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The genus Tilia L. belongs to Malvaceae and it is represented by four species in Turkey. These are T. cordata, T. platyphyllos, T. rubra subsp. caucasica, and T. tomentosa. Tilia species have medicinal importance, especially to treat colds, flu, and coughs, and are also used as sedatives. Inflorescence with bract is recorded in the pharmacopeia as used parts. This study aimed to investigate the differences in leaf and bract characteristics in distinguishing Tilia species. Leaves and bracts were examined anatomically and micromorphologically under light and scanning electron microscopes (LM and SEM). There is no comparative anatomical and micromorphological study of Tilia species from Turkey. Microscopic examination allows for the observation of stomata types, trichomes, and other anatomical structures. These features can vary among species and can aid in differentiation. Features of bract that is medicinally used part were evaluated to find efficient diagnostic characters. The leaves also possess distinct characteristics, and leaf morphology is already used in the identification key in Flora. The emphasis is on identifying the species of medically used drugs. A diagnostic key was created using LM and SEM based on bract features to differentiate taxa for the first time. Research Highlights: Leaf and bract anatomy of Tilia taxa was studied via LM and SEM.The raw plant material is inflorescence with bract so identification by bract is important for species adulteration.An diagnostic key based on bract features was created for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the research was to determine the impact of fortification with polyphenolic compounds on (i) sensory attractiveness (global satisfaction, appearance, colour, odour, flavour, sweetness, bitterness), (ii) content of polyphenols and colour (L*, a*, b*) after the baking process and (iii) their bioactive potential (antioxidants activity and inhibiting of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme). Fortification was made with extracts of polyphenolic compounds of selected plant raw materials rich in polyphenols from quince (fruits), tilia (flowers), pomegranate (skin), passion fruit (endocarp), sour cherries (leaves), haskap and chokeberry (berries), silver skin (coffee beans), rosehip (seeds). Depending on the nature of the polyphenol extract, flavan-3-ols (monomeric and polymeric), phenolic acid, flavonols and anthocyanins were identified in the product in amounts ranging from 53.7 to 212.6 mg/100 g DM. Cookies' colour (L*, a*, b*) depended on the type of polyphenol extract used for fortification. Cookies with haskap, chokeberry and sour cherry presented the highest antioxidant potential. Cookies with chokeberry, haskap and rosehip presented high activity in inhibiting α-amylase (65.5, 60.6 and 62.2% of inhibition, respectively), but cookies with haskap, silver skin and quince in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity (23.0, 20.4 and 21.4% of inhibition, respectively). In the sensory evaluation, the most attractive were cookies with rosehip and pomegranate (6.3 and 5.8 score, respectively), but the lowest ratings were given to cookies with passion fruit and silver skin but especially quince cookies, which obtained the lowest desirability (3.7 score). The acceptability of fortified cookies was determined to the least extent by monomeric flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids (in minus in odour/flavour, bitterness, sweetness and global satisfaction), but anthocyanins, polymeric procyanidins and flavonols had the most significant positive impact on consumer acceptance of the assessed features, i.e., global satisfaction, odour/flavour, sweetness and bitterness (positive consumer drivers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study presents an analytical and biological evaluation of selected vegetable oils and their unsaponifiable compounds, which are of crucial importance for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, with the aim of ensuring their targeted use in dermal products. Methods: Vegetable oils were selected based on their dominant fatty acid composition: pomegranate seed oil (punicic acid), linseed oil (α-linolenic acid), coconut oil (lauric acid), olive oil (oleic acid), poppy seed oil (linoleic acid), linden seed oil (linoleic acid), and marigold seed oil (α-calendic acid). Pharmacopoeial chemical values, fatty acid profiles, and unsaponifiable compounds were analysed. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH assay. Results: Chemical values indicated good oxidative status and minimal hydrolysis. Fatty acid analysis revealed expected compositions, with rare linden and marigold seed oils exhibiting distinctive fatty acid composition, featuring sterculic and α-calendic acids. Marigold seed oil showed the richest profile of unsaponifiable compounds. Antioxidant activity was highest in olive oil and lowest in coconut oil. No significant correlation was found between the fatty acid composition, unsaponifiable matter, and antioxidant activity suggesting the synergistic or antagonistic interactions of oil components. Conclusion: The study highlights the complex interactions among oil components that influence antioxidant activity. These findings deepen the understanding of the complex mechanisms determining the antioxidant properties of vegetable oils, crucial for informed decisions in dermal product formulation as demand for natural, effective cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients rises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoal analyses were used to study tree diversity, fire history and forest disturbance over the past c. 3500 years at three forest remnant sites in Vendsyssel, northern Denmark. All locations had a more diverse tree composition in the past including abundant Alnus, Betula, Corylus, Pinus, Quercus, Salix, Tilia and Ulmus. The changes in tree diversity through time can be attributed to a combination of factors including climate change, burning linked to shifting cultivation, grazing and felling. The balance between arboreal and non-arboreal pollen was already being influenced by human activities in the late Bronze Age c. 3000 years ago. The high pollen abundance values recorded for Tilia pre-2000 years ago are exceptional as compared to later periods at these sites. At one location, the transition from Tilia to Fagus indicated that Tilia prevailed until c. 1300 years ago. Subsequent periods of forest clearance, with charcoal and cereal cultivation, initially including Hordeum and subsequently also Secale, were recorded. There was pollen evidence for grazing followed by shrub regeneration including Calluna, Erica, Juniperus and herbaceous taxa, and following that, a forest recovery of mainly Fagus, Picea and Pinus. This recovery is also recorded in historical forest records from 1880 CE onwards, emphasising the dominant role of plantation schemes. Results are placed in a wider framework of other sites in Denmark and southern Scandinavia, which have also documented a reduction of tree diversity and forest cover over the same period. The evidence from the long-term record is used to draw conclusions to assist forest restoration programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventeen Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterial strains were isolated from bleeding cankers of various broadleaf hosts and oak rhizosphere soil in Great Britain. The strains were tentatively identified as belonging to the genus Raoultella based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), based on four protein-encoding genes (fusA, leuS, pyrG, and rpoB), separated the strains into three clusters within the Raoultella genus clade. The majority of strains clustered with the type strain of Raoultella terrigena, with the remaining strains divided into two clusters with no known type strain. Whole genome sequencing comparisons confirmed these two clusters of strains as belonging to two novel Raoultella species which can be differentiated phenotypically from their current closest phylogenetic relatives. Therefore, two novel species are proposed: Raoultella scottia sp. nov. (type strain = BAC 10a-01-01T = LMG 33072T = CCUG 77096T) and Raoultella lignicola sp. nov. (type strain = TW_WC1a.1T = LMG 33073T = CCUG 77094T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventeen Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterial strains were isolated from bleeding cankers of various broadleaf hosts and oak rhizosphere soil in Great Britain. The strains were tentatively identified as belonging to the genus Raoultella based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), based on four protein-encoding genes (fusA, leuS, pyrG, and rpoB), separated the strains into three clusters within the Raoultella genus clade. The majority of strains clustered with the type strain of Raoultella terrigena, with the remaining strains divided into two clusters with no known type strain. Whole genome sequencing comparisons confirmed these two clusters of strains as belonging to two novel Raoultella species which can be differentiated phenotypically from their current closest phylogenetic relatives. Therefore, two novel species are proposed: Raoultella scottia sp. nov. (type strain = BAC 10a-01-01T = LMG 33072T = CCUG 77096T) and Raoultella lignicola sp. nov. (type strain = TW_WC1a.1T = LMG 33073T = CCUG 77094T).

