrontals longer than internasals, longer than wide (3.38 x 2.72 mm; suture 2.68 mm); frontal cordform and slightly longer than wide (3.64 x 3.4 mm); parietals longer than wide (6.28 x 3.42 mm); interparietal suture 3.44 mm; supraoculars 1/1, each longer than wider (1.78 x 0.88 mm), entering orbit and contacting postocular; nasal scales 2/2 where proximal nasal scale contacts internasal, rostral, first supralabial, and posterior nasal in contact with loreal, prefrontal, internasal, first and second supralabials; loreal single, longer than high (2.16 x 1.8 mm), entering orbit and in contact with 2nd and 3rd supralabials; postoculars 1/1; temporal formulae 1+2, anterior temporal scale two times longer than lower posterior temporal; anterior temporal in contact with 5th and 6th supralabials; supralabials 7/7; 4th and 5th supralabials entering orbit, 5th in contact with postocular; infralabials 8/8, 1��� 5 in contact with two pairs of chin scales; small tubercles present on mental scale, all infralabials, and chin scales; dorsal scales in 19/19/19 rows, keeled, strongly striated, lacking apical pits; ventrals 145; divided subcaudals 65; cloacal plate undivided. Dorsal surface uniformly dark brown, without nuchal band; ventral ground color creamish white with ventral scales heavily marked with black pigment; edged of the ventral scales uniformly black or dark brown; ventral surfaces of head and gular region black or dark brown; subcaudal surface homogenously black or dark brown. (Figs. 2, 3 B, 4B). Color pattern variation. The ventral coloration in some specimens are faintly pigmented with small irregular spots (ICN 7927,12522���23, 12528); however, other specimens are strongly pigmented with large, irregular, randomly dispersed spots (ICN 6906, 12525, 12528). The nuchal band, when present, resembles the pattern exhibited by trans-Andean Ninia atrata populations (ICN 6906, 7927, 12522���23, 12528). ......continued on the next page Hemipenial morphology (n = 3). Hemipenes in situ extends to the level of 7th or 8th subcaudal; organ bilobed and semicaliculate; sulcus spermaticus centrifugal and bifurcated, bifurcation point always proximal to midpoint of hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus branch runs to tip of lobes; intrasulcar region densely covered with calyces; capitation plane just below the bifurcation point; sulcus spermaticus walls robust and well defined; sulcus spermaticus edges ornamented with numerous spinules. In sulcate view, basally, hemipenial body covered with small hook-shaped spines; laterally, ornamented with two oblique rows of hook-shaped spines and only one lateral projection ornate with a large basal hook-shaped spine larger than any other spine on the hemipenial body; globular lobes, conspicuously differentiated from hemipenial body and homogenously ornamented with calyces. In asulcate view, basally, hemipenial body has a pocket-shaped structure ornate with a small hook-shaped spine in the center and covered by small hook-shaped spines; basal region of spines followed by a region shallowly ornamented or nude. Medially, three or four oblique rows of hook-shaped spines arranged in an inverted ���V��� pattern; capitation clotch located just above the bifurcation point of sulcus spermaticus (sulcate side); region between capitation groove and the forked point of lobes covered with numerous and dense rows of spines organized in an inverted ���V��� pattern (Fig. 5). Distribution and natural history. Ninia teresitae is known to inhabit in the Choc��-Magdalena biogeographic province of Colombia (Hern��ndez-Camacho et al. 1992) between 50���1400 m asl, and occurs in sympatry with N. atrata (McCranie & Wilson 1995; Angarita-Sierra 2009, 2014). This province extends from southwestern Ecuador through the Chocoan region to eastern Panam��, including the western margin of the lower Cauca River Basin in Antioquia, the upper San Jorge and Sinu River Basins and reaching the middle Magdalena River Basin (Rangel-Ch & Arellano-P, 2004). During the past twenty years, this region has been deforested for cultivation more than 150,000 hectares of oil palm plantations (Fedepalma 2014). The holotype of Ninia teresitae was collected hidden under piles of leaves palm at the Santa Helena oil palm plantation during morning hours (Fig. 6) Etymology. The specific epithet teresitae represent the Latin translation of the nickname from the Spanish ��� Teresita ��� and is given in honor to the grandmother of the first author, Maria Teresa Guerrero (1915��2013). ��� Teresita ��� was one of the most influential persons in her grandson���s life, who never failed to support him and encouraged his endless passion for snakes., Published as part of Angarita-Sierra, Teddy & Lynch, John D., 2017, A new species of Ninia (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Choc��-Magdalena biogeographical province, western Colombia, pp. 478-492 in Zootaxa 4244 (4) on pages 481-488, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/437231, {"references":["Hernandez-Camacho, J., Hurtado-Guerra, A., Ortiz-Quijano, R. & Walshburger, T. (1992) Unidades biogeograficas de Colombia. In: Halffter, G. (Ed.), La diversidad Biologica de Ibreroamerica I. Instituto de Ecologia A. C., Mexico, 204 pp.","McCranie, J. R. & Wilson, L. D. (1995) Two new species of colubrid snakes of the genus Ninia from Central America. Journal of Herpetology, 29, 224 - 232.","Angarita-Sierra, T. (2009) Variacion geografica de Ninia atrata en Colombia (Colubridae: Dipsadinae. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49 (22), 277 - 288.","Angarita-Sierra, T. (2014) Hemipenial morphology in the semifossorial snakes of the genus Ninia and a new species from Trinidad, West Indies (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). South American Journal of Herpetology, 9 (2), 114 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / sajh-d- 12 - 00004.1","Rangel-Ch, O. J. & Arellano-P, H. (2004) Clima del choco biogegrafico / costa Pacifica de Colombia. In: Rangel-Ch, O. J. (Ed.), Colombia Diversidad Biotica. IV. El Choco biogeografico / Costa Pacifica. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales-Ocnservacion Internacional, Bogota, pp. 39 - 82."]}

