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1. End-to-End Page-Level Assessment of Handwritten Text Recognition

Author

Vidal, Enrique, Toselli, Alejandro H., Ríos-Vila, Antonio, and Calvo-Zaragoza, Jorge

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, I.5.4
Abstract

The evaluation of Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) systems has traditionally used metrics based on the edit distance between HTR and ground truth (GT) transcripts, at both the character and word levels. This is very adequate when the experimental protocol assumes that both GT and HTR text lines are the same, which allows edit distances to be independently computed to each given line. Driven by recent advances in pattern recognition, HTR systems increasingly face the end-to-end page-level transcription of a document, where the precision of locating the different text lines and their corresponding reading order (RO) play a key role. In such a case, the standard metrics do not take into account the inconsistencies that might appear. In this paper, the problem of evaluating HTR systems at the page level is introduced in detail. We analyse the convenience of using a two-fold evaluation, where the transcription accuracy and the RO goodness are considered separately. Different alternatives are proposed, analysed and empirically compared both through partially simulated and through real, full end-to-end experiments. Results support the validity of the proposed two-fold evaluation approach. An important conclusion is that such an evaluation can be adequately achieved by just two simple and well-known metrics: the Word Error Rate (WER), that takes transcription sequentiality into account, and the here re-formulated Bag of Words Word Error Rate (bWER), that ignores order. While the latter directly and very accurately assess intrinsic word recognition errors, the difference between both metrics gracefully correlates with the Normalised Spearman's Foot Rule Distance (NSFD), a metric which explicitly measures RO errors associated with layout analysis flaws., Comment: Published in Pattern Recognition

Published
2023
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2. ICDAR 2024 Competition on Handwritten Text Recognition in Brazilian Essays – BRESSAY

Author

Neto, Arthur F. S., Bezerra, Byron L. D., Araújo, Sávio S., Souza, Wiliane M. A. S., Alves, Kléberson F., Oliveira, Macileide F., Lins, Samara V. S., Hazin, Hugo J. F., Rocha, Pedro H. V., Toselli, Alejandro H., Goos, Gerhard, Series Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Barney Smith, Elisa H., editor, Liwicki, Marcus, editor, and Peng, Liangrui, editor

Published
2024
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3. Open Set Classification of Untranscribed Handwritten Documents

Author

Prieto, José Ramón, Flores, Juan José, Vidal, Enrique, Toselli, Alejandro H., Garrido, David, and Alonso, Carlos

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Information Retrieval, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Huge amounts of digital page images of important manuscripts are preserved in archives worldwide. The amounts are so large that it is generally unfeasible for archivists to adequately tag most of the documents with the required metadata so as to low proper organization of the archives and effective exploration by scholars and the general public. The class or ``typology'' of a document is perhaps the most important tag to be included in the metadata. The technical problem is one of automatic classification of documents, each consisting of a set of untranscribed handwritten text images, by the textual contents of the images. The approach considered is based on ``probabilistic indexing'', a relatively novel technology which allows to effectively represent the intrinsic word-level uncertainty exhibited by handwritten text images. We assess the performance of this approach on a large collection of complex notarial manuscripts from the Spanish Archivo Host\'orico Provincial de C\'adiz, with promising results.

Published
2022

5. Digital Editions as Distant Supervision for Layout Analysis of Printed Books

Author

Toselli, Alejandro H., Wu, Si, and Smith, David A.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Archivists, textual scholars, and historians often produce digital editions of historical documents. Using markup schemes such as those of the Text Encoding Initiative and EpiDoc, these digital editions often record documents' semantic regions (such as notes and figures) and physical features (such as page and line breaks) as well as transcribing their textual content. We describe methods for exploiting this semantic markup as distant supervision for training and evaluating layout analysis models. In experiments with several model architectures on the half-million pages of the Deutsches Textarchiv (DTA), we find a high correlation of these region-level evaluation methods with pixel-level and word-level metrics. We discuss the possibilities for improving accuracy with self-training and the ability of models trained on the DTA to generalize to other historical printed books., Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures. International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition. Springer, Cham, 2021

Published
2021
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6. ICDAR 2021 Competition on Components Segmentation Task of Document Photos

Author

Junior, Celso A. M. Lopes, Junior, Ricardo B. das Neves, Bezerra, Byron L. D., Toselli, Alejandro H., and Impedovo, Donato