The goal of the research was to determine the impact of fortification with polyphenolic compounds on (i) sensory attractiveness (global satisfaction, appearance, colour, odour, flavour, sweetness, bitterness), (ii) content of polyphenols and colour (L*, a*, b*) after the baking process and (iii) their bioactive potential (antioxidants activity and inhibiting of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme). Fortification was made with extracts of polyphenolic compounds of selected plant raw materials rich in polyphenols from quince (fruits), tilia (flowers), pomegranate (skin), passion fruit (endocarp), sour cherries (leaves), haskap and chokeberry (berries), silver skin (coffee beans), rosehip (seeds). Depending on the nature of the polyphenol extract, flavan-3-ols (monomeric and polymeric), phenolic acid, flavonols and anthocyanins were identified in the product in amounts ranging from 53.7 to 212.6 mg/100 g DM. Cookies’ colour (L*, a*, b*) depended on the type of polyphenol extract used for fortification. Cookies with haskap, chokeberry and sour cherry presented the highest antioxidant potential. Cookies with chokeberry, haskap and rosehip presented high activity in inhibiting α-amylase (65.5, 60.6 and 62.2% of inhibition, respectively), but cookies with haskap, silver skin and quince in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity (23.0, 20.4 and 21.4% of inhibition, respectively). In the sensory evaluation, the most attractive were cookies with rosehip and pomegranate (6.3 and 5.8 score, respectively), but the lowest ratings were given to cookies with passion fruit and silver skin but especially quince cookies, which obtained the lowest desirability (3.7 score). The acceptability of fortified cookies was determined to the least extent by monomeric flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids (in minus in odour/flavour, bitterness, sweetness and global satisfaction), but anthocyanins, polymeric procyanidins and flavonols had the most significant positive impact on consumer acceptance of the assessed features, i.e., global satisfaction, odour/flavour, sweetness and bitterness (positive consumer drivers).

Water availability is an important issue all over the world, and membrane filtration technology is one of the most effective measures for remediation. As a sustainable and renewable biomass material, natural wood has a hierarchical and three-dimensional interconnected microstructure, which provides an alternative for water filter design. Longitudinal filtration could take advantage of the micropores, while the treatment speed is severely limited. This study examined a wood filter in which muddy wastewater can be transported into the microchannels and out of the vertically stacked micropores. The filter takes full advantage of the pores present in the wood without sacrificing the speed of hydraulic flow within the main transport channels, exhibiting excellent performance for mud removal. In this manner, water flux, decolorization, and turbidity are highly dependent on the groove number, groove depth, and thickness of the filter. Due to the reorientation of the water transport pathways, the clogging of micropores could be easily alleviated, thus promoting the filter lifecycle. The design of the cross-flow wood filter can provide an available platform for various wastewater treatment cases with different impurities, displaying an application prospect in the wastewater treatment field.

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The true bug Oxycarenus lavaterae has spread northwards through Europe from the Mediterranean at the beginning of the 21st century. Temperature and photoperiod in particular countries are important for the prediction of further spread. The timing and conditions for the termination of winter diapause in Bulgarian and Czech populations of O. lavaterae were determined. The progress in diapause development in the Bulgarian population was monitored by changes in the duration of the pre-oviposition period under long day (18L : 6D) conditions, which decreased gradually from October to June from 98 to 10 days at 20°C and 62 to 9 days at 25°C. There was no change in the photoperiodic response around the winter solstice in December/January, as is recorded for many other temperate insects. Instead, most overwintering females of O. lavaterae transferred to the diapause-promoting short-day photoperiod (12L : 12D) at 25°C did not start to oviposit even though they lived up to one year. The percentage of females that oviposited under short day conditions gradually increased from December to May, but only reached approximately 50% at most. In the Czech Republic, the number of individuals observed resting in overwintering aggregations on tree trunks gradually decreased up to early June. This bug seems remain in diapause until lime trees flower and their seeds become available.

