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Chrysolina immarginata species group is introduced and defined within the subgenus Chalcoidea. Chrysolina ivanovi Mikhailov sp.n. described from Eastern Kazakhstan demonstrates the northernmost limit for the distribution of this group. Chrysolina alaiensis (Lopatin, 1998) is resurrected from synonymy with Chrysolina dieckmanni (Mohr, 1966) and Chrysolina (Chalcoidea) luchti Lopatin, 2000 is resurrected from synonymy with Chrysolina zangana Chen et Wang, 1981 based on type examination. © 2022, KMK Scientific Press. All rights reserved. В подроде Chalcoidea выделена группа видов, близких к Chrysolina immarginata . Chrysolina ivanovi Mikhailov sp.n., описанный из Восточного Казахстана, представляет крайнюю северную равнинную точку для этой группы. Chrysolina alaiensis (Lopatin, 1998) выведен из синонимов Chrysolina dieckmanni (Mohr, 1966), а Chrysolina ( Chalcoidea ) luchti Lopatin, 2000 выведен из синонимов Chrysolina zangana Chen et Wang, 1981 на основании изучения типов.

The previous comparative studies on watersheds were mostly based on the comparison of dispersive characteristics, which lacked systemicity and causality. We proposed a causal structure-based framework for basin comparison based on the Bayesian network (BN) and focus on the basin-scale water–energy–food–ecology (WEFE) nexus. We applied it to the Syr Darya River basin (SDB) and the Amu Darya River basin (ADB), of which poor water management caused the Aral Sea disaster. The causality of the nexus was effectively compared and universality of this framework was discussed. In terms of changes in the nexus, the sensitive factor for the water supplied to the Aral Sea changed from the agricultural development during the Soviet Union period to the disputes in the WEFE nexus after the disintegration. The water–energy contradiction of the SDB is more severe than that of the ADB, partly due to the higher upstream reservoir interception capacity. It further made management of the winter surplus water downstream of the SDB more controversial. Due to this, the water–food–ecology conflict between downstream countries may escalate and turn into a long-term chronic problem. Reducing water inflow to depressions and improving the planting structure prove beneficial to the Aral Sea ecology, and this effect of the SDB is more significant. The construction of reservoirs on the Panj River of the upstream ADB should be cautious to avoid an intense water–energy conflict such as the SDB's. It is also necessary to promote the water-saving drip irrigation and to strengthen the cooperation.

This paper presents an apatite U–Pb and geochemistry archive for exposed plutons and metamorphic rocks of the Kyrgyz South Tian Shan (STS) within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Apatite U–Pb dates and trace-element geochemistry are provided for 17 samples from late Carboniferous – early Permian I-type granites in the Terktinsky complex and A-type granites in the Kokshaal Range; early Devonian granites in the Kembel complex; Cryogenian granitoids and tuffs from the Middle Tian Shan and gneisses from the Atbashi metamorphic complex. These samples form a comprehensive selection of igneous and metamorphic rocks within the cores of Mesozoic basement highs that supplied detritus to adjacent basins such as the Tarim, Ferghana and Yarkand-Ferghana Basins. Generally, the granitoid samples preserve primary igneous apatite U–Pb ages that are within uncertainty of previously published zircon U–Pb dates. The apatites from the Atbashi metamorphic complex record anomalous Ordovician dates with large uncertainties that are interpreted as mixing ages between Cryogenian protolith formation and Carboniferous metamorphism. Principal component analysis discriminates apatite samples from the different bedrock terranes in the Kyrgyz STS based on their geochemical fingerprint and categorizes the samples with respect to an extensive apatite geochemical archive. The combined apatite-zircon archive provides a novel framework for provenance studies on the Meso–Cenozoic sedimentary history of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.

