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5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat different types of cancers. However, many patients present with obstacles during treatment due to 5‐FU drug resistance. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel drug‐loaded nanocarrier (NC) comprising titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles surface functionalized with 5‐FU to facilitate drug delivery is developed. This study designs and evaluates the antitumour effects of NCs in oral cancer (OC) cell lines of lymphoid origin. NCs were synthesized by biofunctionalization of TiO2 nanoparticles with 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) which was then loaded with 5‐FU. in vitro drug release was determined at three different pH values. The effect of chemotherapy was studied in mono‐ and co‐culture systems comprising OC cells and human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). From these studies, it is noted that after 24 h in an acidic medium (pH 5.5), more than 80% of 5‐FU was released compared to that at basic pH. The cytotoxicity was higher when 5‐FU was combined with the system TiO2‐APTES, in comparison with 5‐FU alone was used. The drug‐loaded NC showed an increased antitumour effect in the OC cell line with minimal cytotoxicity to hGFs. The anticancer effect of TiO2/5‐FU could be highly effective in the tumour microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an anticorrosive and hydrophobic surface for Ti–6Al–4V was prepared through one-step anodic etching. The results showed that wettability was adjusted by current density and etching time. In particular, the maximum water contact angle (WCA) reached ~ 160.9° at a current density of 0.25 A cm−2 for 420 s. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the existence of spontaneous surface passivation, which was also verified by Tafel curves. In addition, Ecorr and icorr exhibited good anticorrosion properties on the surface of the Ti–6Al–4V after anodic etching. Furthermore, the change in surface adhesion was consistent with the change in the WCA after anodic etching. In conclusion, the one-step anodic etching can provide a convenient way to realize anticorrosion and superhydrophobic Ti–6Al–4V surface. Highlights: A superhydrophobic surface can be formed on Ti–6Al–4V substrate through one-step anodic etching. The maximum WCA of the surface reached ~ 160.9°. The change tendency of the adhesive force is contrary to that of the WCA. The large area and low-cost anticorrosive property of Ti–6Al–4V can be adjusted by current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homometallic titanium oxo clusters (TOC) are one of the most important groups of metal oxo clusters. In a previous article, TOC structures with carboxylato and phosphonato ligands were reviewed and categorized. This work is now extended to clusters with other ligands. Comparison of the different cluster types shows how the interplay between condensation of the titanium polyhedra by means of bridging oxygen atoms and the coordination characteristics of the ligands influences the cluster structures and allows working out basic construction principles of the cluster core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memristor crossbar arrays are expected to achieve highly energy-efficient neuromorphic computing via implementing parallel vector–matrix multiplication (VMM) in situ. The similarities between memristors and neural synapses offer opportunities for realizing hardware-based brain-inspired computing, such as spike neural networks. However, the nonlinear I–V characteristics of the memristors limit the implementation of parallel VMM on passive memristor crossbar arrays. In our work, we propose to utilize differential conductance as a synaptic weight to implement linear VMM operations on a passive memristor array in parallel. We fabricated a TiO2/HfO2 memristor crossbar array, in which differential-conductance-based synaptic weight exhibits plasticity, nonvolatility, multi-states, and tunable ON/OFF ratio. The noise-dependent accuracy performance of VMM operations based on the proposed approach was evaluated, offering an optimization guideline. Furthermore, we demonstrated a spike neural network circuit capable of processing small spiking signals through the differential-conductance-based synapses. The experimental results showcase effective space-coded and time-coded spike pattern recognition. Importantly, our work opens up new possibilities for the development of passive memristor arrays, leading to increased energy and area efficiency in brain-inspired chips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat different types of cancers. However, many patients present with obstacles during treatment due to 5‐FU drug resistance. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel drug‐loaded nanocarrier (NC) comprising titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles surface functionalized with 5‐FU to facilitate drug delivery is developed. This study designs and evaluates the antitumour effects of NCs in oral cancer (OC) cell lines of lymphoid origin. NCs were synthesized by biofunctionalization of TiO2 nanoparticles with 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) which was then loaded with 5‐FU. in vitro drug release was determined at three different pH values. The effect of chemotherapy was studied in mono‐ and co‐culture systems comprising OC cells and human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). From these studies, it is noted that after 24 h in an acidic medium (pH 5.5), more than 80% of 5‐FU was released compared to that at basic pH. The cytotoxicity was higher when 5‐FU was combined with the system TiO2‐APTES, in comparison with 5‐FU alone was used. The drug‐loaded NC showed an increased antitumour effect in the OC cell line with minimal cytotoxicity to hGFs. The anticancer effect of TiO2/5‐FU could be highly effective in the tumour microenvironment.