Ninia atrata (Hallowell, 1845): Figure 13B Coluber atratus Hallowell 1845: 245. Ninia atrata — Cope 1860: 340. Material examined. Table 2. Ninia tereseitae Angarita-Sierra & Lynch, 2017: Figure 13C Ninia tereseitae Angarita-Sierra and Lynch (2017): 478. Material examined. Table 2. Oxyrhopus petolarius (Linnaeus, 1758): Figure 13D Coluber petola Linnaeus 1758: 225. Oxyrhopus petolarius — Duméril and Bibron 1854: 1033. Material examined. Table 2. Rhadinaea decorata (Günther, 1858): Figure 13E Coronella decorata Günther 1858: 35. Rhadinaea decorata — Taylor 1949: 196. Material examined. Table 2. This small, brown snake has a white, black-bordered line that goes from the postoculars through the fifth and sixth dorsal rows to the tip of the tail. The vertebral region is a little paler than below the lines. Specimens of Rhadinaea decorata often have a subpreocular scale and 110–134 ventral scales (Myers 1974). The most similar species in the region is Urotheca fulviceps, which has a reddish or purple head band, a pale line running along the first and second dorsal scale rows and more than 136 ventrals., Published as part of Restrepo, Adriana, Molina-Zuluaga, Claudia, Hurtado, Juan P., Marín, Carlos M. & Daza, Juan M., 2017, Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia, pp. 203-237 in Check List 13 (4) on page 225, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.203, {"references":["Hallowell E (1845) Descriptions of reptiles from South America, sup- posed to be new. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2: 241 - 247.","Angarita-Sierra T, Lynch JD (2017) A new species of Ninia (Serpen- tes: Dipsadidae) from Choco-Magdalena biogeographical prov- ince, western Colombia. Zootaxa 4244 (4): 478 - 492. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4244.4.2","Linnaeus C (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Syninymis, Locis. 10 th Edition. Volume 1. L. Salvii. Stockholm, 881 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Dumeril AMC, Bibron G, Dumeril AHA (1854) Erpetologie generale ou Histoire Naturelle complete des Reptiles. Vol. 7. Librarie Encly- clope de Roret, Paris, 488 pp.","Gunther A (1858) Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes of the Bitish Museum. London, Printed by order of the Trustees, 318 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13272","Taylor EH (1949) A preliminary account of the herpetology of the state of San Luis Potosi, Mexico. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 33 (2): 169 - 215.","Myers CW (1974) The systematics of Rhadinaea (Colubridae), a genus of new world snakes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 153 (1): 1 - 262."]}

