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Background and Aim: Exercise training and supplementation with Ginkgo biloba are used to improve body composition and metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with Ginkgo biloba supplementation on changes in plasma irisin and some inflammatory and stress indices in overweight men. Methods: Following the screening, 40 overweight young men were randomly divided into four groups: placebo, Ginkgo biloba supplement, HIIT, and supplement+HIIT. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after eight weeks of HIIT exercise as well as immediately after the aerobic exhaustive test to study the indicators above in the population. Two-way ANOVA was used for inter-group comparisons, and Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between the groups. Results: The results showed that after eight weeks of intervention with HIIT and Ginkgo biloba supplementation, GPx, SOD, CAT, and irisin values increased significantly in all three groups. TAC values increased only in the supplement and exercise + supplement groups. Also, a significant decrease was observed in the values of MDA, IL-6, and hs-CRP in all three groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of HIIT combined with Ginkgo biloba supplementation can lead to combating the destructive effects resulting from exhaustive activity by increasing plasma irisin and anti-inflammatory effects and improving oxidative stress. Therefore, it seems that combining HIIT with this supplement can have significant protective effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The specific molecular mediators involved in dyslipidemia in older people are not yet clearly understood. The current study was, thus, an attempt to investigate whether moderate aerobic exercises and curcumin administration alleviates the abnormalities caused by aging in the rats' liver. Experimental approach: Thirty-two eight-year-old young rats were classified into five groups, namely, young control, aged control, aged-curcumin, aged-exercise, and aged-curcumin-exercise co-treatment. The rats in the exercise groups were trained on an animal treadmill for 60 min/day five times per week for eight weeks. Findings/Results: The results revealed a significant increase in FAT/CD36, PTP1B, significantly decreased HNF4α genes expression, increase in LDL and cholesterol in the aged group compared to the young control. Compared to those in the young control group, no significant changes in HDL and TG amounts in the aged control were observed. Moreover, compared to the young control, the aged group showed liver histological changes such as fibrosis and mild or grade 1 steatohepatitis. Moderate aerobic exercise and curcumin alone or in combination completely masked this effect. Conclusion and implications: The findings revealed dyslipidemia and liver steatosis related to aging might be partly associated with changes in hepatic transcriptional factors which can be mitigated via moderate aerobic exercise and curcumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Bisphenol A (BPA) is the monometer of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercises on oxidative stress indices in heart tissue of male Wistar rats after poisoning with Bisphenol A. Methods: In this experimental study, 20 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups including control, aerobic exercise, BPA and BPA + aerobic exercise. Animals in control and aerobic exercise groups were receieved olive oil and the BPA (100 μg/kg) intraperitoneally, respectively. Animals in BPA + aerobic training group were treated with BPA (100 μg/kg) intraperitoneally for 30 days. Exercise program consisted of 25-64 minutes of running with 57-75% oxygen consumption, 5 sessions per week for two months. Indicators of oxidative stress in heart tissue including Gpx, SOD, TAC, MDA, CAT and AOPP were evaluated. Results: BPA intoxication induced a significant increase in the activity of SOD, GPX enzymes, AOPP and MDA levels and reduction in CAT enzyme activity and TAC level in compared to control group (P<0.05). While aerobic exercise could diminish the oxidative stress due to BPA intoxication. Aerobic exercise reduced the activity of the GPX, SOD and increased catalase activity in rats with BPA intoxication (P<0.05). Also, level of MDA and AOPP significantly reduced in in aerobic exercise group in comparison with with BPA intoxication (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise activity has moderating effects on BPA intoxication in cardiac oxidative stress. Aerobic exercise can increase the amount of antioxidant enzymes that play an important role in modulating oxidative stress induced by BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the use of a 2-week precooling strategy and supplementation coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in elite, adolescent swimmers during heavy and regular trainings and recording of free-style swimming. Thirty-six healthy males (mean ± SD; age: 17.5 ± 1.1 years, body fat content: 14.55 ± 1.75%) were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of CoQ10 (300 mg⋅d-1), precooling (immersion in the water at 18 ± 0.5° C), supplementation with precooling, and control, each with 9 participants. During an 18-session protocol in the morning and evening, participants attended speed and endurance trainings for 5 km every session. A 3-stage blood sampling was conducted before the first recording and before and after the second recording in 800, 200, and 50 m. Repeated measurement and the Bonferroni correction were used for the statistical analyses of the data (α = 0.05). According to the results, there was no significant difference between the mean serum level of SOD, CAT, and GPx in the groups at the first stage of blood sampling (p > 0.05). At the third stage, a significant difference was observed among all groups (p < 0.05). At the second stage, precooling and control groups show a significant increase compared with the supplementation and supplementation with precooling groups (p < 0.05). As an antioxidant essential for adenosine triphosphate synthesis, CoQ10 supplementation prevented adverse changes of antioxidant enzymes during heavy trainings and swimming recording and decreased the serum level, while precooling individually increased serum level of antioxidant enzymes by itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strenuous physical exercise and hyperthermia may paradoxically induce oxidative stress and adverse effects on myocardial function. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 14-d coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation and pre-cooling on serum creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac Troponin I (cTnI), myoglobin (Mb), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and CoQ10 concentration in elite swimmers. In total, thirty-six healthy males (mean age 17 (sd 1) years) were randomly selected and divided into four groups of supplementation, supplementation with pre-cooling, pre-cooling and control. During an eighteen-session protocol in the morning and evening, subjects attended speed and endurance swimming training sessions for 5 km in each session. Blood sampling was done before (two stages) and after (two stages) administration of CoQ10 and pre-cooling. ANCOVA and repeated measurement tests with Bonferroni post hoc test were used for the statistical analysis of the data. There was no significant statistical difference among groups for the levels of CK-MB, cTnI, Mb, LD, TAC, LPO and CoQ10 at the presampling (stages 1 and 2) (P>0·05). However, pre-cooling and control groups show a significant increase in the levels of CK-MB, cTnI, Mb, LD and LPO compared with the supplementation and supplementation with pre-cooling groups in the post-sampling (stages 1 and 2) (P<0·05), except for the TAC and CoQ10. Consequently, CoQ10 supplementation prevents adverse changes of myocardial damage and oxidative stress during swimming competition phase. Meanwhile, the pre-cooling strategy individually has no desired effect on the levels of CK-MB, cTnI, Mb, LD, LPO, TAC and CoQ10. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and Objectives: Exercise whole-body vibration by affecting the muscular system, increases the strength of the muscular system. This study was designed to investigate the effects of vibration on muscle performance in healthy, untrained, oldery men. Materials and Methods: in this randomized controlled trial semi experimental study seventy-two retired elderly men with a mean age of 67/2 ± 73 years were participated. The subjects were divided into three groups based on BOSCOO training plan and training was 6 weeks. Muscular function after training protocol with the test standard sit-to-stand and 5m fast walk was evaluated. Results: Test sts after three sessions a week whole body vibration exercise as a significantly muscle was better than the other groups (p <0.05). The whole body vibration training three sessions a 5m fast walking performance significantly was better (p <0.05). Conclusion: The whole body vibration training can affect the nerve - muscle system especially in elderly population and have Reduce the possibility of falling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Obesity is a growing cause of cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, the aim in present study was to investigate the effect of Aerobic Training with Omega-3 Consumption on Soluble Adhesion Molecules in the Obese Women. Materials and Methods: In a double-blind study, 40 obese women (BMI ⩾30) 55 to 65 years were selected, and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 for each group): exercise-supplementation, exercise-placebo, supplementation, and control. Subjects in the supplementation group consumed 2080 mg omega-3 daily and the placebo group consumed a 0.02 dextrose solution as a placebo. The exercise program comprised aerobic exercise to 45% to 65% maximum heart rate for 8 weeks; each session was sustained for 40 min and continued for 3 sessions per week. Results: Exercise, supplementation and combined exercise - supplement can sICAM-1 concentration significantly decreased (P< 0.05). On the other hand, serum sVCAM-1 concentration decreased significantly only in the exercise-supplement group (combined) and IL-6 concentration significantly decreased in the exercise group and exercise-supplement group (combined) (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Measurement of Adhesion Molecules is a useful method in the diagnosis of inflammation and vascular disorders. In addition, regular aerobic exercise and omega-3 supplements are two effective and moderating factors; in reducing the of adhesion molecules and pre-inflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Resistin, as an adipokine is associated with obesity and insulin resistance, but the effects of different exercise trainings on the levels of this hormone is unknown. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of aerobic with resistance exercise training on change in serum resistin level in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Subjects and Methods: In a quasi-experimental study 40 women with type 2 diabetes were selected as available and by purposive sampling and were randomly assigned into 3 groups of aerobic training (n = 14), resistance training (n = 13) and control (n = 13) groups. Aerobic group accomplished (12 weeks of aerobic training, 3 times a week, for 20-50 minutes at 50-70% of maximum heart rate), the resistance group received (resistance training 3 times a week in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 40-60% of a repetition maximum). The control group was sedentary during the same period. Blood samples were collected for measurement of the levels of resistin, insulin, HbA1c and glucose. Insulin resistance was calculated with HOMA-IR equation. Results: Resistin serum level was increased in both exercise training groups (P<0.05), anthropometric measurements decreased in aerobic group only (P<0.05), while insulin resistance was decreased in resistance group (P<0.05). Glycated hemoglobin and glucose decreased in both training groups (P <0.05). Conclusion: It seems that during 12 weeks, both types of aerobic and resistance exercise training have beneficial effects, through different mechanisms, in patients with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds and Objectives: caffeine is a member of methyl xanthine family which can further facilitate exercise because of its antioxidant activity it could be effective for prevention of cellular damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate single stage caffeine supplementation on CK and IL-6 responses in non-active male after an exhaustive aerobic exercise. Materials and Methods: 20 non-active male students randomly divided as supplementation and control groups. Exercise test was an exhaustive treadmill test (Bruce test). One hour before the exercise, supplementation group received caffeine (6 Mg/BW) and control group receive placebo. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise test from anticubital vein. Serum; Lactate, CK were measured by Spectrophotometric method and serum IL-6 concentrations were determined using ELISA. Data analysis was used performed using the mixed ANOVA and paired t test. Results: Data analysis showed that a significant increments in blood lactate, creatine kinase and interleukin-6 levels in both control and supplement group (P<0.05). Mixed ANOVA analysis showed that caffeine supplementation had a significant effect on serum interleukin 6 in non-active men after exhaustive aerobic exercise (P<0.05), but its effect on creatine kinase and lactate markers was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of present study, Caffeine supplementation has positive effect on muscle damage of non-active male after exhaustive aerobic exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic, resistance, and concurrent training on secretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in elderly women. Methods: A total number of 60 elderly women were randomly allocated to four groups of aerobic training (n = 15), resistance training (n = 15), concurrent training (n = 15), and control (n = 15). Blood samples were taken before and 4 weeks after the initiation of exercise training and also at the end of the 8-week course of training. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2Peak) was measured after 48 hours using Rockport walk test. Inferential analysis of the collected data was performed by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were further evaluated by the least significant difference (LSD) test. The relation between VO2Peak and secretion of GH and IGF-1 was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. The significance level was considered as P = 0.05 in all tests. Findings: The results showed that 8 weeks of regular exercise significantly increased levels of GH and IGF-1. A significant increase was also observed in VO2Peak values after 8 weeks of regular exercise (P < 0.05). VO2Peak was directly correlated with GH and IGF (P < 0.001, r = 0.72). Conclusion: In conclusion, regular exercise significantly increased levels of anabolic hormones. Moreover, the combined-exercise training better enhanced GH and IGF-1. VO2Peak increased with increases in GH and IGF-1 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dysregulation of lipid and carbohydrate/fatty acid (FA) balance in Sertoli and germ cells alters the NADP+/ NADPH ratio, resulting in metabolic autophagy in testicles. Tramadol (TRA) adversely affects spermatogenesis development, and it is not reversed within short periods of time after withdrawal. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the boosting effect of different exercise training protocols (ETPs) on TRA-induced detrimental effects after withdrawal. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 mature Wistar rats were separated into control and TRAsole (administered 40 mg/kg of TRA and euthanized 60 days after TRA administration), Con-TRA (stopped TRA administration after 60 days, and continued for additional 60 days after withdrawal), TRA+low-intensity (TRA+LICT), TRA+ moderate-intensity (TRA+MICT), and TRA+high-intensity continuous (TRA+HICT) ETPs-induced groups (n=6/ group, ETPs were initiated for 60 days after stopping TRA administration). Next, the intracytoplasmic carbohydrate and lipids/FAs content, testicular lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, relative ratios of NADP+/NADPH, serum testosterone levels, and the Leydig cells steroidogenic activity, the mRNA levels of Beclin-1, p62, LC3-I, and Atg7 as well as the LC3-I/II+ germ and somatic cells mean distributions were analyzed. Results: The LICT and MICT could ameliorate the TRA-induced carbohydrates/lipids, FAs imbalance, increase lactate, LDH and testosterone levels, re-balance the NADP+/NADPH ratio, and reregulate the autophagy and steroidogenic activities in the Leydig and Sertoli cells. Conclusion: Collectively, LICT and MICT can ameliorate the TRA-induced metabolic-oxidative autophagy by rebalancing energy survey in testicles and down-regulating autophagy reactions in Sertoli cells and rebalancing it in the Leydig cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current research was designed to analyze the effect of moderate-intensity exercise training (MEXT), solely and simultaneous with insulin, on the network between oxidative stress and Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperones after experimental type I diabetes (DM) induction in rats. Materials and Methods: In the experimental study, 36 mature Wistar rats were assigned into control and experimental type I DM-induced groups, and then the diabetic animals were categorized to sedentary type I DM-induced (SDM), exercise training-sole without DM (E), exercise training DM-induced (EDM), insulin-treated sedentary DM-induced (ISDM), and exercise training insulin-treated DM-induced (EIDM) groups. After 6 weeks, Johnson’s score was evaluated to analyze the spermatogenesis ratio. Results: The Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression levels, testicular total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein peroxidation ratio, testicular DNA fragmentation ratio, and mRNA damage were investigated. The animals in EDM and EIDM groups (solely and simultaneously) represented a significant (P<0.05) improvement in Johnson’s score, spermatogenesis, and TAC ratios versus SDM animals. Moreover, the DM-induced DNA and mRNA damage and protein peroxidation ratio were significantly (P<0.05) recovered in EDM and ISDM groups, which was more remarkable in the EIDM group. The EDM and EIDM groups exhibited significant (P<0.05) increment in Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression levels versus the control and SEDT1 animals. However, the EIDM group exhibited no significant changes compared to the control animals. Conclusion: The EX could ameliorate the EDT1-induced detrimental impact by up-regulating Hsp70 and Hsp90 expressions. Meanwhile, it exerts potentially more effective impact, when it is considered simultaneously with insulin therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]