Building-up of the modern Tian Shan range due to the India-Eurasia collision induces the flexural subsidence of the southern Junggar block. The sedimentary infill and subsidence in the southern Junggar foreland basin recorded the growth of the northern Tian Shan. We analyze four seismic profiles, well logging data, and trends in stream morphology in the foreland basin to decipher its architecture, and stratigraphic and subsidence history. The southern Junggar foreland basin system can be divided into the northern Tian Shan wedge-top, Lakes Aiby-Fangcao-Baijiahai foredeep and Luliang forebulge and backbulge depozones. The seismic profiles present the active shortening structures in the wedge top and the northward thinning and onlapping Neogene-Quaternary foreland sequence in the foredeep. The growth strata and unconformities separating the growth and pregrowth strata in the upper part of the foreland sequence are identified in the wedge top depozone. This indicates that the competition between active local folding relief and regional bedrock subsidence determines erosion versus deposition in the wedge top. The logging data of well GQ2 reveal that the present wedge-top depozone evolved from distal lake sedimentation, probably in a foredeep setting, to a braided river in a modern piedmont setting. These lines of sedimentary evidence and the active shortening structures reveal the northward migration process of the southern Junggar foreland basin driven by the northward propagation of the Tian Shan since the Neogene. The north-northeast dipping topography of the northern Tian Shan thrust wedge controls the north-northeastward flowing of all the rivers in the wedge top, and these rivers’ flowing direction changes in the foredeep depozone where the tectonic landform flatten out. Growth of anticlines in the front of the wedge-top depozone may have triggered a northward migration of the meandering channel of the Manas river in its lower reach. The transition between the trends of the stream morphology in the wedge top and foredeep depozones suggests the control of the structures of the foreland basin system on trends in stream morphology.

На основе методов комплексного междисциплинарного исследования палеогеографических условий, в зоне центральной части Евразии на протяжении позднего кайнозоя, отмечены региональные и локальные особенности генезиса культур каменного века. Полученные результаты позволят рассматривать взаимную связь в развития истории каменного века, в контексте с климатическими изменениями и особенностями региональных палеогеографических условий, как арены жизнедеятельности древнейших обитателей центральной зоны Евразии. Ранний палеолит Южной и Восточной Африки, Индии, Пакистана, Китая, Кавказа и Ближнего Востока в целом обнаруживает много общих составных техникотипологических элементов развития древнейших культур каменного века Узбекистана., Based on the methods of a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of paleogeographic conditions, in the zone of the central part of Eurasia during the Late Cenozoic, regional and local features of the genesis of Stone Age cultures are noted. The results obtained will allow us to consider general issues of the development of the history of the Stone Age, in the context of the historical processes of the genesis of the most ancient cultures of mankind in the zone of the central part of Eurasia, and to consider not theoretically, but on the basis of certain and reliable archaeological monuments discovered on the territory of Uzbekistan. The early Paleolithic of South and East Africa, India, Pakistan, China, the Caucasus and the Middle East as a whole reveals many common composite technical and typological elements with the most ancient cultures of the Stone Age of Uzbekistan

Mountain snow is a fundamental freshwater supply in the arid regions. Climate warming alters the timing of snowmelt and shortens the snow cover duration, which greatly influences the regional climate and water management. However, a reliable estimation of snow mass in the Tianshan Mountains (TS) is still unclear due to the scarcity of extensive continuous surface observations and a complex spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, a long-time snow simulation from 1982 to 2018 was performed in WRF/Noah-MP to quantify snow mass in the TS, forced by ERA5 reanalysis data and real-time updated leaf area index and green vegetation fraction. Meanwhile, March snow mass (close to the annual peak snow mass), snow cover fraction (SCF), and their associated trends were investigated in the TS. The results indicated a good accuracy of the simulated snow water equivalent (root mean square error [RMSE]: 7.82 mm/day) with a slight overestimation (2.84 mm/day). Compared with ERA5 data set, the RMSE and mean bias of the daily snow depth from WRF/Noah-MP downscaling were significantly reduced by 95.74% and 93.02%, respectively. The climatological March snow mass measured 97.85 (+/- 16.60) Gt in the TS and exhibited a negligible tendency during the study period. The total precipitation during the cold season controlled the variations of March snow mass. The increased precipitation in the high-altitude regions contributed to an extensive snow mass, which could offset the loss in the TS lowland. In contrast, rapidly rising air temperature caused a significant reduction of March SCF, particularly in the Southern TS.