A series of dinuclear sulfur‐bridged titanium derivatives [Ti(η5‐C5Me5)R(μ‐S)]2 (R=NMe2 (1), Ph (2), CH2Ph (3), CH2SiMe3 (4)) has been synthesized from the reaction of [Ti(η5‐C5Me5)Cl(μ‐S)]2 with the corresponding lithium salt or Grignard reagent. Formulation of 1–4 as symmetric dimers has been confirmed by crystallographic studies. The analogous reaction with Mg(C3H5)Cl afforded the paramagnetic mixed‐valence Ti(III)/Ti(IV) compound [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)(μ‐S)}2(μ‐C3H5)] (5). Contrasting with complexes 1–4, compound 5 exhibits a bridging μ‐CH2CHCH2 fragment between the titanium atoms, which prevents the formation of a planar Ti2S2 core in the solid‐state structure. Complex 1 reacts with SiH3Ph to give [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)(μ‐S)}2(μ‐NMe2)] (6), a paramagnetic mixed‐valence Ti(III)/Ti(IV) compound, structurally and electronically similar to 5. Under mild conditions, treatment of compounds 3 and 4 with H2 (1 atm) generates quantitatively the Ti(III) tetrametallic sulfide cluster [Ti(η5‐C5Me5)(μ3‐S)]4, along with the corresponding alkane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water permeability poses a significant challenge in underground concrete structures. This study investigates the effectiveness of integral crystalline waterproofing (ICW) in improving water impermeability and its impact on microstructural properties. The research focuses on a case study of a national convention building basement with a thickness of 100 cm. Concrete cylinders were drilled and divided into ICW-coated samples and control samples subjected to various curing conditions. Water absorption, mechanical properties, and microstructure characteristics were analyzed. The results indicate that ICW reduces water absorption compared to non-coated specimens. The compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests demonstrate that the specimens coated with ICW exhibit higher values, suggesting enhanced concrete quality and decreased porosity. SEM-EDS analysis detected titanium compounds, introduced by ICW, which successfully penetrated the concrete matrix. Interestingly, titanium, not typically found in cement compositions, was present due to the ICW material. Titanium compounds were detected at shallower depths under dry curing conditions, suggesting localized penetration. However, with water curing, titanium compounds were found throughout the depth profiles. These findings highlight the importance of proper application and curing conditions for optimal ICW performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The titanium amidate compound bis(N-tert-butylacetamido)(dimethylamido)(chloro)titanium was synthesized by the protonolysis of tris(dimethylamido)(chloro)titanium and structurally characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. The compound does not appear to react cleanly nor readily with routine alkylating agents such as sec-butyllithium, benzyl potassium, or trimethylsilyl methyllithium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of global warming has required the development of efficient new types of batteries. One of the most promising is Zn-O2 batteries because they provide the second biggest theoretical energy density, with relevant safety and a cycle of life long enough to be fitted for massive use. However, their industrial use is hindered by a series of obstacles, such as a fast reduction in the energy density after the initial charge and discharge cycles and a limited cathode efficiency or an elevated overpotential between discharge and charge. This work is focused on the synthesis of titanium compounds as catalyzers for the cathode of a Zn-O2 aqueous battery and their characterization. The results have shown a surface area of 350 m2/g after the elimination of the organic templates during heat treatment at 500 °C in air. Different thermal treatments were performed, tuning different parameters, such as intermediate treatment at 500 °C or the atmosphere used and the final temperature. Surface areas remain high for samples without an intermediate temperature step of 500 °C. Raman spectroscopy studies confirmed the nitridation of samples. SEM and XRD showed macro–meso-porosity and the presence of nitrogen, and the electrochemical evaluation confirmed the catalytic properties of this material in oxygen reaction reduction (ORR)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) analysis and Zn-O2 battery tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate peel is considered to be a reservoir of biologically active compounds, the presence of which provides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to the peel extract. Titanium is a wonder metal with broad range of application in all aspects of life. Titanium dioxide is the most common compound of titanium. The nano particles of titanium dioxide have low toxicity, which forms the basis for its broad range of applications including cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, antibacterial effect, role in bone formation. In the present study green synthesis of pomegranate peel extract mediated titanium dioxide (PPETiO2) was carried out and it's anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant properties were evaluated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biological activity (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant) of green synthesized pomegranate peel extract mediated titanium dioxide (PPETiO2). The main objective of this research was to prepare green synthesized pomegranate peel extract mediated titanium dioxide and to analyse the biological activity namely anti-oxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the bovine serum albumin denaturation assay (BSA), the egg albumin denaturation assay (EA) and was compared with diclofenac as standard. Antioxidant activity was measured using the 2,2 Diphenyl-1-Picryl hydraxylhydrate (DPPH) assay, the H2O2 assay, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Comparison made with ascorbic acid as standard. The green synthesized pomegranate peel extract mediated titanium dioxide showed antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity. It was directly proportional to the concentration of the extract. Protein denaturation causes inflammation. The green synthesized PPETiO2 composite inhibited the protein denaturation and it was concentration dependent. The study concluded that the green synthesized PPETiO2 has Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidant activity and it is concentration dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polytitaniumorganosilsesquioxanes were synthesized by the hydrolysis of triethoxysilanes with octyl and vinyl groups followed by the reaction with tetrabutoxytitanium and studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present a single-step approach for the synthesis of Ti3C2 MXene and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) composites via electrostatic self-assembly. The surface of the AuNPs was modified to induce a positive charge using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which enabled effective electrostatic interactions with negatively charged MXene sheets. The successful synthesis of the MX-AuNP composite was confirmed using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In conclusion, our single-step synthesis method offers a sustainable platform for producing MXene-AuNP composites with enhanced properties. This approach can be extended to other metal nanoparticles and holds great promise for a wide range of applications, particularly in biosensing and nanomaterial-based technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alumina and 304 stainless steel were brazed with