We describe activity patterns, relative abundances and pollen transport by insect floral visitors in the Skukuza Ranger District, Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, based on field surveys conducted during the early rainy seasons of years 2006 to 2012 (inclusive). Diagnostic notes, illustrations and natural history observations are provided for species in the families Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Cleridae, Lycidae and Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera), Muscidae, Platystomatidae and Tabanidae (Diptera), Apidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, Sphecidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera), and Pieridae and Thyrididae (Lepidoptera) that transported pollen of tree or shrub species. Observations on floral phenology and pollination syndrome are presented for 27 flowering tree or shrub species. To provide a foundation for studies of the effects of drought and climate change on pollination services in the Kruger National Park, we applied methods of food web analysis to characterise this plant-pollinator assemblage. Th...

The complete mitochondrial genome of Camptochilus aurea (Butler, 1881) has been determined. The entire mitochondrial genome of C. aurea is 15 362bp in length which contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and a control region. Twelve PCGs of C. aurea start with ATN codon, but the COI gene uses CGA as the start codon. Inferred phylogenetic relationships based on the data of 25 Lepidoptera species using Bayesian inference method indicated Thyrididae had a close relationship with Gelechioidea.

A new species of the genus Sonagara Moore, 1882 (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae: Striglinae), S. bifurcatis sp. nov., is described from southern China and northern Vietnam. The new species is similar to S. strigipennis Moore in external morphology, but can be easily distinguished by the forewing having a brownish black line stretched from the apical angle to the outer side of inner margin, and the male genitalia with gnathos having peg-like teeth and with a short and broad valva. Adults and male genitalia are illustrated. The holotype is deposited in the Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.

Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung S. 6. — 2. Material S. 7. — 3. Der Ablauf des Blattrollens von Striglina scitaria S. 7. — 4. Der Wechsel der einzelnen Instinktphasen S. 9. — 5. Das Zustandekommen der Schnittkurve S. 10. — 6. Die “Blattzelte” eines unbestimmten tropischen Kleinschmetterlings (Pyralidae?) S. 11. — 7. Schneide- und Roll-tatigkeit anderer indo-malayischer Schmetterlingsraupen S. 13. — Zusammenfassung S. 13. — Summary S. 13. — Literaturverzeichnis S. 14.