Societal Impact Statement: Trees are essential to life on earth—playing important economic, ecological and cultural roles. However, the world is facing a biodiversity crisis, and to be able to effectively conserve tree species with limited funds, we need to know which tree species are threatened. The Global Tree Assessment has addressed this gap in knowledge through accelerating the production of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments. Analysing the results of completed taxonomic groups allows for targeted conservation. Here, we explore the extinction risk of six understudied genera with ethnobotanical uses, allowing for conservation priorities to be set. Summary: To highlight the ongoing progress of the Global Tree Assessment, a synthesis of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List data has been produced for six genera (Gilbertiodendron, Humiriastrum, Liquidambar, Nectandra, Teijsmanniodendron and Tilia) which have all their tree species assessed. This was used to analyse the extinction risk within these groups with the aim of setting conservation priorities and raising awareness of genera not previously publicised in the Global Tree Assessment.The genera were chosen based on completeness, in terms of number of tree species with published IUCN Red List assessments. IUCN Red List categories, threats and uses from each species' IUCN Red List assessment were analysed. An ex situ survey was also carried out to identify species found in botanic gardens, arboreta and seed banks.Higher threat levels were found in the predominately tropical genera (Gilbertiodendron, Humiriastrum, Nectandra and Teijsmanniodendron) compared with the broadly more temperate genera (Tilia and Liquidambar). Habitat loss due to agriculture is a major threat in all genera with exploitation also a key threat to Gilbertiodendron and Tilia. Gilbertiodendron, Humiriastrum, Nectandra and Teijsmanniodendron have no threatened species conserved in ex situ collections.We have identified a need for a range of conservation measures, including collecting threatened species of these groups for ex situ conservation, to ensure no species becomes extinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The true bug Oxycarenus lavaterae has spread northwards through Europe from the Mediterranean at the beginning of the 21st century. Temperature and photoperiod in particular countries are important for the prediction of further spread. The timing and conditions for the termination of winter diapause in Bulgarian and Czech populations of O. lavaterae were determined. The progress in diapause development in the Bulgarian population was monitored by changes in the duration of the pre-oviposition period under long day (18L : 6D) conditions, which decreased gradually from October to June from 98 to 10 days at 20°C and 62 to 9 days at 25°C. There was no change in the photoperiodic response around the winter solstice in December/January, as is recorded for many other temperate insects. Instead, most overwintering females of O. lavaterae transferred to the diapause-promoting short-day photoperiod (12L : 12D) at 25°C did not start to oviposit even though they lived up to one year. The percentage of females that oviposited under short day conditions gradually increased from December to May, but only reached approximately 50% at most. In the Czech Republic, the number of individuals observed resting in overwintering aggregations on tree trunks gradually decreased up to early June. This bug seems remain in diapause until lime trees flower and their seeds become available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Bodleian Plate", an early eighteenth-century engraved copper printing plate, bears a series of images of buildings erected in Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, as well as depictions of plants and animals. Four of these natural history images portray fragments of marine algae here identified as Sargassum spp. (Sargassaceae) and Ascophyllum nodosum (Fucaceae). A fifth botanical subject is identified as fragments of the inflorescences of Tilia sp. (Malvaceae). Two of the Sargassum fragments show commensal marine organisms, a bryozoan (probably Jellyella tuberculata (Membraniporidae)) and goose barnacles (Lepas sp. (Crustacea; Cirripedia)). A seahorse (Hippocampus sp. (Syngnathidae)), a ground beetle and a spider are also depicted. These new identifications contradict the hypothesis that the illustrations portray agricultural or other commodities of financial importance in Virginia during the early 1700s. A putative link with William Byrd II of Westover, Virginia, is not supported by the natural history images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research. Tilia L. is a Eurasian–eastern North American disjunct plant genus with great economic and ecological importance. However, a robust phylogeny has not been established with a comprehensive taxon sampling and a large amount of data. Methodology. We obtained DNA sequences of plastomes and multiple nuclear loci using the anchored hybrid enrichment technique and next-generation sequencing technology. Orthologous nuclear loci were inferred using tree-based methods. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using maximum parsimony, Bayesian, and coalescence-based species tree methods. Parentages of polyploids were inferred from the nuclear and plastid phylogenies. Pivotal results. Craigia yunnanensis W.W.Smith & W.E.Evans is sister to Tilia , within which T. endochrysea Hand.-Mazz., endemic to southern China, is the earliest-diverging lineage, followed by the European species T. platyphyllos Scop. The European T. cordata Mill. and eastern Asian T. amurensis Rupr. and T. kiusiana Makino & Shirasawa form a clade, while the North American T. americana L. is most closely related to the eastern and western Asian species complex including T. chingiana Hu & Cheng, T. mandshurica Maxim., T. oliveri Szyszyl., and western Asian T. tomentosa Moench. Significant incongruence exists between nuclear and plastid phylogenies. Conclusions. Our phylogenetic results suggest that there are six distinctive lineages or species complexes in the genus, (1) T. endochrysea ; (2) T. platyphyllos ; (3) T. kiusiana ; (4) T. cordata and T. amurensis ; (5) T. chingiana , T. miqueliana , and T. oliveri ; and (6) T. tomentosa and T. americana. They may be divided into two sections (Trichophilyra and Tilia) and three subsections (Tilia , Lindnera , and Trabeculares). The prevalent incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies confirms the importance of ancient hybridization and introgression in the evolutionary history of the genus. Polyploid species in Eurasia and their corresponding diploid parental lineages may have formed a hybrid swarm in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palynological and archaeobotanical analyses have been carried out as part of the interdisciplinary project of Colombare di Negrar, a prehistoric site in the Lessini Mountains (northern Italy). The palaeoenvironmental and economic reconstruction from the Late Neolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age was based on 16 pollen samples and three samples of macroremains taken from two contiguous trenches. The landscape reconstruction shows the presence of natural clearings in the wood. Forest cover was characterised by oak wood, with Ulmus and Tilia. The intermediate morphology of size and exine of Tilia cordata/platyphyllos pollen may be regarded as the first palynological evidence of lime hybrids in palaeorecords. Hygrophilous trees and Vitis vinifera testify to the presence of riparian forests and moist soils. Among trees supplying fruits, in addition to the grapevine, hazelnut (Corylus avellana) and walnut (Juglans regia) were present. A mixed economy based on animal breeding and cultivation of cereals (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum, T. timopheevii) emerged from the data. The combined analysis of pollen and plant macroremains suggests that different activities were carried out simultaneously in Colombare and a relationship between natural resources and the socio-economic and cultural evolution of the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a screening campaign of bleeding cankers of broadleaf hosts in Great Britain, numerous bacterial strains were isolated, identified by 16S rRNA and protein-coding gene sequencing and ultimately classified. During the course of the study, several Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic strains were isolated from bleeding Platanus x acerifolia (London plane) and Tilia x europaea (common lime) cankers that could not be assigned to an existing species. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing placed these strains in the genus Erwinia, as a close phylogenetic relative of Erwinia toletana. In an effort to determine the taxonomic position of the strains, a polyphasic approach was followed including genotypic, genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic assays. Multilocus sequence analysis based on four protein-coding genes (gyrB, rpoB, infB, and atpD) confirmed the phylogenetic position of the strains as a novel taxon of subgroup 3 of the genus Erwinia, along with E. toletana and E. iniecta, and furthermore, provided support for their reclassification in a novel genus. Whole genome comparisons allowed the delimitation of the novel species and also supported the proposed transfer of subgroup 3 species to a novel genus in the Erwiniaeae. Phenotypically the novel species could be differentiated from E. toletana and E. iniecta, and the novel genus could be differentiated from the closely related genera Erwinia and Mixta. Therefore, we propose (1) the reclassification of E. toletana and E. iniecta in a novel genus, Winslowiella gen. nov., as Winslowiella toletana comb. nov. and Winslowiella iniecta comb. nov., with W. toletana comb. nov. as the type species (type strain A37T = CFBP 6631T = ATCC 700880T = CECT 5263T), and (2) classification of the novel strains as Winslowiella arboricola sp. nov. (type strain BAC 15a-03bT = LMG 32576T = NCPPB 4696T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While investigating the bacterial populations of environmental samples taken from a mix of healthy and Acute Oak Decline afflicted Quercus robur (pedunculate or English oak) rhizosphere soil samples and swabs of bleeding lesions on Tilia spp. (lime) and Quercus rubra (red oak) trees, several strains belonging to the order Enterobacterales were isolated using selective media and enrichment broth. Seven strains from the Q. robur rhizosphere, three strains from Tilia spp. and one from Q. rubra were investigated, with their taxonomic status determined via a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Initially stains were identified as potential members of the recently described genus Scandinavium, based on the partial sequencing of three housekeeping genes. Further analysis of phenotypic traits, including fatty acid profiles, coupled with 16S rRNA gene and phylogenomic analysis of whole genome sequences were applied to a subset of the strains. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analysis repeatedly placed the isolates in a monophyletic clade within Scandinavium, with four distinct clusters observed, one of which corresponded to Scandinavium goeteborgense, the type species of the genus. The remaining three clusters could be phenotypically and genotypically differentiated from each other and S. goeteborgense. As such, we describe three novel species of the genus, for which we propose the names Scandinavium hiltneri sp. nov. (type strain H11S7T = LMG 32612T = CCUG 76179T), Scandinavium manionii sp. nov. (type strain H17S15T = LMG 32613T = CCUG 76183T) and Scandinavium tedordense sp. nov. (type strain TWS1aT = LMG 32614T = CCUG 76188T). Additionally, the descriptions of the genus Scandinavium and the type species, S. goeteborgense, are emended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linden trees (Tilia spp.) have for a long time been associated with bumblebee (Bombus spp.) mortality in Europe and North America. Several explanations have been suggested for this phenomenon. This study aimed to explore to which extent the factors of predation, ageing, starvation, and poisonous nectar serve as explanations for bumblebee mortality in association with linden trees.Starvation, ageing, and predation all contributed to mortality of bumblebees found under flowering linden trees. The mean weight of a dead wild bumblebee found under linden trees was found to be close to the weight of a starved bumblebee of the same size. This indicated that starvation was the main driver for many of the deaths.A significant proportion of the dead bumblebees collected under linden trees had injuries indicating predation. The authors suggest that predation may serve as a secondary explanation for the bumblebee mortality, after weakening by starvation or other factors.A small proportion of the bumblebees may have died from physical degradation or age. The present study did not support the poisonous nectar hypothesis. It is necessary to explore the covariation between the suggested hypotheses more closely, to better understand the interplay between the different factors. In addition, there is a need to investigate alternative hypotheses for the association between bumblebees and linden trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a screening campaign of bleeding cankers of broadleaf hosts in Great Britain, numerous bacterial strains were isolated, identified by 16S rRNA and protein-coding gene sequencing and ultimately classified. During the course of the study, several Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic strains were isolated from bleeding Platanus x acerifolia (London plane) and Tilia x europaea (common lime) cankers that could not be assigned to an existing species. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing placed these strains in the genus Erwinia, as a close phylogenetic relative of Erwinia toletana. In an effort to determine the taxonomic position of the strains, a polyphasic approach was followed including genotypic, genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic assays. Multilocus sequence analysis based on four protein-coding genes (gyrB, rpoB, infB, and atpD) confirmed the phylogenetic position of the strains as a novel taxon of subgroup 3 of the genus Erwinia, along with E. toletana and E. iniecta, and furthermore, provided support for their reclassification in a novel genus. Whole genome comparisons allowed the delimitation of the novel species and also supported the proposed transfer of subgroup 3 species to a novel genus in the Erwiniaeae. Phenotypically the novel species could be differentiated from E. toletana and E. iniecta, and the novel genus could be differentiated from the closely related genera Erwinia and Mixta. Therefore, we propose (1) the reclassification of E. toletana and E. iniecta in a novel genus, Winslowiella gen. nov., as Winslowiella toletana comb. nov. and Winslowiella iniecta comb. nov., with W. toletana comb. nov. as the type species (type strain A37T = CFBP 6631T = ATCC 700880T = CECT 5263T), and (2) classification of the novel strains as Winslowiella arboricola sp. nov. (type strain BAC 15a-03bT = LMG 32576T = NCPPB 4696T).

While investigating the bacterial populations of environmental samples taken from a mix of healthy and Acute Oak Decline afflicted Quercus robur (pedunculate or English oak) rhizosphere soil samples and swabs of bleeding lesions on Tilia spp. (lime) and Quercus rubra (red oak) trees, several strains belonging to the order Enterobacterales were isolated using selective media and enrichment broth. Seven strains from the Q. robur rhizosphere, three strains from Tilia spp. and one from Q. rubra were investigated, with their taxonomic status determined via a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Initially stains were identified as potential members of the recently described genus Scandinavium, based on the partial sequencing of three housekeeping genes. Further analysis of phenotypic traits, including fatty acid profiles, coupled with 16S rRNA gene and phylogenomic analysis of whole genome sequences were applied to a subset of the strains. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analysis repeatedly placed the isolates in a monophyletic clade within Scandinavium, with four distinct clusters observed, one of which corresponded to Scandinavium goeteborgense, the type species of the genus. The remaining three clusters could be phenotypically and genotypically differentiated from each other and S. goeteborgense. As such, we describe three novel species of the genus, for which we propose the names Scandinavium hiltneri sp. nov. (type strain H11S7T = LMG 32612T = CCUG 76179T), Scandinavium manionii sp. nov. (type strain H17S15T = LMG 32613T = CCUG 76183T) and Scandinavium tedordense sp. nov. (type strain TWS1aT = LMG 32614T = CCUG 76188T). Additionally, the descriptions of the genus Scandinavium and the type species, S. goeteborgense, are emended.