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

This paper describes the short-term competition on the Components Segmentation Task of Document Photos that was prepared in the context of the 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2021). This competition aims to bring together researchers working in the field of identification document image processing and provides them a suitable benchmark to compare their techniques on the component segmentation task of document images. Three challenge tasks were proposed entailing different segmentation assignments to be performed on a provided dataset. The collected data are from several types of Brazilian ID documents, whose personal information was conveniently replaced. There were 16 participants whose results obtained for some or all the three tasks show different rates for the adopted metrics, like Dice Similarity Coefficient ranging from 0.06 to 0.99. Different Deep Learning models were applied by the entrants with diverse strategies to achieve the best results in each of the tasks. Obtained results show that the currently applied methods for solving one of the proposed tasks (document boundary detection) are already well established. However, for the other two challenge tasks (text zone and handwritten sign detection) research and development of more robust approaches are still required to achieve acceptable results., Comment: 15 pages; 5 figures; Accepted at ICDAR 2021: 16th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition

Published
2021

7. Search for Hyphenated Words in Probabilistic Indices: A Machine Learning Approach

Author

Andrés, José, Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Fink, Gernot A., editor, Jain, Rajiv, editor, Kise, Koichi, editor, and Zanibbi, Richard, editor

Published
2023
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8. Approximate Search for Keywords in Handwritten Text Images

Author

Andrés, José, Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Uchida, Seiichi, editor, Barney, Elisa, editor, and Eglin, Véronique, editor

Published
2022
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9. ICDAR 2021 Competition on Components Segmentation Task of Document Photos

Author

Lopes Junior, Celso A. M., das Neves Junior, Ricardo B., Bezerra, Byron L. D., Toselli, Alejandro H., Impedovo, Donato, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Lladós, Josep, editor, Lopresti, Daniel, editor, and Uchida, Seiichi, editor

Published
2021
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10. Probabilistic Indexing and Search for Hyphenated Words

Author

Vidal, Enrique, Toselli, Alejandro H., Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Lladós, Josep, editor, Lopresti, Daniel, editor, and Uchida, Seiichi, editor

Published
2021
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12. Line Segmentation Free Probabilistic Keyword Spotting and Indexing

Author

Barrere, Killian, Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Morales, Aythami, editor, Fierrez, Julian, editor, Sánchez, José Salvador, editor, and Ribeiro, Bernardete, editor

Published
2019
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13. Multi-task Layout Analysis of Handwritten Musical Scores

Author

Quirós, Lorenzo, Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Morales, Aythami, editor, Fierrez, Julian, editor, Sánchez, José Salvador, editor, and Ribeiro, Bernardete, editor

Published
2019
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14. Modern vs Diplomatic Transcripts for Historical Handwritten Text Recognition

Author

Romero, Verónica, Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Sánchez, Joan Andreu, Alonso, Carlos, Marqués, Lourdes, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Cristani, Marco, editor, Prati, Andrea, editor, Lanz, Oswald, editor, Messelodi, Stefano, editor, and Sebe, Nicu, editor

Published
2019
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15. A Study of English Neologisms Through Large-Scale Probabilistic Indexing of Bentham’s Manuscripts

Author

Toselli, Alejandro H., Romero, Verónica, Vidal, Enrique, Sánchez, Joan Andreu, Seaward, Louise, Schofield, Philip, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Cristani, Marco, editor, Prati, Andrea, editor, Lanz, Oswald, editor, Messelodi, Stefano, editor, and Sebe, Nicu, editor

Published
2019
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22. Politicization of Immigration and Language Use in Political Elites: A Study of Spanish Parliamentary Speeches.

Author

Chulvi, Berta, Molpeceres, Mariangeles, Rodrigo, María F., Toselli, Alejandro H., and Rosso, Paolo

Subjects
NATURAL language processing, POLITICAL elites, SPANISH language, EMIGRATION & immigration, COMPUTATIONAL linguistics, STEREOTYPES
Abstract

This study uses natural language processing (NLP) tools to analyze how politicians recreate the stereotype of immigrants in the Spanish Parliament. An interdisciplinary approach from computational linguistics and social psychology has been used to construct a variety of indices about content and linguistic styles. The analysis of 2,516 parliamentary interventions about immigration delivered between 1996 and 2016 by representatives of the two political parties that alternated in power during that period (conservative Popular Party and Spanish Socialist Party) shows that both the rhetorical strategy to present immigrants as "victims" or as a "threat" and the language style that politicians use reveal an interaction between the ideology of the party and the party's political position in government or in the opposition. Results also suggest some changes over time in the polarization and politicization of the debate about immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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23. Interactive Layout Detection