This checklist documents the 2367 Lepidoptera species reported to occur in the province of Alberta, Canada, based on examination of the major public insect collections in Alberta and the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes. Records from relevant literature sources published since 1950 and from selected older works are also included. The entry for each species includes the scientific name, the author and year of publication of the original description, occurrence status, provincial distribution (according to ecoclimatic region), and adult phenology. The most recent taxonomic references are given, and common names are listed for butterflies and conspicuous moth species. The sources of specimen- and literature-based records are provided for each species. An additional 138 species whose occurrence in Alberta is probable are appended to the list. For 1524 of the listed species and subspecies, annotations are given, with selected information on taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, habitat, and biology. An additional section provides details on 171 species erroneously reported from Alberta in previous works. Introductory sections to the volume provide a general overview of the order Lepidoptera and review the natural regions of Alberta, the state of knowledge of their Lepidoptera faunas, and the history and current state of knowledge of Alberta Lepidoptera. Each of the 63 families (and selected subfamilies) occurring in Alberta is briefly reviewed, with information on distinguishing features, general appearance, and general biology. A bibliography and an index of genus-level, species-level, and subspecies-level names are provided. The list is accompanied by an appendix of proposed nomenclature changes, consisting of revised status for 25 taxa raised from synonymy to species level, and new synonymy for 20 species-level and one genus-level taxa here considered to be subjective synonyms, with resultant revised synonymy for one taxon and formalization of seven new combinations. Status is revised for the following taxa, which were previously treated as junior subjective synonyms or as subspecies and are herein raised to species status: Carterocephalus mandan (Edwards, 1863); Hesperia manitoba (Scudder, 1874); Colias elis Strecker, 1885; Nymphalis j-album (Boisduval & LeConte, [1835]); Euphydryas bernadetta Leussler, 1920; Speyeria leto (Behr, 1862); Boloria myrina (Cramer, 1777); Coenonympha inornata Edwards, 1861; Colostygia circumvallaria (Taylor, 1906); Xanthorhoe delectaria Cassino & Swett, 1922; Xanthorhoe lagganata Swett & Cassino, 1920; Scopula quinquelinearia (Packard, 1870); Spodolepis danbyi (Hulst, 1898); Hyalophora gloveri (Strecker, 1872); Smerinthus ophthalmica Boisduval, 1855; Furcula borealis (Guerin-Meneville, 1844); Furcula occidentalis (Lintner, 1878); Acronicta cyanescens Hampson, 1909; Oligia rampartensis Barnes & Benjamin, 1923; Anarta nigrolunata Packard, 1867; Anarta columbica (McDunnough, 1930); Anarta montanica (McDunnough, 1930); Leucania dia (Grote, 1879); Euxoa adumbrata thanatologia (Dyar, 1904); and Euxoa furtivus (Smith, 1890). The following new synonymies are proposed, with the valid name presented first: Xanthorhoe algidata (Moschler, 1874) (= Xanthorhoe dodata Cassino & Swett, 1920), Macaria signaria (Hubner, 1809) (= Melanolophia unipunctaria W. S. Wright, 1916; Semiothisa marmorata Ferguson, 1972; Macaria? submarmorata Walker, 1861), Speranza occiduaria (Packard, 1874) (= Diastictis andersoni Swett, 1916), Caenurgina crassiuscula (Haworth, 1809) (= Caenurgina distincta (Neumoegen, 1884)), Tarache augustipennis Grote, 1875 (= Conacontia flavicosta Smith, 1900), Acronicta dactylina Grote, 1874 (= Acronicta hesperida Smith, 1897), Acronicta grisea Walker, 1856 (= Acronicta tartarea Smith, 1903), Acronicta lupini Grote, 1873 (= Merolonche ursina Smith, 1898), Fishia yosemitae (Grote, 1873) (= Fishia enthea Grote, 1877; Fishia betsia Smith, 1905; Fishia instruta Smith, 1910), Sutyna privata (Walker, 1857) (= Anytus profundus Smith, 1900), Mniotype ducta (Grote, 1878) (= Xylophasia versuta Smith, 1895), Mniotype tenera (Smith, 1900) (= Xylophasia miniota Smith, 1908; Hadena ferida Smith, 1908), Anarta decepta (Grote, 1883) (= Trichoclea postica Smith, 1891), Protorthodes incincta (Morrison, 1874) (= Taeniocampa utahensis Smith, 1888; Orthodes akalus Strecker, 1898). The following revised synonomy is proposed, with the valid name presented first: Xanthorhoe lagganata Swett & Cassino, 1920 (= Xanthorhoe incursata var. harveyata Cassino & Swett, 1922). One new generic synonymy is proposed, with the valid name appearing first: Idia Hubner, 1813 (= Reabotis Smith, 1903), resulting in one new combination. Six species are transferred from Trichoclea Hubner to Sideridis Hubner, resulting in six new combinations.

SYNOPSIS An account is given of the structure and possible function of the hair-pencil scent dispersal mechanisms found in the tibiaria-group of species of Striglina and a new species is described in the group. Notes on the possible evolution of the mechanism are included.

The thyridid caterpillar, Calindoea trifascialis, when disturbed, emits a defensive secretion from two sac-like glands that open dorsolaterally on the first abdominal segment. The larva has two arm-like protuberances that project outward from the body just in front of the gland openings. These "arms", which are wetted by secretion when the larva activates its glands, appear to function specifically for administration of the fluid. A primary component of the secretion in mandelonitrile, a cyanogenic compound, but the fluid also contains other potential deterrents, including benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, and 3-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate. Tests done in the field in Vietnam, where the species is native, showed the secretion to be protective against ants.