silver‐copper‐titanium filler+copper foil. The effect of adding copper foil to the filler on the microstructure of the alumina/304 joint was studied, and the reasons for the effect of adding copper foil with different thicknesses on the joint performance were also analyzed. The standard microstructure of alumina/304 joint with silver‐copper‐titanium+copper foil filler is alumina ceramic/copper compound with titanium and oxygen (3 : 3 : 1) (Cu3Ti3O) continuous layer+copper titanide (TiCu)/silver solid solution+copper solid solution/titanium compound with iron (1 : 2) (TiFe2)+iron‐chromium compound/304 stainless steel. The added copper foil inhibits the diffusion of titanium elements, thereby reducing the formation of the brittle copper compound with titanium and oxygen (3 : 3 : 1) (Cu3Ti3O) and alleviating the residual stress. In addition, after adding copper foil, the copper solid solution is distributed in blocks in the joint, which also improves the plastic deformation ability of the joint. Under the synergistic effect of these two effects after adding copper foil, the joint strength is improved. When the copper foil was 200 μm, the shear strength is 198.10 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly alkaline multicomponent systems TiO2–H2SO4–Na2SiO3–NaOH–H2O and TiO2–H2SO4–(NH4)2SO4–Na2SiO3–NaOH–H2O have been studied under conditions of hydrothermal synthesis, which gives new products with specified technical properties. It has been shown that, by a targeted selection of structure-forming components, in particular, titanium compounds, together with optimal parameters of hydrothermal treatment of the formed precursor, one can obtain compounds with given chemical composition and particle size and morphology. It has been found that the rate of structural transformations in the synthesis depends on the phase composition of titanosilicate precursors. Their hydrothermal treatment involves the alkaline and thermal hydrolysis followed by dehydration of the hydrolyzed phases of titanium(IV) and silicon. This is accompanied by the localization of free bonds ensuring the formation of Ti–O–Si–O bridges and their subsequent transformation into new structured species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organotitanium compounds find application in diverse reactions, including carbon–carbon bond formation and oxidation. While titanium (IV) compounds have been used in various applications, the potential of bis(cyclopentadienyl)diaryltitanium in cross-coupling reactions remains unexplored. This study focuses on Sonogashira-type cross-coupling reactions involving terminal alkynes and organotitanium compounds. Diaryltitanocenes were synthesized using titanocene dichloride with lithium intermediates derived from aryl iodide. Under open-flask conditions, reactions of diphenyltitanocenes with ethynylbenzene in the presence of 20 mol% Pd(OAc)2 in DMF produced coupling products in a remarkable 99% yield. Various diaryltitanocenes and alkynes under standard conditions yielded corresponding cross-coupling products with moderate to good yields. Notably, the Sonogashira-type alkynylation proceeds under mild conditions, including open-flask conditions, and without the need for a base. Furthermore, this cross-coupling is atom-economical and involves the active participation of both aryl groups of the diaryltitanocene. Remarkably, this study presents the first example of a Sonogashira-type cross-coupling using titanium compounds as pseudo-halides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the positive link between the application of nanoparticles (NPs) and the improved nutritional status/value of the plants exposed to them, nanomaterials have recently attracted rising interest in the field of agriculture. Numerous NPs, including carbon-based NPs, silica NPs, etc., have been discovered to positively affect plants by raising their ratio of nutrient uptake and nutrient utilization efficiency, amongst other things. All of these qualities have opened the door for potential improvements in plant development, vigor, growth, etc. when these NPs are used primarily as Nano fertilizers. In light of all of this, it is also possible to draw the conclusion that nanotechnology holds great promise for playing a significant role in the international situation of growing demand for the production of food as well as supply in the years to come. In order to give researchers working in this field a thorough understanding, an effort has been made to compile all the encouraging developments about the application of various NPs on plants, together with their likely mode of action, in this review.

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are persistent toxic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment. Nanocomposites of titanium(IV) oxide-vanadium(III) oxide ( Ti 3 V 2 O 7 ) and titanium(IV) oxide-silicon dioxide ( Ti 2 Si 7 O 30 ) were prepared and spectroscopically analyzed as potential decontaminants for dioxin-like materials. The analysis confirmed a homogeneous morphology with nanoscale particle size. The Ti-Si sample was found to have a high surface area compared to the Ti-V composite. Vanadium(III) oxide (V2O5) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) were chosen as materials for the formation of heterogeneous compounds with titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) because they possess a suitable band alignment with TiO2, thus forming effective photocatalysts. This study evaluated the photodegradation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-furan (TCDF) in the presence of Ti-Si and Ti-V oxide composites, which was tested using high- (254 nm) and midenergy (302 nm) UV irradiation sources. While Ti-Si showed success in the photodegradation of 2,3,7,8-TCDF dissolved in a (1:1) methanol–tetrahydrofuran (MeOH-THF) solution, the Ti-V composite proved to be a powerful material in adsorbing TCDF with a high capacity immediately upon mixing. Ti-Si oxide was found to decompose TCDF under the two irradiation sources with 98–99% degradation occurring after 70 min. The use of 254 nm as an irradiation source in the presence of Ti-Si was 4.3 times faster than the analogue reaction irradiated without a catalyst. Byproducts of the degradation were evaluated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), resulting in a lower chlorinated congener and less toxicity, as the main degradation product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of arsenic from the technological circulation of metallurgical enterprises is a technologically necessary process, leading from year to year to the formation of new volumes of arsenic-containing objects. One of the forms of extracting arsenic from the production stage is arsenates of various metals, which are difficult and poorly soluble compounds. This approach also does not solve environmental issues