The floral aroma, sometimes known as an incorporeal gift of flowers, is one of the primary ornamental features of plants. Flowers of genus Tilia are fragrant and have great value for development and utilization. In this study, for the first time, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with chemometrics were used to analyze the dynamic variations of scent components of the three species from Tilia at different flowering stages. 47 aroma compounds were preliminarily identified, including terpenes, alcohols, ethers, esters, aldehydes, heterocyclics and alkanes. The UpSet diagram displayed great variations in the amount of aroma components at various flowering stages for each species. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated the proximity of aroma composition characteristics and the significant components that can distinguish the three species from one another. Variable importance projection values (VIP) along with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis were performed to identify 9 crucial aroma components, such as α-Farnesene, D-Limonene, Germacrene D, Linalool, etc. In the end, we discovered that, in sharp contrast to T. miqueliana Maxim., Tilia cordata Mill. may have a closely related phylogenetic relationship with Tilia tomentosa Moench. by evaluating the aroma similarity rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first study of the forest vegetation dominated by Tilia platyphyllos growing on calcareous rock outcrops in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula. This vegetation is confined to steep rocky slopes of mainly northern aspect in limestone areas. Based on a dataset of 53 relevés recorded during the summer of 2019 and compared with so far described associations of the order Aceretalia pseudoplatani (118 relevés), we describe the new association Helictotricho cantabrici-Tilietum platyphylli, distributed in the area stretching from the Picos de Europa in the west to the French Pyrenees in the east. Beside common species of mesophilous and thermophilous forests, numerous rockoutcrop specialists occur in this association. This vegetation is species-rich and of a high conservation value, as it also contains a high number of endemic species of the northern Iberian Peninsula, such as Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii, Helictotrichon cantabricum, Oreochloa confusa, Petrocoptis pyrenaica, Saxifraga canaliculata and Seseli cantabricum. Two subassociations of the Helictotricho-Tilietum are distinguished: H. c.-T. p. typicum represents more mesophytic stands occurring in the Basque-Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees, while H. c.-T. p. lauretosum nobilis, with drought-tolerant submediterranean species, was recorded in the Cantabrian Range. We classify the Helictotricho-Tilietum in the Melico-Tilion platyphylli (order Aceretalia pseudoplatani, class Carpino-Fagetea), an alliance including xero-mesophilous scree and rock-outcrop forests of the European temperate zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was tried to determine the effect of grafting method and time on the success of graft in silvery linden (Tilia tomentosa Moench.) that is used in urban landscape as well as for therapeutic purposes and is a very important non-wood forest product. The research was carried out from Bursa Forest Nursery affiliated to Bursa Forest Regional Directorate. It was used the methods of cleft scion graft and chip budding graft which applied during March and September with 20-day interval. As a result of the research; The grafting in March, the highest success rate was found in 57% in the method of cleft scion grafts and %29 in the method of chip budding grafts. The grafting success in April was %14 by using the method of cleft scion graft. High temperatures occurring during the summer season were considered as the main reasons for the inability to be successful in grafts.

The vast amounts of mining and metallurgical wastes containing unimaginable quantities of toxic metal(loid)s require searching for managed ways. The study aimed to long-term assess the growth, elements accumulation (As, Cd, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, Ti, Tl, Zn) and proline content in 2-year-old Tilia cordata Mill. and Quercus robur L. seedlings growing under 1 and 3% extremely polluted mining sludge (MS) after 1, 2 and 3 years. Both species were able to grow efficiently without significant differences resulting from the impact of MS. The overall rise was higher for T. cordata than for Q. robur. The accumulation ability for As, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Ti, and Zn in the whole plant was significantly higher for T. cordata, while Cd, Sb, Sn and Tl did not differ considerably between species. The highest content was found for As, Mn and Zn (68.7, 158, and 157 mg per plant, respectively) for T. cordata after 3 years of growth. The calculated Bioconcentration Factors were the highest for Cu (1.23), In (6.86), and Zn (38.4) for Q. robur, as well as for As (1.55), Hg (3.24), Mn (32.8), Mo (1.64) and Ti (18.0) for T. cordata after 3 years. The highest Translocation Factors were observed for In (1.35) and Sn (1.25) after 3 years, as well as for Mn (2.72, 3.38, and 3.03 after 1, 2, and 3 years) for Q. robur seedlings. The proline content was higher for Q. robur, regardless of which organ was examined, and the differences increased with the time of the experiment and the amount of MS addition (possibly more sensitive to stress). Young T. cordata seedlings show much greater potential than Q. robur. This is the first time that a demonstration of the high potential of long-living trees in multi-element MS remediation has been described., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The foliage of the small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) is characterised by the nerve axils being grown by non-glandular trichomes, which trait contributes to the enhanced retention of the particulate matter (PM). This fact may disturb the ecological service of T. cordata related to the structure of its leaves, which is to provide acarodomatia (micro-shelters) for the predatory mites of the Phytoseiidae family. Phytoseiids are natural enemies of a variety of plant pests, widely applied in integrated pest management (IPM). Their occurrence is largely related to acarodomatia in which these mites hide, feed, reproduce, and develop. For the first time, the influence of PM deposition within spaces typically occupied by phytoseiids is investigated. Experimental populations of Euseius finlandicus were reared on T. cordata leaves in the progressive PM-pollution. The results showed that the values of life table parameters of the predator depended significantly on the level of PM deposition on leaves. Contrary to clean leaves from the control, the medium and high contamination intensities significantly reduced the daily (by 47% and 70%, respectively) and the total fecundity (by 62% and 77%, respectively) of females which, in turn, resulted in a decreased net reproductive rate (by 67% and 81%, respectively), intrinsic rate of increase (by 40% and 55%, respectively) and finite rate of increase (by 8% and 10%, respectively) of E. finlandicus. The pre-ovipositional period was prolonged, while the oviposition duration was shortened and the mites matured longer. In high pollution level the mortality of phytoseiids was boosted by 19% and some females were observed with pollutant lumps adhered to the idiosoma. Also, significant shares of juvenile forms (13%) and adult females (25%) made attempts to escape from highly contaminated experimental arenas. The implications of PM retention on the shelter vegetation are discussed in the context of IPM and ecological services., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Medicinal plants, used for the preparation of teas, contain in addition to numerous biologically active components also significant amounts of microelements essential for the human body. That is why we considered it necessary to provide information on the intake of essential elements of chamomile and linden flowers. Aim: To review the available to highlight the intake of essential microelements Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) of some medicinal plants (chamomile and linden) used in the preparation of medicinal teas. Methods: The methodology for this review involved a search from Google and Google academic from 2000 to 2021 using the key-words: "medicinal plants", "medicinal herbs", "trace elements in medicinal plants", "minerals in medicinal plans", "trace elements in human health". Conclusion: Chamomile and linden flower contain significant amounts of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, their concentration showing the same decreasing trend Fe> Mn> Zn> Cu. Finally, can be stated that the chamomile and linden flowers reviewed play a meaningful role in human nutrition as micro-nutrients sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palynological and archaeobotanical analyses have been carried out as part of the interdisciplinary project of Colombare di Negrar, a prehistoric site in the Lessini Mountains (northern Italy). The palaeoenvironmental and economic reconstruction from the Late Neolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age was based on 16 pollen samples and three samples of macroremains taken from two contiguous trenches. The landscape reconstruction shows the presence of natural clearings in the wood. Forest cover was characterised by oak wood, with Ulmus and Tilia. The intermediate morphology of size and exine of Tilia cordata/platyphyllos pollen may be regarded as the first palynological evidence of lime hybrids in palaeorecords. Hygrophilous trees and Vitis vinifera testify to the presence of riparian forests and moist soils. Among trees supplying fruits, in addition to the grapevine, hazelnut (Corylus avellana) and walnut (Juglans regia) were present. A mixed economy based on animal breeding and cultivation of cereals (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum, T. timopheevii) emerged from the data. The combined analysis of pollen and plant macroremains suggests that different activities were carried out simultaneously in Colombare and a relationship between natural resources and the socio-economic and cultural evolution of the territory.