The male of Canaea bibarra (Chu & Wang, 1991) (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae: Striglininae) was discovered in Hainan, China for the first time. The male adult is very similar to female except for the paler ground color and monopectinate antenna. The male adults and the genitalia are described, with notes on their distribution and how they differ from related species.

Eight species of Striglininae have been found in Vietnam: one new species is described: Aglaopus whalleyi from rain forest in the Tarn Dao Mountains and one new subspecies, Striglina scitaria vietnamensis. A full account of our Vietnamese material is given. Faunistic and conservation issues are briefly discussed.

The life cycle of the moth,Meskea horor Dyar and its host specificity toSida acuta andS. rhombifolia were investigated. Moths emerge early in the morning and are usually inactive during the day. Feeding by the adults in the field was not observed. However, those in the laboratory fed on flowers ofS. acuta, S. rhombifolia andHibiscus sabdariffa, and drank water or dilute honey solution. Eggs are mainly laid on the underside of leaves. Larvae ofM. horor form galls in the stems ofS. acuta andS. rhombifolia which retard plant growth and flowering. Pupation occurs within the gall. The development time from egg to adult was 192 days and the adults lived for 11 to 14 days. Forty-eight plant species were tested to determine the host range ofM. horor. Adults emerged from seven species of plants in the family Malvaceae and larvae formed galls but died before pupating on a further 17 species.M. horor is considered to have too broad a host range to be used as a biological control agent forS. acuta andS. rhombifolia.

The prepupation caterpillar of the Southeast Asian moth Calindoea trifascialis constructs a leaf shelter that jumps across the ground using a jumping method novel among the insects. We found that movement path direction was correlated to the direction opposite to the most intense light. Correlated random walk (CRW) analyses found net squared displacements higher than predicted by a CRW, and fractal dimension analysis indicated straighter paths at large spatial scales. Rearing experiments showed high mortality from predation on the ground, but higher mortality resulted from sun exposure. We interpret jumping path orientation as an efficient search strategy to find shade in a variable landscape, given limited perception, in the presence of overheating and desiccation risks.

Thyridinae 1055 * R Thyris maculata Harris, 1839 T: Covell (1984) L: None C: UASM M Jun ��� L Jun m ��� G Section 2. Butterflies The butterflies have received considerable attention because of their conspicuous nature. As a result, they are relatively well known, and a vast literature is available for technical and popular audiences. In North America, very few species remain undescribed. However, uncertainty remains about the status of many taxa; some subspecies may prove to be valid species, and there is considerable debate about the status and composition of several genera. As a result, the accepted scientific names of the taxa listed here vary from one publication to another. Th e higher classification used here is based on Pelham (2008), which is expected to become the standard classification for the forseeable future. The butterflies comprise three superfamilies, the Hesperioidea, the Papilionoidea, and the Hedyloidea, which are phylogenetically embedded within the moths. Approximately 17 500 species are known worldwide; this group is particularly diverse in the tropics. Th e superfamily Hedyloidea occurs only in Central and South America. About 800 species of butterflies are known in North America north of Mexico; 175 species are reported from AB. The butterflies of AB have been treated by Bird et al. (1995) and Layberry et al. (1998). A large number of the taxa listed here were also covered in detail by Guppy and Shepard (2001). Th ese references are not listed in the taxonomy sections for the families or the individual species; all three of them are relevant to almost every species listed, and should be consulted in addition to the other references cited. Hesperioidea, Published as part of Pohl, Greg, Anweiler, Gary, Schmidt, Christian & Kondla, Norbert, 2010, An annotated list of the Lepidoptera of Alberta, Canada, pp. 1-549 in ZooKeys 38 (38) on pages 162-163, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.38.383, http://zenodo.org/record/576629, {"references":["Covell CV Jr (1984) A field guide to moths of eastern North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA, Peterson Field Guide Series No. 30, 496 pp.","Pelham JP (2008) A catalogue of the butterflies of the United States and Canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 40: 1 - 652.","Bird CD, Hilchie GJ, Kondla NG, Pike EM, Sperling FAH (1995) Alberta butterflies. The Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, 349 pp.","Layberry RA, Hall PW, Lafontaine JD (1998) The butterflies of Canada. NRC Research Press, Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, in association with University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON, 280 pp.","Guppy CS, Shepard JH (2001) Butterflies of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC, 414 pp."]}