in general. Thus, titanium arsenates under storage and burial conditions are subject to hydrolysis, which leads to gradual pollution and poisoning of the environment with arsenic-containing compounds. The practical value of titanium and its compounds in economic activities forces us to look for ways to rationally use arsenic-containing titanium compounds. The article is the first to carry out a thermodynamic analysis of the behavior of arsenic and titanium based on potential-pH diagrams and partial pressures. The course and directions of chemical reactions in titaniumand arsenic-containing systems, the conditions for the stability of their constituent phases, the thermodynamic parameters of the behavior of the participating components, their compounds, the range of their stability, and the redox processes of the formation of chemical products have been studied. The regions of existence of titanium arsenate are determined, and chemical and electrode reactions for the production of titanium arsenate from titanium and arsenic compounds are considered. The results of the work confirm both the effectiveness of using titanium compounds to remove arsenic from solutions in the form of poorly soluble manganese arsenate, and the possibility of regenerating titanium in the form of oxides and bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce in this work a unique parameter for the quantitative assessment of the intrinsic strength of the π interaction between two monomers forming a complex. The new parameter is a local intermonomer stretching force constant, based on the local mode theory, originally developed by Konkoli and Cremer, and derived from the set of nine possible intermonomer normal vibrational modes. The new local force constant was applied to a diverse set of more than 70 molecular complexes, which was divided into four groups. Group 1 includes atoms, ions, and small molecules interacting with benzene and substituted benzenes. Group 2 includes transition metal hydrides and oxides interacting with benzene while Group 3 involves ferrocenes, chromocenes, and titanium sandwich compounds. Group 4 presents an extension to oxygen π–hole interactions in comparison with in-plane hydrogen bonding. We found that the strength of the π interactions in these diverse molecular complexes can vary from weak interactions with predominantly electrostatic character, found, e.g., for argon–benzene complexes, to strong interactions with a substantial covalent nature, found, e.g., for ferrocenes; all being seamlessly described and compared with the new intermonomer local mode force constant, which also outperforms other descriptors such as an averaged force constant or a force constant guided by the electron density bond paths. We hope that our findings will inspire the community to apply the new parameter also to other intermonomer π interactions, enriching in this way the broad field of organometallic chemistry with a new efficient assessment tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al 2 O 3 -Ti 2 O 3 -Al sliding gates were prepared from Al 2 O 3 -Ti 2 O 3 raw materials, sintered corundum and aluminum, and used in trials at steel works. The sliding gate with 30 wt% Al 2 O 3 -Ti 2 O 3 added was used on an 80 t ladle for 4 cycles without macrocracks. The postmortem sliding gate can be divided into the permeation layer (0–0.1 mm), transition I layer (0.1–10 mm), transition II layer (10–20 mm) and unchanged layer from the hole working face outward. XRD, SEM and industrial CT were used to analyze the postmortem sliding gate. The results show that, in the Al 2 O 3 -Ti 2 O 3 -Al sliding gate, both Al and Ti 2 O 3 are involved in reactions, Ti 2 O 3 transforms into Ti 2 O and TiO in the transition I layer, and part of the Ti 2 O 3 in the transition II layer transforms into Ti 8 O 15. Titanium compounds with different densities are dispersed in the matrix and form microcracks to improve the thermal shock resistance of the sliding gate, which improved the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 film is prepared on the surface of Q235A substrate from an acid solution (pH = 2) to research its degradation of methylene blue organic pollutant in wastewater. The titanium oxysulfate is used as the titanium precursor to provide the source of titanium. The preparation of TiO2 film is mainly a polymerization reaction of titanium oxysulfate, which makes Ti2 O 5 2 + and OH− combine to produce [Ti2O5(OH)2]n precipitation deposited on the cathode surface by electrochemical reaction. TiO2 film is formed after high temperature heating. The nitrate ion which derives from potassium nitrate in the electrolyte is reduced to hydroxide ion during the electrochemical reaction process, resulting in the formation of titanium compounds and titanium hydroxide. The TiO2 film prepared from solution containing 0.2 mol/L KNO3 has the best photocatalytic performance which can effectively degrade the methylene blue organic pollutant in wastewater. However, when the KNO3 in the solution is 0.25 mol/L, excessive hydroxide ions inhibit the hydrolysis of titanium salts and accelerate the oxygen evolution resulting in the decrease of degradation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the possibility of obtaining a hardened composite material with a porous structure based on nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HAP) synthesized by precipitation from a solution. The new material by the mechanochemical synthesis of HAP with reinforcing additives of titanium compounds was obtained. The synthesized samples are certified using some modern physico-chemical methods of analysis. The influence of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the composite on the sintering processes, porosity, strength characteristics, the degree of dispersion and morphology of the studied samples is shown. It has been experimentally established that a sample based on hydroxyapatite, reinforced with non-stoichiometric titanium dioxide of the composition Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 – 15%TiOx has the maximum strength characteristics and constant composition. The composite material, having a dense uniform structure with a high degree of crystallinity and a developed porosity, is a promising material for further research in order to introduce it into medical practice. A patent application has been filed on the developed composite material.