Author

Quirós, Lorenzo, Martínez-Hinarejos, Carlos-D., Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Alexandre, Luís A., editor, Salvador Sánchez, José, editor, and Rodrigues, João M. F., editor

Published
2017
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24. Simple and Effective Multi-word Query Spotting in Handwritten Text Images

Author

Noya-García, Ernesto, Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Alexandre, Luís A., editor, Salvador Sánchez, José, editor, and Rodrigues, João M. F., editor

Published
2017
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28. General Overview of ImageCLEF at the CLEF 2016 Labs

Author

Villegas, Mauricio, Müller, Henning, García Seco de Herrera, Alba, Schaer, Roger, Bromuri, Stefano, Gilbert, Andrew, Piras, Luca, Wang, Josiah, Yan, Fei, Ramisa, Arnau, Dellandrea, Emmanuel, Gaizauskas, Robert, Mikolajczyk, Krystian, Puigcerver, Joan, Toselli, Alejandro H., Sánchez, Joan-Andreu, Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Fuhr, Norbert, editor, Quaresma, Paulo, editor, Gonçalves, Teresa, editor, Larsen, Birger, editor, Balog, Krisztian, editor, Macdonald, Craig, editor, Cappellato, Linda, editor, and Ferro, Nicola, editor

Published
2016
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33. Word-Graph Based Applications for Handwriting Documents: Impact of Word-Graph Size on Their Performances

Author

Toselli, Alejandro H., Romero, Verónica, Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Paredes, Roberto, editor, Cardoso, Jaime S., editor, and Pardo, Xosé M., editor

Published
2015
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34. A New Smoothing Method for Lexicon-Based Handwritten Text Keyword Spotting

Author

Puigcerver, Joan, Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Paredes, Roberto, editor, Cardoso, Jaime S., editor, and Pardo, Xosé M., editor

Published
2015
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36. sj-docx-1-jls-10.1177_0261927X231175856 - Supplemental material for Politicization of Immigration and Language Use in Political Elites: A Study of Spanish Parliamentary Speeches

Author

Chulvi, Berta, Molpeceres, Mariangeles, Rodrigo, María F., Toselli, Alejandro H., and Rosso, Paolo

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, FOS: Languages and literature, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified, 200399 Language Studies not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jls-10.1177_0261927X231175856 for Politicization of Immigration and Language Use in Political Elites: A Study of Spanish Parliamentary Speeches by Berta Chulvi, Mariangeles Molpeceres, María F. Rodrigo, Alejandro H. Toselli and Paolo Rosso in Journal of Language and Social Psychology

Published
2023
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39. Language Technology for Handwritten Text Recognition

Author

Toselli, Alejandro H., Serrano, Nicolás, Giménez-Pastor, Adrià, Khoury, Ihab, Juan, Alfons, Vidal, Enrique, Torre Toledano, Doroteo, editor, Ortega Giménez, Alfonso, editor, Teixeira, António, editor, González Rodríguez, Joaquín, editor, Hernández Gómez, Luis, editor, San Segundo Hernández, Rubén, editor, and Ramos Castro, Daniel, editor

Published
2012
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42. Character-Level Interaction in Multimodal Computer-Assisted Transcription of Text Images

Author

Martín-Albo, Daniel, Romero, Verónica, Toselli, Alejandro H., Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Vitrià, Jordi, editor, Sanches, João Miguel, editor, and Hernández, Mario, editor

Published
2011
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43. Computer Assisted Transcription of Text Images and Multimodal Interaction

Author

Toselli, Alejandro H., Romero, Verónica, Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Popescu-Belis, Andrei, editor, and Stiefelhagen, Rainer, editor

Published
2008
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46. Computer Assisted Transcription for Ancient Text Images

Author

Romero, Verónica, Toselli, Alejandro H., Rodríguez, Luis, Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Kamel, Mohamed, editor, and Campilho, Aurélio, editor

Published
2007
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47. On-Line Handwriting Recognition System for Tamil Handwritten Characters

Author

Toselli, Alejandro H., Pastor, Moisés, Vidal, Enrique, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Rangan, C. Pandu, editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Martí, Joan, editor, Benedí, José Miguel, editor, Mendonça, Ana Maria, editor, and Serrat, Joan, editor

Published
2007
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