Landslide hazard analyses in Armenia require consideration of the seismotectonic context of the Lesser Caucasus. As it is located near the center of the Arab-Eurasian collision, the Lesser Caucasus is characterized by its complex geology, dense fault network and mountainous relief, it is marked by recent volcanic and seismic activity largely influencing slope stability at different scales. We therefore sought to identify all major landslides in the Armenian Lesser Caucasus and to understand the environmental factors contributing to regional landslide susceptibility. We performed spatial and size-frequency analyses using two landslide catalogues as inputs: &ldquo, Georisk&rdquo, provided by the Georisk Scientific Research Company, and &ldquo, Matossian&rdquo, herein. Our spatial analyses show that landslide susceptibility depends on many factors according to the area considered: near faults, a tectonic influence on slope stability is clearly observable, whereas high concentrations of landslides in northern mountain regions, marked by a wetter climate and far from known active faults, show that climatic factors also strongly contribute to slope-failure potential. The influence of volcanoes and volcanic deposits on the development of mass movements is unclear and requires further analysis. The aforementioned inventories do not include any records of volcanic flank collapses, although we expect at least one case in the eastern Lesser Caucasus.

While mountain runoff provides great potential for the development and life quality of downstream populations, it also frequently causes seasonal disasters. The accurate modeling of hydrological processes in mountainous areas, as well as the amount of meltwater from ice and snow, is of great significance for the local sustainable development, hydropower regulations, and disaster prevention. In this study, an improved model, the Soil Water Assessment Tool with added ice-melt module (SWATAI) was developed based on the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a semi-distributed hydrological model, to simulate ice and snow runoff. A temperature condition used to determine precipitation types has been added in the SWATAI model, along with an elevation threshold and an accumulative daily temperature threshold for ice melt, making it more consistent with the runoff process of ice and snow. As a supplementary reference, the comparison between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the quantity of meltwater were conducted to verify the simulation results and assess the impact of meltwater on the ecology. Through these modifications, the accuracy of the daily flow simulation results has been considerably improved, and the contribution rate of ice and snow melt to the river discharge calculated by the model increased by 18.73%. The simulation comparison of the flooding process revealed that the accuracy of the simulated peak flood value by the SWATAI was 77.65% higher than that of the SWAT, and the temporal accuracy was 82.93% higher. The correlation between the meltwater calculated by the SWATAI and the NDVI has also improved significantly. This improved model could simulate the flooding processes with high temporal resolution in alpine regions. The simulation results could provide technical support for economic benefits and reasonable reference for flood prevention.

Snowmelt from the Tianshan Mountains (TS) is a major contributor to the water resources of the Central Asian region. Thus, changes in snow phenology over the TS have significant implications for regional water supplies and ecosystem services. However, the characteristics of changes in snow phenology and their influences on the climate are poorly understood throughout the entire TS due to the lack of in situ observations, limitations of optical remote sensing due to clouds, and decentralized political landscapes. Using passive microwave remote sensing snow data from 1979 to 2016 across the TS, this study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of snow phenology and their attributes and implications. The results show that the mean snow onset day (Do), snow end day (De), snow cover duration days (Dd), and maximum snow depth (SDmax) from 1979 to 2016 were the 78.2nd day of hydrological year (DOY), 222.4th DOY, 146.2 days, and 16.1 cm over the TS, respectively. Dd exhibited a spatial distribution of days with a temperature of

The West Siberian Basin (WSB) is one of the largest intracratonic Meso-Cenozoic basins in the world. Its evolution has been studied over the recent decades, however, some fundamental questions regarding the tectonic evolution of the WSB remain unresolved or unconfirmed by analytical data. A complete understanding of the evolution of the WSB during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras requires insights into the cooling history of the basement rocks as determined by low-temperature thermochronometry. We presented an apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology study on the exposed parts of the WSB basement in order to distinguish tectonic activation episodes in an absolute timeframe. AFT dating of thirteen basement samples mainly yielded Cretaceous cooling ages and mean track lengths varied between 12.8 and 14.5 μm. Thermal history modeling based on the AFT data demonstrates several Mesozoic and Cenozoic intracontinental tectonic reactivation episodes affected the WSB basement. We interpreted the episodes of tectonic activity accompanied by the WSB basement exhumation as a far-field effect from tectonic processes acting on the southern and eastern boundaries of Eurasia during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic eras.