Interfacial solar driven water evaporation (ISDWE) and photocatalytic pollutant degradation (PPD) have been considered as efficient and green technologies for tackling the water crisis. Here, through hydrothermal treatment of TiH 1.924 /Ti powders, we designed a hybrid material composed of partially oxidized TiH 1.924 and TiO 2 nanosheets with outstanding ISDWE and PPD performances. Titanium suboxides can be formed inside the compound of partially oxidized TiH 1·924 /TiO 2 nanosheet, and induce efficient solar-thermal transformation. Meanwhile, TiO 2 nanosheet is conducive to reducing the water vaporization enthalpy, ensuring adequate water supply, and enlarging the surface area for evaporation. Due to the synergies between partially oxidized TiH 1.924 and TiO 2 nanosheet, the water evaporation rate achieved 1.70 kg m−2•h−1 under solar radiation of 1.0 kW m−2, which is higher than most reported titanium compounds. The investigation on the PPD performance showed that the photothermal effect and band alignment collaboratively improved the photodegradation of rhodamine B by partially oxidized TiH 1·924 /TiO 2 nanosheets. The excellent PPD property can promote the long-term ISDWE application of partially oxidized TiH 1·924 /TiO 2 nanosheets by avoiding the dye accumulation. This study may provide valuable information for developing advanced composites, ISDWE and PPD technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although ilmenite and rutile are extensively used to extract TiO2 at the industrial level, through the sulphate and chloride processes, they can also be recognized to possess the potential to be employed as the raw material to synthesize other titanium compounds as well. The Pulmoddai mineral sand deposit in Sri Lanka is considered as a valuable resource containing pure ilmenite and can be used as a very good source of both titanium and iron. Because of the lower TiO2 content compared to rutile, processes, such as the Becher process, Laporte process and Kataoka process, have been developed to upgrade ilmenite into higher grade synthetic rutile. Additionally, research studies have been carried out to develop methods, such as the hydrochloride process, H3PO4/NH3 process, alkaline roasting process, aluminothermic reduction method, alkaline decomposition method, molten salt electroreduction method and magnesiothermic reduction method, to synthesize TiO2 and other related titanium compounds, such as titanium and iron oxides, composites and alloys, from naturally occurring ilmenite where these methods possess both rewards as well as drawbacks over the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated removal of metals (Ni, V, Cr, Fe, Ti, and Mo) from fuel oil using ultrasonic treatment (UST) and adsorbents such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlO(OH)), iron oxyhydroxide (FeO(OH)), and titanium dioxide (TiO2). Combined adsorption/UST provided a somewhat higher demetallization degree than the use of adsorbents alone. Compounds of iron, chromium, and molybdenum, which presumably complex with petroleum feedstock components due to intermolecular bonding, were removed almost completely (>95%). The removal of titanium compounds reached 60%. For these metals, no correlation between the removal degree and the physicochemical properties of the adsorbents was found. For vanadium and nickel, the highest removal degrees (37 and 23%, respectively) were achieved when an iron oxyhydroxide adsorbent was used in combination with UST. This can likely be associated with the superiority of the FeO(OH) adsorbent in negative surface charge and specific surface area compared to the other samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Al 2 O 3 -Ti 2 O 3 composite is a byproduct of smelting ferrotitanium alloy, and a gold coating material was successfully obtained by nitriding this raw material at 1400 °C for 3h. The material was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The formation of TiN containing coating layer on the surface of the material was confirmed by XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The golden surface disappeared after polishing by cross-section polishing, and the titanium compounds in the material after nitriding showed a gradient distribution from the surface to the inside as TiN→Ti 3 O 5 →Ti 2 O 3. From SEM analysis, titanium nitride was observed to be obtained by a gas-solid reaction with cluster growth, and the thickness of titanium nitride was approximately 10 μm. The main reaction in the nitridation process was determined by TG-DSC as well as thermodynamic analysis. The sample maintained a uniform mass increase from 665 °C to 1430 °C, and the Ti 2 O 3 on the surface of the sample underwent both nitridation and oxidation. The hysteresis of the sample as a composite was complex before nitriding, and behaved as a soft magnetic material after nitriding, indicating the macroscopic scale coating uniformity of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data were obtained on the copolymerization of ethylene with α-olefins over supported titanium–magnesium catalysts (TMC) prepared on the same magnesium dichloride support but differing in the composition and oxidation state of titanium. The copolymerization kinetics of ethylene with 1-hexene over TMC of different compositions were studied. Data on the composition of the produced ethylene–1-hexene copolymers, their molecular weight distribution, thermophysical characteristics, and branching distribution were presented. The constants of ethylene–1-hexene copolymerization over catalysts with different compositions were calculated. The TMC containing only Ti(II) compounds as the active component exhibited increased copolymerizing ability compared to the conventional TiCl4/MgCl2 catalyst containing Ti(III) compounds as the active component. In addition, TMC with Ti(II) as an active component produces copolymers with a more uniform branching distribution. It was shown that the TMC containing isolated Ti(II) ions could be used to produce X-ray amorphous ethylene-propylene elastomers with a high yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of cooling rate, Ti content, and casting temperature on titanium compounds for high titanium steel were investigated. In-situ observation of high titanium steel during remelting and solidification was carried out by using a High Temperature Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope (HTCSLM), and the observed results were in good agreement with the thermodynamic and kinetic calculations. The observation and calculation results both show that the inclusions in high titanium steel first precipitate in the form of TiN, followed by TiC precipitates as temperature decreases, eventually forming TiCxN1-x type inclusions at room temperature. The initial precipitation temperature of the inclusions increases with the increase of Ti content in molten steel, whereas casting temperature has little effect on the initial precipitation temperature of inclusions. In addition, the size of TiN inclusions increases with the increase of Ti content in steel but decreases with the increase in cooling rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aluminum industry, one of the most sensitive economic and environmental problems is the management of resulting waste such as slag, ash and