Urban trees are important, green features of cities. However, knowledge of the size development of frequently planted tree species, which is the basis for modeling environmental benefits of urban trees, is mostly limited. Within this study, allometric relationships for tree structures like tree height, crown parameters, and leaf area were developed for 4 common urban tree species in South Germany (horse chestnut [Aesculus hippocastanum], small-leaved lime [Tilia cordata], black locust [Robiniapseudoacacia], and plane tree [Platanus x hispanica]). Growth and size differences between different tree species, cities, and planting sites (street, park, square) were analyzed. Moreover, the above- and belowground growing conditions were compared and their influences on growth analyzed. Marked differences in the structural development between species were found, mostly due to their species characteristics. Fast growing species (e.g., R. pseudoacacia) also showed fastest development of the tree structures compared to other species. Differences between cities were minor, especially for trees younger than 100 years, whereas the variation of growing conditions within cities strongly influenced their growth. Park trees mostly had greater tree structures compared to trees at other growing sites, though this was also species-dependent. Above- and belowground conditions varied between species, cities, and sites (street, park, square), with obstacles (trees, buildings) south of the trees having a negative influence on crown growth. These patterns can be helpful for better planning of green features in cities. They provide a basis for urban tree management based on the growing space requirements of tree species and their ecosystem service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floral aroma, sometimes known as an incorporeal gift of flowers, is one of the primary ornamental features of plants. Flowers of genus Tilia are fragrant and have great value for development and utilization. In this study, for the first time, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with chemometrics were used to analyze the dynamic variations of scent components of the three species from Tilia at different flowering stages. A total of 70 volatile components were detected, 43 aroma compounds were identified. The UpSet diagram displayed great variations in the amount of aroma components at various flowering stages for each species. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated the proximity of aroma composition characteristics and the significant components that can distinguish the three species from one another. Variable importance projection values (VIP) along with the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis were performed to identify 14 crucial aroma components, such as α-Farnesene, D-Limonene, Germacrene D, Linalool, etc. In the end, we discovered that, in sharp contrast to Tilia miqueliana Maxim., Tilia cordata Mill. may have a closely related phylogenetic relationship with Tilia tomentosa Moench. by evaluating the aroma similarity rates.

The factors that affect the local distribution of the invasive Harmonia axyridis are not yet completely resolved. Hypotheses predicting positive and independent effects of prey abundance and degree of urbanization on the adult abundance of this species in Central Europe were tested. Populations of H. axyridis were sampled in a period when it was most abundant, by sweeping lime trees (Tilia spp.) at 28 sites along a 20 km transect across urban (western Prague) and surrounding rural areas. The sites differed in aphid abundance (number of Eucallipterus tiliae per 100 sweeps) and degree of urbanization (percentage of the surrounding area within a 500 m radius covered by impervious human constructions). Multiple linear regression analysis of log-transformed data revealed that abundance of H. axyridis (number of adults per 100 sweeps) increased significantly with both aphid abundance (P = 0.015) and urbanization (P = 0.045). The positive relationship between degree of urbanization and abundance of H. axyridis was thus not a side effect of variation in aphid abundance, which was also greater in urban than rural areas. The effect of urbanization might constrict the habitat available to H. axyridis and force this species to aggregate in urban green "refugia". These results point to a plurality of factors that determine coccinellid abundance at natural sites.

The lime seed bug Oxycarenus lavaterae was observed in great numbers on large-leaved linden trees Tilia platyphyllos Scop. in Krasnodar in the spring of 2020. This is the first record of this species from Russia, indicating eastward extension of O. lavaterae. The first data on the phenology and biology of the species in the North Caucasus, and also some characteristics of this invasive population are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research. Tree species typically have high levels of genetic and morphological variation that make the detection of species boundaries difficult. The genus Tilia in eastern North America and Mexico is known for its morphological variation and uncertain species boundaries. We summarized the extent of morphological variation in North American Tilia and assessed previously proposed two- and four-species classifications. Methodology. Samples were collected from 566 individual trees, and 12 morphological characters were measured or calculated. Descriptive statistics were generated range-wide and by morphospecies, geographic range, and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) lineage. Correlations among morphological variables and with latitude and longitude were calculated. Principal coordinates analysis was performed to detect morphological clusters and their correspondence to defined subgroups. In addition, the degree of variation within individuals was assessed. Pivotal results. Morphology is highly variable across the range of Tilia. Morphological characters do not delineate the four morphospecies identified by past workers, supporting the lack of species boundaries within North American Tilia. Two cpDNA lineages, in Mexico and in the United States, also cannot be separated by any morphological character. Twig and leaf trichome density are moderately negatively correlated with latitude. There is a smaller degree of intraindividual morphological variation than expected. Conclusions. Morphological data do not provide support for the existence of two or four species of Tilia within North America. The high degree of morphological variation without distinct gaps in characters supports the recognition of a single species, Tilia americana s.l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

W pracy przestawiono przegląd literatury dotyczący morfologii, występowania, składu chemicznego oraz aktywności biologicznej wybranych gatunków z rodzaju Tilia, Betula, Sorbus i Fraxinus, ważnych elementów lasów liściastych i mieszanych Europy oraz zadrzewień miejskich. Najważniejsze składniki aktywne syntetyzowane przez te rośliny to: olejek eteryczny (lipa, brzoza), związki flawonoidowe i fenolowe (wszystkie gatunki) oraz związki kumarynowe (jesion). Surowce omawianych roślin wykazują wielokierunkową aktywność biologiczną; w tym aktywność antyoksydacyjną, wynikającą najprawdopodobniej z obecności związków fenolowych. Liczne gatunki z omawianych rodzajów stosowane są w medycynie tradycyjnej, a ich aktywność terapeutyczna potwierdzona jest dzisiaj badaniami naukowymi.