The Ditrysia, which comprise the great majority of extant Lepidoptera, are divided into thirty superfamilies (instead of the fifteen to twenty usually recognized). Several of them are conceived in a new sense and one is newly proposed: the Choreutoidea. The Dudgeoneidae are reassigned to the Cossoidea, the Sematuridae and Uraniidae to the Geometroidea, while the Anthelidae and Lasiocampidae are placed in the Lasiocampoidea, a superfamily differing from the Bombycoidea mainly in retaining unfused prothoracic coxae in the larva. The Alucitoidea comprise the Tineodidae, Oxychirotidae and Alucitidae, and the Drepanoidea the Epicopeiidae and Drepanidae. Sister group relationships are recognized between the following superfamilies: Yponomeutoidea / Gelechioidea, Cossoidea / Sesioidea, Alucitoidea / Pterophoroidea, Hesperioidea / Papilionoidea and Drepanoidea / Geometroidea. Reliable monophyletic groups are the Mimallonoidea + Lasiocampoidea + Bombycoidea and the Hedyloidea + Rhopalocera. A few clades are suggested at a higher level, e.g. the Apoditrysia, the Obtectomera (based on two autapomorphies: pupa with fixed abdominal segments 1-4, and imago with modified pulvilli) and the Macrolepidoptera (mainly based on the shape of the first axillary sclerite in the forewing base). Several other changes are introduced: the ' Pseudocossinae' are restricted to the Madagascan genus Pseudocossus Kenrick (possibly belonging in the Brachodidae); the Macropiratinae (stat. n.) are regarded as the most primitive Pterophoridae; the Charideinae are transferred from the Zygaenidae to the Thyrididae; within the Thyrididae, the Argyrotypinae are regarded identical with the Siculodinae (syn. n.). Finally, two families are newly proposed within the Apoditrysia: the Simaethistidae (fam. n.) and Whalleyanidae (fam. n.). The superfamily relationships of these two families have not been determined.

The taxonomic placement and provenance of Hypopyra inconspicua Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae). Tanyodes inconspicua (Herrich-Schäffer) comb. nov. is transferred from Spirama Guenée (Noctuidae, Catocalinae) to Striglininae (Thyrididae), as a senior synonym of Ortogramma rufitibia R. Felder & Rogenhofer syn. nov. and Tanyodes ochracea Möschler syn. nov., and from the African to the Neotropical fauna. Posição sistemática e procedência de Hypopyra inconspicua Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera, Thyrididae). Tanyodes inconspicua (Herrich-Schäffer) comb. nov. é transferida de Spirama Guenée (Noctuidae, Catocalinae) para Striglininae (Thyrididae), como sinônimo mais antigo de Ortogramma rufitibia R. Felder & Rogenhofer syn. nov. e Tanyodes ochracea Möschler syn. nov., e da fauna africana para a neotropical.

The presence of Herdonia Walker (Thyrididae) is reported from the Yeoor Hills, Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Maharashtra, which is a major extension of the known range of the genus, which was previously known only from the Himalaya and northeastern India to South East Asia.

The final- instar larva of Calindoea trifascialis is described and illustrated for the first time, including chaetotaxy. All instars have paired fleshy lateral protuberances associated with large exocrine glands on the first abdominal segment. When disturbed, the larvae secrete defensive allomones that deter ants. The larvae construct tent-like feeding retreats and skeletonize the leaves of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus while concealed within the retreat; retreats of increasing size are constructed throughout larval development. When feeding is completed, the final-instar larva constructs a pupation retreat. This leaf roll falls from the plant and is capable of movement prior to pupation. The morphology and larval retreats of an unidentified species of thyridid from Queensland, Australia are also illustrated and discussed in the context of the new information concerning C. trifascialis .