A total of 84 seismic profiles, mainly from the western and eastern deltas of Lake Issyk-Kul, were used to identify lake-level changes. Seven stratigraphic sequences were reconstructed, each containing a series of delta lobes that were formed during former lake-level stillstands or during slow lake-level increase or decrease. The lake level has experienced at least four cycles of stepwise rise and fall of 400 m or more. These fluctuations were mainly caused by past changes in the atmospheric circulation pattern. During periods of low lake levels, the Siberian High was likely to be strong, bringing dry air masses from the Mongolian steppe blocking the midlatitude Westerlies. During periods of high lake levels, the Siberian High must have been weaker or displaced, and the midlatitude Westerlies could bring moister air masses from the Mediterranean and North Atlantic regions.

The main objective of this paper was to investigate runoff changes in the catchment Ala-Arca, Alamaedin and Kara-Balta in Kyrgyzstan, as well as change in climate conditions from available stations in the area. The runoff, precipitation, and temperature series were subjected to monthly, seasonal and annual analyses based on available data. Both absolute and relative data homogeneity were verified using statistical tests such as the Mann-Whitney-Pettit test, the SNHT test, and the WiIlcoxon's two- sample test for absolute homogeneity, and the Alexandersson's test for relative homogeneity. The Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the trend in each serie. There were inhomogeneities found in a number of runoff data. In most cases, the changes of rivers Ala-Arca and Kara-Balta were recorded in 1987. Compare to Ala-Arca and Kara-Balta, the changes of river Alamedin were recorded 3 years later, in 1990. There was a positive trend development by the rivers with the glacial-snow regime. However, there was no statistically significant trend for the entire time series. Key words: runoff change, precipitation, temperature, glacial-snow regime, snow-glacial regime, homogenization, Mann-Whitney-Pettit test, trend, Mann-Kendall test, glaciation, Kyrgyzstan, Tien- Shan

Water resources are increasingly under stress in Central Asia because downstream countries are highly dependent on upstream countries. Water is essential for irrigation and is becoming scarcer due to climate change and human activities. Based on 20 hydrological stations, this study firstly analyzed the annual and seasonal spatial&ndash, temporal changes of the river discharges, precipitation, and temperature in the Syr Darya River Basin and then the possible relationships between these factors were detected. Finally, the potential reasons for the river discharge variations have been discussed. The results show that the river discharges in the upper stream of the basin had significantly risen from 1930 to 2006, mainly due to the increase in temperature (approximately 0.3 &deg, C per decade), which accelerated the melting of glaciers, while it decreased in the middle and lower regions due to the rising irrigation. In the middle of the basin, the expansion of the construction land (128.83 km2/year) and agricultural land (66.68 km2/year) from 1992 to 2015 has significantly augmented the water consumption. The operations of reservoirs and irrigation canals significantly intercepted the river discharge from the upper streams, causing a sharp decline in the river discharges in the middle and lower reaches of the Syr Darya River in 1973. The outcomes obtained from this study allowed us to understand the changes in the river discharges and provided essential information for effective water resource management in the Syr Darya River Basin.

This study assesses changes in glacier area, velocity, and geodetic mass balance for the glaciers in the Manaslu region of Nepal, a previously undocumented region of the Himalayas. We studied changes between 1970 (for select glaciers), 2000, 2005, and 2013 using freely available Landsat satellite imagery, the SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and a DEM based on Worldview imagery. Our results show a complex pattern of mass changes across the region, with glaciers lowering on average by 0.25 ±0.08ma−1 between 2000 and 2013 which equates to a geodetic mass balance of −0.21 ± 0.16m w.e.a−1. Over approximately the same time period (1999 to 2013) the glaciers underwent a 16.0% decrease in mean surface velocity over their debris-covered tongues as well as a reduction in glacier area of 8.2%. The rates of glacier change appear to vary between the different time periods, with glacier losses increasing in most cases. The glaciers on Manaslu itself underwent a change in surface elevation of −0.46 ± 0.03m a−1 between 1970 and 2000 and −0.99 ±0.08ma−1 between 2000 and 2013. Rates of glacier area change for the same glaciers increased from−0.36 km2 a−1 between 1970 and 2001 to −2.28 km2 a−1 between 2005 and 2013. Glacier change varies across the region and seems to relate to a combination of glacier hypsometry, glacier elevation range and the presence and distribution of supraglacial debris. Lower-elevation, debris-free glaciers with bottom-heavy hypsometries are losing most mass. As the glaciers in the Manaslu region continue to stagnate, an accumulation and thickening of the debris-cover is likely, thereby insulating the glacier and further complicating future glacier responses to climate.