This study focuses on the utilization of linden mucilage, extracted from the linden tree, as a potential natural polymer source for the production of composite films. The films, which incorporating linden water extract, essential oil, and oil, exhibited improved thermal stability, surface morphology, and water resistance. Biodegradability assessments, particularly for films using essential oil and oil, showed promising outcomes by maintaining structural integrity. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated significant resistance against pathogens, indicating potential applications requiring microbial resistance. Mechanical analyses revealed a trade-off between tensile strength and elongation at break with addition of components. Composite films exhibited reduced water vapor permeability which correlate with water solubility and contact angle measurements. Soil biodegradation studies highlighted the films' potential to mitigate environmental impact. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed the safety of these films for potential food applications. Additionally, antioxidant assays showed increased radical scavenging activity in films with added components. In conclusion, linden-based composite films exhibit promising characteristics, suggesting their potential as sustainable and functional materials, particularly for use in food packaging., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Developing effective insecticidal strategies is an important means of reducing the spread and host plant damage by Hyphantria cunea. In this study, key metabolites with insecticidal activity against H. cunea were screened by targeted metabolomics in Tilia amurensis, a low-preference host plant. Subsequently, the potential of key metabolites that could be used as botanical pesticides was evaluated. The results showed that coumarin was the key insecticidal metabolite of T. amurensis and had a significant insecticidal effect and weight inhibition effect on H. cunea larvae. Coumarin treatment significantly decreased the larval nutrient content and the gene expression of rate-limiting enzymes in the glycolytic pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle. A significantly enhanced detoxification enzyme activity (CarE and GST), antioxidant oxidase activity (SOD and CAT), non-enzymatic antioxidant levels (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity were observed in coumarin-treated larvae. Coumarin treatment resulted in a significant increase in the expression levels of detoxification enzyme genes (CarE1, CarE2, CarE3, GST2, and GST3) and antioxidant oxidase genes (SOD1, CAT1, and CAT2) in H. cunea larvae. Coumarin treatment significantly increased the levels of MDA and H 2 O 2 in larvae but did not cause pathological changes in the ultrastructure of the larval midgut. Coumarin solution sprayed directly or as a microcapsule suspension formulation with coumarin as the active ingredient had significant insecticidal activity against the H. cunea larvae. Overall, coumarin, a key anti-insect metabolite identified from T. amurensis, can significantly inhibit the growth and survival of H. cunea larvae and has the potential to be developed as a botanical pesticide., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aerial tissues of Tilia americana var. mexicana produce compounds with anxiolytic activity, such as quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside and tiliroside, in addition to ones with anti-inflammatory properties, such as scopoletin. These three compounds were initially identified in callus cultures of apical buds. In the present study, suspension cultures from leaf explant callus were established; the accumulation of scopoletin and quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside in these cultures were found to be cell-growth-associated using cell growth and active compound-production kinetics assays. The effects of varying the nitrate and copper concentrations in Murashige and Skoog (MS, 27.4 mM total nitrates and 0.01 µM copper) medium on the growth of a suspension culture of T. americana cells and on the production of active compounds were tested by means of central composite design (CCD) generally used in the response surface methodology (RSM). Cell growth, measured as maximal biomass, improved when the total nitrate concentration decreased in the MS medium to 13.7 mM (p < 0.01) regardless of the copper concentration. As a phytoalexin, scopoletin accumulated rapidly in plants after pathogen infection, in the suspension cultures scopoletin yield was stimulated by increased copper concentration to 1.2 μM (p < 0.01). According to the C:N hypothesis, the carbon excess generated by nitrates reduced to 8.03 mM (p < 0.01) stimulated the production of quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside. Cell suspension of T. americana represents a potential biotechnological alternative for industrial exploitation in a stirred-tank bioreactor using a two-phase process: (1) the first step will be to grow the cell suspension, (2) the second stage will consist in handle the suspension culture towards the production of anxiolytic compounds or towards the production of anti-inflammatory compounds. As well as to evaluate another elicitors to stimulate tiliroside production in the T. americana suspension cultures. Key message: Tilia americana cells grown in a two-phases suspension culture system produce more scopoletin and quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside when exposed to increased concentrations of copper and decreased concentrations of total nitrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined the impact of air pollution, and more specifically the impact of traffic, on the health of urban trees. Due to the lack of data sets, urban tree growth modeling often relies on the existing knowledge of forest. However, urban trees differ from forest trees. One of the aims of the study is to fill the lacunae in this field. It was hypothesized that in streets with higher traffic volume, both growth parameters and health status of trees would be decreased in comparison to trees growing in streets with lower traffic volume. Four of the most common tree species growing in Berlin were selected: Tilia cordata Mill., Acer platanoides L., Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willd., and Aesculus hippocastanum L. Apart from the tree age and stand position (high and low traffic volume), the height and circumference were measured and the following traits were analyzed: trunk condition, crown defoliation, leaf discoloration, the presence of hollows and nests. The streets that were selected for the analysis were located in the center of Berlin. For each species, four streets with high traffic volume and four streets with low traffic volume were chosen. The car traffic volume had a significant impact on growth parameters. Significant differences in height and circumference between trees growing on streets with low or high traffic volume were noticed; the higher the traffic volume, the lower the tree height and circumference. This tendency is particularly visible in P. acerifolia, T. cordata and A. platanoides. This relation was observed in all species except for A. hippocastanum. In the conditions of high-traffic volume, A. platanoides is thriving revealing the smallest differences in vitality and condition of the crown, trunk and leaves. The greatest differences in the health condition of the trees among the analyzed variants of traffic intensity were observed in the case of T. cordata. Lime trees seem to be most suitable for planting in the streets with lower traffic volume, whereas A. platanoides seems most suitable for planting in the streets with high traffic volume. P. acerifolia, despite its generally good health, is suffering from several progressing diseases. It is worth considering whether it should be gradually replaced with more resistant species. Aesculus, especially A. hippocastanum, are currently the most endangered ones. An alternative to this species can be A. carnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Leading range-edge populations of Tilia have more clones than central populations. • Overall there is little clonal reproduction in Tilia. • All Tilia populations contain medium to high genetic diversity. • Leading range-edge populations are viable and useful for future management. Abstract It is still a matter of debate how reproductive and genetic characteristics of range-edge populations differ from those central to its range, yet this is important for future changes in species' ranges. Here we use microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity, relatedness and clonal reproduction of two lime tree species, Tilia cordata and T. platyphyllos , from leading range-edge and central locations. Clonal reproduction was limited in the populations studied, but