sludge, which become potential sources of pollution. Red sludge, which results from the aluminum industry, is a mixture made up of different forms of iron and aluminum oxides, sodium and aluminum silicates, various titanium compounds, constituted in the residue left after the alkaline solubilization of alumina. The Purpose of this research is to quantify the environmental aspects involved in the storage of sludge in a landfill that has an area of 381,189 square meters and is located in the hearth of a former ballast tank in the western industrial area of the town of Oradea, Romania. The objective of the research was to determine the impact of red sludge dumps, which originated from industrial activity, on the soil and groundwater. The degree of degradation of the soil cover was highlighted by analyzing a number of 12 soil samples (4 collection points, at 3 depths). A total of 14 samples (7 samples on 2 depths) were investigated to monitor the migration mode of the sludge in the structure of the dam. In order to monitor the quality of groundwater, samples from 3 observation boreholes were analyzed. Soil monitoring results did not indicate values of the analyzed parameters above the values imposed by the national legislation on soil quality. Since the dumps were not waterproofed, the quality parameters of the water from the observation boreholes were exceeded, and gravity caused the water to drain into the underground water network in the area. Based on the samples from the observation boreholes, several measurements exceeded allowable values: pH values of the water sample taken from upstream of the dump exceeded the value limits by about 7%, and both upstream and downstream, water samples indicate an excess of 13.60% in the aluminum indicator, 267% in the sulfate ion, and 417% in the sodium ion. This shows a risk of pollution which requires additional monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide has been widely used in modern industrial applications, especially as an effective photocatalyst. Recently, freestanding TiO2 films with a markedly reduced bandgap of ∼1.8 eV have been synthesized, indicating that the dimension has a considerable influence on the bulk band gap (>∼3 eV) and enhances the adsorption range of visible light. Titanium oxide compounds have various stoichiometries and versatile properties. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore the electronic properties and functionalities of other titanium oxide films with different stoichiometries. Here, we combined structure searches with first-principle calculations to explore candidate Ti–O films with different stoichiometries. In addition to the experimentally synthesized TiO2 film, the structure searches identified three new energetically and dynamically stable Ti–O films with stoichiometries of Ti3O5, Ti3O2, and Ti2O. Calculations show that the Ti–O films undergo several interesting electronic transformations as the Ti fraction increases, namely, from a wide-gap semiconductor (TiO2, 3.2 eV) to a narrow-gap semiconductor (Ti3O5, 1.80 eV) and then to metals (Ti3O2 and Ti2O) due to the abundance of unpaired Ti_d electrons. In addition to the electronic transformations, we observed nonmagnetic (TiO2) to ferromagnetic (Ti3O5, Ti3O2, and Ti2O) transformations. Notably, the Ti3O5 film possesses both narrow-gap semiconductive and ferromagnetic properties, with a large magnetic moment of 2.0 µB per unit cell; therefore, this film has high potential for use in applications such as spintronic devices. The results highlight metal fraction-induced electronic and magnetic transformations in transition metal oxide films and provide an alternative route for the design of new, functional thin-film materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium is a wonder metal with broad range of application in all aspects of life. Applications include aeronautical, industrial, military, automobiles agriculture and in the field of medicine. Titanium dioxide is the most common compound of titanium it occurs commonly in three crystalline forms namely anatase, rutile and brookite. The nano particles of titanium dioxide have low toxicity, versatile fabrication adaptability which forms the basis for its broad range of application. This review article discusses applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, antibacterial effect, role in bone formation and general applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a set of titanium nitrides thin-films was synthesized with the technique of reactive RF and DC magnetron-sputtering. To demonstrate the versatility and effectiveness of the deposition technique, thin films were deposited onto different fiber structures varying the deposition parameters for optical applications as saturable absorbers in passively q-switched fiber lasers and as lossy mode resonance fiber refractometers. After deposition, optical and electronical properties of samples were characterized by UV–Vis and XPS spectroscopies, respectively. Samples presented coexisting phases of Ti nitride and oxide, where the nitride phase was non-stoichiometric metallic-rich, with a band gap in the range of Eg = 3.4–3.7 eV. For all samples, glass substrates were used as templates, and on top of them, optical fibers were mounted to be covered with their respective titanium compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a study the into processes of plasma-electrolyte formation of heterooxidic coatings on titanium alloys for the photocatalytic destruction of natural and man-made toxicants. The synthesis of coatings was carried out from aqueous solutions of diphosphates under a galvanostatic mode. For a quantitative description of photocatalytic reactions, the constants of the reaction rate kf from the linearized dependences ln(Ct/C0), where Ct is the current, C0 is the initial concentration of the reagent, were calculated. The morphology of the coating surface was investigated by atomic force microscopy, and the results were visualized by reconstruction of the relief in the form of 2D and 3D topographic maps. Morphological features of coatings made of titanium oxide (IV) and heterooxidic composites containing oxides of transition metals were analyzed. It is shown that the specific surface area remains an effective factor in regulating the photocatalytic activity of coatings. The establishment of the morphology of heterooxidic composites, as well as methods for controlling this parameter of the target product, is a constant component of the systematic study of such materials in determining their functional properties. It has been established that compared to oxide-titanium coatings whose surface layers are characterized by a toroidal mesostructure, heterooxidic compositions have a more developed surface, which has a positive effect on their functional properties. Subsequent heat treatment similarly