The South Tien-Shan (STS) belt, in Central Asia, is one of the largest intracontinental orogens. It results from the reactivation of Paleozoic structures inherited from the Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB) building. Understanding the current tectonics of STS requires the knowledge of the Paleozoic history which is, however, still debated. As the Kyrgyz part of STS has been less studied than the Chinese one, this thesis aims to provide a detailed study of the Kyrgyz STS. Studying metamorphic ranges along the STS suture allows constraining the subduction history. A pluri-disciplinary approach was used, firstly based on field observations, then on thermobarometric studies combining X-ray micro-mapping and thermodynamic modeling and finally on geochronological studies.Results show that the Talas-Fergana fault, which is a 2000 km long active fault, was an important discontinuity from Upper Carboniferous times as it separated two areas with distinct geodynamic evolutions. To the west, a north-dipping subduction of the Turkestan Ocean led to the development of an important magmatic arc. Around ca. 301 Ma, the collision of Kazakhstan and Alai blocks resulted in crustal thickening and nappe stacking. To the east, a south-dipping subduction is suggested by south dipping structures exhibiting both oceanic and continental high-pressures units exhumed in a lower-grade paleo-accretionnary prism along top-to-the-north thrusts and top-to-the-south detachments. The continental high-pressure unit was exhumed at ca. 320-330 Ma just after the Turkestan Ocean closure. During Permian times, a first reactivation phase was associated to transpressive tectonics and intense magmatism. At the southern boundary of STS, interactions between transpressive tectonics and a mantle plume beneath the Tarim craton are reported. This Permian history led to the initiation of top-to-the-south thrusting to the south of STS and to the modification of thermal state of the lithosphere beneath the Tarim.The geodynamic model proposed for the Kyrgyz STS fits well with proposed models of global CAOB evolution. Moreover, is shows that the Paleozoic structuration, from the Carboniferous collision to the Permian reactivation, explains the current tectonics of STS which is a doubly vergent mountain belt thrusting intramontane basins to the north and the Tarim craton to the south. This latter acts as a rigid block since the Paleozoic, La chaîne du Sud Tien-Shan (STS) en Asie Centrale est une des plus grandes chaînes intracontinentales et résulte de la réactivation de structures héritées de son histoire Paléozoïque lors de la formation de la Ceinture Orogénique d’Asie Centrale (CAOB). La compréhension de la tectonique actuelle du STS repose donc sur une bonne connaissance de sa structuration au Paléozoïque qui reste néanmoins largement débattue. La partie kirghize de la chaîne a été moins étudiée que la partie chinoise et cette thèse propose donc une étude détaillée du STS kirghize. En particulier, l’étude des massifs métamorphiques situés le long de la suture du STS permet de contraindre l’histoire de subduction. L’approche utilisée est pluridisciplinaire, basée sur une étude de terrain, puis une analysethermobarométrique utilisant des micro-cartographies chimiques couplées à de la modélisation thermodynamique, et enfin une étude géochronologique.Nous montrons que la faille de Talas-Fergana, faille active de 2000 km de long, est une discontinuité majeure dès le Carbonifère supérieur puisqu’elle délimite deux domaines à l’évolution distincte. A l’ouest, une subduction à vergence nord de l’océan Turkestan a conduit à la formation d’un arc magmatique important. Autour de ca. 301 Ma, la collision entre le Kazakhstan et le craton Alai entraine un épaississement crustal important associé à des nappes. A l’est, une subduction à vergence sud de ce même océan est suggérée par une structure à pendage sud présentant des unités de haute-pression océanique et continentale exhumées au sein d’un paléo-prisme d’accrétion de plus bas degré métamorphique le long de chevauchements à vergence nord et de détachements à vergence sud.La fermeture de l’océan Turkestan est marquée par l’exhumation de l’unité de haute-pression continentale à ca. 320-330 Ma. Au Permien, une première phase de réactivation dans un régime transpressif, est associée à un magmatisme intense. En bordure de la chaîne, ce magmatisme interagit avec un panache mantellique sous le craton du Tarim. Cette phase permienne a conduit d’une part à l’initiation de chevauchements à vergence sud, au sud du STS et d’autre part à la modification de la structure thermique de la lithosphère sous le Tarim.Le modèle d’évolution proposé pour le STS kirghize s’intègre bien dans un modèle d’évolution global de la CAOB. De plus, on voit que la structuration Paléozoïque, de la collision carbonifère à la première phase de réactivation permienne, permet d’expliquer la tectonique actuelle du STS qui est une chaîne à double vergence s’élevant au-dessus de bassin intramontagneux au nord et au-dessus du craton du Tarim au sud qui se comporte comme un bloc rigide