leading range-edge populations contained more clones than populations sampled from lower latitudes. Although no inbreeding or lower genetic diversity was detected, leading range-edge populations have a higher average relatedness of individuals and a lower effective population size than those populations closer to the centre of the species' distribution. Trees further apart than 26 m are unlikely to be clones and those further apart than 61 m are not likely to be closely related. The implications for forest managers are that although leading range-edge populations have a lower effective population size, they are also likely to be better adapted to northern climes. Because locally sourced trees appear to have sufficient genetic diversity and predominantly result from sexual reproduction they are likely to adapt to climate change and be suited for natural migration and a good source for assisted migration. This is a promising prospect for the potential of future natural or managed expansion and increased species abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Diatomite deposits in the Sabatini Volcanic District (central Italy) represent valuable archives to investigate both Middle Pleistocene vegetation dynamics and geochemistry of proximal products of volcanic eruptions, which provide crucial geochronological markers for a large region of Southern Europe. We present a new pollen record from a diatomite deposit at Rignano Flaminio, attributed to MIS 13 based on two major eruptive events from Monti Sabatini: the Grottarossa Pyroclastic Sequence (513 ± 3 ka) and the Fall A unit (499 ± 3 ka). We also add insights into the geochemical and mineralogical composition of the proximal deposits of the Fall A tephra, whose products are found in several sites of the central Mediterranean. Our pollen record shows marked vegetation turnovers, reflecting changes in regional and global climate conditions, local environmental factors and ecological processes within refuge areas. The lower part of the record points to a forested environment dominated by both deciduous and evergreen broadleaved taxa, indicating wet and temperate climate conditions. This interval was punctuated by two phases of slight forest declines, where a general increase in Poaceae and Artemisia , coupled with the development of Ericaceae and evergreen Quercus communities, suggests the establishment of mediterranean-type climatic conditions with increased aridity. The upper part of the sequence shows the development of Abies and Pinus woodlands, reflecting a change towards cooler and possibly wetter climate. The pollen richness, accompanied by a fossil leaf of Laurus , confirms the role of the Sabatini Volcanic District as a Pleistocene biodiversity hot-spot and refuge area for many trees. Highlights • A new pollen record from a MIS 13 deposit in central Italy is presented. • Tephras from Monti Sabatini provide a robust and reliable chronological setting. • A 499 ± 3 ka tephra correlates to distal equivalents in central Mediterranean records. • Vegetation changes respond to both global climate and local environmental processes. • The Sabatini Volcanic District was a Pleistocene biodiversity hot-spot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All lindens provide Apidae insects with nectar, pollen, and honeydew. Lindens are important melliferous trees in Poland. The first purpose of the study was to carry out phenological observations of the flowering in ten linden taxa. The second aim was to analyse the content of linden pollen grains in the air of Lublin. A correlation between the parameters of the pollen season and meteorological factors was also determined. This study was conducted in the city of Lublin located in the central-eastern part of Poland. The flowering phenophases were analysed, using the method developed by Łukasiewicz, during the growing seasons of 2012-2015. Aerobiological monitoring, which was based on the volumetric method, was carried out over the 2001-2014 time period. As shown in the study, the flowering period of all the analysed linden taxa lasted 7 weeks, on average, from June 7 to July 24. The average length of the flowering period of the investigated taxa and hybrids was in the range of 12-17 days. Their flowering periods overlapped. The atmospheric pollen season lasted, on average, from mid-June to the second 10-day period of July. The highest concentration of airborne pollen was noted at the end of June. The pollen season pattern was significantly affected by temperature and relative air humidity as well as by rainfall in May and June. The investigations indicate a 9-day acceleration of the pollen season, which may be associated with global warming.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of IBA, IAA and NAA on rooting power of semi-hardwood cuttings from Tilia. The cuttings were treated with 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/l IBA, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/l IAA, and 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/l NAA. The results were reported after three months. The following indicators were analyzed: percentage of rooted cuttings (%), number of roots of cutting and the average length of root (cm). The largest number of rooted cuttings was obtained using 40 mg/l IBA for most of the variants. The treatment with 200 mg/l IAA resulted in the roots with the greatest length. The average length of the roots is increased by treatment with 30 mg/l and 40 mg/l NAA. High doses of IBA, IAA, NAA will provide a weak, brittle root system, which reduces the chances of successful adaptation in replanting.

Sleep is essential for overall health, yet various sleep disorders disrupt normal sleep patterns, affecting duration, quality, and timing. This pilot study investigate the impact of a food supplement (SPINOFF ® ) on both sleep quality and mental well-being in 41 participants (mean age: 45.3 years). Initial assessments revealed sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PSQ-mean score: 8.2) and insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index-ISI- mean score: 12.7). Mental health assessments showed psychological distress (Dass-21 Depression mean score: 4.2, Anxiety mean score: 6.9, Stress mean score: 11.6, Total mean score: 22.7). This study assessed sleep continuity using Awakenings per Night (ApN) via a smartwatch (HELO HEALTH ® ) and conducted the study in two phases: baseline (T0) and after 30 days of treatment (T1) (Phase A). No placebo-control was used in this study. After 30 days (Phase B), 21 patients were selected for reassessment. Eleven continued treatment for another 30 days (T2), while ten discontinued. Following the intervention, we observed remarkable improvements in sleep quality and mental distress. The SPINOFF ® supplement significantly reduced the PSQI scores (22.4%), indicating enhanced sleep quality. Additionally, there was a 19.6% decrease in ISI scores, demonstrating a reduction in insomnia symptoms. Moreover, overall psychological distress decreased by 19.5% signifying improved psychological well-being. In the second phase, participants who continued treatment experienced more substantial improvements, with a mean decrease of 0.8 points in PSQI scores (±0.9) and a mean decrease of 0.9 points in ISI scores. Our findings suggest that the SPINOFF ® supplement has the potential to effectively address both sleep disturbances and psychological distress in our study population.

Building misinformation resilience at scale continues to pose a challenge. Gamified "inoculation" interventions have shown promise in improving people's ability to recognize manipulation techniques commonly used in misinformation, but so far few interventions exist that tackle multimodal misinformation (e.g., videos, images). We developed a game called Cat Park, in which players learn about five manipulation techniques (trolling, emotional manipulation, amplification, polarization, and conspiracism), and how misinformation can spread through images. To test the game's efficacy, we conducted a conceptual replication (N = 380) of Roozenbeek and van der Linden's 2020 study about Harmony Square, with the same study design, item set, and hypotheses. Like the original study, we find that people who play Cat Park find misinformation significantly less reliable post-gameplay (d = 0.95, p < 0.001) compared to a control group, and are significantly less willing to share misinformation with people in their network (d = 0.54, p < 0.001). These effects are robust across different covariates. However, unlike the original study, Cat Park players do not become significantly more confident in their ability to identify misinformation (p = 0.204, d = - 0.13). We did not find that the game increases people's self-reported motivation and confidence to counter misinformation online., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)