affects the properties of the coating. The speed constants of the photocatalytic decomposition of the methyl yellow-hot azo dye were used to rank coatings of different composition according to their functional properties. Coatings from TiO2·ZnO showed the highest catalytic activity among the materials studied – kf is 5.26·10-3 min-1, which is several times higher than the corresponding value for TiO2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are among the most cost-effective and environmentally benign electrical energy storage devices required to match the needs of commercialized stationary and automotive applications. Because of its excellent chemical characteristics, infinite abundance, and low cost, the SIB is an excellent technology for grid energy storage compared with others. When used as anodes, titanium compounds based on the Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple have a potential of typically 0.5–1.0 V, which is far from the potential of dangerous sodium plating (0.0–0.1 V). This ensures the operational safety of large-scale SIBs. Low lattice strain, usually associated with Ti-based materials, is also helpful for the longevity of the cycling of SIBs. Numerous Ti-based anode materials are being developed for use in SIBs. In particular, due to adequate electrode–electrolyte interaction and rapid charge transportation, hierarchical porous (HP) Ti-based anode materials were reported as having high specific capacity, current density, and cycling stability. HPTi-based anode materials for SIBs have the potential to be used in automobiles and portable, flexible, and wearable electronic devices. This review addresses recent developments in HPTiO2-based SIBs and their preparation, properties, performance, and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this article is to understand the application and the factors influencing magnetic hyperthermia using cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Intrinsic properties, such as particle size, specific absorption rate, and magnetic saturation, are correlated with the material’s property to generate hyperthermia. External factors, such as the magnitude of applied field frequency, also influence the rate of hyperthermia generated by magnetic nanoparticles. Quantitative analysis of Pennes bioheat equation and finite element analysis (FEA) using COMSOL are used to understand the transient increase in temperature at the tumor site using magnetic nanoparticles. The required temperature for generating hyperthermia using nanoparticles is approximately 315 K or 42 °C. Due to the intrinsic high rate of metabolism in tumor cells, the required magnetic field to induce transient increase at the malignant cell site is less than its surrounding healthier cells. This principle can therefore be applied for inducing selective hyperthermia in tumor cells by the application of a lower threshold external magnetic field. This article focuses on the Pennes bioheat equation to understand the phenomenon of heat transfer as a function of both the time and the applied field magnitude. It compares the difference in the rate of heat transfer for 1) cobalt ferrite and cobalt ferrite–barium titanate and 2) hyperthermia in healthier and tumor sites using magnetic nanoparticles. An FEA is performed in conjunction to understand the rate of temperature profile change occurring at a simulated cell site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effects of ball-milling parameters on the structure of the Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase, the precursor of Ti3C2Tx MXene, is investigated. To clarify this effect, three approaches with different milling parameters were used to synthesize Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase. In all approaches, the initial elements with the proportion of 3Ti:1.3Al:1.9C were milled at different milling times, intervals, and rotating speeds. The resulting powders were sintered in a SPS furnace with the sintering temperature of 1000-1150 °C. According to our observation, emerging intermediate Ti and Al compounds in the milling process is the key point for forming the final Ti3AlC2 since such compounds would assist the formation of MAX-phase in the SPS process. Moreover, the temperature increment during the milling process is necessary for the formation of such intermediate compounds. This condition can be achieved when the ratio of intervals to milling times in each milling step is low enough (5 min per 30 min) or the rotating speed is high enough (around 600 rpm). The Al layers in Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase obtained in each approach are etched by HF solution to reveal the difference between the resultant Ti3C2Tx MXene nanolayers. Our characterization suggests that ball-milling at 400 rpm for 18 hours with 5-minute intervals produces the highest quality MAX-phase and MXene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing sodium titanate electrochemical performance via mixing compositions Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 nanorods for sodium-ion battery. [Display omitted] • Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 materials improves the rate capability of sodium titanate. • The sulfur in the precursor optimizes Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 composition. • High Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 content enhances electrochemical properties of sodium titanate. • Balancing Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 percent yields the optimal composite material. Sodium titanate is currently a widely studied anode electrode material for sodium-ion batteries, showing promising potential for large-scale production and applications. Current research focuses on Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 , Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 , and their mixed compositions Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 , utilizing high-purity titanium compounds as raw materials. In this study, precursors of biased titanate with three different sulfur contents (3.20 %, 2.04 %, 0.28 %) are prepared using a self-seeding hydrolysis method and a titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO 4) solution as the starting material. During the synthesis of sodium titanate, sodium consumption occurs due to sulfur, resulting in a mixed phase comprising Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Na 2 Ti 6 O 13. However, when the sulfur content is very low, a single phase of Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 can be obtained. Notably, Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 synthesized from biased titanate with high sulfur content exhibits a larger percent of Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 , which improves rate capability and cycling stability. The initial