Quantitative estimates of the hydrologic effects of climate change are essential for understanding and solving potential transboundary water conflicts in the Zerafshan river basin, Central Asia.This paper introduces an identification of runoff generation processes and a detection of changes in hydrological regimes supporting Mann–Kendall trend analysis for streamflows.By this, the effective available and future water resources are identified for the Zerafshan.The results for the subbasins in the upper Zerafshan and for the reference station at the upper catchment outlet indicate that glacier melt is the most significant component of river runoff. The Mann–Kendall trend analysis confirms the regime analysis with the shift in the seasonality of the discharge. Furthermore, the results of the Kendall–Theil Robust Line for predicted long-term discharge trends show a decreasing annual discharge.The experience gained during this study emphasizes the fact that the summer flood, urgently required for the large irrigation projects downstream in Uzbekistan, is reduced and more water will be available in spring. Additionally, following the estimation of future discharges in 50 and 100 years the hydrological changes are affecting the seasonal water availability for irrigation. This analysis highlighted that water availability is decreasing and the timing of availability is changing. Hence, there will be more competition between upstream Tajikistan and downstream Uzbekistan. Planned projects within the basin might have to be reconsidered and the changed scenario of water availability needs to be properly taken into account for long-term basin scale water management.

The Archean Dharwar craton in south India is known for long time to be different from most other cratons. Specifically, at station Hyderabad (HYB) the Ps converted phases from the 410- and 660-km mantle discontinuities arrive up to 2 s later than in other cratons of comparable age, which implies lower upper mantle velocities. To resolve the unique lithosphere-asthenosphere system of the Dharwar craton, we inverted jointly P and S receiver functions and teleseismic P and S traveltime residuals at 10 seismograph stations. This method operates in the same depth range as long-period surface waves but differs by much higher lateral and radial resolution. We observe striking differences in crustal structures between the eastern and western Dharwar craton (EDC and WDC, respectively): crustal thickness is of around 31 km, with predominantly felsic velocities, in the EDC and of around 55 km, with predominantly mafic velocities, in the WDC. In the mantle we observe significant variations in the P velocity with depth, practically without accompanying variations in the S velocity. In the mantle S velocity there are azimuth-dependent indications of the Hales discontinuity at a depth of similar to 100 km. The most conspicuous feature of our models is the lack of the high velocity mantle keel with the S velocity of similar to 4.7 km s(-1), typical of other Archean cratons. The S velocity in our models is close to 4.5 km s(-1) from the Moho to a depth of similar to 250 km. There are indications of a similar upper mantle structure in the northeast of the Indian craton and of a partial recovery of the normal shield structure in the northwest. A division between the high S-velocity western Tibet and low S-velocity eastern Tibet may be related to a similar division between the northeastern and northwestern Indian craton.