discharge specific capacity at 177 mA·g−1 is 57.4 mAh·g−1, and after 1000 cycles, the discharge capacity reaches 22.7 mAh·g−1. Designing mixed materials Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 /Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 from TiOSO 4 solution represents one of the pathways to achieve high-performance sodium titanate materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having reviewed the previous studies on Mn-doped SrTiO3 materials, we found that Mn2+ and/or Mn4+ ions are usually present in the SrTiO3 host lattice and lead to paramagnetic, spin-glass, or ferromagnetic (FM) behavior. Mn2+ can occupy at both octahedral (Ti) and dodecahedral (Sr) sites, while Mn4+ only occupies the Ti site. To get more insight into this material system, we have prepared polycrystalline SrTi1-xMnxO3 (x = 0–0.10) samples by solid-state reactions. The results obtained from analyzing the powder X-ray diffraction patterns, and Raman scattering, X-ray absorption, and electron-spin-resonance spectra indicate an incorporation of Mn2+ and Mn3+ ions into the SrTiO3 host lattice. Isolated Mn2+ ions are dominant in the samples with x ≤ 0.02 and can occupy both Ti and Sr sites, leading to two sets of the hyperfine sextet lines. An increase in the Mn content with x > 0.02 enhances the Mn3+ concentration and stimulates the formation of a minor tetragonal phase besides the main cubic phase of SrTiO3. This enhances the Lorentzian-shaped broad background line of dipolar and magnetic interactions between Mn ions. Besides the resonant signals of isolated Mn2+ ions and dipolar/magnetic interactions between Mn ions, there is also the resonant signal associated with intrinsic defects. We believe that intrinsic defects together with the Mn doping at suitable concentrations (x > 0.02) are an important pivot for tailoring room-temperature FM order in SrTi1-xMnxO3 ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broadband dielectric properties of high sensitivity piezoelectric 0.36BiScO3-0.64PbTiO3 ceramics with average grain sizes from 1.6 μm down to 26 nm were investigated in the 100–500 K temperature range. The grain size dependence of the dielectric permittivity was analysed within the effective medium approximation. It was found that the generalised core-shell (or brick wall) model correctly explains the size dependence down to the nanoscale. For the first time, the grain bulk and boundary properties were obtained without making any assumptions of values of the parameters or simplifications. Two contributions to dielectric permittivity of the grain bulk are described. The first is the size-independent one, which follows the Curie-Weiss law. The second one is shown to plausibly follow the Kittel's law. This seems to suggest the unexpected persistence of mobile ferroelectric domains at the nanoscale (26 nm grains). Alternative explanations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the magnetron sputtering deposition of in-situ codoped TiO2:WN films intended for electro-photocatalytic (EPC) applications under solar irradiation. By varying the RF-magnetron sputtering deposition parameters, we were able to tune the in-situ incorporation of both N and W dopants in the TiO2 films over a wide concentration range (i.e., 0–9 at. % for N and 0–3 at. % for W). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that both dopants are mostly of a substitutional nature. The analysis of the UV-Vis transmission spectra of the films confirmed that the optical bandgap of both TiO2:N and TiO2:WN films can be significantly narrowed (from 3.2 eV for undoped-TiO2 down to ∼2.3 eV for the doped ones) by tuning their dopant concentrations. We were thus able to pinpoint an optimal window for both dopants (N and W) where the TiO2:WN films exhibit the narrowest bandgap. Moreover, the optimal codoping conditions greatly reduce the recombination defect state density compared to the monodoped TiO2:N films. These electronically passivated TiO2:WN films are shown to be highly effective for the EPC degradation of atrazine (pesticide pollutant) under sunlight irradiation (93% atrazine degraded after only 30 min of EPC treatment). Indeed, the optimally codoped TiO2:WN photoanodes were found to be more efficient than both the undoped-TiO2 and equally photosensitized TiO2:N photoanodes (by ∼70% and ∼25%, respectively) under AM1.5 irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium ferrite magnetic nanomaterials are synthesized by one-step, one pot, and scalable method assisted by microwave radiation. Effects of titanium content and microwave exposure time on size, shape, morphology, yield, bonding nature, crystalline structure, and magnetic properties of titanium ferrite nanomaterials are studied. As-synthesized nanomaterials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements. XRD measurements depict the presence of two phases of titanium ferrite into the same sample, where crystallite size increases from ∼33 nm to 37 nm with the increase in titanium concentration. UV-Vis measurement showed broad spectrum in the spectral range of 250–600 nm which reveals that its characteristic peaks lie between ultraviolet and visible region; ATR-FTIR and Raman measurements predict iron-titanium oxide structures that are consistent with XRD results. The micrographs of TEM and selected area electron diffraction patterns show formation of hexagonal shaped particles with a high degree of crystallinity and presence of multi-phase. Energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements confirm that Ti:Fe compositional mass ratio can be controlled by tuning synthesis conditions. Increase of Ti defects into titanium ferrite lattice, either by increasing titanium precursor or by increasing exposure time, enhances its magnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The features of the change in the chemical state of the surface layers of commercially pure titanium under the action of a high-power ion beam (HPIB) were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It has shown that HPIB irradiation leads to the interaction of titanium with carbon and nitrogen adsorbed on the surface and the formation of chemical compounds. The influence of the number of HPIB irradiation pulses on the formation of oxycarbonitride compounds in the surface layers of titanium has been established. Three possible mechanisms of the formation of titanium oxycarbonitride compounds during HPIB irradiation were considered: the interaction of molten titanium with adsorbed nitrogen and carbon-containing surface contaminants; the interaction of the evaporated titanium with the components of the residual atmosphere of the vacuum chamber, followed by the deposition of the resulting compounds on the surface and carbothermal reduction of the oxidized surface layer of titanium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]