To study the impact of future climatic changes on hydrology in the Kaidu River Basin in the Tianshan Mountains, two sets of future climatic data were used to force a well-calibrated hydrologic model: one is bias-corrected regional climate model (RCM) outputs for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 future emission scenarios, and the other is simple climate change (SCC) with absolute temperature change of -1 similar to 6 degrees C and relative precipitation change of -20%similar to 60%. Results show the following: (1) temperature is likely to increase by 2.2 degrees C and 4.6 degrees C by the end of the 21st century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, while precipitation will increase by 2%similar to 24%, with a significant rise in the dry season and small change in the wet season; (2) flow will change by -1%similar to 20%, while evapotranspiration will increase by 2%similar to 24%; (3) flow increases almost linearly with precipitation, while its response to temperature depends on the magnitude of temperature change and flow decrease is significant when temperature increase is greater than 2 degrees C; (4) similar results were obtained for simulations with RCM outputs and with SCC for mild climate change conditions, while results were significantly different for intense climate change conditions.

The Early Palaeozoic Orogen of SE China consists of three lithotectonic elements, from top to bottom: a sedimentary Upper Unit, a metamorphic Lower Unit and a gneissic basement. The boundaries between these units are flat lying, south directed, ductile decollements. The lower one is coeval with an amphibolite facies metamorphism (M1). The belt is reworked by migmatite‐granite domes, high-temperature metamorphism (M2) and granitic plutons related to post-orogenic crustal melting. We date here the syn-M1 ductile shearing at 453 ± 7 Ma by U-Th ⁄Pb method on monazite. Previous ages and our new 40 Ar ⁄ 39 Ar ages of biotites and muscovites show that the metamorphic rocks experienced syn-M2 exhumation from 440 to 400 Ma. The Early Palaeozoic Orogen of SE China is an intracontinental belt in which decollements accommodated the north-directed subduction of the Cathaysian continent. This orogen is an example of intracontinental subduction that was not preceded by oceanic subduction.

More than 2000 of mountain lakes covering more than 0.1ha exist in a territory of Kyrgyzstan. Nearly 20% of them are dangerous because of instability of lake dams, frequent overflows and melting of buried ice inside the moraine dams. According to the Kyrgyz lake inventory, 328 lakes are at risk of outburst and 12 lakes are considered as actually dangerous. Since 1952 more than 70 disastrous cases of lake outbursts have occurred. The majority of the endangered lakes belong to one of the three genetic types: morainic-glacier, supraglacial and lake dammed by landslides and debris flows. Petrov, Adygine and Koltor lakes were selected and studied in the Tien-Shan Mountains as case studies of the most frequent genetic types of hazardous lakes. Observations were focused on the morphology of the lake basin and the surrounding relief, outflow pattern and processes controlling the development of lake. For the hazard assessment, evolution of glaciers and lakes was reconstructed using historical reports, aerial photographs and satellite images.

International audience; The Tianshan is a polyphase collision-accretion orogenic belt, its ages of orogeny is an issue in hot debate. The Kekesu-Qiongkushitai section of southwestern Chinese Tianshan experienced complicated deformations including mainly top-to-the-north thrust and NE-SW extending ductile strike-slip faulting. This section can be subdivided into three lithotectonic units, namely Yili magmatic arc, Yili Proterozoic basement and HP metamorphic complex. In the field, granodiorite of Yili are intrudes in greenschist facies metamorphic rocks cutting foliations of greenschists. Zircon U-Pb LA-ICPMS dating yields 341 +/- 6 Ma and 338 +/- 8 Ma for K-granite from Kekesu River, and 313 +/- 4 Ma for biotite-bearing granodiorite from Qiongkushitai, respectively. Biotite from granodiorite yields a Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau age at 263.4 +/- 0.6Ma, revealing an important thermal overprint in Permian. Geochemistry of granodiorite indicates that it belongs to calc-alkaline series, with significant low compositions in Nb and Ta, and enrichment in Rb, Ba and Th. These features are consitent with the geochemical components of are-type magmatic rocks. Taking into account the previous results on HP metamorphic and magmatic rocks in west Tianshan areas, this paper proposes that the subduction-collision events in southwestern Chinese Tianshan occurred before Late Carboniferous, post-collisional ductile strike-slip faulting confirms that the collisional orogenic processes ended in Permian for the southwestern Chinese Tianshan belts.